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Imaging of CO2 and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon via Electrochemical Acidification–Optode Tandem
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7941-2312
Aarhus University Centre for Water Technology, Department of Biology, Section for Microbiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3326-6097
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry. UCAM-SENS, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, UCAM HiTech, Avda. Andres Hernandez Ros 1, Murcia 30107, Spain.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1221-3906
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry. UCAM-SENS, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, UCAM HiTech, Avda. Andres Hernandez Ros 1, Murcia 30107, Spain.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3858-8466
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2023 (English)In: ACS Sensors, E-ISSN 2379-3694, Vol. 8, no 7, p. 2843-2851Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is a key component of the global carbon cycle and plays a critical role in ocean acidification and proliferation of phototrophs. Its quantification at a high spatial resolution is essential for understanding various biogeochemical processes. We present an analytical method for 2D chemical imaging of DIC by combining a conventional CO2 optode with localized electrochemical acidification from a polyaniline (PANI)-coated stainless-steel mesh electrode. Initially, the optode response is governed by local concentrations of free CO2 in the sample, corresponding to the established carbonate equilibrium at the (unmodified) sample pH. Upon applying a mild potential-based polarization to the PANI mesh, protons are released into the sample, shifting the carbonate equilibrium toward CO2 conversion (>99%), which corresponds to the sample DIC. It is herein demonstrated that the CO2 optode–PANI tandem enables the mapping of free CO2 (before PANI activation) and DIC (after PANI activation) in complex samples, providing high 2D spatial resolution (approx. 400 μm). The significance of this method was proven by inspecting the carbonate chemistry of complex environmental systems, including the freshwater plant Vallisneria spiralis and lime-amended waterlogged soil. This work is expected to pave the way for new analytical strategies that combine chemical imaging with electrochemical actuators, aiming to enhance classical sensing approaches via in situ (and reagentless) sample treatment. Such tools may provide a better understanding of environmentally relevant pH-dependent analytes related to the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS) , 2023. Vol. 8, no 7, p. 2843-2851
National Category
Analytical Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-335372DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00790ISI: 001020630000001PubMedID: 37392165Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85164918759OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-335372DiVA, id: diva2:1794488
Funder
Swedish Research Council, VR-2019-04142
Note

QC 20230905

Available from: 2023-09-05 Created: 2023-09-05 Last updated: 2024-03-05Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Solving Analytical Challenges with Thin Layer Electrochemistry
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Solving Analytical Challenges with Thin Layer Electrochemistry
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The decentralization of chemical sensing to attain environmental-related information is today highly desirable to increase the knowledge on biological or geological events as well as effluents. The current state of the field moves toward submersible probes; chemical sensors implemented into submersible devices for quantifying analytes over extended times. However, many sensors are still not robust enough for such applications. Additionally, the detections of most analytes require reagent addition and other steps before analysis (i.e., pre-treatments). For such analyses to be implemented in decentralized measurements, it would be beneficial to find reagentless approaches to modify samples and avoid waste associated with the reagent addition. This thesis aimed to develop such strategies using different solid materials capable of imposing ion-transfer events (actuators) under electrochemical control, to achieve measuring the analytes in the same sample using chemical sensors. Both actuators and sensors were jointly employed in thin layer (or near thin layer) samples, inside newly designed 3D-printed cells. This allowed for small sample volumes (ca 100 µm thicknesses) down to 0.5 µL to be analyzed, and resulted in fast, non-diffusion limited measurements that facilitated the sensor-actuator concepts. 

First, acidification of thin layer samples using polyaniline (PANI) was investigated. By electrochemical oxidation of PANI, its molecular structure changed resulting in hydrogen ions (acid) being delivered to the thin layer sample within two minutes or less, shifting its pH from ca 8 down to 2–3. By combining PANI and pH-sensors, reliable detection of alkalinity in real and artificial water samples could be achieved for a period of two weeks and possibly more. Also, by combining the PANI-based acidification with planar optodes capable of measuring pH or CO2 with high spatial resolution, buffer capacity or dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) gradients could be resolved in a 2D domain with sub-mm resolution. PANI-based acidification was tested for sensing several environmental samples, including freshwater plants, brackish water, seawater, and soil, presenting great versatility in analytical performance. 

Second, a concept of selective deionization of thin layer samples was developed. The importance of such a concept is related to the selectivity of ion-based measurements, where ions such as Li+ or NH4+ are difficult to detect in real samples because of interfering ions increasing their limit of detection (LOD). Non-faradic processes were explored to remove such interferents by using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for modulating the ion transfer with the sample. To facilitate selective deionization to only remove one ion species, the CNTs were covered with ultra-thin ion-selective membranes (ISMs; ca 200 nm thick). The tandem of CNTs-ISM was found to be capable of selectively removing multiple different cations, proven with the monitoring from both potentiometric sensors and optodes additionally implemented into the thin layer sample. Overall, the CNTs-ISM tandem shows great promise for lowering the LOD of chemical sensors in complex matrixes such as biological or environmental samples, which could aid to decentralized measurements in the future.

Abstract [sv]

Införandet av kemiska sensorer för decentraliserade mätningar utanför laboratoriemiljö är idag eftersträvat för att öka kunskaperna kring människans påverkan på naturen, samt för att öka förståelsen kring biologiska och geologiska händelseförlopp i naturen. Idag riktas mycket fokus inom den analytiska kemin på att utveckla kemiska sensorer som kan kopplas på nedsänkbara sonder och direkt mäta halter av ämnen i naturliga vatten över en längre tid. De flesta kemiska sensorer som har utvecklats idag är dessvärre inte robusta nog för längre mätningar, och vissa ämnen kan inte mätas utan reagens tillförs provet. En lösning till denna utmaning skulle vara att finna reagenslösa lösningar för att justera provernas sammansättning inför analys. Denna avhandling hade som mål att utveckla sådana metodologier baserade på material vilka kan styra jontransporter under elektrokemisk kontroll (aktuatorer), samtidigt som deras förmåga att modulera dessa har kvantifierats med kemiska sensorer. Både aktuatorer och sensorer implementerades i tunnskiktsprover i 3D-printade celler. Detta medförde att mycket små volymer av prover (ca 100 µm tunna prover) ned till ca 0.5 µL kunde analyseras, vilket resulterade i snabba mätningar som inte var begränsade av diffusionen.

Först undersöktes materialet polyanilin (PANI) för att justera pH i tunnskiktsprover. När den elektrokemiska potentialen skiftar för PANI så ändras dess molekylära struktur, vilket leder till att vätejoner (syre) bindningar släps från materialet till tunnskiktsprovet, vilket sänker dess pH från ca 8 ner till 2-3. I kombination med en pH-elektrod i tunnskiktsprover kunde tillförlitliga alkalinitet-mätningar utföras i riktiga och artificiella prover över en period av två veckor, och möjligen ännu längre. Genom att kombinera PANI-försurningen med plana optoder som kunde mäta pH och CO2 med hög bildupplösning kunde koncentrationer av buffertkapacitet och totalt oorganiskt kol (DIC) mätas i 2D med en hög upplösning (mm>). Den PANI-baserade försurningen testades i diverse prover; på färskvatten växter, i bräckt vatten, havsvatten och i jordprover, vilket påvisar dess exceptionellt mångsidiga analytiska prestation.

Därefter utvecklades konceptet för selektiv avjonisering av tunnskiktsprover. Detta koncept är extra intressant när den ställs i kontexten att vissa jonmätningar inte kan utföras på grund utav att de störs ut av interferenser i provet vilket höjer deras detektionsgränser (LOD), vilket är fallet för Li+ och NH4+-sensorer. Icke-Faradiska processer utforskades baserade på kolnanorör (CNTs) för att modulera jonöverföringar. För att uppnå selektivitet för att avlägsna enbart en jonart så täcktes CNTs med ultra-tunna jonselektiva membran (ISMs; ca 200 nm). Resultaten påvisade att det är möjligt att selektivt avjonisera prov genom denna CNT-ISM tandem, och flera olika joner påvisades möjliga att undergå denna process med hjälp av potentiometriska sensorer och optoder implementerade i den 3D-printade tunnskiktscellen. Överlag visar denna CNTs-ISM tandem potential för att kunna sänka LODs för sensorer i komplexa matriser, såsom biologiska och miljöprover, vilket skulle kunna bidra till decentraliserade mätningar i framtiden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 84
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2023:35
Keywords
Thin Layer Electrochemistry, Polyaniline, Carbon nanotubes, Ion-selective electrodes, Ionophores, Electrochemical Sensors, Alkalinity, Deionization, Chemical Imaging, Tunnskiktselektrokemi, polyanilin, kolnanorör, jonselektiva elektroder, jonoforer, elektrokemiska sensorer, Alkalinitet, avjonisering, chemical imaging
National Category
Analytical Chemistry Materials Chemistry Physical Chemistry
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-335376 (URN)978-91-8040-666-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-10-06, F3, Lindstedsvägen 26, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2023-09-06

Available from: 2023-09-06 Created: 2023-09-05 Last updated: 2023-09-26Bibliographically approved

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Wiorek, AlexanderCrespo, Gaston A.Cuartero, Maria

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