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Ovarian ERβ cistrome and transcriptome reveal chromatin interaction with LRH-1
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5876-0710
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Cellular and Clinical Proteomics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6570-842x
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Cellular and Clinical Proteomics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4173-6009
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background:  Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ, Esr2) plays a pivotal role in folliculogenesis and ovulation, yet its exact mechanism of action is mainly uncharacterized.

Results: We here performed ChIP-sequencing of mouse ovaries followed by complementary RNA-sequencing of wild-type and ERβ knockout ovaries. By integrating the cistrome and transcriptome, we identify its direct target genes and enriched biological functions in the ovary. This demonstrates a strong impact on genes regulating organism development, cell migration, lipid metabolism, response to hypoxia, and response to estrogen. Cell-type deconvolution analysis of the bulk RNA-seq data revealed a decrease in luteal cells and an increased proportion of theca cells and a specific type of cumulus cells upon ERβ loss. Moreover, we identify a significant overlap with the gene regulatory network of liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1). ERβ and LRH-1 extensively bind to the same chromatin locations in granulosa cells and we corroborate simultaneous co-binding using ChIP re-ChIP, at the ERβ-repressed gene Greb1. At other shared sites (by ERβ-upregulated genes Cyp11a1 and Fkbp5), they do not bind simultaneously. Transactivation assay experimentation further show that ERβ and LRH-1 can inhibit their respective transcriptional activity at classical response elements.

Conclusions: We characterize genome-wide ERβ chromatin binding and gene regulations which reveal extensive crosstalk between ERβ and LRH-1. We experimentally corroborate co-binding to target genes and impact on transactivation. Our data offer genome-wide mechanistic underpinnings of ovarian physiology and fertility.

National Category
Medical Biotechnology (with a focus on Cell Biology (including Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy)
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-335096OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-335096DiVA, id: diva2:1795280
Note

QC 20230908

Available from: 2023-09-07 Created: 2023-09-07 Last updated: 2023-09-08Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Role and mechanism of estrogen receptor beta in the ovary and colon
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Role and mechanism of estrogen receptor beta in the ovary and colon
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Estrogen regulates a variety of important physiological functions in both males and females, where the regulation of female reproduction and the development of sexual organs are typical examples. The effects of estrogen are predominantly exerted via signaling through the two nuclear receptors estrogen receptor α (ERα) and β (ERβ), or the membrane G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1). While estrogen signaling is important for human health, dysregulation of signaling can have adverse effects and impact the development and progression of a wide range of diseases including reproductive disorders and cancer.

ERβ has been shown to be highly important for ovarian function by regulating folliculogenesis and ovulation but has also been implied to protect against the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) by mediating the effects of estrogen. Despite the known role of ERβ, there is a lack of mechanistic understanding regarding how ERβ acts under both normal conditions and during disease. The overall aim of this thesis was to characterize the function and molecular mechanism of endogenous ERβ and to decipher its role in the normal ovary as well as its impact on colitis and CRC development. To further understand the role of estrogen signaling in the colon, we also aimed to identify sex differences during CRC development. 

In paper I we characterized the full cistrome of endogenous ovarian ERβ in the mouse and explored its transcriptional impact. We confirmed a direct role for ERβ in the regulation of essential ovarian functions and identified a novel crosstalk with the nuclear receptor LRH-1.  

In paper II we induced colitis-associated CRC (CAC) in intestinal epithelial-specific ERβ knockout mice and identified a protective effect by intestinal ERβ against tumor development in both male and female mice. We further characterized sex-dependent effects and proposed an underlying mechanism involving the regulation of TNFα/NFκB signaling. 

In paper III we expanded the investigation of sex-dependent changes during chemically-induced colitis in wildtype mice and identified a sex-specific response related to inflammatory response. We further found that male mice have an enhanced response to induced colitis.

In paper IV the transcriptome of colitis-induced tumors and their immune cell infiltration was explored in wildtype and intestinal epithelial-specific ERβ knockout mice of both sexes. This showed that sex differences in the transcriptome appear to be dependent on the expression of ERβ. Also, the identified ERβ-dependent changes in the tumor transcriptome of female mice were specifically related to immune response. We corroborated an impact of ERβ on the infiltration of immune cells, especially a reduction of regulatory T cell and NK cell recruitment. 

In summary, this thesis provides new mechanistic understanding of the transcriptional role of ERβ in the normal ovary and in the colon microenvironment. This includes the discovery of crosstalk with LRH-1 in the ovary and NFκB in the colon. Our characterization provides a foundation to develop targeted therapies for improved fertility and chemoprevention in CRC. This thesis also highlights the importance of including both sexes in colitis and CRC research to advance our knowledge and improve treatment development.

Abstract [sv]

Östrogen reglerar en mängd viktiga fysiologiska funktioner hos både män och kvinnor, där regleringen av kvinnlig reproduktion och utveckling av genitalier är typexempel. Effekterna av östrogen sker till övervägande del via signalering genom de två nukleära receptorerna östrogenreceptor α (ERα) och β (ERβ), eller den membranbundna receptorn G-proteinkopplad östrogenreceptor 1 (GPER1). Även om östrogensignaleringen är viktig för människors hälsa, kan en dysreglering ha negativa effekter och påverka utvecklingen och progressionen av ett brett spektrum av sjukdomar, inklusive reproduktionsstörningar och cancer.

ERβ har visat sig vara mycket viktig för äggstockarnas funktion via reglering av follikulogenes och ägglossning, men har även kopplats till en skyddande effekt mot utvecklingen av kolorektalcancer (CRC). Trots den kända rollen för ERβ, finns det en brist på mekanistisk förståelse för hur ERβ verkar under både normala förhållanden och vid sjukdom. Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att karakterisera funktionen och den molekylära mekanismen för endogent ERβ och att förstå dess roll i den normala äggstocken samt dess inverkan på kolit och CRC-utveckling. För att ytterligare förstå rollen av östrogensignalering i tjocktarmen, syftade vi även till att identifiera könsskillnader under CRC-utveckling.

I artikel I kartlade vi alla regulatoriska DNA-sekvenser som binds av endogent ERβ i äggstock och  utforskade ERβs effekt på transkription. Vi bekräftade att ERβ har en direkt roll i regleringen av essentiella funktioner i äggstocken och identifierade en ny interaktion med den nukleära receptorn LRH-1.

I artikel II inducerade vi kolit-associerad CRC (CAC) i tarmepitelspecifika ERβ knockoutmöss och identifierade en skyddande effekt av ERb i tarmen mot tumörutveckling i både hanar och honor. Vi karakteriserade även könsberoende effekter och proponerade en underliggande mekanism involverande reglering av TNFα/NFκB-signalering.

I artikel III expanderade vi vår studie av könsberoende förändringar under kemiskt inducerad kolit hos vildtypsmöss och identifierade ett könsspecifikt svar relaterat till inflammation. Vi fann vidare att responsen på inducerad kolit var starkare i hanar. 

I artikel IV studerade vi transkriptomet i kolit-inducerade tumörer och dess immuncellsinfiltration i vildtyp och tarmepitelspecifika ERβ knockout-möss av båda könen. Detta visade att könsskillnader i transkriptomet verkar vara kopplat till uttrycket av ERβ. Dessutom var de identifierade ERβ-beroende förändringarna i tumörtranskriptomet hos honmöss specifikt relaterade till immunsvar. Vi konfirmerade en inverkan av ERβ på infiltrationen av immunceller, specifikt en minskad rekrytering av regulatoriska T-celler och NK-celler.

Sammanfattningsvis ger denna avhandling ny mekanistisk förståelse av ERβs transkriptionella roll i den normala äggstocken och i kolonmikromiljön. Detta inkluderar upptäckten av interaktionen med LRH-1 i äggstocken och NFκB i tjocktarmen. Vår karakterisering ger en grund för utvecklingen av nya riktade terapier för förbättrad fertilitet och kemoprevention av CRC. Detta arbete belyser även vikten av att inkludera båda könen i kolit- och CRC-forskning för att främja vår kunskap och förbättra behandlingsutvecklingen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Karolinska Institutet, 2023
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2023:41
National Category
Medical Biotechnology (with a focus on Cell Biology (including Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy)
Research subject
Medical Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-335098 (URN)978-91-8017-070-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-09-29, Gene, Neo, Blickagången 16, Huddinge, 09:30 (English)
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Supervisors
Note

QC 2023-09-08

Available from: 2023-09-08 Created: 2023-09-07 Last updated: 2023-09-26Bibliographically approved

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Birgersson, MadeleineIndukuri, RajithaStepanauskaite, LinaArcher, AmenaWilliams, Cecilia

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