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Role and mechanism of estrogen receptor beta in the ovary and colon
KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5876-0710
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Estrogen regulates a variety of important physiological functions in both males and females, where the regulation of female reproduction and the development of sexual organs are typical examples. The effects of estrogen are predominantly exerted via signaling through the two nuclear receptors estrogen receptor α (ERα) and β (ERβ), or the membrane G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1). While estrogen signaling is important for human health, dysregulation of signaling can have adverse effects and impact the development and progression of a wide range of diseases including reproductive disorders and cancer.

ERβ has been shown to be highly important for ovarian function by regulating folliculogenesis and ovulation but has also been implied to protect against the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) by mediating the effects of estrogen. Despite the known role of ERβ, there is a lack of mechanistic understanding regarding how ERβ acts under both normal conditions and during disease. The overall aim of this thesis was to characterize the function and molecular mechanism of endogenous ERβ and to decipher its role in the normal ovary as well as its impact on colitis and CRC development. To further understand the role of estrogen signaling in the colon, we also aimed to identify sex differences during CRC development. 

In paper I we characterized the full cistrome of endogenous ovarian ERβ in the mouse and explored its transcriptional impact. We confirmed a direct role for ERβ in the regulation of essential ovarian functions and identified a novel crosstalk with the nuclear receptor LRH-1.  

In paper II we induced colitis-associated CRC (CAC) in intestinal epithelial-specific ERβ knockout mice and identified a protective effect by intestinal ERβ against tumor development in both male and female mice. We further characterized sex-dependent effects and proposed an underlying mechanism involving the regulation of TNFα/NFκB signaling. 

In paper III we expanded the investigation of sex-dependent changes during chemically-induced colitis in wildtype mice and identified a sex-specific response related to inflammatory response. We further found that male mice have an enhanced response to induced colitis.

In paper IV the transcriptome of colitis-induced tumors and their immune cell infiltration was explored in wildtype and intestinal epithelial-specific ERβ knockout mice of both sexes. This showed that sex differences in the transcriptome appear to be dependent on the expression of ERβ. Also, the identified ERβ-dependent changes in the tumor transcriptome of female mice were specifically related to immune response. We corroborated an impact of ERβ on the infiltration of immune cells, especially a reduction of regulatory T cell and NK cell recruitment. 

In summary, this thesis provides new mechanistic understanding of the transcriptional role of ERβ in the normal ovary and in the colon microenvironment. This includes the discovery of crosstalk with LRH-1 in the ovary and NFκB in the colon. Our characterization provides a foundation to develop targeted therapies for improved fertility and chemoprevention in CRC. This thesis also highlights the importance of including both sexes in colitis and CRC research to advance our knowledge and improve treatment development.

Abstract [sv]

Östrogen reglerar en mängd viktiga fysiologiska funktioner hos både män och kvinnor, där regleringen av kvinnlig reproduktion och utveckling av genitalier är typexempel. Effekterna av östrogen sker till övervägande del via signalering genom de två nukleära receptorerna östrogenreceptor α (ERα) och β (ERβ), eller den membranbundna receptorn G-proteinkopplad östrogenreceptor 1 (GPER1). Även om östrogensignaleringen är viktig för människors hälsa, kan en dysreglering ha negativa effekter och påverka utvecklingen och progressionen av ett brett spektrum av sjukdomar, inklusive reproduktionsstörningar och cancer.

ERβ har visat sig vara mycket viktig för äggstockarnas funktion via reglering av follikulogenes och ägglossning, men har även kopplats till en skyddande effekt mot utvecklingen av kolorektalcancer (CRC). Trots den kända rollen för ERβ, finns det en brist på mekanistisk förståelse för hur ERβ verkar under både normala förhållanden och vid sjukdom. Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att karakterisera funktionen och den molekylära mekanismen för endogent ERβ och att förstå dess roll i den normala äggstocken samt dess inverkan på kolit och CRC-utveckling. För att ytterligare förstå rollen av östrogensignalering i tjocktarmen, syftade vi även till att identifiera könsskillnader under CRC-utveckling.

I artikel I kartlade vi alla regulatoriska DNA-sekvenser som binds av endogent ERβ i äggstock och  utforskade ERβs effekt på transkription. Vi bekräftade att ERβ har en direkt roll i regleringen av essentiella funktioner i äggstocken och identifierade en ny interaktion med den nukleära receptorn LRH-1.

I artikel II inducerade vi kolit-associerad CRC (CAC) i tarmepitelspecifika ERβ knockoutmöss och identifierade en skyddande effekt av ERb i tarmen mot tumörutveckling i både hanar och honor. Vi karakteriserade även könsberoende effekter och proponerade en underliggande mekanism involverande reglering av TNFα/NFκB-signalering.

I artikel III expanderade vi vår studie av könsberoende förändringar under kemiskt inducerad kolit hos vildtypsmöss och identifierade ett könsspecifikt svar relaterat till inflammation. Vi fann vidare att responsen på inducerad kolit var starkare i hanar. 

I artikel IV studerade vi transkriptomet i kolit-inducerade tumörer och dess immuncellsinfiltration i vildtyp och tarmepitelspecifika ERβ knockout-möss av båda könen. Detta visade att könsskillnader i transkriptomet verkar vara kopplat till uttrycket av ERβ. Dessutom var de identifierade ERβ-beroende förändringarna i tumörtranskriptomet hos honmöss specifikt relaterade till immunsvar. Vi konfirmerade en inverkan av ERβ på infiltrationen av immunceller, specifikt en minskad rekrytering av regulatoriska T-celler och NK-celler.

Sammanfattningsvis ger denna avhandling ny mekanistisk förståelse av ERβs transkriptionella roll i den normala äggstocken och i kolonmikromiljön. Detta inkluderar upptäckten av interaktionen med LRH-1 i äggstocken och NFκB i tjocktarmen. Vår karakterisering ger en grund för utvecklingen av nya riktade terapier för förbättrad fertilitet och kemoprevention av CRC. Detta arbete belyser även vikten av att inkludera båda könen i kolit- och CRC-forskning för att främja vår kunskap och förbättra behandlingsutvecklingen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Karolinska Institutet , 2023.
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2023:41
National Category
Medical Biotechnology (with a focus on Cell Biology (including Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy)
Research subject
Medical Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-335098ISBN: 978-91-8017-070-3 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-335098DiVA, id: diva2:1795294
Public defence
2023-09-29, Gene, Neo, Blickagången 16, Huddinge, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2023-09-08

Available from: 2023-09-08 Created: 2023-09-07 Last updated: 2023-09-26Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Ovarian ERβ cistrome and transcriptome reveal chromatin interaction with LRH-1
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ovarian ERβ cistrome and transcriptome reveal chromatin interaction with LRH-1
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background:  Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ, Esr2) plays a pivotal role in folliculogenesis and ovulation, yet its exact mechanism of action is mainly uncharacterized.

Results: We here performed ChIP-sequencing of mouse ovaries followed by complementary RNA-sequencing of wild-type and ERβ knockout ovaries. By integrating the cistrome and transcriptome, we identify its direct target genes and enriched biological functions in the ovary. This demonstrates a strong impact on genes regulating organism development, cell migration, lipid metabolism, response to hypoxia, and response to estrogen. Cell-type deconvolution analysis of the bulk RNA-seq data revealed a decrease in luteal cells and an increased proportion of theca cells and a specific type of cumulus cells upon ERβ loss. Moreover, we identify a significant overlap with the gene regulatory network of liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1). ERβ and LRH-1 extensively bind to the same chromatin locations in granulosa cells and we corroborate simultaneous co-binding using ChIP re-ChIP, at the ERβ-repressed gene Greb1. At other shared sites (by ERβ-upregulated genes Cyp11a1 and Fkbp5), they do not bind simultaneously. Transactivation assay experimentation further show that ERβ and LRH-1 can inhibit their respective transcriptional activity at classical response elements.

Conclusions: We characterize genome-wide ERβ chromatin binding and gene regulations which reveal extensive crosstalk between ERβ and LRH-1. We experimentally corroborate co-binding to target genes and impact on transactivation. Our data offer genome-wide mechanistic underpinnings of ovarian physiology and fertility.

National Category
Medical Biotechnology (with a focus on Cell Biology (including Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-335096 (URN)
Note

QC 20230908

Available from: 2023-09-07 Created: 2023-09-07 Last updated: 2023-09-08Bibliographically approved
2. Intestinal estrogen receptor beta suppresses colon inflammation andtumorigenesis in both sexes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Intestinal estrogen receptor beta suppresses colon inflammation andtumorigenesis in both sexes
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2020 (English)In: Cancer Letters, ISSN 0304-3835, E-ISSN 1872-7980, Vol. 492, p. 54-62, article id 32711097Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Estrogen hormones protect against colorectal cancer (CRC) and a preventative role of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) on CRC has been supported using full knockout animals. However, it is unclear through which cells or organ ERβ mediates this effect. To investigate the functional role of intestinal ERβ during colitis-associated CRC we used intestine-specific ERβ knockout mice treated with azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate, followed by ex vivo organoid culture to corroborate intrinsic effects. We explored genome-wide impact on TNFα signaling using human CRC cell lines and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay to mechanistically characterize the regulation of ERβ. Increased tumor formation in males and tumor size in females was noted upon intestine-specific ERβ knockout, accompanied by enhanced local expression of TNFα, deregulation of key NFκB targets, and increased colon ulceration. Unexpectedly, we noted especially strong effects in males. We corroborated that intestinal ERβ protects against TNFα-induced damage intrinsically, and characterized an underlying genome-wide signaling mechanism in CRC cell lines whereby ERβ binds to cis-regulatory chromatin areas of key NFκB regulators. Our results support a protective role of intestinal ERβ against colitis-associated CRC, proposing new therapeutic strategies.

Keywords
AOM/DSS, CRC, Colitis, NFκB, TNFα
National Category
Cell and Molecular Biology Immunology in the medical area Cancer and Oncology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-283325 (URN)10.1016/j.canlet.2020.06.021 (DOI)000581518000006 ()32711097 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85089675352 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20201009

Available from: 2020-10-06 Created: 2020-10-06 Last updated: 2023-10-02Bibliographically approved
3. Colitis Induces Sex-Specific Intestinal Transcriptomic Responses in Mice
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Colitis Induces Sex-Specific Intestinal Transcriptomic Responses in Mice
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2022 (English)In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, ISSN 1661-6596, E-ISSN 1422-0067, Vol. 23, no 18, p. 10408-, article id 10408Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

There are significant sex differences in colorectal cancer (CRC), including in incidence, onset, and molecular characteristics. Further, while inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a risk factor for CRC in both sexes, men with IBD have a 60% higher risk of developing CRC compared to women. In this study, we investigated sex differences during colitis-associated CRC (CAC) using a chemically induced CAC mouse model. The mice were treated with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and followed for 9 and 15 weeks. We performed RNA-sequencing of colon samples from males (n = 15) and females (n = 15) to study different stages of inflammation and identify corresponding transcriptomic sex differences in non-tumor colon tissue. We found a significant transcriptome response to AOM/DSS treatment in both sexes, including in pathways related to inflammation and cell proliferation. Notably, we found a stronger response in males and that male-specific differentially expressed genes were involved in NF kappa B signaling and circadian rhythm. Further, an overrepresented proportion of male-specific gene regulations were predicted to be targets of Stat3, whereas for females, targets of the glucocorticoid receptor (Gr/Nr3c1) were overrepresented. At 15 weeks, the most apparent sex difference involved genes with functions in T cell proliferation, followed by the regulation of demethylases. The majority of sex differences were thus related to inflammation and the immune system. Our novel data, profiling the transcriptomic response to chemically induced colitis and CAC, indicate clear sex differences in CRC initiation and progression.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG, 2022
Keywords
colitis, CAC, mouse model, AOM, DSS, sex differences, transcriptome
National Category
Endocrinology and Diabetes Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-319450 (URN)10.3390/ijms231810408 (DOI)000856406600001 ()36142324 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85138738380 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20220930

Available from: 2022-09-30 Created: 2022-09-30 Last updated: 2023-09-07Bibliographically approved
4. Intestinal estrogen receptor beta modulates the tumor immune microenvironment in a mouse model of colitis-associated cancer
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Intestinal estrogen receptor beta modulates the tumor immune microenvironment in a mouse model of colitis-associated cancer
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Chronic inflammation promotes the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), as evidenced by patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and sex disparities are evident in CRC. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of stromal cells and infiltrating immune cells that directly affect processes including antitumor immunity. We have previously shown that intestinal estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) protects against colitis and colitis-induced cancer (CAC) by modulating inflammatory signaling and that males are more sensitive to the induction of colitis and cancer. However, sex differences between tumors and the impact of ERβ the tumor immune microenvironment have not been investigated. In this study, we have analyzed colon samples from AOM/DSS-treated wild-type and ERβKOVil mice (that lack intestinal ERβ) and profiled the differences in the transcriptome and immune response to CAC on the basis of sex and ERβ expression. RNA-sequencing revealed differences in gene expression and enriched biological processes depending on sex and genotype, and the immune response to cancer appears altered between tumors from female WT and ERβKOVil mice. Immunostaining subsequently showed that tumors from ERβKOVil mice display significantly increased CD68+ macrophage infiltration, decreased CD3+ T cell infiltration, and, strikingly, impaired NK cell infiltration. Here, for the first time, we show that intestinal ERβ modulates the tumor immune microenvironment during CAC and that lack of intestinal ERβ appears to promote the formation of an immunosuppressive TME. Our findings indicate that activation of ERβ could be used to treat CRC, possibly together with immunotherapies, and provide a foundation for future studies investigating ERβ and immunity. 

National Category
Medical Biotechnology (with a focus on Cell Biology (including Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-335097 (URN)
Note

QC 20230908

Available from: 2023-09-07 Created: 2023-09-07 Last updated: 2023-09-08Bibliographically approved

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