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Exploring Particulate Filtration during Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
2023 (English)Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesisAlternative title
Studie av partikelfiltrering under termisk rusning i litiumjonbatteripaket (Swedish)
Abstract [sv]

Med övergången till elektrifiering inom transport uppstår nya utmaningar när det gäller batterisystem som placeras i elfordon. Det finns för närvarande en möjlighet att minska riskerna med toxiciteten hos partiklar som sprutas ut med de gaser som bildas under termisk rusning i litiumjonbattericeller som är placerade i batterisystem. Syftet med denna avhandling är att identifiera potentiella material för partikelfiltrering från dessa gaser, undersöka de valda materialens prestanda i ett experiment, och föreslå material för framtida studier. Filtermaterialet är avsett att sitta vid ventilen i batteripacket. Totalt valdes 5 filter för experimenten, där 3 av dessa var mikrofiberfilter gjorda av kvarts och 2 var mikrofiberfilter av glas. Filtren klämdes mellan stålplattor med ett hål, och placerades 40 cm ovanför battericellens ventil. Battericellerna utlöstes till termisk rusning och filtren placerades i den direkta vägen för utslungade partiklar för att testa deras termiska motstånd och partikelretentionsförmåga. Filtren karaktäriserades med hjälp av vägning, svepelektronmikroskopi, samt energidispersivt röntgenspektroskopi. Efter ett första test ansågs glasfiberfiltren inte ha tillräckligt hög värmeresistens för att fortsätta testas. Kvartsmikrofiberfiltren varierade i fråga om värmeresistens, där de ibland brann upp och ibland förblev helt intakta. Detta berodde troligtvis till stor del på skillnader i termisk rusning mellan experimenten på grund av varierande uppvärmningsparametrar. Kvalitativt sett lyckades kvartsmikrofiberfiltren fånga upp partiklar, men det kan inte kvantifieras i detta experiment hur effektiva de var när det gäller partikelretention. Filtren visade potential för en enkel tillämpning i batteripacket, men ytterligare forskning bör göras för att undersöka viktiga faktorer, såsom mottryck från filtren. Dessutom finns det vissa material som kan vara intressanta att testa i framtiden, bland annat keramiska material, sintrade metallfiberfiltar och ablativa material.

Abstract [en]

With the shift towards electrification in transportation, new challenges arise with regards to battery systems placed in electric vehicles. There is an opportunity to reduce risks associated with the toxicity of particles ejected from the gases that form during thermal runaway (TR) in lithium-ion battery cells placed in battery systems. The aim of this thesis is to identify potential materials for particle filtration from these gases, investigate the performance of the chosen materials in an experiment, and suggest materials for future studies. The filter material is intended to sit by the vent in the battery pack. In total 5 filters were chosen for the experiments, where 3 of those were quartz microfibre filters and 2 were glass microfibre filters. The filters were sandwiched between steel plates with a hole, placed 40 cm above the battery cell vent. The battery cells were triggered into thermal runaway, and the filters were placed in the direct path of ejected particles in order to test their thermal resistance and particle retention capabilities. The filters were characterized using weighing, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. From an initial test, the glass fibre filters were deemed not sufficient enough in terms of thermal resistance to continue being tested. The quartz microfibre filters varied in terms of thermal resistance, where they at times burned away and other times remained intact. This was largely attributed to differences in TRs between the experiments due to varying heating parameters. Qualitatively, the quartz microfibre filters succeeded in catching particles, but it cannot be quantified in this experiment how efficient they were in terms of particle retention. The filters showed potential in an easy application in battery packs, but further research should be done to investigate important factors, such as back pressure from the filters. Furthermore, there are certain materials that could be interesting to trial in the future. These include ceramic materials, sintered metal fibre felts, and ablative materials.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2023.
Series
TRITA-CBH-GRU ; 2023:209
Keywords [en]
battery pack, particles, thermal runaway, filtration
Keywords [sv]
batteripack, partiklar, termisk rusning, filtrering
National Category
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-336753OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-336753DiVA, id: diva2:1798314
External cooperation
Scania CV AB
Subject / course
Chemical Engineering
Educational program
Degree of Master - Chemical Engineering for Energy and Environment
Examiners
Available from: 2023-09-19 Created: 2023-09-19

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