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Numerical investigation of transition on a wind turbine blade under free-stream turbulence at 𝑅𝑒𝑐 = 1,000,000
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics, Fluid Physics.ORCID iD: 0009-0007-8056-6109
Kiel University of Applied Sciences, Mechanical Engineering Dept..ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7568-8757
Kiel University of Applied Sciences, Mechanical Engineering Dept..ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9357-3232
Helmut-Schmidt-Universitat Hamburg.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4467-478X
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Laminar-turbulent transition on a wind turbine blade section at 𝑅𝑒𝑐 = 1,000,000 under anisotropic inflow turbulence is studied with wall-resolved large-eddy simulations and linear stability theory. The turbulence intensities (đ‘‡đŒ) are 0, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, 4.5 and 7%. The laminar separation bubble (LSB) for đ‘‡đŒ = 0% develops two spanwise lobes upon reattachment due to the strong amplification of disturbances generated in the upstream attached boundary layer. Transition occurs via the breakdown of Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices in this case. Considering even modest turbulence levels (đ‘‡đŒ = 0.6%) leads to the suppression of the LSB due to the strong streak growth. Inner modes, which in the limit of zero FST tends to Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) waves, are present for đ‘‡đŒ ≀ 2.4%, where Mack’s correlation agrees well with the simulations. Furthermore, linear receptivity occurs in this range of đ‘‡đŒ, with the initial streak growth well predicted by optimal perturbation analysis. The breakdown of streaks arises predominantly through an inner varicose instability for đ‘‡đŒ ≀ 2.4%. For đ‘‡đŒ ≄ 4.5%, non-linear receptivity is found, and narrower streaks dominate the flow. These streaks are not the most energetic, and SPOD fails to identify them. The streaks break down via an outer varicose instability in this range of đ‘‡đŒ, leading to bypass transition. The transition location displays a variation ∝ exp(đ‘‡đŒâˆ’1) for đ‘‡đŒ ≀ 2.4% and ∝ đ‘‡đŒâˆ’2 for 2.4% < đ‘‡đŒ ≀ 7.0%, which can be explained by receptivity arguments. Finally, a model for a low-frequency cut-off for computing the effective đ‘‡đŒ in atmospheric turbulence isderived considering TS waves.

National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-337112OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-337112DiVA, id: diva2:1800186
Funder
StandUpStandUp for Wind
Note

QC 20230927

Available from: 2023-09-26 Created: 2023-09-26 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Stability and transition on wind turbine blades
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Stability and transition on wind turbine blades
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Transition on wind turbine blades is a highly complex phenomenon due to the myriad effects influencing the process. This thesis studies some of them, namely free-stream turbulence (FST), rotation, and three-dimensionality. The investigations employ large eddy simulations (LES) with and without (implicit or wall-resolved LES) a subgrid-scale model. The role of FST in the modal and non-modal stability of the flow on the suction side of a wind turbine section at a Reynolds number 𝑅𝑒𝑐 = 100,000 is studied. This involved several simulations at varying turbulence intensity (đ‘‡đŒ) and primary and secondary linear stability analyses. The separated shear layers strongly govern the flow stability with the characteristic Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) modes. Low FST levels increase the growth rates of the secondary instability of Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) and KH modes, leading to an upstream shift of transition and shrinking of the LSB. High enough đ‘‡đŒ stabilizes the flow to these modes, leading to an unexpected increase in the LSB. However, further rises in the turbulence level suppress separation. The spanwise-averaged part of the mean-flow distortion causes the stabilizing effect. The increase in the turbulence intensity also leads to a monotonic drop in the energy of coherent structures, shed from the separated shear layer, passing near the trailing edge. In the case of 𝑅𝑒𝑐 = 1,000,000, streak growth is much more intense, and even low levels of đ‘‡đŒ are enough to suppress the LSB present in the absence of FST. For đ‘‡đŒ ≀ 2.4%, transition is caused by inner modes, which in the limit of zero FST tend to TS waves. This range of đ‘‡đŒ presents linear receptivity, good agreement of the 𝑁 factor from Mack’s correlation with simulation data, and an exponential dependency of the transition location with đ‘‡đŒ. For 2.4% < đ‘‡đŒ ≀ 7.0%, bypass transition occurs, characterized by the predominance of the outer varicose mode. In this regime, the transition location displays a variation ∝ đ‘‡đŒâˆ’2. A low-frequency cut-off for the free-stream turbulence is proposed to allow the computation of an effective turbulence intensity for wind turbine blades. Regarding the role of rotation, a model is developed to compute the quasi-three-dimensional base flow for stability analyses over a blade. The flow in the inboard region is highly three-dimensional and significantly affected by rotation. Highly oblique modes are the most unstable in this region, leading to a transition up to 19% earlier than the widely used two-dimensional semi-empirical 𝑒𝑁 transition model of Drela and Giles, used in the RANS simulations. A transition-prediction framework based on the boundary layer and parabolized stability equations accounting for these effects was developed. It indicates that rotation shifts transition upstream if the Reynolds number is allowed to increase with the reference velocity. Subsequent LES indicated that rotation stabilizes the flow for a fixed Reynolds number in the attached flow region and front part of the LSB for low rotation rates, delaying transition and reattachment. Even though rotation delays these phenomena, rotation may act as an adverse pressure gradient after separation occurs, leading to an increase in the growth rates of the KH modes and reverse flow. Furthermore, crossflow transition may be triggered for higher rotation rates and towards the inboard blade region, leading to an upstream shift of the transition point. Crossflow transition leads to a rise in the pressure difference between the two sides of the airfoil, generating a higher lift. In the outboard blade region, a self-excited type of instability may occur in an LSB forming near the leading edge, promoting an early transition that may cause a sudden shift of the separation line to the leading edge after a certain critical radius, as observed in experiments. Finally, a low-frequency oscillation in the normal force coefficient, with an amplitude of 10.5% around the mean, was identified in a wind turbine airfoil. The period of these oscillations was long, corresponding to several turns of a wind turbine at rated rotation speed. The occurrence of such a phenomenon in real wind turbines should be assessed and considered in the structural design of the rotor.

Abstract [sv]

LaminĂ€r-turbulent omslag pĂ„ vindturbinblad Ă€r ett mycket komplext fenomen pĂ„ grund av de mĂ„nga faktorer som pĂ„verkar processen. I denna avhandling studerar vi nĂ„gra av dem, nĂ€mligen hur friströmsturbulens (FST), rotation och tredimensionalitet pĂ„verkar strömningen. Analysen Ă€r baserad pĂ„ det sĂ„ kallade large eddy simulation (LES) med och utan en modell för subgrid-skala (implicit eller vĂ€ggupplöst LES). FST:s roll i den modala och icke-modala stabiliteten av flödet pĂ„ sugsidan av en vindturbinsektion vid ett Reynolds nummer Rec=100.000 studeras. Detta involverade flera simuleringar med varierande turbulensintensitet (TI) och primĂ€ra och sekundĂ€ra linjĂ€ra stabilitetsanalyser. De separerade skjuvskikten styr flödesstabiliteten via de karakteristiska Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) virvlarna. LĂ„ga FST-nivĂ„er ökar tillvĂ€xthastigheten för den sekundĂ€ra instabiliteten i Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) och KH-fallet, vilket leder till en uppströmsförskjutning av omslaget till turbulens och en minskning av LSB. TillrĂ€ckligt hög TI stabiliserar flödet i dessa lĂ€gen, vilket leder till en ovĂ€ntad ökning av LSB. Ytterligare höjningar av turbulensnivĂ„n undertrycker emellertid avlösningen. Den spĂ€nnvidds medelvĂ€rdesbildade delen orsakar den stabiliserande effekten. Ökningen av turbulensintensiteten leder ocksĂ„ till en monoton minskning av energin hos koherenta strukturer, bakom det separerade skjuvskiktet. I fallet med Rec=1.000.000 Ă€r strĂ„ktillvĂ€xten mycket mer intensiv, och Ă€ven lĂ„ga nivĂ„er av TI Ă€r tillrĂ€ckligt för att undertrycka LSB som finns i frĂ„nvaro av FST. För TI≀ 2,4% orsakas övergĂ„ngen av inre moder som liknar TS-vĂ„gor i grĂ€nsen mot noll FST. Detta intervall av TI visar god överensstĂ€mmelse mellan N-faktorn frĂ„n Macks korrelation med simuleringsdata och ett exponentiellt beroende av omslaget med TI. För 2,4%<TI≀7,0% sker sk  bypass omslag, kĂ€nnetecknad av dominansen symmetriska strĂ„k. En lĂ„gfrekvent cut-off för friströmsturbulensen möjliggör berĂ€kning av en effektiv turbulensintensitet för vindturbinblad. NĂ€r det gĂ€ller rotationens roll utvecklas en modell för att berĂ€kna det kvasi-tredimensionella basflödet för stabilitetsanalyser över ett blad. Flödet Ă€r mycket tredimensionellt och pĂ„verkas avsevĂ€rt av rotation. Mycket sneda vĂ„gor Ă€r de mest instabila i denna region, vilket leder till ett omslag upp till 19% tidigare Ă€n den allmĂ€nt anvĂ€nda tvĂ„dimensionella semi-empiriska eN omslagsmodellen av Drela och Giles, som anvĂ€nds i RANS-simuleringarna. Ett ramverk för omskagsprediktion baserat pĂ„ grĂ€nsskiktet och paraboliserade stabilitetsekvationer som stĂ„r för dessa effekter utvecklades. Det indikerar att rotation skiftar övergĂ„ng uppströms om Reynolds-talet tillĂ„ts öka med referenshastigheten. Efterföljande LES indikerade att rotation stabiliserar flödet för ett fast Reynolds-tal i flödesomrĂ„det och frĂ€mre delen av LSB för lĂ„ga rotationshastigheter, vilket fördröjer övergĂ„ng och Ă„terlaminarisering. Även om rotation fördröjer dessa fenomen, kan rotation verka som en negativ tryckgradient efter att separation intrĂ€ffar, vilket leder till en ökning av tillvĂ€xthastigheterna för KH-moden och Ă„tercircirkulerande flöde. Vidare kan omslag till turbulens utlösas för högre rotationshastigheter och mot det inre bladomrĂ„det, vilket leder till en uppströmsförskjutning av omslagspunkten. Crossflow-övergĂ„ng leder till en ökning av tryckskillnaden mellan de tvĂ„ sidorna av vingytan, vilket genererar en högre lyftkraft. I andra omrĂ„den kan en sjĂ€lvexciterad typ av instabilitet uppstĂ„ i en LSB som bildas nĂ€ra framkanten, vilket frĂ€mjar en tidigt omslag som kan orsaka en plötslig förskjutning av separationslinjen till framkanten efter en viss kritisk radie, som ocksĂ„ observerats i experiment. Slutligen identifierades en lĂ„gfrekvent oscillation i normalkraftskoefficienten, med en amplitud pĂ„ 10,5% runt medelvĂ€rdet, i ett vindkraftverks vingprofil. Perioden för dessa svĂ€ngningar var lĂ„ng, motsvarande flera varv av ett vindturbin med nominell rotationshastighet. Förekomsten av ett sĂ„dant fenomen i verkliga vindkraftverk bör bedömas och beaktas i den strukturella designen av rotorn.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 61
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2023:47
Keywords
Boundary layer stability, free-stream turbulence, laminar-turbulent transition, low-frequency oscillations, rotation effects, wind turbine blades., GrÀnsskiktsstabilitet, friströmsturbulens, laminÀr-turbulent omslag, lÄgfrekventa svÀngningar, rotationseffekter, vindkraftverksblad.
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-337136 (URN)978-91-8040-701-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-10-23, Kollegiesalen, BrinellvÀgen 8, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
StandUpStandUp for Wind
Note

QC 231002

Available from: 2023-10-02 Created: 2023-09-26 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved

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Coelho Leite Fava, ThalesHenningson, Dan S.Hanifi, Ardeshir

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