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A novel method for geometric quality assurance of rock joint replicas in direct shear testing - Part 1: Derivation of quality assurance parameters and geometric reproducibility
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics. Res Inst Sweden RISE, Dept Chem & Appl Mech, Div Mat & Prod, Brinellgatan 4, S-50115 Borås, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4551-5644
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8152-6092
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics. Swedish Nucl Fuel & Waste Management Co SKB, Solna, Sweden..ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4399-9534
Res Inst Sweden RISE, Dept Chem & Appl Mech, Div Mat & Prod, Brinellgatan 4, S-50115 Borås, Sweden..
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2023 (English)In: Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, ISSN 1674-7755, Vol. 15, no 9, p. 2193-2208Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Since each rock joint is unique by nature, the utilization of replicas in direct shear testing is required to carry out experimental parameter studies. However, information about the ability of the replicas to simulate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint and their dispersion in direct shear testing is lacking. With the aim to facilitate generation of high-quality direct shear test data from replicas, a novel component in the testing procedure is introduced by presenting two parameters for geometric quality assurance. The parameters are derived from surface comparisons of three-dimensional (3D) scanning data of the rock joint and its replicas. The first parameter, sigma(mf), captures morphological deviations between the replica and the rock joint surfaces. sigma(mf) is derived as the standard deviation of the deviations between the coordinate points of the replica and the rock joint. Four sources of errors introduced in the replica manufacturing process employed in this study could be identified. These errors could be minimized, yielding replicas with sigma(mf) <= 0.06 mm. The second parameter is a vector, V-Hp100, which describes deviations with respect to the shear direction. It is the projection of the 100 mm long normal vector of the best-fit plane of the replica joint surface to the corresponding plane of the rock joint. vertical bar V-Hp100 vertical bar was found to be less than or equal to 0.36 mm in this study. Application of these two geometric quality assurance parameters demonstrates that it is possible to manufacture replicas with high geometric similarity to the rock joint. In a subsequent paper (part 2), sigma(mf) and V-Hp100 are incorporated in a novel quality assurance method, in which the parameters shall be evaluated prior to direct shear testing. Replicas having parameter values below established thresholds shall have a known and narrow dispersion and imitate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2023. Vol. 15, no 9, p. 2193-2208
Keywords [en]
Three-dimensional (3D) scanning, Geometric reproducibility, Geometric quality assurance, Replicas, Rock joint, Surface comparisons
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-338219DOI: 10.1016/j.jrmge.2022.12.011ISI: 001070906500002Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85147379920OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-338219DiVA, id: diva2:1805424
Note

QC 20231017

Available from: 2023-10-17 Created: 2023-10-17 Last updated: 2025-03-11Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Approaches for increased accuracy in laboratory direct shear testing
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Approaches for increased accuracy in laboratory direct shear testing
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Rock joints influence the stability of rock mass. Therefore, their shear strength is an important factor in determining the load a structure constructed on or in rock can withstand. Numerical and theoretical models are used to predict the shear mechanical behaviour of rock joints. These models are validated against data from laboratory testing. The data generation process from laboratory testing consists of several parts, each of which is associated with various sources of uncertainties. However, no model is better than the accuracy of the results it is validated against. Therefore, in this work, several approaches have been developed using data from a comprehensive experimental shear testing program, with the overall aim of reducing the uncertainties associated with various parts of the data generation process.

Forty-six granite rock specimens containing both natural and artificially tensile induced joints were subjected to direct shear testing. Several tests were carried out for each parameter combination, allowing for statistical evaluations. The tests were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions under both constant normal stress and constant normal stiffness boundary conditions. These tests were performed under previously unexplored conditions, combining stresses occurring at depths of several hundreds of meters with a wide range of joint areas represented across three specimen sizes: 35 mm × 60 mm, 70 mm × 100 mm and 300 mm × 500 mm. In addition, fifteen replicas were manufactured from high-strength concrete based on one of the granite rock joints sized 70 mm × 100 mm for geometrical evaluations. Six of these replicas were subjected to direct shear testing and evaluated against the shear mechanical behaviour of the rock joint.

Two quality assurance parameters for replica rock joints have been developed, which together with a method for establishing threshold limits of the parameters, reduces the uncertainties in parametric studies. An approach has been developed in which the effective normal stiffness is calculated and then inserted into the control system in tests under the constant normal stiffness boundary condition. The application of the effective normal stiffness essentially eliminates the error in applied normal load originating from the normal stiffness of the test system. Improved accuracy in displacement measurements has been achieved by applying optical displacement measurements directly over joint traces. Direct displacement measurements exclude errors in conventional measurements, which include undesired but unavoidable displacements originating from gaps and deformations in the test system. Approaches for consistent and physically based determination of both shear strength and shear stiffness have been developed. Analysis of variance shows that the shear strength of the tested rock joint specimens is not influenced by specimen size, whereas shear stiffness is. To sum up, the accuracy of data from laboratory tests is improved, constituting a prerequisite for improved models.  

Abstract [sv]

Bergssprickor påverkar bergmassans stabilitet. Bergssprickors skjuvhållfasthet utgör därför en betydande faktor för vilka laster en berganläggning skall dimensioneras mot. Numeriska och teoretiska modeller används för att prediktera bergssprickors skjuvhållfasthet. Modellerna valideras mot data från laboratorietester. Processen att ta fram data från laboratorietester består av flera delar, vilka var och en innehåller olika typer av osäkerheter. Inga modeller är dock bättre än noggrannheten på resultaten de valideras mot. Med hjälp av data från ett omfattande experimentellt testprogram har därför ett antal tillvägagångssätt utvecklats, vilka syftar till att minska osäkerheterna inom olika delar av dataframtagningsprocessen. 

Direkta skjuvtester utfördes på fyrtiosex bergprov av granit med både naturliga och artificiellt spänningsinducerade sprickor. Flera tester utfördes för varje parameterkombination, vilket möjliggjorde statistiska utvärderingar. Testerna utfördes i kontrollerad laboratoriemiljö under både konstant normalspänning och konstant normalstyvhet. Dessa tester utfördes under förhållanden som inte studerats tidigare genom kombinationen av spänningar motsvarande djup på flera hundra meter och en bred fördelning av sprickareor representerade av tre provkroppsstorlekar: 35 mm × 60 mm, 70 mm × 100 mm and 300 mm × 500 mm. Dessutom tillverkades femton repliker av höghållfast betong från en av granitsprickorna med storleken 70 mm × 100 mm för geometriska utvärderingar. Sex av dessa repliker genomgick direkta skjuvtester och deras skjuvmekaniska beteende utvärderades mot bergssprickans. 

Två kvalitetssäkringsparametrar för replikers sprickgeometri har tagits fram, vilka tillsammans med en metod för framtagning av parametergränsvärden  reducerar osäkerheten i parameterstudier. Ett tillvägagångssätt har utvecklats där den effektiva normalstyvheten först beräknas och därefter anges som styrparameter i tester under randvillkoret konstant normalstyvhet. Den effektiva normalstyvheten eliminerar i princip felet i pålagd normallast orsakad av testsystemets normalstyvhet. Förbättrad noggrannhet vid förskjutningsmätningar har uppnåtts genom tillämpning av optiska förskjutningsmätningar direkt över sprickprofiler. Direkta mätningar eliminerar felen i konventionella mätningar, vilka inkluderar oönskade, men oundvikliga, bidrag härrörande från glapp och deformationer i testsystemet. Tillvägagångssätt som möjliggör konsistent och fysikaliskt baserad framtagning av både skjuvhållfasthet och skjuvstyvhet har tagits fram. Variansanalys visar att skjuvhållfastheten för de testade bergproven inte påverkas av provstorleken, medan skjuvstyvheten gör det. Sammantaget skapas förbättrad noggrannhet i data från laboratorietester av bergssprickor, vilket utgör en grund för förbättrade modeller för att prediktera deras skjuvhållfasthet. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 70
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 251
Keywords
Displacement measurement, Scale effect, Stiffness, Shear strength, Uncertainty, Förskjutningsmätning, Skaleffekt, Styvhet, Skjuvhållfasthet, Osäkerhet
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-361070 (URN)978-91-8106-205-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-04-04, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61533092846, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
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Note

QC 20250312

Available from: 2025-03-12 Created: 2025-03-11 Last updated: 2025-03-17Bibliographically approved

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Larsson, JörgenJohansson, FredrikIvars, Diego Mas

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