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Final Approach: Measurements and Ratings of Aircraft Landing Noise
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics, Lättkonstruktioner, marina system, flyg- och rymdteknik, rörelsemekanik.
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Följande avregleringen av flygmarknaden har flygtrafiken ökat snabbt sedan mitten av 1990-talet. Detta har oundvikligen lett till en utbyggnad av flygplatser, vilket på många platser runt om i världen har lett till oro och konflikter på grund av ökade bullernivåer.Denna oro är inte obefogad, eftersom buller näst efter luftföroreningar är den miljöförorening som har de största hälsoeffekterna. För människor som bor nära flygplatser är buller ofta en angelägen fråga, främst genom störd sömn och buller trötthet. Denna oro bekräftas av WHO:s uppdaterade riktlinjer för omgivningsbuller från 2018, där bullrets negativa effekter på hälsan betonas. De uppdaterade riktlinjerna är dessutom betydligt strängare än sina föregångare, särskilt när det gäller tröskelvärden för flygbuller. Detta innebär utmaningar, eftersom det nuvarande tekniska landskapet gör det svårt att uppnå den nödvändiga bullerreduktion som åberopas. Med tanke på det befintliga flygets långa förväntade livslängd kommer moderna tekniska framsteg dessutom inte att kunna realiseras omedelbart. Strategier för bullerreducering bör därför inte bara fokusera på tekniska framsteg utan även överväga andra vägar framåt, till exempel bullerreducerande landningsprocedurer. 

Under flygcykeln är det landningsfasen som bidrar mest till bullerpåverkan. Det finns befintliga metoder som effektivt dämpar bullret under de mellersta stadierna av inflygningen genom att främst hålla flygplanen på hög höjd under längre perioder och kringgå bullerkänsliga områden. De dynamiska bulleregenskaperna hos själva flygplanet förbises dock ofta, vilket innebär att möjligheter till bullerreducering i närheten av flygplatsen går förlorade. I den här avhandlingen undersöks möjligheterna till tystare landningsprocedurer med hjälp av en experimentell metod och med tonvikt på den sista fasen av inflygningen. Resultaten tyder på att tystare inflygningsprocedurer är genomförbara utan att störa etablerade säkerhetsförskrifter, med betoning på fördröjd utrullning av landningsställen som en nyckelstrategi. Att förena målen för ett hållbart flyg med kraven från dagens flygtrafik är dock fortfarande en formidabel utmaning. Med andra ord, flyg mindre.

Abstract [en]

Following the liberalization of the aviation market in the mid-1990s, there has been a significant increase in aviation activities worldwide. This has inevitably resulted in the expansion of airports, which in numerous regions has led to concern and conflicts over increased noise levels. For people residing near airports, the constant noise can be distressing, interrupting sleep and leading to general noise annoyance. Indeed, noise pollution is serious and ranks second as the most significant environmental health hazard after air pollution. The World Health Organization's 2018 guidelines on environmental noise affirm this, highlighting the harmful effects and setting stricter aircraft noise thresholds than previous standards.This poses challenges, as the current technological landscape finds it difficult to achieve the necessary noise reduction. Plus, given the long life expectancy of the existing aircraft fleets, modern technological advancements pushing noise reduction will not be realized within the next decade. Noise mitigation strategies should, therefore, not only focus on technological advancements but also consider other paths forward, such as noise abatement landing procedures. 

During the flight cycle, it is the landing phase that contributes most significantly to the noise impact. This is well-known, and through the years, methods have been designed that effectively mitigate noise during the middle stages of the approach, principally by maintaining aircraft at elevated altitudes for extended periods and bypassing noise-sensitive areas. However, the dynamic noise characteristics of the aircraft itself are often overlooked, missing opportunities for noise reduction in closer proximity to the airport. Adopting an experimental approach, the work presented in this thesis investigates the possibilities of quieter landing procedures, focusing on the final phase of the approach and the aircraft as a variable noise source. Findings suggest that quieter approach procedures are feasible without interfering with established safety standards, emphasizing delayed landing gear deployment as a key strategy. However, reconciling the goals of sustainable aviation with the demands of present-day air traffic remains a formidable challenge. In other words, fly less.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. , p. 38
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2023:61
Keywords [en]
Aircraft noise, acoustic measurements, psycho acoustics measurements, noise annoyance
Keywords [sv]
Flygplansbuller, akustiska mätningar, psykoakustiska mätningar, bullerstörning
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-339534ISBN: 978-91-8040-776-2 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-339534DiVA, id: diva2:1811590
Public defence
2023-12-05, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 231114

Available from: 2023-11-14 Created: 2023-11-13 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Analysis of landing noise from Airbus A321neo using long term noise measurements and flight recorder data
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analysis of landing noise from Airbus A321neo using long term noise measurements and flight recorder data
2023 (English)In: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, ISSN 0001-4966, E-ISSN 1520-8524, Vol. 153, no 6, p. 3482-3492Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article analyzes aircraft noise measurements from the Airbus A321neo at 7.5 and 5 nautical miles from the runway threshold. Using correlation, analysis of variance, and hierarchical regression analysis, we assessed the influence of flight data recorder variables and meteorological parameters on the measured sound level variations. A combination of aircraft speed and configuration of the high lift devices can predict approximately 60% of the sound level variations. Sound level dependence on speed ranges between 0.5 and 1.5 dB/10 kn for different configurations and landing gear deployment had a +3 dB impact on sound levels. At the same time, weather and wind conditions accounted for a relatively small proportion of the variation. Overall, this study sheds light on the factors contributing to aircraft noise during the final approach and provides insights into potential noise reduction strategies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Acoustical Society of America (ASA), 2023
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-334622 (URN)10.1121/10.0019713 (DOI)001020183500001 ()37358348 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85164016044 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230823

Available from: 2023-08-23 Created: 2023-08-23 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved
2. Annoyance and Partial Masking of Wind Turbine Noise from Ambient Sources
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Annoyance and Partial Masking of Wind Turbine Noise from Ambient Sources
2019 (English)In: Acta Acoustica united with Acustica, ISSN 1610-1928, E-ISSN 1861-9959, Vol. 105, no 6, p. 1035-1041Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper investigates noise annoyance from wind turbines of different sizes and in different acoustic surroundings. A listening test was conducted where wind turbine noises were rated alone and together with background sounds from a deciduous forest, a busy city and road traffic. A magnitude production procedure was implemented which showed high correlation between repeated measurements and the results were analysed using A-weighted sound levels, signal-to-noise ratios and time varying loudness and partial loudness. Ratings for wind turbine sound heard alone showed no coherent statistically significant differences between wind turbine types, neither for A-weighted sound levels nor loudness. The masking test indicate that road traffic noise is a superior masker compared to forest sound. However, these effects where only statistically significant at low sound levels, below the range 35-45 dB(A), where noise guidelines for wind turbine noise usually are stipulated.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
S HIRZEL VERLAG, 2019
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-266926 (URN)10.3813/AAA.919382 (DOI)000506577800014 ()2-s2.0-85077947415 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20200320

Available from: 2020-02-14 Created: 2020-02-14 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved

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