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How have public healthcare providers in Sweden conformed to the European Union’s Web Accessibility Directive regarding accessibility statements on their websites?
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Human Centered Technology, Media Technology and Interaction Design, MID. Habilitering & Hälsa, Västra Götalandsregionen, Stationsgatan 3, Skövde, 54130, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4925-8080
Center for Clinical Research Dalarna, Uppsala University, Nissers Väg 3, Falun, 79182, Sweden; School of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, Falun, 79188, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 564, Uppsala, 751 22, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8709-4446
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Human Centered Technology, Media Technology and Interaction Design, MID.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2411-6417
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Human Centered Technology, Media Technology and Interaction Design, MID. Certec, Department of Design Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, LTH Lund University, Box 118, Lund, 221 00, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7975-6198
2025 (English)In: Universal Access in the Information Society, ISSN 1615-5289, E-ISSN 1615-5297, Vol. 24, no 1, p. 449-462Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The Web Accessibility Directive (WAD) is part of the European Union’s work for digital inclusion. The WAD obligates that public sector bodies’ websites meet accessibility standards and provide an accessibility statement on the website informing about inaccessible content, and a feedback mechanism for reporting accessibility issues or requesting inaccessible content in an accessible format. The objective of this study was to evaluate how healthcare providers in Sweden have applied accessibility statements on their websites as regulated by law. A descriptive study using a mixed methods approach was conducted, by quantitative descriptive data analysis of the healthcare providers’ accessibility statements compliance to requirements and qualitative data analysis of the written information provided in the accessibility statement. All but one of the 37 evaluated healthcare providers published an accessibility statement. None of the healthcare providers fully met the requirements for accessibility statements, and no one complied with the intention of the law, i.e. to provide accessible health information and eHealth services. There was no or minor progress between the first and the latest published accessibility statement. The possibility to declare no or partial compliance with the law, or claim disproportionate burden, and the lack of enforcement procedures, risk producing symbolic actions e.g., publishing accessibility statements without intention to abide by the law. We suggest that the directives for accessibility statements should be advanced regarding comprehensiveness, understandability, and usefulness. It is suggested that the assessment protocol developed for this study may be used for future evaluations of accessibility statements.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature , 2025. Vol. 24, no 1, p. 449-462
Keywords [en]
Human–computer interaction, Web accessibility directive, Web content accessibility guidelines, WCAG, eHealth, Disability
National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Research subject
Human-computer Interaction
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-339735DOI: 10.1007/s10209-023-01063-1ISI: 001101815400001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85176447055OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-339735DiVA, id: diva2:1812524
Funder
KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyForte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, 2018-01806Region Västra Götaland
Note

QC 20231120

Available from: 2023-11-16 Created: 2023-11-16 Last updated: 2025-05-13Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Cognitive Accessibility in eHealth – Introducing Participatory Research through Design
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cognitive Accessibility in eHealth – Introducing Participatory Research through Design
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The digitalisation of healthcare often comes with promises of solving future expected increasing demands on healthcare and ensuring equitable health service distribution. However, this promise is not yet realised in Sweden’s present eHealth services. Meanwhile, Swedish public healthcare is moving towards person-centred care, where the person’s resources, experiences, and needs are considered. The primary motive of this thesis is to contribute to knowledge on how to design eHealth services that support cognitive accessibility for increased equity. The work in this thesis is based on the idea that accessibility is important, and that people affected by problems in eHealth should be part of the design of accessible eHealth services. The research started by looking into previous research on accessibility in eHealth services and then focused on Sweden’s local context. There are regulations on accessibility in eHealth services the European Union (EU). Therefore, we investigated how Swedish public healthcare complies with this regulation. The scope was then narrowed to cognitive accessibility, an area not sufficiently covered by the EU regulations and current guidelines. Together with people with lived experiences of cognitive impairments, we explored participatory design methods for cognitive accessibility and how to make an impact in real-life settings. We used two cases for the research: the personal eHealth services on the Swedish national healthcare website 1177.se; and a symptom checker and triage tool, called 1177 direkt, presented as a conversational agent. For the first case, we co-designed a prototype for enhanced cognitive accessibility and used it as a dialogue tool to make an impact on the development of the existing eHealth services. For the second case, we evaluated 1177 direkt and conducted co-design activities for suggestions on enhanced cognitive accessibility with a collaborative approach with representatives from the product owner. In this case, the product owners are both the company that develops and markets the product, and Inera, which procures the product so that public healthcare providers can select it from Inera’s range of services and products. This thesis ii concludes that eHealth services that are experienced as inaccessible will most likely remain inaccessible if we continue developing eHealth services as before. Considering the insights from people with lived experience of cognitive impairment in participatory approaches when designing eHealth services can contribute to eHealth services that support person-centred care.

Abstract [sv]

Digitalisering av hälso- och sjukvården lovar ofta att lösa framtida ökande krav och säkerställa rättvis fördelning av hälso- och sjukvårdstjänster. Dessa löften har ännu inte infriats i Sveriges nuvarande eHälsotjänster. Samtidigt rör sig den svenska offentliga hälso- och sjukvården mot personcentrerad vård, där individens resurser, erfarenheter och behov beaktas. Syftet med denna avhandling är att bidra till kunskapen om hur man utformar eHälsotjänster som stödjer kognitiv tillgänglighet för ökad jämlikhet. Avhandlingen bygger på idén att tillgänglighet är viktigt och att personer som påverkas av problem inom eHälsa bör vara en del av utformningen av dessa tjänster. Forskningen började med att granska tidigare forskning om tillgänglighet i eHälsotjänster och fokuserade sedan på den svenska kontexten. Det finns lagar om tillgänglighet i eHälsotjänster inom Europeiska unionen (EU). Vi undersökte hur den svenska offentliga hälso- och sjukvården följer EU:s lagar om webbtillgänglighet. Därefter fokuserade forskningen på kognitiv tillgänglighet, ett område som inte täcks tillräckligt av EU-lagar och de riktlinjer lagarna pekar på. Tillsammans med personer med levda erfarenheter av kognitiva funktionsnedsättningar utforskade vi deltagande designmetoder för att förbättra kognitiv tillgänglighet i eHälsotjänster samt hur man kan påverka de befintliga eHälsotjänsterna. Vi använde två fall: de personliga eHälsotjänsterna på den svenska nationella hälso- och sjukvårdswebbplatsen 1177.se samt ett symptombedömnings- och triageverktyg utformat som en samtalsagent, 1177 direkt. I det första fallet samskapade vi en prototyp för förbättrad kognitiv tillgänglighet som vi använde som ett dialogverktyg. För det andra fallet utvärderade vi 1177 direkt och genomförde samskapande aktiviteter för förbättringsförslag gällande kognitiv tillgänglighet. Studien gjordes med ett samarbetsinriktat tillvägagångssätt tillsammans med representanter från produktägarperspektivet. Produktägaren i detta fall är företaget som utvecklar och lanserar produkten på marknaden, och Inera som upphandlar produkten så att offentlig sjukvård kan välja produkten från Ineras utbud av tjänster och produkter. Slutsatsen är att om vi fortsätter utveckla eHälsotjänster som tidigare, kommer de troligen att fortsätta vara svåra att använda för många. Genom att involvera personer med levda erfarenheter av kognitiva funktionsnedsättningar i utformningen kan vi skapa eHälsotjänster som är lättare att använda och som bättre stödjer personcentrerad vård.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 67
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2025:62
Keywords
Cognitive Accessibility, eHealth, Participatory Design, Research through Design, Impairment, Disability
National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Research subject
Human-computer Interaction
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363313 (URN)978-91-8106-302-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-06-13, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 6, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Forte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, 2018-01806Region Västra Götaland
Note

QC 20250513

Available from: 2025-05-13 Created: 2025-05-13 Last updated: 2025-05-13Bibliographically approved

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Jonsson, MarikaGulliksen, JanJohansson, Stefan

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