Distribution networks are unbalanced three-phase networks due to one/two phase loads, distribution feeders, and distributed energy resources. Operating such DNs is challenging with constant network expansion/changes as a result of faults, maintenance, uncertain resources, etc. Distribution network operators (DSOs) may follow the spot pricing theory with distribution locational marginal pricing (DLMP) to maintain their commitment to flexible operation of DNs with higher social welfare. With critical response-time in DN operation, linear programming (LP) is the most practical model which must include the network losses. In this work, an LP model is proposed to calculate DLMPs in fully three-phase unbalanced DNs. Uncertainties in solar energy, wind power, energy storage systems, cables, overhead lines, shunt capacitors, voltage regulators, and transformers are addressed by scenarios in a detailed model by exploiting stochastic optimization. Through a proposed No U-Turn sampler (NUTS) based algorithm, probability density functions (PDFs) of DLMPs are calculated. These PDFs provide statistical information about the locational and temporal price risks. The numerical results showed promising performance of the proposed LP model and the NUTS-based algorithm in creating PDFs of DLMPs in a timely manner. DLMP price densities will be increasingly useful as DSOs seek flexible, low risk solutions from embedded generators and aggregators resources.
Part of ISBN 978-1-6654-6441-3
QC 20231130