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Selecting Women for Supplemental Breast Imaging using AI Biomarkers of Cancer Signs, Masking, and Risk
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Computational Science and Technology (CST). KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0101-1505
KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Computational Science and Technology (CST).
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Radiology, Capio Sankt Gorans Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Robotics, Perception and Learning, RPL.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5211-6388
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2023 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: Traditional mammographic density aids in determining the need for supplemental imagingby MRI or ultrasound. However, AI image analysis, considering more subtle and complex image features,may enable a more effective identification of women requiring supplemental imaging.Purpose: To assess if AISmartDensity, an AI-based score considering cancer signs, masking, and risk,surpasses traditional mammographic density in identifying women for supplemental imaging after negativescreening mammography.Methods: This retrospective study included randomly selected breast cancer patients and healthy controlsat Karolinska University Hospital between 2008 and 2015. Bootstrapping simulated a 0.2% interval cancerrate. We included previous exams for diagnosed women and all exams for controls. AISmartDensity hadbeen developed using random mammograms from a population non-overlapping with the current studypopulation. We evaluated AISmartDensity to, based on negative screening mammograms, identify womenwith interval cancer and next-round screen-detected cancer. It was compared to age and density models, withsensitivity and PPV calculated for women with the top 8% scores, mimicking the proportion of BIRADS“extremely dense” category. Statistical significance was determined using the Student’s t-test.Results: The study involved 2043 women, 258 with breast cancer diagnosed within 3 years of a negativemammogram, and 1785 healthy controls. Diagnosed women had a median age of 57 years (IQR 16) versus53 years (IQR 15) for controls (p < .001). At the 92nd percentile, AISmartDenstiy identified 87 (33.67%)future cancers with PPV 1.68%, whereas mammographic density identified 34 (13.18%) with PPV 0.66%(p < .001). AISmartDensity identified 32% interval and 36% next-round cancers, versus mammographicdensity’s 16% and 10%. The combined mammographic density and age model yielded an AUC of 0.60,significantly lower than AISmartDensity’s 0.73 (p < .001).Conclusions: AISmartDensity, integrating cancer signs, masking, and risk, more effectively identifiedwomen for additional breast imaging than traditional age and density models. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2023.
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-340721OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-340721DiVA, id: diva2:1818667
Note

QC 20231218

Available from: 2023-12-11 Created: 2023-12-11 Last updated: 2023-12-18Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Breast cancer risk assessment and detection in mammograms with artificial intelligence
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Breast cancer risk assessment and detection in mammograms with artificial intelligence
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Breast cancer, the most common type of cancer among women worldwide, necessitates reliable early detection methods. Although mammography serves as a cost-effective screening technique, its limitations in sensitivity emphasize the need for more advanced detection approaches. Previous studies have relied on breast density, extracted directly from the mammograms, as a primary metric for cancer risk assessment, given its correlation with increased cancer risk and the masking potential of cancer. However, such a singular metric overlooks image details and spatial relationships critical for cancer diagnosis. To address these limitations, this thesis integrates artificial intelligence (AI) models into mammography, with the goal of enhancing both cancer detection and risk estimation. 

In this thesis, we aim to establish a new benchmark for breast cancer prediction using neural networks. Utilizing the Cohort of Screen-Aged Women (CSAW) dataset, which includes mammography images from 2008 to 2015 in Stockholm, Sweden, we develop three AI models to predict inherent risk, cancer signs, and masking potential of cancer. Combined, these models can e↵ectively identify women in need of supplemental screening, even after a clean exam, paving the way for better early detection of cancer. Individually, important progress has been made on each of these component tasks as well. The risk prediction model, developed and tested on a large population-based cohort, establishes a new state-of-the-art at identifying women at elevated risk of developing breast cancer, outperforming traditional density measures. The risk model is carefully designed to avoid conflating image patterns re- lated to early cancers signs with those related to long-term risk. We also propose a method that allows vision transformers to eciently be trained on and make use of high-resolution images, an essential property for models analyzing mammograms. We also develop an approach to predict the masking potential in a mammogram – the likelihood that a cancer may be obscured by neighboring tissue and consequently misdiagnosed. High masking potential can complicate early detection and delay timely interventions. Along with the model, we curate and release a new public dataset which can help speed up progress on this important task. 

Through our research, we demonstrate the transformative potential of AI in mammographic analysis. By capturing subtle image cues, AI models consistently exceed the traditional baselines. These advancements not only highlight both the individual and combined advantages of the models, but also signal a transition to an era of AI-enhanced personalized healthcare, promising more ecient resource allocation and better patient outcomes. 

Abstract [sv]

Bröstcancer, den vanligaste cancerformen bland kvinnor globalt, kräver tillförlitliga metoder för tidig upptäckt. Även om mammografi fungerar som en kostnadseffektiv screeningteknik, understryker dess begränsningar i känslighet behovet av mer avancerade detektionsmetoder. Tidigare studier har förlitat sig på brösttäthet, utvunnen direkt från mammogram, som en primär indikator för riskbedömning, givet dess samband med ökad cancerrisk och cancermaskeringspotential. Visserligen förbiser en sådan enskild indikator bildinformation och spatiala relationer vilka är kritiska för cancerdiagnos. För att möta dessa begränsningar integrerar denna avhandling artificiell intelligens (AI) modeller i mammografi, med målet att förbättra både cancerdetektion och riskbedömning. 

I denna avhandling syftar vi till att fastställa en ny standard för bröstcancer-prediktion med hjälp av neurala nätverk. Genom att utnyttja datasetet Co-hort of Screen-Aged Women (CSAW), som inkluderar mammografier från 2008 till 2015 i Stockholm, Sverige, utvecklar vi tre AI modeller för att förutsäga inneboende risk, tecken på cancer och cancermaskeringspotential. Sammantaget kan dessa modeller effektivt identifiera kvinnor som behöver kompletterande screening, även efter en undersökning där patienten klassificerats som hälsosam, vilket banar väg för tidigare upptäckt av cancer. Individuellt har viktiga framsteg också gjorts i vardera modell. Riskdetektionsmodellen, utvecklad och testad på en stor populationsbaserad kohort, etablerar en ny state-of-the-art vid identifiering av kvinnor med ökad risk att utveckla bröstcancer, och presterar bättre än traditionella täthetsmodeller. Riskmodellen är noggrant utformad för att undvika att sammanblanda bildmönster relaterade till tidiga tecken på cancer med de som relaterar till långsiktig risk. Vi föreslår också en metod som gör det möjligt för vision transformers att effektivt tränas på samt utnyttja högupplösta bilder, en väsentlig egenskap för modeller som berör mammogram. Vi utvecklar också en metod för att förutsäga maskeringspotentialen i mammogram - sannolikheten att en cancer kan döljas av närliggande vävnad och följaktligen misstolkas. Hög maskeringspotential kan komplicera tidig upptäckt och försena ingripanden. Tillsammans med modellen sammanställer och släpper vi ett nytt offentligt dataset som kan hjälpa till att påskynda framsteg inom detta viktiga område. 

Genom vår forskning demonstrerar vi den transformativa potentialen med AI i mammografianalys. Genom att fånga subtila bildledtrådar överträffar AI-modeller konsekvent de traditionella baslinjerna. Dessa framsteg belyser inte bara de individuella och kombinerade fördelarna med modellerna, utan signalerar också ett paradigmskifte mot en era av AI-förstärkt personlig hälso- och sjukvård, med ett löfte om mer effektiv resursallokering och förbättrade patientresultat. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. xi, 61
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2024:2
Keywords
Mammography, AI, Breast cancer risk, Breast cancer detection, Mammografi, AI, Bröstcancerrisk, Upptäckt av bröstcancer
National Category
Engineering and Technology Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-340723 (URN)978-91-8040-783-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-01-18, Air & Fire, Science for Life Laboratory, Tomtebodavägen 23A, Solna, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20231212

Available from: 2023-12-12 Created: 2023-12-11 Last updated: 2024-01-19Bibliographically approved

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Liu, YueSorkhei, MoeinAzizpour, HosseinSmith, Kevin

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