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Distinct Heterocyclic Moieties Govern the Selectivity of Thiophene‐Vinylene‐Based Ligands towards Aβ or Tau Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease
Department of Physics Chemistry and Biology Linköping University SE-581 83 Linköping Sweden.
Department of Physics Chemistry and Biology Linköping University SE-581 83 Linköping Sweden.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Theoretical Chemistry and Biology. (Patrick Norman)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8127-2283
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Theoretical Chemistry and Biology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9720-5429
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2023 (English)In: European Journal of Organic Chemistry, ISSN 1434-193X, E-ISSN 1099-0690, Vol. 26, no 41, p. e202300583-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Distinct aggregated proteins are correlated with numerous neurodegenerative diseases and the development of ligands that selectively detect these pathological hallmarks is vital. Recently, the synthesis of thiophene-based optical ligands, denoted bi-thiophene-vinyl-benzothiazoles (bTVBTs), that could be utilized for selective assignment of tau pathology in brain tissue with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, was reported. Herein, we investigate the ability of these ligands to selectively distinguish tau deposits from aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ), the second AD associated pathological hallmark, when replacing the terminal thiophene moiety with other heterocyclic motifs. The selectivity for tau pathology was reduced when introducing specific heterocyclic motifs, verifying that specific molecular interactions between the ligands and the aggregates are necessary for selective detection of tau deposits. In addition, ligands having certain heterocyclic moieties attached to the central thiophene-vinylene building block displayed selectivity to aggregated Aβ pathology. Our findings provide chemical insights for the development of ligands that can distinguish between aggregated proteinaceous species consisting of different proteins and might also aid in creating novel agents for clinical imaging of tau pathology in AD.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley , 2023. Vol. 26, no 41, p. e202300583-
Keywords [en]
Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-β, fluorescent ligands, protein aggregates, tau
National Category
Theoretical Chemistry
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-341948DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202300583Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85172707759OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-341948DiVA, id: diva2:1824881
Note

QC 20240108

Available from: 2024-01-08 Created: 2024-01-08 Last updated: 2024-01-08Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Accurate Force Fields for Spectroscopic Studies of Protein–Ligand Interactions and Self-Assembly Structures
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Accurate Force Fields for Spectroscopic Studies of Protein–Ligand Interactions and Self-Assembly Structures
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The computational prediction of complex molecular behaviors is an essen- tial component of modern chemistry, as it provides a faster and more cost- effective way to explore molecular interactions that may be difficult or even impossible to study experimentally. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of- ten serve as a valuable tool for such predictions; however, their accuracy is inherently dependent on the force field (FF) parameters employed. While the general amber force field (GAFF) is designed to provide reasonable results for a broad array of small molecules, it often requires further refinement when using it for a specific small organic molecule. Especially for ligands of the oligothiophene class, the dihedral potential representing the rotatable bond between the two thiophene rings (of the SCCS type) is inadequately described. 

An objective of this dissertation is to refine FF parameters for producing meaningful MD trajectories that capture key molecular interactions, binding modes, and thermodynamic properties, and subsequent accurate calculations of spectroscopic properties. The refined FF parameters were first tested by comparing the dihedral potential derived from the FF method to the density functional theory (DFT) based dihedral potential. They were then validated by assessing the relative energies of conformers optimized using both FF and DFT methods, and by comparing the transition wavelengths calculated based on geometries optimized with both FF and DFT approaches. Importantly, the errors in dihedral potential were kept below 1 kcal/mol, and the discrepancies in transition energies were less than 0.1 eV for molecular transitions around 5 eV. 

This FF parametrization methodology was used in research studies focus- ing on two classes of supramolecular systems: host-guest chemistry related to neurodegenerative diseases, and self-assembly systems for material development. Specifically, we examine host-guest interactions involving proteins such as amyloid-beta, tau, and transthyretin (TTR), which are associated with neu- rodegenerative diseases. Various fluorescent ligands are used for the detection of these proteins in pathological samples. Our results for these protein–ligand systems propose strong binding sites and modes, and include estimations of binding energies for different ligands interacting with the targeted proteins. Additionally, comparative studies among the ligands have been conducted. Interestingly, no fluorescence was observed when low binding energy ligands interacted with amyloid fibrils. In the case of bTVBT4 binding to tau associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a unique binding site was identified. This site was not accessible in the tau fold found in Pick’s disease (PiD), thus explaining the specificity of bTVBT4 for AD-related tau. For self-assembly systems, our findings encompass spectral profiles altered by tyrosine substitutions in oligothiophenes, a stable self-assembly model formed by chiral sulfonimidamides 

that explains the involved interactions, and comparisons of experimental circular dichroism (CD) profiles to assign isomers of [4]cyclonaphthodithiophene diimides to specific spectral profiles. We also investigated the solvent effects on the spectroscopic properties of symmetric and asymmetric azaoxahelicenes. 

In conclusion, the methodological development of FF parameters provides a robust framework for accurately modeling the behavior of complex supramolecular systems. The improvements in the dihedral potential align closely with DFT-based calculations, thereby elevating the predictive power of MD simulations for both binding modes and subsequent spectroscopic properties. The research has direct applications in the detection of neurodegenerative diseases at an early stage by designing fluorescent ligands that specifically bind to targeted proteins. It also contributes to the creation of advanced materials with finely-tuned properties. Furthermore, the methodology employed can serve as a blueprint for future studies aiming to refine computational models for other classes of molecules. 

Abstract [en]

Den beräkningsmässiga förutsägelsen av komplext molekylärt beteende är en viktig komponent i modern kemi, eftersom det ger ett snabbare och mer kostnadseffektivt sätt att utforska molekylära interaktioner som kan vara svåra eller till och med omöjliga att studera experimentellt. Molecular dynamics (MD)-simuleringar fungerar ofta som ett värdefullt verktyg för sådana förut- sägelser; deras noggrannhet är emellertid i sig beroende av de använda kraft- fältsparametrarna (FF). Medan det allmänna bärnstenskraftfältet (GAFF) är utformat för att ge rimliga resultat för ett brett spektrum av små molekyler, kräver det ofta ytterligare förfining när det används för en specifik liten or- ganisk molekyl. Speciellt för ligander av oligotiofenklassen är den dihedrala potentialen som representerar den roterbara bindningen mellan de två tiofen- ringarna (av SCCS-typ) otillräckligt beskriven. 

Ett syfte med denna avhandling är att förfina FF-parametrar för att pro- ducera meningsfulla MD-banor som fångar viktiga molekylära interaktioner, bindningslägen och termodynamiska egenskaper, och efterföljande noggranna beräkningar av spektroskopiska egenskaper. De förfinade FF-parametrarna testades först genom att jämföra den dihedrala potentialen härledd från FF- metoden med den densitetsfunktionella teorin (DFT)-baserade dihedrala po- tentialen. De validerades sedan genom att bedöma de relativa energierna för konformers optimerade med både FF- och DFT-metoder, och genom att jäm- föra övergångsvåglängderna som beräknats baserat på geometrier optimerade med både FF- och DFT-metoder. Viktigt är att felen i dihedrisk potential hölls under 1 kcal/mol, och avvikelserna i övergångsenergier var mindre än 0,1 eV för molekylära övergångar runt 5 eV. 

Denna FF-parametriseringsmetodik användes i forskningsstudier med fokus på två klasser av supramolekylära system: värd-gäst-kemi relaterad till neu- rodegenerativa sjukdomar, och självmonterande system för materialutveck- ling. Specifikt undersöker vi värd-gästinteraktioner som involverar proteiner som amyloid-beta, tau och transtyretin (TTR), som är associerade med neu- rodegenerativa sjukdomar. Olika fluorescerande ligander används för detek- tering av dessa proteiner i patologiska prover. Våra resultat för dessa protein- ligandsystem föreslår starka bindningsställen och sätt, och inkluderar upp- skattningar av bindningsenergier för olika ligander som interagerar med mål- proteinerna. Dessutom har jämförande studier bland liganderna utförts. In- tressant nog observerades ingen fluorescens när ligander med låg bindningsen- ergi interagerade med amyloidfibriller. I fallet med bTVBT4-bindning till tau associerad med Alzheimers sjukdom (AD), identifierades ett unikt bindning- sställe. Denna plats var inte tillgänglig i tau-vecket som hittades i Picks sjuk- dom (PiD), vilket förklarar specificiteten för bTVBT4 för AD-relaterad tau. För självmonterande system omfattar våra fynd spektrala profiler förändrade av 

tyrosinsubstitutioner i oligotiofener, en stabil självmonteringsmodell bildad av kirala sulfonimidamider som förklarar de inblandade interaktionerna, och jämförelser av experimentella cirkulär dikroism (CD) profiler för att tilldela isomerer av [4] ]cyklonaftoditiofendiimider till specifika spektrala profiler. Vi undersökte också lösningsmedelseffekterna på de spektroskopiska egenskaperna hos symmetriska och asymmetriska azaoxahelicener. 

Sammanfattningsvis ger den metodologiska utvecklingen av FF-parametrar ett robust ramverk för att noggrant modellera beteendet hos komplexa supra- molekylära system. Förbättringarna i den dihedrala potentialen ligger nära DFT-baserade beräkningar, och höjer därigenom den prediktiva kraften hos MD-simuleringar för både bindningslägen och efterföljande spektroskopiska egenskaper. Forskningen har direkta tillämpningar vid diagnos av neurode- generativa sjukdomar i ett tidigt skede genom att designa fluorescerande lig- ander som specifikt binder till målproteiner. Det bidrar också till skapandet av avancerade material med finjusterade egenskaper. Dessutom kan den an- vända metodiken fungera som en ritning för framtida studier som syftar till att förfina beräkningsmodeller för andra klasser av molekyler. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 81
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2024:2
Keywords
Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Force Field Parametrization, Density Functional Theory, Host-Guest Chemistry, Self-Assembly Systems, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Supramolecular Chemistry, Fluorescent Ligands, Oligothiophenes, Cyclonaphthodithiophene Diimides, Sulfonimidamide Organogelators, Helicenes.
National Category
Theoretical Chemistry
Research subject
Theoretical Chemistry and Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-341952 (URN)978-91-8040-814-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-02-02, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-01-09 Created: 2024-01-08 Last updated: 2024-01-09Bibliographically approved

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Todarwal, YogeshLinares, MathieuNorman, Patrick

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