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Impact of Polyester Dendrimers as Branched Multifunctional Cross-Linking Additives in Triazine-Trione-Based Composites Developed via High-Energy Visible Light Thiol-ene Chemistry
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Coating Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1099-5940
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Coating Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9946-8073
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Coating Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6501-6359
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Coating Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9747-7806
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2023 (English)In: ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS, ISSN 2637-6105, Vol. 5, no 12, p. 10395-10403Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Hydroxyapatite (HA) infused triazine-trione (TATO) composites have emerged as an injectable platform for customizable bone fixators due to their fast and benign curing via high-energy visible light-induced thiol-ene chemistry (HEV-TEC), promising mechanical performance, and preclinical outcomes. These composites can overcome many of the existing limitations accompanying metal implants such as poor patient customizability, soft tissue adhesions, and stress shielding. Taking into account that the promising benchmarked TATO composite (BC) is based on stable sulfur-carbon bonds, we herein investigate the impact of introducing polyester dendritic cross-linkers based on bis-MPA as chemically integrated branched additives that display labile esters in a branched configuration. The inclusion of dendrimers, G1 and G3, in concentrations of 1, 3, and 5 wt % in the composite formulations were found to (i) decrease the processing viscosity of the composite formulations, reaching Newtonic and nonshear thinning behavior at 37 degree celsius and (ii) impact the size distribution of bubble cavities in the composite cross sections. The lowest collected T-g for the dendrimer-containing composites was noted to be 73.2 degree celsius, a temperature well above physiological temperature. Additionally, all composites displayed flexural modulus above 6 GPa and flexural strength of ca. 50 MPa under dry conditions. The composites comprising 5 wt % of G1 and G3 dendrimers, with ester bond densities of 0.208 and 0.297 mmol/g, respectively, reached a mass loss up to 0.27% in phosphate buffered saline at 37 degree celsius, which is within the range of established polycaprolactone (PCL). Combined with the nontoxic properties extracted from the cell viability study, polyester dendrimers were determined as promising additives which compatibilized well with the TATO formulation and cross-linked efficiently resulting in strong composites suited for bone fracture fixations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS) , 2023. Vol. 5, no 12, p. 10395-10403
Keywords [en]
triazine-trione materials, thiol-ene chemistry, high mechanical properties, degradability, dendrimers, viscosity, biocompatibility
National Category
Composite Science and Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-341994DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c02246ISI: 001121853500001PubMedID: 38094596Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85179786673OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-341994DiVA, id: diva2:1825209
Note

QC 20240109

Available from: 2024-01-09 Created: 2024-01-09 Last updated: 2024-08-28Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Synthesis and characterization of “Clickable” triazine-trione based thermosets and composites via Thiol-Ene and Thiol-Yne Photochemistry
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Synthesis and characterization of “Clickable” triazine-trione based thermosets and composites via Thiol-Ene and Thiol-Yne Photochemistry
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Triazine trione (TATO)-based thiol-ene and thiol-yne (TEC and TYC) thermosets and hydroxyapatite (HA) composites have proven their potential as bone fracture fixation implants for use in open reduction internal fixation (ORIF), a field which is currently dominated by metal implants which usually require a second operation for removal. These composites demonstrate high flexural modulus and strength as well as excellent biocompatibility. As injectable implants they are well-aligned with the surgeons needs for more patient-customized solutions to treat bone fractures. While promising, the non-degradable properties of current systems hinder their full potential to fully resorbable implants after complete bone healing. Hence, the foundation of this thesis was to expand the family of TATO thermosets and composites targeting key requirements on future biomaterials suited for bone tissue regeneration. 

Two different approaches were adopted in this thesis, namely the formulation of composites based on newly synthesized TATO-based monomers, and infusing polyester dendrimers into the existing TATO-HA formulation. The rationale behind both approaches was that the introduction of hydrolysable groups, from either the new TATO monomers or the dendrimers, would increase degradation but also impact the mechanical properties of the composite. The potential clinical applications of these new formulations were investigated through the evaluation of their mechanical, processability, biocompatibility and degradation properties.

In the first approach, TATO-based alkene and alkyne monomers, containing either ester or amide linkages, were synthesized via fluoride promoted esterification (FPE) chemistry. Thermosets and composites were formulated with the resulting triester TATO monomers (TESTATO), commercially available triester TATO thiol (TEMPIC) and biocompatible hydroxyapatite (HA) filler. These formulations generated photo-initiated TEC and TYC crosslinked composites containing hydrolysable ester groups. These ester-rich materials displayed soft and flexible properties, differing from the previouspreviously formulated rigid and strong TATO-based composites. Cytotoxicity testing showed the new composites did not negatively affect cell viability. The high customizability of the TESTATO based composites was demonstrated through the drop-casting of objects such as rings, rods, tubes, and thin films (Paper I). These soft and flexibility composites were not suitable for bone fixation; however, they were investigated for their applications as tissue engineering (TE) scaffolds (Paper III) and anti-soft tissue adhesion coatings on metal implants (Paper IV). In the work of Paper III, numerous characterizations were applied to study the potential of the TESTATO based thermosets as tissue-engineering scaffolds, including mechanical testing, surface analysis, enzymatic degradation testing, and biocompatibility with bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs). Collected results suggested that these ester-rich TEC and TYC thermoset materials showcased competitive properties to medical grade PCL, especially in the sense of biocompatibility and flexibility. Meanwhile, their convenient viscosity and ability to be cured on demand with light-initiated TEC and TYC chemistry allowed them to be fabricated into TE devices using different methodologies including drop-casting, salting leaching, thin filming and 3D printing. Moreover, the merits of flexibility and high processability of TESTATO based HA composites were applied to create flexible anti-soft tissue adhesion coatings on metal implants (Paper IV). Initial studies demonstrated that these soft TATO-HA composite coated metal plates were hydrophilic and able to withstand flexural displacement of 2 mm, under both dry and wet conditions, which is advantageous for potential future in vivo studies.

In the second approach, polyester dendrimers with 1 and 3 generations were successfully integrated into the previously established rigid and strong TATO-HA composites in small weight percentages via HEV light-initiated TEC reactions. The addition of the dendrimers did not negatively affect the composites’ flexural modulus and strength under both dry and wet conditions. Moreover, the addition of these dendrimers was found to impact the viscosity of the resins of all formulations and reduce the size distribution of trapped bubbles in the composite cross sections.

Both approaches aimed at introducing hydrolysable linkages into the TATO based systems. The inclusion of the G1 dendrimer significantly improved degradation while the TESTATO-alkene based composite showed the best hydrolytic degradation. However, the improvements to the degradation kinetics were more modest than expected, demonstrating that additional work, such using fillers that are more degradable than HA, will be required in the future.

Abstract [sv]

Triazine trion (TATO)-baserade tiolen- och tiolyn "klick" (TEC och TYC) Triazine-trione (TATO)-baserade tiol-ene och tiol-yne (TEC och TYC) termoplaster och hydroxiapatit (HA) kompositer kan potentiellt användas som implantat för benfrakturfixering, ett område som för närvarande domineras av rigida metallplattor och skruvar. TATO-kompositer uppvisar god böjmodul och styrka samt utmärkt biokompatibilitet. Som injicerbara implantat är de väl anpassade till kirurgers behov av mer individuellt anpassade lösningar för att behandla benfrakturer. Trots lovande egenskaper bör framtida implantat vara nedbrytbara efter fullständig benläkning, vilket dagens TATO-kompositer saknar. Denna avhandling fokuserar på att expandera familjen av TATO-termoplaster och kompositer för att skapa framtida biomaterial som är lämpliga för regenerering av benvävnad.

Två olika tillvägagångssätt användes i denna avhandling, nämligen formuleringen av termoplaster och kompositer baserade på nya TATO-monomerer och inkludering av polyesterbaserade dendrimerer som starkt förgrenade tillsatsämnen i TATO-HA-systemen. Tanken bakom båda tillvägagångssätten var att inkludera hydrolyserbara kemiska bindningar, antingen från de nya TATO-monomererna eller dendrimererna, för att både öka nedbrytningen och påverka de mekaniska egenskaperna hos materialen. Potentiella kliniska användningsområden av dessa system undersöktes genom utvärdering av deras mekaniska, biokompatibilitets- och nedbrytningsegenskaper.

I det första tillvägagångssättet syntetiserades TATO-baserade alken- och alkynmonomerer, som innehöll antingen ester- eller amidbindningar, via den robusta kemiska esterifieringsreaktionen FPE. De nya triester-TATO-monomererna (TESTATO), kommersiellt tillgängliga triester-TATO-tiol (TEMPIC) och hydroxiapatit (HA) fyllnadsmedel formulerades och härdades fotokemiskt via TEC- och TYC-kemi till tvärbundna termoplaster och kompositer innehållande hydrolyserbara estergrupper. Till skillnad från de traditionellt styva och starka TATO-baserade kompositerna resulterade introduktionen av estergrupper i mjuka material med ökad flexibilitet. Cytotoxicitetstestning på de nya kompositerna var lovande då dessa material inte påverkade cellviabiliteten negativt. Potentiella tillämpningsområden för TESTATO-baserade kompositerna utvärderades, och prototyper kunde framgångsrikt framställas i form av flexibla ringar, stavar, rör och tunna filmer (Artikel I). Dessa mjuka och flexibla kompositer var inte lämpliga för stabilisering av frakturer; dock undersöktes de för deras användning som material för vävnadsregenerativa material (Artikel III) och som mjukabeläggningar av metallimplantat (Artikel IV). I Artikel III utvärderades potentialen av TESTATO-baserade termoplaster som vävnadsregenerativa biomaterial, inklusive mekanisk testning, ytanalys, enzymatisk nedbrytningstestning och avancerade biokompatibilitetsstudier med relevanta stamceller (BMSCs). Resultaten påvisade att dessa material har matchande egenskaper jämfört med medicinskt klassificerade PCL, särskilt vad gäller biokompatibilitet och flexibilitet. En fördel med TATO-systemen är att de är viskösa vätskor kan härdas på plats med hjälp av fotokemi till önskad form. Diskar, tunna filmer och 3D-utskrivna objekt kunde framställas med hög precision baserat på TESTATO-baserade termoplaster. I Artikel IV utvärderades ytterligare TESTATO-baserade HA-kompositer som flexibla beläggningar på metallimplantat. Inledande studier visade att dessa TATO-HA-kompositbelagda metallplattor var hydrofila och kunde motstå böjningsförskjutningar på 2 mm, under både torra och våta förhållanden, vilket är fördelaktigt för potentiella framtida in vivo-studier. I Artikel II adderades starkt förgrenade allylfunktionella polyesterdendrimerer av generation 1 och 3 i mekaniskt styva TATO-HA-kompositer. Dendrimerer med upp till 5 viktprocent inkorporerades kemiskt via TEC-fotokemi. Tillsatsen av dendrimererna sänkte avsevärt viskositeten på formuleringarna men upprätthöll goda mekaniska egenskaper hos kompositerna, både under både torra och våta förhållanden.

Båda tillvägagångssätten syftade till att introducera hydrolyserbara länkar i de TATO-baserade systemen. Inkluderingen av G1-dendrimeren förbättrade avsevärt nedbrytningen medan den TESTATO-alkenbaserade kompositen visade den bästa hydrolytiska nedbrytningen. Dock var förbättringarna av nedbrytningskinetiken mer blygsamma än förväntat, vilket visar att ytterligare arbete, såsom att använda fyllmedel som är mer nedbrytbara än HA, kommer att krävas i framtiden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 82
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2024:23
Keywords
triazine−trione, hydroxyapatite composites, biomedical engineering, biocompatibility, thiol−ene and thiol−yne, clickable materials, bone fracture fixation, metal implant coating, tissue engineering, degradability, dendrimers
National Category
Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Medical and Health Sciences
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-346065 (URN)978-91-8040-929-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-05-28, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26 & 28, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/68348459036, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
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Note

QC 20240506

Embargo godkänt av skolchef Amelie Eriksson Karlström via e-post 2024-05-05

Available from: 2024-05-06 Created: 2024-05-02 Last updated: 2024-05-24Bibliographically approved

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Lin, JinjianSanz del Olmo, NataliaSan Jacinto García, JorgeNamata, FaridahHutchinson, DanielMalkoch, Michael

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