This work investigates the influence of a single tensile preload, applied prior to fatigue testing, on the fatigue strength of 316L stainless steel parts manufactured using laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) with a porosity of up to 4 %. The specimens were produced in both the horizontal and vertical build directions and were optionally preloaded to 85 % and 110 % of the yield strength before conducting the fatigue tests. The results indicate a clear tendency of improved fatigue life and fatigue limit with increasing overload in both cases. The fatigue limits increased by 25.8 % and 24.6 % for the horizontally and vertically built specimens, respectively. Extensive modelling and experiments confirmed that there was no significant alteration in the shape and size of the porosity before and after preloading. Therefore, the observed enhancement in fatigue performance was primarily attributed to the imposed local compressive residual stresses around the defects.