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Negative effect of bismuth in lead on liquid metal embrittlement of a ferritic steel
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6047-9496
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science. Jernkontoret Swedish Steel Producers Assoc, S-11147 Stockholm, Sweden..ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0980-0560
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
2024 (English)In: Journal of Nuclear Materials, ISSN 0022-3115, E-ISSN 1873-4820, Vol. 588, article id 154829Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) of a Fe-10Cr-4Al ferritic steel was studied at 375 degrees C in liquid Pb-Bi alloys. Slow strain rate testing (SSRT) in low oxygen conditions was used to evaluate the ductility as a function of Bi concentration. It was found that susceptibility to LME increased strongly with the Bi concentration. The steel showed a reduction in its total strain to failure, which started at 3-5 wt.% Bi. The alloying elements (Fe, Cr, and Al) have a higher solubility in Bi than pure lead (Pb), so they are expected to dissolve more readily when Bi is added to the Pb. This is believed to be part of the explanation for the observed increase of LME. Lead with up to 3 wt.% Bi induced no LME in the studied corrosion resistance FeCrAl alloy.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2024. Vol. 588, article id 154829
Keywords [en]
Liquid metal embrittlement (LME), Lead, Lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE Fe-10Cr-4Al)
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-342290DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2023.154829ISI: 001127691300001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85182236696OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-342290DiVA, id: diva2:1830955
Note

QC 20240124

Available from: 2024-01-24 Created: 2024-01-24 Last updated: 2024-11-18Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Alumina-forming stainless steels in liquid lead and lead-bismuth eutectic
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Alumina-forming stainless steels in liquid lead and lead-bismuth eutectic
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This work focuses on mechanical properties, susceptibility to liquid metal embrittlement (LME), and erosion-corrosion of alumina-forming steels using a Slow Strain rate testing rig (SSRT) and an Erosion Corrosion-rig (ECO) developed at KTH. The environments investigatedare liquid lead and lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) intended for use in high-temperature energy applications such as generation IV nuclear power or fast nuclear reactors. The lead and LBEare intended to serve as a heat-transfer medium in the reactor. These higher temperature sand harsher environments put new demands on the construction materials used. The work has been mainly focused on mechanical testing using slow strain rate testing (SSRT) to evaluate susceptibility to LME. However, since other properties, such as oxidation, are intimately intertwined with the LME phenomenon, liquid metal corrosion and erosion are also part of this work. The tested materials include a ferritic FeCrAl steel designated EF100, three alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) steels and an alumina-forming martensitic (AFM) steel. The temperature range of the tests in liquid Pb was 340-600 °C and in LBE 140-600 °C with varying oxygen activities. Microstructure analyses were performed to underst and theunderlying mechanisms responsible for LME. The ferritic EF100 showed excellent performance in liquid Pb, exhibiting no signs of being affected by LME. However, in liquid LBE, it was severely affected by LME. The effects of Bi were investigated by stepwise additions of Bi to pure Pb, and signs of LME were observed already at 3-5 wt.% Bi. The AFM alloy suffered from severe LME in both liquid Pb and LBE, starting at the melting point of the liquid metal. The AFA alloys showed no signs of LME in either liquid Pb or LBE in the temperature range of 350-550 °C and 140-550 °C, respectively. However, above 570 °C, signs of LME were observed in all three alloys. Erosion-corrosion was found to have the largest impact on steels containing Ni (e.g., 316L and AFA 3), while the steels with a higher hardness and that were able to form a protective oxide scale remained largely unaffected (Kanthal AF, APMT, EF100, Alkrothal 14, coated 316L PC/DG, and AFM).

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling fokuserar på aluminiumoxidbildande ståls mekaniska egenskaper och deras påverkan av flytande metallförsprödning (LME) i smält bly och bly-vismut eutectiska (LBE) miljöer. Dessa smälta metaller är tänkta att kunnas användning som värmetransportertmedium inom högtemperatur- energiapplikationer så som generation IV kärnkraftsreaktorer. Dessa höga temperaturer och miljöer ställer nya krav på dekonstruktionsmaterial som ska användas. Avhandlingsarbetet har framför allt gått ut på att utvärdera de olika ståltypernas mekaniska egenskaper genom ”Slow strain rate testing” föratt utvärdera effekter av LME- påverkan. Eftersom även andra materialegenskaper spelar också stor roll för hur de de olika ståltyperna beter sig, är både oxidation och erosionskorrosion en del av detta arbete. De undersökta stålen inkluderade ett ferritiskt stål-EF100, tre olika typer av aluminiumoxidbildande autentiska stål-AFA, samt ett martensitiskt stål benämnt AFM. Dessa stål undersöktes inom temperaturintervallet 350-600 °C för blysamt 150-600 °C för LBE. Stålens mikrostrukturer analyserades för att öka förståelsen för de mekanismer som styr LME. Det ferritiska EF100-stålet visade inga tecken av att påverkas av LME i flytande Pb men var dock påverkat av LME in LBE. AFM-stålet betedde sig på ett liknande sätt som AF100-stålet men var påverkat av LME i både flytande Pb och LBE. AFA stålen påverkades varken av LME i Pb eller LBE men visade tecken på LME vid entemperatur av 570 °C. Omfattningen av erosions-korrosion undersöktes också vilken visade sig hastor påverkan hos stål innehållande nickel - Ni (316L och AFA3). Stål med en högre hårdhet och som bilade skyddande ytoxider påverkades väldigt lite (Kanthal AF, APMT, EF100,Alkrothal 14, aluminiumoxid belagd 316L, och AFM).

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 121
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2024:61
Keywords
Liquid metal embrittlement (LME), Liquid metal corrosion, Lead, Lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE), EF100, Alumina-forming austenitic steel, Alumina-forming ferritic/martensitic steel, Erosion-corrosion, ANSYS FLUENT modelling, Nyckelord: Flytande metallförsprödning (LME), Flytande metallkorrosion, Bly, Bly-vismut eutektisk (LBE), EF100, Aluminiumoxidbildande austenitiskt stål, Aluminabildande ferritiskt/martensitiskt stål, Erosionskorrosion, ANSYS FLUENT modellering.
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356551 (URN)978-91-8106-145-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-12-20, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67833310452, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, Lindstedtsvägen 26
Note

QC 2024-11-19

Available from: 2024-11-19 Created: 2024-11-18 Last updated: 2024-12-17Bibliographically approved

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Petersson, ChristopherSzakalos, PeterPettersson, RachelStein, Daniel Dietrich

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