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Impact of Immersiveness on Persuasiveness, Politeness, and Social Adherence in Human-Agent Interactions within Small Groups
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Computational Science and Technology (CST).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4689-4647
University College London, Department of Computer Science, United Kingdom.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9034-3020
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Computational Science and Technology (CST).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7257-0761
2023 (English)In: ICAT-EGVE 2023: International Conference on Artificial Reality and Telexistence and Eurographics Symposium on Virtual Environments / [ed] J.-M. Normand, M. Sugimoto and V. Sundstedt, Eurographics - European Association for Computer Graphics, 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Politeness is critical for shaping human-human interactions and therefore seems an important consideration in human interactions with Embodied Conversational Agents (ECAs). However, the impact of artificially-generated politeness behaviors on humans in Virtual Environments (VE) is not clear. We explore the impact of immersiveness on the perceived politeness and consequent persuasive abilities of ECAs in a small group context. A user study with two main conditions, immersive and non-immersive, was conducted with 66 participants. In the immersive condition, participants were fully immersed in virtual reality (HMD, walking freely), while in the non-immersive condition, participants used a desktop computer interface (screen display, mouse and keyboard control). In both conditions, the primary agent in a group of two ECAs invited participants to join the group using six politeness behaviors derived from Brown and Levinson's politeness theory. While the results of the study did not indicate any significant differences between the immersive and non-immersive conditions in terms of persuasiveness and offensiveness, in the immersive condition, participants perceived the ECAs as less friendly and found their requests to be less clear. On the other hand, participants in the immersive condition reported a greater sense of freedom. Furthermore, the non-immersive condition showed higher adherence to social norms compared to the immersive condition. These findings emphasize the significance of examining immersiveness on the persuasiveness of ECAs and their perceived politeness and social adherence by humans in human-agent interactions within small groups.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Eurographics - European Association for Computer Graphics, 2023.
National Category
Human Computer Interaction Other Engineering and Technologies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-343216DOI: 10.2312/egve.20231315OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-343216DiVA, id: diva2:1836353
Conference
International Conference on Artificial Reality and Telexistence & Eurographics Symposium on Virtual Environments (2023), 6 - 8 December 2023, Dublin, Ireland
Note

Part of ISBN 978-3-03868-218-9

QC 20240209

Available from: 2024-02-08 Created: 2024-02-08 Last updated: 2025-02-18Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Embodying Politeness in Persuasive Humanoid Agents for Small Group Scenarios
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Embodying Politeness in Persuasive Humanoid Agents for Small Group Scenarios
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In both physical and virtual environments, small group interactions significantly shape our social experiences. Understanding and replicating situated group interactions with virtual agents or physical robots pose possibilities and challenges. Central to these challenges lies the critical aspect of politeness, which serves as a fundamental cornerstone in shaping our social interactions. This PhD thesis investigates the profound significance of politeness strategies in shaping social interactions within small free-standing conversational groups in physical and virtual environments with humanoid artificial agents. It particularly focuses on their adaptability to virtual characters or Embodied Conversational Agents (ECAs) and Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). The thesis explores the impact of these strategies on persuasiveness, adherence to social norms, and the formation of positive perceptions during interactions between participants and virtual agents or humanoid robots while joining a group of artificial humanoid agents. It involves a series of user studies with an experimental setup, which entails presenting participants with dilemmas in either a virtual or physical environment. Participants should decide between expending more effort to comply with the agent’s request or opting for a least-effort alternative to join a group while ignoring the request. Additionally, the setup evaluates participant responses to various politeness strategies expressed by virtual agents or robots when extending invitations to join a small, free-standing group. The research contributes by defining behaviors aligned with politeness strategies, revealing participant adherence to social norms even in situations requiring more effortful choices, and pinpointing optimal behaviors based on criteria such as persuasiveness, politeness, and social adherence. Ultimately, the findings provide insights into the indispensable role of politeness strategies in Human-Agent Interaction to gently influence the decisions of humans while maintaining positive relations with them. These insights pave the way for designing more effective and socially acceptable behaviors for virtual agents and robots across diverse domains.

Abstract [sv]

I både fysiska och virtuella miljöer formar små gruppinteraktioner avsevärt våra sociala upplevelser. Att förstå och replikera sammanhangsbaserade gruppinteraktioner med virtuella agenter eller fysiska robotar innebär möjligheter och utmaningar. Centralt för dessa utmaningar är den kritiska aspekten andående artighet, som fungerar som en grundläggande hörnsten i att forma våra sociala interaktioner. Denna doktorsavhandling undersöker den djupa betydelsen av artighetsstrategier för att forma sociala interaktioner inom små fristående samtalsgrupper i fysiska och virtuella miljöer med humanoida artificiella agenter. Den fokuserar särskilt på deras anpassningsförmåga till virtuella karaktärer eller Embodied Conversational Agents (ECA) och Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). Avhandlingen undersöker effekten av dessa strategier på övertalningsförmåga, efterlevnad av sociala normer och bildandet av positiva uppfattningar under interaktioner mellan deltagare och virtuella agenter eller humanoida robotar samtidigt som de ansluter till en grupp artificiella humanoida agenter. Den består av en serie användarstudier med experimentupplägg, vilket innebär att deltagarna ställs inför dilemman i antingen en virtuell eller fysisk miljö. Deltagarna får välja mellan att lägga ner mer ansträngning på att följa agentens begäran eller välja ett minst ansträngningsalternativ för att ansluta till en grupp samtidigt som de ignorerar begäran. Dessutom utvärderar experimentet deltagarnas svar på olika artighetsstrategier som uttrycks av virtuella agenter eller robotar när de inbjuder till att ansluta till en små, fristående grupp. Forskningen bidrar genom att definiera beteenden i linje med artighetsstrategier, avslöja deltagarnas efterlevnad av sociala normer även i situationer som kräver mer ansträngande val, och fastställa optimala beteenden baserat på kriterier som övertalningsförmåga, artighet och social efterlevnad. Slutligen ger resultaten insikter i den oumbärliga rollen av artighetsstrategier i interaktion mellan människa och agent för att varsamt påverka människors beslut samtidigt som de bibehåller positiva relationer med dem. Dessa insikter banar väg för att utforma mer effektiva och socialt acceptabla beteenden för virtuella agenter och robotar över olika domäner.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 59
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2024:14
Keywords
politeness, persuasiveness, small free-standing conversational groups, embodiment, embodied conversational agents, humanoid robots, virtual reality, immersiveness, human-agent interaction, social norms, multimodal expressive communication, artighet, övertalningsförmåga, små fristående samtalsgrupper, förkroppsligande, förkroppsligade samtalsagenter, humanoida robotar, virtuell verklighet, uppslukande, interaktion mellan människa och agent, sociala normer, multimodal uttrycksfull kommunikation
National Category
Human Computer Interaction Computer and Information Sciences Robotics and automation
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-343332 (URN)978-91-8040-833-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-03-06, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62065064122, Visualization Studio VIC, Lindstedtsvägen 7, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20240212

Available from: 2024-02-12 Created: 2024-02-09 Last updated: 2025-02-18Bibliographically approved

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Zojaji, SahbaPeters, Christopher

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