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Flow characterisation of drainage cannulae and centrifugal pumps used in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an experimental investigation
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, BioMEx. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8061-4146
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a life-saving treatment for acute respiratory and/or circulatory failure. Typically driven by a centrifugal pump, blood is drained from the patient via one drainage cannula, oxygenated by a membrane lung and returned to the patient via the return cannula. Although lifesaving, ECMO is associated with thromboembolic and haemolytic complications in part related to the mechanical stresses experienced by blood in the ECMO circuit. This thesis focuses on the fluid dynamics of ECMO pumps and cannulae with the aim to improve the fundamental understanding of flow structures and overall performance of the respective components during different operating conditions. Experimental studies were conducted with particle image velocimetry (cannula flows) and high speed video recordings (pump characterisation, complex geometry). The dynamics of an isolated drainage cannula placed in a glasstube with dimensions similar to the inferior vena cava were studied considering two different cannula tip designs. Seven centrifugal pumps were investigated to evaluate pump mechanical performance and the development, for low flow rates, of backflow at the pump inlet. The dynamics leading to backflow was investigated together with numerical simulations. The results showed higher shear stress levels in a blunt cannula compared to a lighthouse tip cannula. The latter drained the highest volume fraction through the most proximal side-holes and not the tip. Cannula position relative to the wall did not alter these results. In pumps with a shroud over the impeller blades stable recirculation zones were observed on the sides of the pump inlet. These recirculating regions were formed by vortical structures detaching from the peripheral (suction) side of impeller blades and migrating over the shroud towards the pump inlet. This work increases the fluid dynamical understanding of centrifugal pumps and cannulae used for ECMO. In particular, data on detailed design features influencing inherent pump recirculation are revealed which may impact futurepump designs. Such changes have the potential to significantly reduce patient complications.

Abstract [sv]

Extrakorporal membranoxygenering (ECMO) ar en livräddande behandling vid akut andnings- och/eller hjartsvikt. Kärlåtkomst fås via en dräneringskanyl och blodet drivs vidare genom en membranlunga för gasutbyte (syresattning och koldioxidreduktion) av en centrifugalpump. Därefter återförs blodet till patienten via en returkanyl. Även om ECMO är livräddande kan behandlingen leda till blodkroppssönderfall (hemolys) och blodproppsrelaterade komplikationer som följd av de mekaniska påfrestningar blodet utsätts för. Den här avhandlingen fokuserar på ECMO-pumpar och kanylers födesmekanik. Syftet med arbetet var att förbättra den grundläggande föorståelsen för  flödesstrukturerna som skapas i de olika komponenterna samtpump prestanda under olika driftförhällanden. Dessa i huvudsakligen experimentella studier anvandes particle image velocimetry (kanyl flöde) och  lmning med höghastighetskamera (pumpkarakterisering). Kanyl flöde studeras för två kanyldesigner. Kanylen var placera i ett glasror med motsvarande diameter som nedre hålven. Sju centrifugalpumpar undersoktesavseende prestandakaraktärisering (flöde - tryck) förekomst av "backflöde" vid pumpinloppet. Den senare delen utfördes i kombinationmed numeriska  födesberäkningar för att identifiera underliggande orsaker till backflödet. Resultaten visade att kanyl utan sidohål genererade högre skjuvspänningar. Kanyl med sidohål dränerade mest genom sidohålen närmast sugkällan, vilketinte påverkades av kanylposition relativt "kärlvägg". Pumpar med hölje över impellerbladen utvecklade stabila recirkulationszoner längs pumpinloppetssidovägg. Dessa recirkulationsområden bildades från virvelstrukturer som skapadesperifert (sugsidan) runt impellern vilka sedan migrerade ovanpå höljetmot pumpinloppet. Detta arbete ökar förståelsen för den flödesdynamik gällande pumpar och kanylersom används för ECMO. Framför allt beskrivs hur pumpdesignen påverkar uppkomst av specifika flödesstrukturer som påverkar pumparnas effektivitet varifrån resultaten kan komma att användas för förbättring av blodpumpar foratt minska patientkomplikationer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024.
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2024:16
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-344831ISBN: 978-91-8040-876-9 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-344831DiVA, id: diva2:1847665
Public defence
2024-04-18, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
EU, European Research Council, 101045453Available from: 2024-03-28 Created: 2024-03-28 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Pressure- flow measurements of pumps used in extracorporeal life support
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Pressure- flow measurements of pumps used in extracorporeal life support
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-344792 (URN)
Note

QC 20240404

Available from: 2024-03-28 Created: 2024-03-28 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
2. Backflow at the inlet of centrifugal blood pumps enhanced by geometrical features
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Backflow at the inlet of centrifugal blood pumps enhanced by geometrical features
2024 (English)In: Physics of fluids, ISSN 1070-6631, E-ISSN 1089-7666, Vol. 36, no 3, article id 037127Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) includes life-saving support in severe acute cardiac and/or pulmonary failure. In the past 20 years, centrifugal pumps have become the primary choice to deliver the required blood flow. Pumps of various designs, with different approved operating ranges, are today available to clinicians. The use of centrifugal pumps in the low flow condition has been shown to increase hemolytic and thrombogenic risks of the treatment. Further, low flow operation has been associated with retrograde flow at the pump inlet. In this study, experimental and numerical methods have been applied to investigate the operating conditions and fluid dynamical mechanisms leading to reverse flow (or backflow) at the inlet. Reverse flow was predominantly observed in pumps having a top shroud covering the impeller blades, showing a relation between pump geometry and backflow. The shroud divides the pump volume above the impeller into two regions, separating the swirling reverse flow migrating toward the upper pump volute from the main flow, reducing the dissipation of the vortical structures, and allowing the swirling reverse flow to reach further in the pump inlet. At the inlet, backflow was observed as stable recirculation areas at the side of the pump inlet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
AIP Publishing, 2024
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-344580 (URN)10.1063/5.0186806 (DOI)001182145900029 ()2-s2.0-85187554456 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240326

Available from: 2024-03-20 Created: 2024-03-20 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
3. Performance comparison of centered and tilted blunt and lighthouse tip cannulae for drainagein extracorporeal life support
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Performance comparison of centered and tilted blunt and lighthouse tip cannulae for drainagein extracorporeal life support
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Introduction: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a lifesaving treatment for patients with refractory acute respiratory, circulatory, or combined cardiopulmonary failure. The patient is cannulated with one or two cannulae for drainage and reinfusion of blood. Blood is drained from the patient, pumped through a membrane lung for oxygenation and then returned back to the patient.Efficacy of the treatment depends on correct cannula positioning and interactions between drainage and reinfusion cannula.Methods: An experimental setup was built to study the isolated drainage performance of a 24 Fr rigid model of a blunt and lighthouse tip cannula both when centered and when tilted towards the vessel wall. Particle image velocimetry was used to investigate the flow field with water as the fluid medium.Results: The blunt tip cannula induced higher levels of shear stresses for similar flow configuration, when compared to the lighthouse design. Moreover, in the lighthouse design, side-holes furthest from the tip (proximal holes) drained the highest fraction of the total  flow. Results did not change significantly when the cannula was tilted towards the vessel wall.

National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-344779 (URN)
Funder
EU, European Research Council, 101045453
Note

QC 20240404

Available from: 2024-03-28 Created: 2024-03-28 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
4. Numerical and experimental investigation of a lighthouse tip drainage cannula used in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Numerical and experimental investigation of a lighthouse tip drainage cannula used in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
2023 (English)In: Artificial Organs, ISSN 0160-564X, E-ISSN 1525-1594, Vol. 47, no 2, p. 330-341Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a life saving therapy used in case of acute respiratory/circulatory failure. Exposure of blood to non-physiological surfaces and high shear stresses is related to hemolytic damage and platelet activation. An investigation of the flow structures developing in a conventional single-staged drainage cannula was performed with cross-validated computational fluid dynamics and particle image velocimetry. The aim was to quantify the variation in drainage performance and stress levels induced by different fluid models, hematocrit and vessel-to-cannula flow rate ratios. The results indicated that the 90◦ bends of the flow through the side holes created a recirculation zone potentially increasing the residence time and flow structures developing inside the cannula resembling a jet in a crossflow. The use of different hematocrits did not induce a considerable effect on the drainage performance, with the most proximal set of holes from the tip draining the largest fraction of fluid. However, different flow rate ratios altered the flow rate drained through the tip. The use of 2D data led to a 50% underestimation of shear rate levels, and a Reynolds-number scaling was applied to capture the velocity profiles and flow rates through the side holes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2023
National Category
Cardiology and Cardiovascular Disease
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301033 (URN)10.1111/aor.14421 (DOI)000870693000001 ()36227654 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85140119564 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240402

Available from: 2021-09-03 Created: 2021-09-03 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved

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