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Multiplexed protein analysis in neurodegenerative diseases
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Affinity Proteomics. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1848-910X
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Proteins are essential biomolecules that perform a vast array of functions within the human body. The abundance of proteins within cells, tissues, and bodily fluids is dy- namic and can be associated with different physiological and disease states. As such, studying proteins and protein profiles in health and disease can provide insights into the mechanisms and pathological processes associated with different diseases as well as different disease stages. Furthermore, protein biomarkers identified in research have the potential to aid clinical diagnostics and therapeutic development, leading to im- provement of patient care and outcomes. 

The majority of the work included in this thesis, revolves around the analysis of protein profiles in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, with the main focus on demen- tias. In the studies, preselected protein panels were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples employing the multiplexed high-throughput antibody-based suspension bead array technology. 

In paper I, the potential of using protein pairs to reflect Alzheimer’s disease pathology and cognitive decline was explored, with the aim to identify biomarkers which could possibly aid in monitoring the efficacy of disease-modifying treatments in clinical tri- als. A number of protein pairs was identified providing significantly higher performance compared to single proteins, likely due to adjustment for inter-individual variability in general protein levels. 

Paper II built upon the findings from paper I, expanding the investigation of CSF protein patterns across multiple neurodegenerative diseases. This study demonstrated that the performance of single brain-derived proteins in disease prediction is affected by variability in general protein levels, accounting for 70 % of protein variability be- tween individuals irrespective of disease. Adjusting for the general protein levels directly or through combining proteins in pairs improved the performance of proteins as biomarkers. However, the majority of the proteins with altered levels in CSF were not specific for a single disease, suggesting their association to processes common for the diseases, and highlighting the need for disease comparisons in biomarker studies. 

While paper I and II established the presence of variability in general CSF levels of brain-derived proteins between individuals, the factors underlying this variability re- mained unclear. Paper III explored whether the levels of proteins in CSF are influenced by CSF volume in a cohort of healthy individuals. The findings revealed negative correlations of brain-derived proteins with brain ventricular volumes, sug- gesting a dilution effect of proteins in CSF potentially contributing to differences in CSF levels of brain-derived proteins between individuals. In summary, these three Abstract i Abstract studies shed light on CSF protein patterns and their relevance in neurodegenerative diseases, pushing the boundaries of our current knowledge a step forward. 

A specific group of proteins present in the human body; the antibodies, are involved in the defense mechanisms against pathogens. These large molecules are produced by our immune system upon infection (or vaccination), and provide protection against future reinfections. However, the amount of antibodies produced and their protective effect through virus neutralization varies between individuals. Paper IV included in this thesis involved the development of a cell-free and virus-free bead-based assay for assessment of the neutralization capability of antibodies produced against the SARS- COV-2 virus. While this study can be considered an outlier in the theme of this thesis, it represents our contribution to the global research efforts which necessitated other activities to be put on hold in favor of endeavors in response to the rise of the Covid- 19 pandemic. 

Abstract [sv]

Proteiner är essentiella biomolekyler som utför en mängd olika funktioner inom män- niskokroppen. Förekomsten av proteiner inom celler, vävnader och kroppsvätskor är dynamisk och kan associeras med olika fysiologiska tillstånd och sjukdomstillstånd. Att studera proteiner och proteinprofiler vid hälsa och sjukdom kan därför ge insikter om mekanismer och patologiska processer som är associerade med sjukdomar samt sjukdomsstadier. 

Proteiner som identifieras som associerade till en viss sjukdom har potential att under- lätta klinisk diagnostik och medicinsk utveckling, vilket i längden leder till förbättrad patientvård. Den övervägande delen av arbetet i denna avhandling fokuserar på analys av proteinprofiler hos patienter med neurodegenerativa sjukdomar, med huvudinrikt- ning på demenssjukdomar. I studierna mättes förvalda proteinpaneler i cerebrospinal- vätska (CSF) med hjälp av en multiplex antikroppsbaserad teknik. 

I avhandlingens första artikel (paper I) utforskades potentialen hos proteinpar för att reflektera patologi och kognitiv nedsättning hos patienter med Alzheimer's sjukdom, med syfte att identifiera biomarkörer som kan utvärdera effektivitet hos sjukdomsmo- difierande behandlingar i kliniska studier. Resultaten visade att par av proteiner med ursprung i hjärnan speglade sjukdomsprocesserna bättre jämfört med enskilda protei- ner, troligen på grund av att tillägget av ett andra protein kompenserar för inter- individuell variabilitet i generella proteinnivåer. 

Artikel II (paper II) bygger vidare på resultaten från artikel I genom att utvidga ut- forskandet av proteinmönster i CSF till flera neurodegenerativa sjukdomar. Denna studie visade att möjligheten till sjukdomsprediktion hos enskilda hjärnproteiner på- verkas av variationer i generella proteinnivåer, vilka förklarar 70% av variabiliteten mellan individer, oberoende av sjukdom. Direkt justering av proteinnivåer eller juste- ring genom kombination av proteiner i par förbättrade proteinernas prediktiva prestanda. Majoriteten av proteinerna med förändrade nivåer i CSF var emellertid inte specifika för en enskild sjukdom, vilket antyder att de är associerade till processer som är gemensamma för sjukdomarna. Detta visar på ett behov av att jämföra olika sjuk- domar mot varandra i framtida biomarkörsstudier. 

Även om artikel I och II fastställde generell variabilitet i nivåerna av hjärnproteiner mellan individer förblev faktorerna bakom denna variabilitet oklara. Paper III under- söker i en kohort med friska individer om nivåerna av proteiner i CSF påverkas av CSF-volymen. Resultaten påvisade negativ korrelation mellan nivåer av proteiner och hjärnventriklarnas volym, vilket antyder att en möjlig utspädningseffekt bidrar till skillnader i nivåer mellan individer med avseende på proteiner med ursprung i hjärnan. Sammanfattning iii Sammanfattning Sammanfattningsvis beskriver dessa tre studier proteinnivåer i CSF och deras relevans vid neurodegenerativa sjukdomar, vilket tänjer gränserna för vår nuvarande kunskap. 

En specifik grupp av proteiner i människokroppen; antikropparna, är involverade i för- svarsprocesser mot patogener. Dessa stora molekyler produceras av vårt immunsystem vid infektion (eller vaccination) och ger skydd mot framtida återinfektioner. Mängden antikroppar som produceras och deras skyddande effekt genom virusneutralisering va- rierar dock mellan individer. Artikel IV (paper IV) i denna avhandling beskriver utvecklingen av ett cellfritt och virusfritt neutraliseringstest för att bedöma antikropp- pars neutraliseringsförmåga mot SARS-COV-2-viruset. Även om denna studie kan betraktas som avvikande från temat för denna avhandling, representerar den vårt bi- drag till de globala forskningsinsatserna som krävde att andra aktiviteter sattes på paus till förmån för åtgärder som svar på uppkomsten av Covid-19-pandemin. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. , p. 70
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2024:22
Keywords [en]
protein profiling, suspension bead array, cerebrospinal fluid, proteomics, inter-individual variability, neurodegenerative diseases
National Category
Medical Biotechnology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-346233ISBN: 978-91-8040-941-4 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-346233DiVA, id: diva2:1856685
Public defence
2024-06-13, Atrium, Nobels väg 12B, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65227150510, Stockholm, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2024-05-07

Available from: 2024-05-07 Created: 2024-05-07 Last updated: 2024-05-30Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. CSF protein ratios with enhanced potential to reflect Alzheimer’s disease pathology and neurodegeneration
Open this publication in new window or tab >>CSF protein ratios with enhanced potential to reflect Alzheimer’s disease pathology and neurodegeneration
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2024 (English)In: Molecular Neurodegeneration, E-ISSN 1750-1326, Vol. 19, no 1, article id 15Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Amyloid and tau aggregates are considered to cause neurodegeneration and consequently cognitive decline in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we explore the potential of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins to reflect AD pathology and cognitive decline, aiming to identify potential biomarkers for monitoring outcomes of disease-modifying therapies targeting these aggregates. Method: We used a multiplex antibody-based suspension bead array to measure the levels of 49 proteins in CSF from the Swedish GEDOC memory clinic cohort at the Karolinska University Hospital. The cohort comprised 148 amyloid- and tau-negative individuals (A-T-) and 65 amyloid- and tau-positive individuals (A+T+). An independent sample set of 26 A-T- and 26 A+T+ individuals from the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort was used for validation. The measured proteins were clustered based on their correlation to CSF amyloid beta peptides, tau and NfL levels. Further, we used support vector machine modelling to identify protein pairs, matched based on their cluster origin, that reflect AD pathology and cognitive decline with improved performance compared to single proteins. Results: The protein-clustering revealed 11 proteins strongly correlated to t-tau and p-tau (tau-associated group), including mainly synaptic proteins previously found elevated in AD such as NRGN, GAP43 and SNCB. Another 16 proteins showed predominant correlation with Aβ42 (amyloid-associated group), including PTPRN2, NCAN and CHL1. Support vector machine modelling revealed that proteins from the two groups combined in pairs discriminated A-T- from A+T+ individuals with higher accuracy compared to single proteins, as well as compared to protein pairs composed of proteins originating from the same group. Moreover, combining the proteins from different groups in ratios (tau-associated protein/amyloid-associated protein) significantly increased their correlation to cognitive decline measured with cognitive scores. The results were validated in an independent cohort. Conclusions: Combining brain-derived proteins in pairs largely enhanced their capacity to discriminate between AD pathology-affected and unaffected individuals and increased their correlation to cognitive decline, potentially due to adjustment of inter-individual variability. With these results, we highlight the potential of protein pairs to monitor neurodegeneration and thereby possibly the efficacy of AD disease-modifying therapies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2024
Keywords
Affinity proteomics, Alzheimer’s disease, Cognitive decline, CSF, Inter-individual variability, Neurodegeneration, Protein profiling, Protein ratios
National Category
Neurosciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-344014 (URN)10.1186/s13024-024-00705-z (DOI)001161184800001 ()38350954 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85185209222 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240301

Available from: 2024-02-28 Created: 2024-02-28 Last updated: 2024-05-07Bibliographically approved
2. Addressing inter-individual variability in CSF levels of brain-derived proteins across neurodegenerative diseases
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Addressing inter-individual variability in CSF levels of brain-derived proteins across neurodegenerative diseases
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Medical Biotechnology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-346226 (URN)
Note

QC 20240508

Available from: 2024-05-07 Created: 2024-05-07 Last updated: 2024-05-08Bibliographically approved
3. CSF levels of brain-derived proteins correlate with brain ventricular volume in cognitively healthy 70-year-olds
Open this publication in new window or tab >>CSF levels of brain-derived proteins correlate with brain ventricular volume in cognitively healthy 70-year-olds
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Medical Biotechnology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-346232 (URN)
Note

QC 20240508

Available from: 2024-05-07 Created: 2024-05-07 Last updated: 2024-05-08Bibliographically approved
4. A cell-free high throughput assay for assessment of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A cell-free high throughput assay for assessment of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies
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2022 (English)In: New Biotechnology, ISSN 1871-6784, E-ISSN 1876-4347, Vol. 66, p. 46-52Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Highly accurate serological tests are key to assessing the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and the level of immunity in the population. This is important to predict the current and future status of the pandemic. With the recent emergence of new and more infectious SARS-CoV-2 variants, assays allowing for high throughput analysis of antibodies able to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 become even more important. Here, we report the development and validation of a robust, high throughput method, which enables the assessment of antibodies inhibiting the binding between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The assay uses recombinantly produced spike-f and ACE2 and is performed in a bead array format, which allows analysis of up to 384 samples in parallel per instrument over seven hours, demanding only one hour of manual handling. The method is compared to a microneutralization assay utilising live SARS-CoV-2 and is shown to deliver highly correlating data. Further, a comparison with a serological method that measures all antibodies recognizing the spike protein shows that this type of assessment provides important insights into the neutralizing efficiency of the antibodies, especially for individuals with low antibody levels. This method can be an important and valuable tool for large-scale assessment of antibody-based neutralization, including neutralization of new spike variants that might emerge.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2022
Keywords
Neutralization, Cell-free, SARS-CoV-2, Bead-based, Antibodies, Pseudoneutralization
National Category
Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-306848 (URN)10.1016/j.nbt.2021.10.002 (DOI)000731397200006 ()34628049 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85116647868 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20220110

Available from: 2022-01-10 Created: 2022-01-10 Last updated: 2025-02-17Bibliographically approved

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