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Collimating Truncated Virtual Image Lens
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5338-1789
Antenna and Sub-Millimetre Waves Section, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7971-8706
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4900-4788
2024 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, ISSN 0018-926X, E-ISSN 1558-2221, Vol. 72, no 5, p. 3928-3937Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The Luneburg lens is of significant interest for microwave and optical devices due to its wide-angle focusing properties. However, the inhomogeneous refractive index of the lens is restrictive and can be difficult to realize, especially at high frequency (typically millimeter-waves and above). Here, we present an inhomogeneous lens referred to as the collimating truncated virtual image lens, which is derived as a combination of the recently proposed virtual image lens and a conventional extended hemispherical lens. We investigate the operation of the proposed lens and we demonstrate that it provides similar focusing properties as the Luneburg lens, but with a flexible refractive index profile. This flexibility can be used to alleviate the strict manufacturing constraints typically associated with the Luneburg lens. We validate the properties of the proposed lens with a demonstrator at millimeter-wave frequencies showing that an antenna based on the proposed lens can obtain similar directivity and sidelobe levels to those obtained in an ideal Luneburg lens antenna, while the proposed lens is easier to realize. The collimating truncated virtual image lens is attractive for instruments and antennas at high frequency.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2024. Vol. 72, no 5, p. 3928-3937
National Category
Telecommunications
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-346249DOI: 10.1109/tap.2024.3376076ISI: 001217104500021Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85188471669OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-346249DiVA, id: diva2:1856760
Funder
The European Space Agency (ESA), 4000125905/18/NL
Note

QC 20240508

Available from: 2024-05-08 Created: 2024-05-08 Last updated: 2024-07-23Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Antennas Based on Rotationally Symmetric Lenses for High-Frequency Wireless Applications
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Antennas Based on Rotationally Symmetric Lenses for High-Frequency Wireless Applications
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis investigates lens antennas for future wireless applications. The aim is to provide robust and cost-effective antenna solutions with wide-angle beam steering capabilities. The wide-angle beam steering is obtained using rotationally symmetric inhomogeneous lenses, such as the Luneburg lens. The derivation of the inhomogeneous refractive index using geometrical optics is outlined. Parallel plate waveguide (PPW) lens antennas and volumetric lens antennas are investigated. 

The studied PPW lens antennas are designed to be robust to manufacturing and assembly errors while enabling a high radiation efficiency and wide-angle steering of a fan-shaped beam. The refractive index distribution is mimicked using quasi-periodic structures or by shaping the PPW. Specifically, two robust and cost-effective glide-symmetric quasi-periodic structures are proposed. First, glide-symmetric substrate-integrated holes (SIHs) are proposed, since they enable a larger PPW spacing compared to previously reported fully-metallic designs. This large PPW spacing translates into a robust antenna solution, and the SIH structure can be cost-effectively manufactured. The presence of the dielectric introduces losses, but it is shown that these added losses are sufficiently low for many applications at Ka-band. Secondly, a glide-symmetric perforated dielectric slab is proposed to enable an even larger PPW spacing. The slab is produced using additive manufacturing and it is shown that by arranging the perforations glide-symmetrically, a wider range of effective refractive indices can be accurately realized. Again, it is shown that the added losses due to the dielectric are sufficiently low for practical applications at Ka-band. Fully-metallic (and therefore highly efficient) PPW lens antennas can be based on geodesic lenses. These lenses do not require the realization of any small features and can therefore be robust. A geodesic lens antenna demonstrator at V-band is presented, and techniques of reducing the sensitivity to manufacturing errors are proposed. These techniques are later used in the design of a geodesic lens antenna with reduced gain variation within the beam steering range compared to the reference works. This geodesic lens is based on the generalized Luneburg lens. Providing a low gain variation in the steering range ensures a good quality of service to all end users. 

Additive manufacturing provides attractive opportunities for the realization of volumetric inhomogeneous lens antennas capable of producing directive pencil beams that can be steered in a wide angular range. However, the effective refractive index range of quasi-periodic dielectric structures is often limited by the smallest realizable geometrical detail, and the reported volumetric inhomogeneous lenses are often truncated, which impacts their focusing properties. In this thesis, the impact of the lattice arrangements is discussed and it is demonstrated that by using highly symmetric lattice arrangements, the realizable effective refractive index range can be increased. Furthermore, a new lens, accounting for the manufacturing constraints, is also proposed. This lens operates similarly to the Luneburg lens, but it has a refractive index distribution that can be tuned to alleviate the manufacturing.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling undersöker linsantenner för framtida trådlösa tillämpningar. Målet är att tillhandahålla robusta och kostnadseffektiva antennlösningarmed bred strålstyrningsförmåga. Den breda strålstyrningen uppnås med hjälp av rotationsymmetriska inhomogena linser, såsom Luneburg-linsen. Härledningen av det inhomogena brytningsindexet med geometrisk optik beskrivs. Linsantenner implementerade i planvågledare (PPW) och volymetriskalinsantenner undersöks.

De studerade PPW-linsantennerna är konstruerade för att vara robusta mot tillverknings- och monteringsfel samtidigt som de möjliggör hög strålningseffektivitet och strålstyrning i ett brett vinkelspann. Linsens brytningsindex realiseras med hjälp av kvasiperiodiska strukturer eller genom att modifiera vågledaren. Specifikt föreslås två robusta och kostnadseffektiva glidsymmetriska kvasiperiodiska strukturer. För det första används glidsymmetriska substratintegrerade hål (SIHs) för att möjliggöra ett större PPW-avstånd jämfört med tidigare rapporterade helt metalliska konstruktioner. Detta stora PPW-avstånd leder till en robust antennlösning, och SIH-strukturen kan tillverkas kostnadseffektivt. Närvaron av dielektrikat medför förluster, men det visar sig att dessa uppkomna förluster är tillräckligt låga för många tillämpningar i Ka-bandet. För det andra används en glidsymmetrisk perforerad dielektrisk skiva för att möjliggöra ett ännu större PPW-avstånd. Skivan tillverkas additivt genom att arrangera perforationerna glidsymmetriskt vilket möjliggör att fler effektiva brytningsindex kan realiseras. Återigen visas det att de tillkomna förlusterna på grund av dielektrikat är tillräckligt låga för praktiska tillämpningar i Ka-bandet. Helt metalliska (och högeffektiva) PPW-linsantenner kan baseras på geodesiska linser. Dessa linser kräver inte realisering av små detaljer och kan därför vara robusta. En demonstrator av en geodesisk linsantenn för V-bandet presenteras, och tekniker för att minska känsligheten för tillverkningsfel föreslås. Dessa tekniker används senare i designen av en geodesisk linsantenn med reducerad variation i antennförstärkningen inom strålstyrningsintervallet jämfört med referensverk i litteraturen. Denna geodesiska lins baseras på den generaliserade Luneburg-linsen.

Additiv tillverkning erbjuder attraktiva möjligheter för realisering av volymetriska inhomogena linsantenner som kan producera hög-direktiva strålar som kan styras över ett brett vinkelspann. Dock begränsas det realiserbara spannet av det effektiva brytningsindexet för kvasiperiodiska dielektriskastrukturer av den minsta realiserbara geometriska detaljen, och volymetriska inhomogena linser i litteraturen är ofta trunkerade, vilket påverkar deras fokuseringsegenskaper. I denna avhandling diskuteras inverkan av kristallstrukturen på det effektiva brytningsindexet, och det visas att genom att använda symmetriska kristallstrukturer kan fler effektiva brytningsindex realiseras. Dessutom föreslås en ny lins som tar hänsyn till tillverkningsbegränsningarna. Denna lins fungerar på ett liknande sätt som Luneburg-linsen, men den har ett brytningsindex som kan justeras för att lättare kunna tillverkas.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. ix, 43
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2024:49
Keywords
Generalized Luneburg lens, lens antennas, virtual image lens
National Category
Telecommunications
Research subject
Telecommunication
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-346250 (URN)978-91-8040-934-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-06-10, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20240508

Available from: 2024-05-13 Created: 2024-05-08 Last updated: 2024-05-15Bibliographically approved

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Zetterström, OskarQuevedo-Teruel, Oscar

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