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The Nuclear Rhine: Conflict and Cooperation in a Transnational River Basin
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Philosophy and History, History of Science, Technology and Environment.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7402-0122
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The water and nuclear energy sectors are intricately and interdependently entwined. In this thesis, the relationship between water and nuclear energy is being examined specifically in the Rhine River basin from the 1950s to the contemporary period. Through a series of four research articles, this work scrutinises the complex interaction between nuclear development and water management, emphasising the critical yet often undervalued role of water in the nuclear energy sector. This investigation gains particular relevance in the context of climate change, which heightens the environmental impact of nuclear power as well as the vulnerability of nuclear power plants to extreme weather events, such as heatwaves.

A central thesis argument is the contemporary societal undervaluation of water for nuclear energy, contrasted with its more recognised value in the mid-20th century. This shift in perception is especially pertinent as extreme weather conditions underscore the need to reassess water's worth. Employing a transnational and interconnected approach, this research challenges conventional national narratives and underscores the significance of cooperative and shared resource management along the Rhine. This paradigm serves as a blueprint for future transnational collaborations, particularly within the European sphere.

The analysis explores various facets of water-nuclear-interactions, including the selection of riverine sites for nuclear power plants, the challenges and conflicts arising from these decisions, and specific case studies on risk perception, water diplomacy, and the sustainability of nuclear power in the age of climate change. These discussions are not only rooted in historical analysis but also engage with contemporary debates about the environmental sustainability of nuclear energy and its role in a future marked by increasing climatic uncertainties.

In summary, this thesis offers a novel perspective on the dynamic relationship between water and nuclear energy, advocating for a renewed appreciation of water as a crucial but limited resource. It highlights the necessity for sustainable, forward-thinking approaches to nuclear  energy development. As we confront the challenges of climate change, the insights from this research present valuable lessons on the importance of transnational cooperation, comprehensive risk assessment, and the meticulous consideration of environmental impacts in shaping future energy policy. Thus, this work illuminates the past while providing guidance for navigating the complex interdependencies between water and nuclear energy in the future.

Abstract [sv]

Vatten- och kärnenergisektorerna är tätt sammanflätade och ömsesidigt beroende av varandra. I denna avhandling undersöks förhållandet mellan vatten och kärnenergi specifikt i Rhenflodens avrinningsområde från 1950-talet till idag. Genom en serie av fyra forskningsartiklar granskas det komplexa samspelet mellan kärnkraftsutveckling och vattenförvaltning, med betoning på vattnets kritiska men ofta undervärderade roll i kärnkraftssektorn. Denna undersökning blir särskilt relevant i samband med klimatförändringarna, som ökar kärnkraftens miljöpåverkan och kärnkraftverkens sårbarhet för extrema väderhändelser, t.ex. värmeböljor.

Ett centralt argument i avhandlingen är den nutida samhälleliga undervärderingen av vatten för kärnenergi, i kontrast till dess mer erkända värde i mitten av 1900-talet. Detta skifte i uppfattning är särskilt relevant eftersom extrema väderförhållanden understryker behovet av att ompröva vattnets värde. Genom att använda ett transnationellt och sammanlänkat tillvägagångssätt utmanar denna forskning konventionella nationella berättelser och understryker betydelsen av kooperativ och delad resursförvaltning längs Rhen. Detta paradigm fungerar som en plan för framtida transnationella samarbeten, särskilt inom den europeiska sfären.

I analysen undersöks olika aspekter av samspelet mellan kärnenergi och vatten. Det handlar bland annat om valet av platser för kärnkraftverk vid floder, de utmaningar och konflikter som uppstår till följd av dessa beslut, samt specifika fallstudier om riskuppfattning, vattendiplomati och kärnkraftens hållbarhet i klimatförändringarnas tidsålder. Diskussionerna är inte bara förankrade i historiska analyser, utan tar också upp aktuella debatter om kärnkraftens miljömässiga hållbarhet och dess roll i en framtid som kännetecknas av ökande klimatosäkerhet.

Sammanfattningsvis erbjuder denna avhandling ett nytt perspektiv på det dynamiska förhållandet mellan vatten och kärnenergi, och förespråkar en förnyad uppskattning av vatten som en viktig men begränsad resurs. Den belyser nödvändigheten av hållbara och framåtblickande strategier för utveckling av kärnenergi. När vi nu står inför utmaningarna med klimatförändringarna ger insikterna från denna forskning värdefulla lärdomar om vikten av transnationellt samarbete, omfattande riskbedömning och noggrant övervägande av miljöpåverkan vid utformningen av framtida energipolitik. På så sätt belyser detta arbete det förflutna samtidigt som det ger vägledning för att navigera i de komplexa ömsesidiga beroendena mellan vatten och kärnenergi i framtiden.

Abstract [de]

Der Wasser- und der Kernenergiesektor sind eng miteinander verflochten und voneinander abhängig. In dieser Arbeit wird das Verhältnis von Wasser und Kernenergie speziell im Rheineinzugsgebiet von den 1950er Jahren bis heute untersucht. In einer Reihe von vier wissenschaftlichen Artikeln wird die komplexe Wechselwirkung zwischen der Entwicklung der Kernenergie und der Wasserwirtschaft analysiert, wobei die kritische, aber oft unterbewertete Rolle des Wassers im Kernenergiesektor hervorgehoben wird. Diese Dissertation gewinnt besondere Relevanz im Kontext des Klimawandels, der die Umweltauswirkungen der Kernenergie sowie die Anfälligkeit von Kernkraftwerken für extreme Wetterereignisse wie Hitzewellen verstärkt.

Ein zentrales Argument ist die gegenwärtige gesellschaftliche Geringschätzung von Wasser in Relation zur Kernenergie im Gegensatz zu seinem anerkannten Wert in der Mitte des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts. Diese veränderte Wahrnehmung ist besonders relevant, da extreme Wetterbedingungen die Notwendigkeit unterstreichen, den Wert des Wassers neu zu bestimmen. Durch die Anwendung eines transnationalen und vernetzten Ansatzes stellt diese Arbeit gängige nationale Perspektiven in Frage und unterstreicht die Bedeutung eines kooperativen und gemeinsamen Ressourcenmanagements entlang des Rheins. Dieses Paradigma dient als Blaupause für zukünftige transnationale Kooperationen, insbesondere im europäischen Raum. 

In der Analyse werden verschiedene Facetten der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Kernenergie und Wasser untersucht. Dazu gehören die Auswahl von Kernkraftwerksstandorten an Flüssen, die Herausforderungen und Konflikte, die sich aus diesen Entscheidungen ergeben, sowie spezifische Fallstudien über Risikowahrnehmung, Wasserdiplomatie und die Nachhaltigkeit der Kernenergie im Zeitalter des Klimawandels. Diese Diskussionen sind nicht nur in der historischen Analyse verwurzelt, sondern greifen auch die aktuellen Debatten über die ökologische Nachhaltigkeit der Kernenergie und ihre Rolle in einer Zukunft auf, die durch zunehmende klimatische Unsicherheiten gekennzeichnet ist.

Zusammenfassend bietet diese Dissertation eine neue Perspektive auf die dynamische Beziehung zwischen Wasser und Kernenergie und plädiert für eine neue Wertschätzung von Wasser als lebenswichtige, aber begrenzte Ressource. Sie unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit  nachhaltiger, zukunftsorientierter Ansätze für die Entwicklung der Kernenergie. Angesichts der Herausforderungen des Klimawandels liefern die Ergebnisse dieser Forschung wertvolle Erkenntnisse über die Bedeutung transnationaler Zusammenarbeit, umfassender Risikobewertungen und der sorgfältigen Berücksichtigung von Umweltauswirkungen bei der Gestaltung der künftigen Energiepolitik. So beleuchtet diese Arbeit die Vergangenheit und bietet gleichzeitig eine Anleitung für die Navigation durch die komplexen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Wasser und Kernenergie in der Zukunft.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. , p. 44
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2415
Keywords [en]
Nuclear energy, Rhine River, water, climate change, thermal pollution, transboundary river
Keywords [de]
Kernenergie, Rhein, Wasser, Klimawandel, Wärmebelastung, grenzüberschreitender Fluss
Keywords [sv]
Kärnenergi, Rhenfloden, vatten, klimatförändringar, termisk förorening, gränsöverskridande flod
National Category
Technology and Environmental History History
Research subject
History of Science, Technology and Environment
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-346614ISBN: 978-91-8040-937-7 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-346614DiVA, id: diva2:1858982
Public defence
2024-06-11, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26 and 28, KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66713057398, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
EU, European Research Council, 771928
Note

QC 20240521

Available from: 2024-05-21 Created: 2024-05-20 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Nuclearized River Basins: Conflict and Cooperation along the Rhine, Danube, and Elbe
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Nuclearized River Basins: Conflict and Cooperation along the Rhine, Danube, and Elbe
2024 (English)In: Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung, ISSN 0172-6404, Vol. 49, no 1, p. 92-125Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Nuklearisierte Flussgebiete: Konflikt und Kooperation an Rhein, Donau und Elbe«. This article analyses the historical geography of nuclear energy through the spatial lens of river basins. Approximately half of the world’s nuclear power plants were built along one or the other river. There, they gave rise to both conflict and cooperation. Drawing on the theoretical notion of water interaction, which takes into account relations of both conflictual and cooperative nature, we distinguish between such relations in three dimensions: space, environment, and infrastructure. The spatial dimension gravitates around social and political processes where proximity and distance are at the heart, often linked to the search for suitable sites for nuclear construction. The environmental dimension refers to conflict and cooperation around the radioactive and thermal pollution of waterways. The infrastructural dimension, finally, highlights how nuclear power plant builders, when they arrived from the 1950s onwards, had to relate to pre-existing infrastructural features of the rivers, which sometimes led to clashes with other actors and sometimes to more cooperative forms of interaction. In empirical terms, we focus on three European river basins that came to play particularly important roles in European nuclear history: those of the Rhine, Danube, and Elbe.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
GESIS, 2024
Keywords
River basins, nuclear energy, siting conflicts, borders, radioactivity, thermal pollution, hydraulic engineering, dams
National Category
Technology and Environmental History
Research subject
History of Science, Technology and Environment
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-343890 (URN)10.12759/hsr.49.2024.05 (DOI)001221779700010 ()2-s2.0-85189036912 (Scopus ID)
Funder
EU, European Research Council, 771928
Note

QC 20240227

Available from: 2024-02-26 Created: 2024-02-26 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
2. What is good drinking water?: 41 Years of risk perception on water quality in the vicinity of the Nuclear Research Centre Karlsruhe, 1956–1997
Open this publication in new window or tab >>What is good drinking water?: 41 Years of risk perception on water quality in the vicinity of the Nuclear Research Centre Karlsruhe, 1956–1997
2023 (English)In: Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, E-ISSN 1944-4079, p. 1-23Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article traces the historical evolution of risk perception around the Nuclear Research Centre Karlsruhe, Germany, from 1956 to 1997. It does so by targeting the evolution of water-related risks. Federal hopes in the postwar era that the Nuclear Research Centre would bring progress and prosperity clashed with local values and local perception of nuclear engineering as dangerous to health and the environment. Various conflicts arose and opponents made use of their past lived-knowledge to foster their arguments against future decision-making, mobilizing stories from the past to shape the future. The conflict culminated in the 1990s, when the municipality decided to lease the Centre's waterworks for future drinking water supply. The main argument of the article is that even though the public discourse shifted over the years from water pollution toward greater risks such as nuclear meltdowns, the local risk perception stayed with the water-related risks. The article shows how the locals perceived and narrated their risk perception against the decision-making of authorities as well as against the reasoning of scientists and experts.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Hoboken: Wiley, 2023
Keywords
drinking water, Rhine river, risk narratives, risk perception, water quality
National Category
Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified Technology and Environmental History
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis, Risk and Safety; History of Science, Technology and Environment
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-323164 (URN)10.1002/rhc3.12265 (DOI)000913323400001 ()2-s2.0-85146459318 (Scopus ID)
Funder
EU, European Research Council, 771928
Note

QC 20230124

Available from: 2023-01-19 Created: 2023-01-19 Last updated: 2025-05-05Bibliographically approved
3. From Cooling Water War to Cooling Towers: Transnational Water Diplomacy around the Allocation of Nuclear Cooling on the Aare and Rhine Rivers, 1965-1972
Open this publication in new window or tab >>From Cooling Water War to Cooling Towers: Transnational Water Diplomacy around the Allocation of Nuclear Cooling on the Aare and Rhine Rivers, 1965-1972
2025 (English)In: Water Alternatives, E-ISSN 1965-0175, Vol. 18, no 1, p. 59-85Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article explores the efforts of Germany and Switzerland, from 1965 to 1972, to mitigate thermal pollution caused by nuclear power plants along the Aare and Rhine Rivers. Despite the initial promise of nuclear energy, concerns about its environmental impact, specifically on water quality, led both countries to collaboratively set temperature limits for cooling water discharge from nuclear power plants. In contrast to the predominant focus on anti-nuclear protests in the existing literature, this article highlights the cooperative aspects of cross-border management, revealing a concerted effort to balance the utilisation of river cooling capacities while safeguarding water quality. The article contributes to the evolving field of water diplomacy, challenging the notion of inevitable conflicts by showcasing a joint approach to addressing shared environmental challenges.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Water Alternatives Association, 2025
Keywords
Nuclear energy, Rhine River, thermal pollution, water diplomacy, cooling water
National Category
Technology and Environmental History History
Research subject
History of Science, Technology and Environment
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-346621 (URN)2-s2.0-85218492918 (Scopus ID)
Funder
EU, European Research Council, 771928
Note

QC 20250225

Available from: 2024-05-20 Created: 2024-05-20 Last updated: 2025-03-07Bibliographically approved
4. Atomic Rivers: The (Un)sustainability of Nuclear Power in an Age of Climate Change
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Atomic Rivers: The (Un)sustainability of Nuclear Power in an Age of Climate Change
2025 (English)In: Energy Policy, ISSN 0301-4215, E-ISSN 1873-6777, Vol. 203, article id 114631Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The sustainability of nuclear energy amidst climate change and environmental regulations poses critical challenges, particularly in European contexts where major rivers like the Rhine, the Danube, and the Rhône are experiencing declining water levels and rising temperatures. We scrutinise the operational difficulties nuclear power plants encounter, arising from insufficient cooling water and environmental mandates that prevent the discharge of overly warm cooling water into rivers. These conditions have led to partial or full shutdowns of nuclear facilities across France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Spain, Romania, and other countries, emphasising the tension between nuclear energy as a low-carbon solution and its environmental impacts. We explore the concept of sustainability in the context of riverine nuclear energy from three angles: technical challenges posed by water scarcity, regulatory constraints on cooling water temperatures, and the ecological impacts of thermal discharges on riverine ecosystems. Our analysis reveals an emerging contradiction between ensuring electricity supply and adhering to environmental protection, highlighting the need for a reevaluation of nuclear energy's role in a future sustainable energy landscape.

Keywords
Nuclear energy, Rhine River, sustainability, thermal pollution, water scarcity
National Category
History Technology and Environmental History Ecology
Research subject
History of Science, Technology and Environment
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-346622 (URN)10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114631 (DOI)
Funder
EU, European Research Council, 771928
Available from: 2024-05-20 Created: 2024-05-20 Last updated: 2025-04-14Bibliographically approved

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