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Exploring cost performance tradeoffs and uncertainties for electric- and autonomous electric trucks using computational experiments
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Centres, Integrated Transport Research Lab, ITRL. Einride, Regeringsgatan 65, 111 56, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7324-6691
Einride, Regeringsgatan 65, 111 56, Stockholm, Sweden.
Einride, Regeringsgatan 65, 111 56, Stockholm, Sweden.
2024 (English)In: European Transport Research Review, ISSN 1867-0717, E-ISSN 1866-8887, Vol. 16, no 1, article id 41Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The recent development of battery electric trucks (BETs) suggests that they could play a vital role in transitioning to zero-emission road freight. To facilitate this transition, it is important to understand under which conditions BETs can be a viable alternative to internal combustion engine trucks (ICETs). Concurrently, the advancement of autonomous driving technology adds uncertainty and complexity to analyzing how the cost competitiveness of future zero-emissions trucks, such as autonomous electric trucks (AETs) may develop. This study examines the cost performance of BETs and AETs compared to ICETs, and how it varies over different market and technology conditions, charging strategies, and transport applications. Focus is on heavy-duty tractor-trailer trucks operating full truckload shuttle-flows in Sweden. Due to the inherent uncertainty and interactions among the analyzed factors, the analysis is performed as computational experiments using a simulation model of BET, AET, and ICET shuttle flow operations and associated costs. In total, 19,200 experiments are performed by sampling the model across 1200 scenarios representing various transport applications and technical and economic conditions for sixteen charging strategies with different combinations of depot, destination, and en route charging. The results indicate that both BETs and AETs are cost competitive compared to ICETs in a large share of scenarios. High asset utilization is important for offsetting additional investment costs in vehicles and chargers, highlighting the importance of deploying these vehicles in applications that enable high productivity. The cost performance for BETs is primarily influenced by energy related costs, charging strategy, and charging infrastructure utilization. The AET cost performance is in addition heavily affected by remote operations cost, and costs for the automated driving system. When feasible, relying only on depot charging is in many scenarios the most cost-effective charging strategy, with the primary exceptions being highly energy-demanding scenarios with long distances and heavy goods in which the required battery is too heavy to operate the truck within vehicle weight regulations if not complemented by destination, or en route charging. However, many experiments do not lead to a reduced payload capacity for BETs and AETs compared to ICETs, and a large majority of the considered scenarios are feasible to operate with a BET or AET within current gross vehicle weight regulations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature , 2024. Vol. 16, no 1, article id 41
Keywords [en]
Autonomous electric trucks, Battery electric trucks, Electric road freight, Exploratory modelling, Profitability analysis
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-350692DOI: 10.1186/s12544-024-00662-0ISI: 001264779200001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85197669068OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-350692DiVA, id: diva2:1884658
Note

QC 20240719

Available from: 2024-07-17 Created: 2024-07-17 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Automated driving in road freight transport: On system-level impacts, policy implications and the role of uncertainty
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Automated driving in road freight transport: On system-level impacts, policy implications and the role of uncertainty
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The freight transport system is expected to face significant changes driven by emerging technologies, increasing transport demand, and the need for rapid decarbonization. Automated driving systems and their application to road freight in the form of driverless trucks is one such technology that may influence the development. Driverless trucks could potentially enable cost efficient, safe, and flexible transport solutions, provided that technical, regulatory, and operational challenges are overcome. However, there is significant uncertainty regarding their development trajectory, future use, and system-level impacts such as changes in transport costs, freight patterns, and mode shifts, as well as their implications for sustainable freight transport.

This thesis explores potential long-term system-level impacts of driverless trucks and implications for planning, policy, and sustainability, with a focus on the Swedish freight transport system. Four objectives are addressed. First, future scenarios for the freight transport system are developed, and an analysis of the Swedish innovation system for driverless trucks is performed. The results suggest that plausible initial deployments of driverless trucks are within confined areas, short-distance repetitive flows, and for highway driving between logistics facilities. The innovation process of driverless trucks is characterized by cooperation among a broad set of actors, and it is possible that driverless trucks will disrupt the value chain of road freight transport.

Second, the potential impacts on road transport costs are modeled, showing that driverless trucks could reduce costs by 20% or more, largely determined by the extent to which total labor costs can be reduced.

Third, system-level impacts are analyzed for a large set of introduction scenarios, using national freight transport modeling. The change in cost structure could lead to increased demand for road transport and shifts from rail and sea to road, which may have implications for infrastructure planning, policymaking, and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, driverless trucks capable of operating on highways and strategically chosen access roads can address a substantial amount of freight demand and generate significant system impacts.

Finally, this thesis explores how model-based analysis of driverless trucks’ cost performance, system-level impacts, and climate policy implications under uncertainty can be enhanced using exploratory modeling and methods for decision-making under deep uncertainty. The application of such methods demonstrates that they can contribute to a broader understanding of potential impacts and policy robustness. Several challenges for their introduction in national transport planning are identified, including the need for more flexible and faster models, and managing fundamental differences in approach compared to the current prediction-based planning paradigm.

This thesis contributes with research on the potential system-level impacts of driverless trucks, which may be of relevance for the freight transport industry as well as planners and policymakers at the national level. The research offers an initial, broad examination of a topic for which literature is scarce. Several areas for future research are identified, including the relationship between driverless trucks, electrification, and freight decarbonization; improving modeling of costs and operations of driverless trucks at the vehicle and fleet levels; as well as developing tools to support exploratory modeling and planning to handle uncertainty about the future.

Abstract [sv]

Godstransportsystemet förväntas stå inför betydande förändringar, drivna av ny teknik, ökande transportefterfrågan och behovet av en snabb omställning till fossilfria transporter. Automatiserade körsystem, och deras tillämpning i form av förarlösa lastbilar är en sådan teknologi som kan påverka utvecklingen under de kommande årtiondena. Förarlösa lastbilar kan ha potential att möjliggöra kostnadseffektiva, säkra och flexibla transportlösningar, förutsatt att tekniska, regulatoriska och operativa utmaningar hanteras. Det finns dock betydande osäkerhet kring teknikens framtida utvecklingsriktning och användning, samt kring systemeffekter såsom förändrade transportkostnader, transportmönster och val av transportslag, och dess påverkan på omställningen till ett hållbart transportsystem.

Denna avhandling utforskar potentiella, långsiktiga systemeffekter av förarlösa lastbilar och implikationer för planering, policy och hållbarhet med fokus på det svenska godstransportsystemet. Avhandlingen fokuserar på fyra områden. För det första utvecklas framtidsscenarier för godstransportsystemet och en analys av innovationssystemet för förarlösa lastbilar genomförs. Resultaten tyder på att förarlösa lastbilar initialt kan komma att implementeras inom avgränsade områden, för korta repetitiva flöden och för motorvägskörningmellan logistikfaciliteter. Innovationsprocessen för förarlösa lastbilar kännetecknas av samarbete mellan en bred uppsättning aktörer och det är möjligt att förarlösa lastbilar kommer att förändra värdekedjan för vägtransporter.

För det andra modelleras potentiella effekter av förarlösa lastbilar på vägtransportkostnader. Resultaten visar att förarlösa lastbilar kan minska kostnaderna med 20 % eller mer, där magnituden till stor del beror på i vilken utsträckning de totala arbetskostnaderna kan reduceras.

För det tredje analyseras systemeffekter i ett stort antal introduktionsscenarier, med hjälp av nationell godstransportmodellering. Förändringen i kostnadsstrukturen kan leda till ökad efterfrågan på vägtransporter och överflyttning från järnväg och sjöfart till väg, vilket kan ha konsekvenser för infrastrukturplanering, klimatstyrmedel och miljömässig hållbarhet. Vidare kan förarlösa lastbilar som kan köra på motorvägar samt strategiskt valda tillfartsvägar tillgodose en stor andel av transportefterfrågan.

Slutligen utforskar avhandlingen hur modellbaserad analys av förarlösa lastbilars kostnadsprestanda, systemeffekter och klimatpolitiska implikationer under osäkerhet kan förbättras genom användning av explorativ modellering och metoder för beslutsfattande under djup osäkerhet. Tillämpandet av sådana metoder visar att de kan bidra till en bredare förståelse av möjliga effekter och robustheten för olika styrmedel. Identifierade utmaningar för att införa sådana metoder i nationell transportplanering inkluderar behovet av mer flexibla och snabbare modeller samt att hantera grundläggande skillnader i angreppssätt jämfört med det nuvarande prognosbaserade planeringsparadigmet.

Avhandlingen bidrar med forskning om potentiella systemeffekter av förarlösa lastbilar, som kan vara relevant för transportindustrin samt för planering och policy på nationell nivå. Forskningen utgör en tidig, bred analys av ett område där litteraturen är begränsad. Flera områden för framtida forskning identifieras, vilka inkluderar relationen mellan förarlösa lastbilar, elektrifiering och fossilfria godstransporter; förbättrad modellering av kostnader, planering och användning av förarlösa lastbilar på fordons- och flottnivå; samt utveckling av verktyg som stödjer explorativ modellering och planering för att hantera osäkerhet om framtiden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 379
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2024:21
Keywords
Driverless trucks, Freight modeling, System-level impacts, Exploratory modeling, Electrification, Deep uncertainty, Förarlösa lastbilar, Godsmodellering, Systemeffekter, Explorativ modellering, Elektrifiering
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356364 (URN)978-91-8106-117-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-12-11, Kollegiesalen / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69620883894, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2017/22806
Available from: 2024-11-19 Created: 2024-11-14 Last updated: 2024-12-03Bibliographically approved

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