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Correcting the record: Phonetic potential of primate vocal tracts and the legacy of Philip Lieberman (1934−2022)
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Speech, Music and Hearing, TMH.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6739-0838
2024 (English)In: American Journal of Primatology, ISSN 0275-2565, E-ISSN 1098-2345, Vol. 86, no 8Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The phonetic potential of nonhuman primate vocal tracts has been the subject of considerable contention in recent literature. Here, the work of Philip Lieberman(1934−2022) is considered at length, and two research papers—both purported challenges to Lieberman's theoretical work—and a review of Lieberman's scientific legacy are critically examined. I argue that various aspects of Lieberman's research have been consistently misinterpreted in the literature. A paper by Fitch et al. overestimates the would‐be “speech‐ready” capacities of a rhesus macaque, and the data presented nonetheless supports Lieberman's principal position—that nonhuman primates cannot articulate the full extent of human speech sounds. The suggestion that no vocal anatomical evolution was necessary for the evolution of human speech(as spoken by all normally developing humans) is not supported by phonetic or anatomical data. The second challenge, by Boë et al., attributes vowel‐like qualities of baboon calls to articulatory capacities based on audio data; I argue that such“protovocalic” properties likely result from disparate articulatory maneuvers compared to human speakers. A review of Lieberman's scientific legacy by Boë et al. ascribes a view of speech evolution (which the authors term “laryngeal descent theory”) to Lieberman, which contradicts his writings. The present article documents a pattern of incorrect interpretations of Lieberman's theoretical work in recent literature. Finally, the apparent trend of vowel‐like formant dispersions in great ape vocalization literature is discussed with regard to Lieberman's theoretical work. The review concludes that the “Lieberman account” of primate vocal tract phonetic capacities remains supported by research: the ready articulation of fully human speech reflects species‐unique anatomy.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley-Blackwell, 2024. Vol. 86, no 8
Keywords [en]
Phonetics
National Category
Languages and Literature
Research subject
Speech and Music Communication
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-351239DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23637OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-351239DiVA, id: diva2:1886735
Note

QC 20240805

Available from: 2024-08-04 Created: 2024-08-04 Last updated: 2024-08-05Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Phonetic potential in the extant apes and extinct hominins
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Phonetic potential in the extant apes and extinct hominins
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Several novel claims with bearing on the evolution of speech production are made. It is shown through a series of theoretical, empirical, and computational works that the vocal anatomy of non-human apes, such as gibbons, orangutans, and chimpanzees, allows for the production of variable vowel-like contrasts. These phenomena in extant nonhuman primates are likely consistent with the animals’ retracting the tongue, potentially homologous with aspects of speech production. However, relationships of biomechanics inherent to the primate vocal production apparatus render fluid speech unrealistic. The articulatory configurations necessary to achieve these contrasts likely recruit lingual gestures disparate to those of humans, reflecting disparate anatomy. Novel evidence is also presented, illustrating elementary vocal production learning capacities in chimpanzees. These capacities are thus unlikely to have emerged de novo in our lineage. Building on these two sources of evidence, the evolution of speech is not straightforwardly reducible to “neural evolution”. Rather, additional evolutionary pressures must have acted upon hominin ancestors to ultimately trigger the evolution of spoken language. Toward this end, paleoanthropological evidence of articulator evolution in the hominin lineage is explored. The introduction of increasingly complex food processing and tool use, typically argued to have led to widespread anatomical changes in the face and guts of human ancestors, appear simultaneously with changes on the hominin would-be articulatory complex. Potential articulatory benefits of these changes in ancestral hominins are explored. An efficient articulatory apparatus, and the neural substrates by which to efficiently control it, likely evolved simultaneously with the human genus itself.  

Abstract [sv]

Avhandlingen presenterar ett flertal argument med innebörd för talets utveckling. Anatomin hos icke-mänskliga primater som gibboner, orangutanger och schimpanser möjliggör produktion av flertalet vokalliknande vokaliseringar. Dessa fenomen visas vara förenliga med att djuren drar tillbaka tungan - en möjlig homolog med talproduktion. De tungester som rekryteras för att uppnå dessa ljudkvaliteer skiljer sig dock sannolikt från de som studerats i mänskligt tal, och återspeglar anatomiska begräsningar i de icke-mänskliga primaternas ansatsrör. För primater tycks ansatsrörets inneboende biomekanik förhindra flytande, effektiva talsekvenser. Nya bevis presenteras också, vilka påvisar en grundläggande inlärningsförmåga för talliknande ljud hos schimpanser. Denna kapacitet torde därför inte ha utvecklats bara i människosläktet. Talets utveckling kan därför inte reduceras till enbart “neural evolution”. Ytterligare och unika evolutionära tryck ha verkat på mänskliga förfäder för att i slutändan möjliggöra utvecklingen av talat språk. Paleoantropologiska bevis på talapparatens evolution i utdöda människor utforskas. Bevis på allt mer komplex tillverkning av verktyg uppträder tillsammans med utbredda anatomiska förändringar i ansiktet hos mänskliga anfäder. I avhandlingen undersöks fonetiska konsekvenser av dessa förändringar. En effektiv talapparat, och de neuralogiska underlagen för att kontrollera den, utvecklades sannolikt tillsammans hos den blivande moderna människan. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 71
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 55
Keywords
Evolution of speech, speech acoustics, source/filter theory, primatology, evolutionary anthropology, Talevolution, talakustik, källa/filter-teori, primatologi, evolutionär antropologi
National Category
General Language Studies and Linguistics
Research subject
Speech and Music Communication
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-351250 (URN)978-91-8040-967-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-09-26, Fantum, Lindstedtsvägen 24, Stockholm, 15:00 (English)
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Note

QC 20240805

Available from: 2024-08-05 Created: 2024-08-04 Last updated: 2024-08-14Bibliographically approved

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Ekström, Axel G.

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