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Momentum induced by steam injection into a subcooled pool
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0649-027x
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0683-9136
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3066-3492
Lappeenranta Lahti Univ Technol LUT, Lab Nucl Engn, Lappeenranta, Finland..
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2024 (English)In: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, ISSN 0017-9310, E-ISSN 1879-2189, Vol. 232, article id 125969Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Boiling Water Reactors (BWR) and Advanced Pressurized Water Reactors (APWR) often use spargers to release steam from the primary coolant system into a pool with subcooled water to prevent containment overpressure. Direct contact Condensation (DCC) creates sources of mass, heat, and momentum determined by the condensation regimes in a subcooled pool. Thermal stratification can develop in the pool if buoyancy forces created by the heat source dominate the momentum source. Only part of the stratified pool volume can be used as the heat sink which is a safety concern. Modeling of steam injection and its effect on a large pool is computationally expensive due to the considerable spatial and temporal scale differences between the steam-water interface dynamics and global pool circulation. To enable the prediction of realistic plant transients, Effective Heat Source (EHS) and Effective Momentum Source (EMS) models were proposed. These models aim to calculate the timeaveraged integral effects of the steam injection on the pool without resolving the dynamics of the interface and DCC phenomena. This work aims to develop the empirical correlations that predict the time-averaged effective momentum induced by steam injection into a subcooled pool. The experimental data were collected in a Separate Effect Facility (SEF-POOL) at LUT, Finland. The force acting on the injection pipe was measured in SEF-POOL to estimate the effective momentum rate created by steam injection. The condensation regime coefficient C, defined as the ratio of effective momentum rate to the theoretical momentum rate of injected steam, is presented as a function of Jakob and Mach numbers. We found that the pitch-to-diameter ratios (P/D) had a significant effect on both the effective (time averaged) momentum rate and instantaneous forces measured in the low Jakob number region, which might be attributed to the interactions between neighboring nozzles.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2024. Vol. 232, article id 125969
Keywords [en]
Effective momentum, Direct contact condensation, Jakob number, Mach number, Pitch-to-diameter ratio, Sparger
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-351421DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.125969ISI: 001275441100001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85199116245OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-351421DiVA, id: diva2:1888536
Note

QC 20240813

Available from: 2024-08-13 Created: 2024-08-13 Last updated: 2025-02-18Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Thermal stratification and mixing induced by steam injection into a pressure suppression pool
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Thermal stratification and mixing induced by steam injection into a pressure suppression pool
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) employ the Pressure Suppression Pool (PSP) to prevent containment overpressure. Steam released from the primary coolant system is injected into the pool and condensed rapidly upon direct contact with subcooled water. However, steam injection can lead to the development of thermal stratification in the pool. The increased surface temperature of the stratified pool also increases containment pressure compared to a mixed pool. This process can become of safety significance, as it was observed in the Fukushima Daichi accident. 

 

The primary objective of PSP safety analysis is to verify that pool temperature remains within acceptable limits. The state-of-the-art approach has to rely on assumptions about the fraction of the pool acting as a heat sink, i.e. elevation of the thermocline. There is a need for more mechanistic approaches that can adequately resolve the interactions among various phenomena, safety systems, and operational procedures that can clarify the degree of conservatism in the currently employed approaches to safety analysis. For this purpose, a computationally efficient tool known as the Effective Heat Source (EHS) and Effective Momentum Source (EMS) models have been proposed. The models are used to simulate the integral effect of steam injection on the large-scale pool without explicit modeling of the dynamics of the interface between steam and water.

 

This thesis aims to make a significant step toward the development and validation of the predictive capabilities of the EHS/EMS models for the assessment of the PSP performance during steam injection through spargers. To achieve this goal, a synergic framework that integrates both experimental and numerical campaigns has been developed.

 

Conceptual design and conditions for a series of Integral Effect Tests (IETs) of steam injection through a sparger into a large-scale pool in the PANDA facility have been proposed. A set of Separate Effect Tests (SETs) of steam injection in the SEF-POOL facility is proposed to develop new correlations for the EMS. A Bubble-based Particle Tracking Velocimetry (Bub-PTV) technique is developed and implemented in SEF-POOL to measure the streamwise velocity profiles induced by steam injection.

 

Modeling guidelines for CFD simulations using EHS/EMS models are developed for the prediction of the thermal behavior of the pool. A turbulence source to represent the effects of steam condensation is proposed. The applicability and validity of the modeling approaches are assessed by comparing them with the measurements obtained in IETs. Also, an approach of scaling based models is proposed to predict the erosion velocity of the thermocline.

 

The developed modeling approaches are applied to analyze the PSP performance of a Nordic BWR during various realistic scenarios. The possibility of thermal stratification and the effects of activation of different systems on the pool behavior are investigated.

Abstract [sv]

Kokvattenreaktorer (BWR) använder tryckavlastningsbassängen (PSP) för att förhindra övertryck i inneslutningen. Ånga som frigörs från det primära kylsystemet injiceras i bassängen och kondenseras snabbt vid direkt kontakt med underkylt vatten. Ånginjektion kan dock leda till utveckling av termisk skiktning i bassängen. Den ökade yttemperaturen hos en skiktad bassäng ökar även trycket i inneslutningen jämfört med en blandad bassäng. Denna process kan bli av betydelse för säkerheten, något som observerades vid olyckan i Fukushima Daichi.

 

Det primära målet med PSP-säkerhetsanalys är att verifiera att bassängens temperatur förblir inom acceptabla gränser. Toppmoderna metoder bygger på antaganden om vilken del av bassängen som fungerar som en värmesänka, dvs. termoklinens höjd. Det finns ett behov av mer mekanistiska tillvägagångssätt som på ett tillfredsställande sätt kan lösa samspelet mellan olika fenomen, säkerhetssystem och operativa procedurer, för att klargöra graden av konservatism i nuvarande säkerhetsanalyser. För detta ändamål har en beräkningsmässigt effektiv metod, känd som modellerna för Effektiv Värmekälla (EHS) och Effektiv Rörelsemängdskälla (EMS), föreslagits. Modellerna används för att simulera ånginjektionens integrerade effekt på bassängen i stor skala utan att explicit modellera dynamiken i gränssnittet mellan ånga och vatten.

 

Denna avhandling syftar till att ta ett betydande steg i utvecklingen och valideringen av EHS/EMS-modellernas prediktiva förmåga för bedömning av PSP-prestanda vid ånginjektion genom spridare. För att uppnå detta mål har en synergetisk ram utvecklats som integrerar både experimentella och numeriska kampanjer.

 

Konceptuell design och förhållanden för en serie av integrerade effektförsök (IET) av ånginjektion genom en spridare i en stor bassäng vid PANDA-anläggningen har föreslagits. En uppsättning separata effektförsök (SET) av ånginjektion i SEF-POOL-anläggningen föreslås för att utveckla nya korrelationer för EMS. En bubbelbaserad partikelspårnings velocimetri (Bub-PTV)-teknik har utvecklats och implementerats i SEF-POOL för att mäta strömningshastighetsprofiler som induceras av ånginjektion.

 

Riktlinjer för modellering för CFD-simuleringar med hjälp av EHS/EMS-modeller har utvecklats för att förutsäga bassängens termiska beteende. En turbulenskälla föreslås för att representera inverkan av ångkondensation. Modellernas giltighet och tillämpbarhet bedöms genom att jämföra dem med de mätningar som erhållits i IET. Dessutom föreslås en skalningsbaserad metod för att förutsäga termoklinens erosionshastighet. 

 

Modelleringsmetoderna som utvecklats används för att analysera PSP-prestandan för en nordisk BWR under olika realistiska scenarier. Möjligheten till termisk skiktning och effekterna av aktivering av olika system på bassängens beteende undersöks.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:12
Keywords
Steam injection, EHS/EMS models, spargers, CFD, thermal stratification, turbulence, pressure suppression pool, Ånginjektion, EHS/EMS-modeller, spridare, CFD, termisk skiktning, turbulens, tryckavlastningsbassäng.
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-360120 (URN)978-91-8106-219-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-03-10, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66779613563, F3 (Flodis), Lindstedtsvägen 26, 114 28, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Radiation Safety Authority
Note

QC 2025-02-18

Available from: 2025-02-18 Created: 2025-02-18 Last updated: 2025-02-19Bibliographically approved

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Wang, XichengKudinov, PavelGrishchenko, Dmitry

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