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Enhancing Off-Road Topography Estimation by Fusing LIDAR and Stereo Camera Data with Interpolated Ground Plane
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Engineering Design, Mechatronics and Embedded Control Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6807-0553
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Engineering Design, Mechatronics and Embedded Control Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5703-5923
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Engineering Design, Mechatronics and Embedded Control Systems.ORCID iD: 0009-0009-2271-0576
2025 (English)In: Sensors, E-ISSN 1424-8220, Vol. 25, no 2, article id 509Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Topography estimation is essential for autonomous off-road navigation. Common methods rely on point cloud data from, e.g., Light Detection and Ranging sensors (LIDARs) and stereo cameras. Stereo cameras produce dense point clouds with larger coverage but lower accuracy. LIDARs, on the other hand, have higher accuracy and longer range but much less coverage. LIDARs are also more expensive. The research question examines whether incorporating LIDARs can significantly improve stereo camera accuracy. Current sensor fusion methods use LIDARs' raw measurements directly; thus, the improvement in estimation accuracy is limited to only LIDAR-scanned locations The main contribution of our new method is to construct a reference ground plane through the interpolation of LIDAR data so that the interpolated maps have similar coverage as the stereo camera's point cloud. The interpolated maps are fused with the stereo camera point cloud via Kalman filters to improve a larger section of the topography map. The method is tested in three environments: controlled indoor, semi-controlled outdoor, and unstructured terrain. Compared to the existing method without LIDAR interpolation, the proposed approach reduces average error by 40% in the controlled environment and 67% in the semi-controlled environment, while maintaining large coverage. The unstructured environment evaluation confirms its corrective impact.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG , 2025. Vol. 25, no 2, article id 509
Keywords [en]
sensor-fusion, topography estimation, ground interpolation, Kalman filter, off-road navigation
National Category
Control Engineering Computer graphics and computer vision
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-359935DOI: 10.3390/s25020509ISI: 001405346100001PubMedID: 39860879Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85215773628OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-359935DiVA, id: diva2:1937543
Note

QC 20250213

Available from: 2025-02-13 Created: 2025-02-13 Last updated: 2025-04-29Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Topographic Estimation, Online Trajectory Rollout, and Experimental Platforms for Autonomous Forest Machines
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Topographic Estimation, Online Trajectory Rollout, and Experimental Platforms for Autonomous Forest Machines
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis presents a comprehensive framework for advancing autonomous operations in unstructured terrains, focusing on the forestry industry. The research addresses critical challenges in autonomous systems development by integrating cutting-edge navigation, perception, and control technologies. As automation demand in forestry grows, current systems struggle in unpredictable off-road terrains. Unlike structured road autonomy, forest machines must navigate rough, obstacle-filled landscapes without predefined paths, yet existing solutions lack the needed adaptability. Consequently, forestry remains reliant on manual labor, especially in planting and site preparation, where automation is limited. Tackling these challenges requires smarter autonomous navigation, enhanced machine-terrain interaction, and sustainable automation strategies that boost productivity while reducing environmental impact. Key contributions of this thesis include (1) a novel roll-out path planning algorithm leveraging terrain-vehicle interaction to optimize navigation in rough terrains, validated through simulations and real-world deployments, (2) a sensor fusion method combining LIDAR and stereo camera data to enhance topographic estimation with a good balance between accuracy and coverage, (3) a modular, reconfigurable test platform offering a scalable and cost-effective solution for evaluating autonomous system components, bridging the gap between simulation and real-world testing, and (4) a demonstration prototype system for autonomous plant regeneration, demonstrating the feasibility of fully autonomous forestry operations, including site preparation and planting, reducing environmental impacts, and improving efficiency. By addressing sustainability challenges and introducing robust methodologies for autonomous systems, this work contributes to the broader application of intelligent machinery in forestry and beyond.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling presenterar en omfattande ram för att främja autonoma operationer i ostrukturerade terränger, med fokus på skogsindustrin. Forskningen adresserar kritiska utmaningar inom utvecklingen av autonoma system genom att integrera avancerade teknologier för navigation, perception och styrning. I takt med att efterfrågan på automatisering inom skogsbruk ökar, kämpar nuvarande system med att fungera effektivt i oförutsägbara off-road-miljöer. Till skillnad från strukturerad autonomi på väg måste skogsmaskiner navigera i ojämn, hinderfylld terräng utan fördefinierade vägar. Befintliga navigationslösningar saknar den anpassningsförmåga som krävs för dessa förhållanden. Som ett resultat förblir skogsbruket starkt beroende av manuellt arbete, särskilt inom plantering och markberedning, där automation fortfarande är begränsad. För att hantera dessa utmaningar krävs innovativa tillvägagångssätt för autonom navigation, mer intelligenta interaktioner mellan maskin och terräng, samt hållbara automatiseringsstrategier som ökar produktiviteten samtidigt som den ekologiska påverkan minimeras. De viktigaste bidragen inkluderar (1) en ny metod för roll-out vägplanering som utnyttjar interaktionen mellan terräng och fordon för att optimera navigering i svår terräng, validerad genom simuleringar och fältstudier, (2) en metod för sensorfusion som kombinerar LIDAR- och stereo-kameradata för att förbättra topografisk uppskattning med en god balans mellan noggrannhet och täckning, (3) utvecklingen av en modulär och omkonfigurerbar testplattform som erbjuder en skalbar och kostnadseffektiv lösning för att utvärdera komponenter i autonoma system, vilket överbryggar gapet mellan simulering och verkliga tester, och (4) forskningen kulminerar i projektet "Autoplant", som demonstrerar genomförbarheten av fullt autonoma skogsoperationer, inklusive markberedning och plantering, vilket minskar miljöpåverkan och ökar effektiviteten. Genom att adressera hållbarhetsutmaningar och introducera robusta metoder för autonoma system bidrar detta arbete till en bredare tillämpning av intelligenta maskiner inom skogsbruk och andra områden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 77
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:15
Keywords
Autonomous systems, forest machinery, path planning, sensor fusion, sustainable forestry, robotics, unstructured terrain
National Category
Robotics and automation Computer Vision and Learning Systems Other Mechanical Engineering Forest Science Embedded Systems
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362879 (URN)978-91-8106-253-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-05-20, Sal Gladan / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63090566219, Brinellvägen 85, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
AUTO2AUTOPLANTAUTOPLANT2AUTOPLANT3
Funder
Vinnova
Available from: 2025-04-29 Created: 2025-04-29 Last updated: 2025-05-13Bibliographically approved

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Sten, GustavFeng, LeiMöller, Björn

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