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Dosimetric impact of real-time re-optimization of proton pencil-beam scanning for moving targets
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mathematics (Dept.), Numerical Analysis, Optimization and Systems Theory. RaySearch Laboratories AB, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2365-3867
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mathematics (Dept.), Numerical Analysis, Optimization and Systems Theory.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6252-7815
RaySearch Laboratories AB, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0009-0007-9829-7381
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

When treating moving tumors, the precise delivery of proton therapy by pencil beam scanning (PBS) is challenged by the interplay effect. Although several 4D-optimization methods have been proposed, what is the most beneficial motion management technique is still an open question.

In this study, we wish to investigate the dosimetric impact of re-optimizing the PBS spot weights during the treatment delivery in response to, and in anticipation of, variations in the patient's breathing pattern.

We simulate for PBS the implementation of a real-time adaptive framework based on principles from receding horizon control. We consider the patient motion as characterized by a one-dimensional amplitude signal and a 4DCT, to simulate breathing of variable frequency. The framework tracks the signal and predicts the future motion with uncertainty increasing with the length of the prediction horizon. After each delivered energy layer, the framework re-optimizes the spot weights of the next layer based on the delivered dose and the predicted motion. For three lung patients, we generate 500 variable breathing patterns to evaluate the dosimetric results of the framework and compare them to those of implementations of previously proposed non-adaptive methods.

Compared to the best non-adaptive method, the adaptive framework improves the CTV D98 in the near-worst breathing scenario (5th percentile), from 96.4 to 98.9 % of the prescribed dose and considerably reduces the variation as measured by a mean decrease in the inter-quartile range by more than 80 %. The target coverage improvements are achieved without generally compromising target dose homogeneity or OAR dose. The study indicates that a motion-adaptive approach based on re-optimization of spot weights during delivery has the potential to substantially improve the dosimetric performance of PBS given fast and accurate models of patient motion. 

National Category
Other Physics Topics
Research subject
Applied and Computational Mathematics, Optimization and Systems Theory
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362866DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2501.16840OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-362866DiVA, id: diva2:1955040
Note

QC 20250428

Available from: 2025-04-28 Created: 2025-04-28 Last updated: 2025-04-28Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Mitigating uncertainties in adaptive radiation therapy by robust optimization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Mitigating uncertainties in adaptive radiation therapy by robust optimization
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The fractionated delivery of radiation therapy leads to discrepancies between the planning image and the patient geometry throughout the treatment course. Adaptive radiation therapy (ART) addresses this issue by modifying the plan based on additional image information acquired closer to the time of delivery. However, technologies used in ART introduce new uncertainties in the treatment modeling. This thesis deals with the mitigation of uncertainties that are introduced in the context of ART workflows.

The first two appended papers address mitigating uncertainty related to localizing the tumor and the relevant organs-at-risk (OARs). In Paper A, we consider phantom cases with isotropic, microscopic tumor infiltration around a visible tumor. We compare minimization of the expected value of the objective function to the conventional minimization of an objective function applied to a margin designed to contain the tumor with sufficient probability. The results show that the approach can improve the sparing of a nearby OAR, at the expense of increasing the total dose. In Paper B, we compare multiple formulations of the objective function under contour uncertainty, given a non-isotropic uncertainty model represented by a set of contour scenarios. At comparable tumor dose, margins derived from the scenarios outperform methods from clinical practice in terms of sparing OARs and limiting the total dose. In comparison, considering the scenarios explicitly, including minimizing the expected value of the objective function over the scenarios, spares the OARs further at the expense of total dose.

The three subsequent papers address motion-related uncertainty, which is particularly relevant in particle treatments. In Paper C, we investigate a robust optimization method that explicitly considers the radiation delivery’s time structure. It is applied to lung cancer cases with synthesized, irregular breathing motion, and the results indicate that it outperforms the conventional method that does not consider the time structure. In Paper D, we simulate the use of a real-time adaptive framework that re-optimizes the plan during delivery, based on the observed and anticipated patient motion. It is shown to have substantial dosimetric benefits, even under simplifying approximations that would facilitate an actual real-time implementation. In PaperE, we estimate the error associated with performing dose calculations that consider motion when the temporal resolution of the time-varying patient image is low. We apply a method to synthesize intermediate images and propose a temporal resolution required to mitigate the error. Finally, in Paper F, we address some of the computational issues introduced by the robust optimization methods from the other papers. We propose methods that reduce the number of scenarios considered during robust optimization to reduce the associated computation times.

Abstract [sv]

Vid fraktionerad strålbehandling administreras strålningen i mindre doser över flera behandlingstillfällen. Detta medför avvikelser mellan patientens faktiska anatomiska tillstånd vid varje enskild fraktion och den bild som använts för dosplanering. Adaptivstrålbehandling (ART) adresserar denna utmaning genom modifiering av behandlingsplanen utifrån ytterligare bildinformation som erhålls närmre inpå leverans av en enskild fraktion. Teknologier som används i ART introducerar dock nya osäkerheter i behandlingsmodelleringen. Denna avhandling undersöker hantering av de osäkerheter som uppstår i samband med arbetsflöden för ART.

Avhandlingens första två bifogade artiklar behandlar metoder som hanterar osäkerhet i lokaliseringen av tumören och berörda riskorgan. I Artikel A använder vi oss av fantomfallmed isotrop, mikroskopisk tumörinfiltration runt en synlig tumör. Vi jämförminimering av målfunktionens väntevärde med konventionell minimering av en målfunktiontillämpad på en marginal som är utformad för att innefatta tumören med högsannolikhet. Resultaten visar att metoden kan förbättra skyddet av ett närliggande riskorgan, på bekostnad av en ökad totaldos. I Artikel B jämför vi flera formuleringar av målfunktionen vid kontureringsosäkerhet, givet en icke-isotrop osäkerhetsmodellrepresenterad av en uppsättning konturscenarier. Vid jämförbar tumördos överträffar scenariobaserade marginaler metoder från klinisk praxis när det gäller att skonariskorgan och att begränsa totaldosen. Vidare visar sig metoder som explicit beaktarscenarierna var för sig, inklusive minimering av målfunktionens väntevärde övermängden scenarier, kunna skona riskorgan ytterligare på bekostnad av högre totaldos.

Därefter följer tre artiklar som behandlar rörelserelaterad osäkerhet, vilket är särskilt relevant vid partikelstrålning. I Artikel C undersöker vi en optimeringsmetod som uttryckligen tar hänsyn till tidsstrukturen i leveransen av strålning. Metoden tillämpas på lungcancerfall med syntetiserad, oregelbunden andningsrörelse, och resultaten indikeraratt den överträffar en konventionell metod som inte tar hänsyn till tidsstrukturen. I Artikel D simulerar vi användningen av en realtidsadaptiv metod som optimerar behandlingsplanen under leveransen baserat på observerad och förväntad patientrörelse. Metoden visar betydande dosimetriska fördelar, även under förenklande antaganden som skulle underlätta en faktisk realtidsimplementering. I Artikel E uppskattar vi feletvid dosberäkningar som beaktar rörelse, när tidsupplösningen i den tidsberoende patientbilden är låg. Vi tillämpar en metod för att syntetisera mellanliggande bilder och föreslår en tillräcklig tidsupplösning för att minska felet. Slutligen behandlar vi i Artikel F vissa beräkningsmässiga utmaningar som introducerasav optimeringsmetoderna i övriga artiklar. Vi föreslår metoder som minskar antalet scenarier som beaktas vid robust optimering, för att också minska mängden beräkningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 190
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:14
National Category
Computational Mathematics
Research subject
Applied and Computational Mathematics, Optimization and Systems Theory
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362868 (URN)978-91-8106-235-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-05-28, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 6, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Note

QC 2025-04-28

Available from: 2025-04-28 Created: 2025-04-28 Last updated: 2025-04-29Bibliographically approved

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Bengtsson, IvarForsgren, Anders

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