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Impact of limited temporal resolution on 4D Monte Carlo dose calculation for intensity modulated proton therapy
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mathematics (Dept.), Numerical Analysis, Optimization and Systems Theory. RaySearch Laboratories AB, SE-104 30 Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2365-3867
RaySearch Laboratories AB, SE-104 30 Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8161-4829
RaySearch Laboratories AB, SE-104 30 Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0009-0007-9829-7381
RaySearch Laboratories AB, SE-104 30 Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9112-891X
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The interplay between the beam delivery time structure and the patient motion makes 4D dose calculation (4DDC) important when treating moving tumors with intensity modulated proton therapy. 4DDC based on phase sorting of a 4DCT suffers from approximation errors in the assignment of spots to phases, since the temporal image resolution of the 4DCT is much lower than that of the delivery time structure. In this study we investigate and address this limitation by a method which applies registration-based interpolation between phase images to increase the temporal resolution of the 4DCT. First, each phase image is deformed toward its neighbor using the deformation vector field that aligns them, scaled by the desired time step. Then Monte Carlo-based 4DDC is performed on both the original 4DCT (10 phases), and extended 4DCTs at increasingly fine temporal resolutions. The method was evaluated on seven lung cancer patients treated with three robustly optimized beams, with simulated delivery time structures. Errors resulting from limited temporal resolution were measured by comparisons of doses computed using extended 4DCTs of various resolutions. The dose differences were quantified by gamma pass rates and volumes of the CTV that had dose differences above certain thresholds. The ground truth was taken as the dose computed using 100 phase images, and was justified by considering the diminishing effects of adding more images. The effect on dose-averaged linear energy transfer was also included in the analysis. A resolution of 20 (30) phase images per breathing cycle was sufficient to bring mean CTV γ-pass rates for 3%/3mm (2%/2mm) above 99%. For the patients with well behaved image data, mean CTV γ-pass rates for 1%/1mm surpassed 99% at a resolution of 50 images. 

National Category
Radiology and Medical Imaging
Research subject
Medical Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362867DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2310.08260OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-362867DiVA, id: diva2:1955043
Note

QC 20250428

Available from: 2025-04-28 Created: 2025-04-28 Last updated: 2025-04-28Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Mitigating uncertainties in adaptive radiation therapy by robust optimization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Mitigating uncertainties in adaptive radiation therapy by robust optimization
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The fractionated delivery of radiation therapy leads to discrepancies between the planning image and the patient geometry throughout the treatment course. Adaptive radiation therapy (ART) addresses this issue by modifying the plan based on additional image information acquired closer to the time of delivery. However, technologies used in ART introduce new uncertainties in the treatment modeling. This thesis deals with the mitigation of uncertainties that are introduced in the context of ART workflows.

The first two appended papers address mitigating uncertainty related to localizing the tumor and the relevant organs-at-risk (OARs). In Paper A, we consider phantom cases with isotropic, microscopic tumor infiltration around a visible tumor. We compare minimization of the expected value of the objective function to the conventional minimization of an objective function applied to a margin designed to contain the tumor with sufficient probability. The results show that the approach can improve the sparing of a nearby OAR, at the expense of increasing the total dose. In Paper B, we compare multiple formulations of the objective function under contour uncertainty, given a non-isotropic uncertainty model represented by a set of contour scenarios. At comparable tumor dose, margins derived from the scenarios outperform methods from clinical practice in terms of sparing OARs and limiting the total dose. In comparison, considering the scenarios explicitly, including minimizing the expected value of the objective function over the scenarios, spares the OARs further at the expense of total dose.

The three subsequent papers address motion-related uncertainty, which is particularly relevant in particle treatments. In Paper C, we investigate a robust optimization method that explicitly considers the radiation delivery’s time structure. It is applied to lung cancer cases with synthesized, irregular breathing motion, and the results indicate that it outperforms the conventional method that does not consider the time structure. In Paper D, we simulate the use of a real-time adaptive framework that re-optimizes the plan during delivery, based on the observed and anticipated patient motion. It is shown to have substantial dosimetric benefits, even under simplifying approximations that would facilitate an actual real-time implementation. In PaperE, we estimate the error associated with performing dose calculations that consider motion when the temporal resolution of the time-varying patient image is low. We apply a method to synthesize intermediate images and propose a temporal resolution required to mitigate the error. Finally, in Paper F, we address some of the computational issues introduced by the robust optimization methods from the other papers. We propose methods that reduce the number of scenarios considered during robust optimization to reduce the associated computation times.

Abstract [sv]

Vid fraktionerad strålbehandling administreras strålningen i mindre doser över flera behandlingstillfällen. Detta medför avvikelser mellan patientens faktiska anatomiska tillstånd vid varje enskild fraktion och den bild som använts för dosplanering. Adaptivstrålbehandling (ART) adresserar denna utmaning genom modifiering av behandlingsplanen utifrån ytterligare bildinformation som erhålls närmre inpå leverans av en enskild fraktion. Teknologier som används i ART introducerar dock nya osäkerheter i behandlingsmodelleringen. Denna avhandling undersöker hantering av de osäkerheter som uppstår i samband med arbetsflöden för ART.

Avhandlingens första två bifogade artiklar behandlar metoder som hanterar osäkerhet i lokaliseringen av tumören och berörda riskorgan. I Artikel A använder vi oss av fantomfallmed isotrop, mikroskopisk tumörinfiltration runt en synlig tumör. Vi jämförminimering av målfunktionens väntevärde med konventionell minimering av en målfunktiontillämpad på en marginal som är utformad för att innefatta tumören med högsannolikhet. Resultaten visar att metoden kan förbättra skyddet av ett närliggande riskorgan, på bekostnad av en ökad totaldos. I Artikel B jämför vi flera formuleringar av målfunktionen vid kontureringsosäkerhet, givet en icke-isotrop osäkerhetsmodellrepresenterad av en uppsättning konturscenarier. Vid jämförbar tumördos överträffar scenariobaserade marginaler metoder från klinisk praxis när det gäller att skonariskorgan och att begränsa totaldosen. Vidare visar sig metoder som explicit beaktarscenarierna var för sig, inklusive minimering av målfunktionens väntevärde övermängden scenarier, kunna skona riskorgan ytterligare på bekostnad av högre totaldos.

Därefter följer tre artiklar som behandlar rörelserelaterad osäkerhet, vilket är särskilt relevant vid partikelstrålning. I Artikel C undersöker vi en optimeringsmetod som uttryckligen tar hänsyn till tidsstrukturen i leveransen av strålning. Metoden tillämpas på lungcancerfall med syntetiserad, oregelbunden andningsrörelse, och resultaten indikeraratt den överträffar en konventionell metod som inte tar hänsyn till tidsstrukturen. I Artikel D simulerar vi användningen av en realtidsadaptiv metod som optimerar behandlingsplanen under leveransen baserat på observerad och förväntad patientrörelse. Metoden visar betydande dosimetriska fördelar, även under förenklande antaganden som skulle underlätta en faktisk realtidsimplementering. I Artikel E uppskattar vi feletvid dosberäkningar som beaktar rörelse, när tidsupplösningen i den tidsberoende patientbilden är låg. Vi tillämpar en metod för att syntetisera mellanliggande bilder och föreslår en tillräcklig tidsupplösning för att minska felet. Slutligen behandlar vi i Artikel F vissa beräkningsmässiga utmaningar som introducerasav optimeringsmetoderna i övriga artiklar. Vi föreslår metoder som minskar antalet scenarier som beaktas vid robust optimering, för att också minska mängden beräkningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 190
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:14
National Category
Computational Mathematics
Research subject
Applied and Computational Mathematics, Optimization and Systems Theory
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362868 (URN)978-91-8106-235-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-05-28, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 6, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Note

QC 2025-04-28

Available from: 2025-04-28 Created: 2025-04-28 Last updated: 2025-04-29Bibliographically approved

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