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  • 1.
    Abada, Maria
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry.
    Spent Nuclear Fuel under Repository Conditions: Update and Expansion of Database and Development of Machine Learning Models2022Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is highly radioactive and therefore needs to be stored in deep geological repositories for thousands of years before it can be safely returned to nature. Due to the long storage times, performance assessments (PA) of the deep geological repositories are made. During PA dissolution experiments of SNF are made to evaluate the consequences of groundwater leaking into the fuel canister in case of barrier failure. These experiments are both expensive and time consuming, which is why computational models that can predict SNF dissolution behaviour are desirable. 

    This thesis focuses on gathering available experimental data of dissolution experiments to update and expand a database. Using the database, the dissolution behaviour of each radionuclide (RN) has been evaluated and compared to previous knowledge from existing literature. While it was difficult to be conclusive on the behaviour of elements where a limited amount of data was available, the dissolution behaviours found of different radionuclides in this thesis not only correspond to previous studies but also provide a tool to manage and compare SNF leaching data from different starting materials, irradiation history and leaching conditions. Moreover, the compilation of such a large amount of experimental data made it possible to understand where future experimental efforts should be focused, i.e. there is a lack of data during reducing conditions.

    In addition, machine learning models using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest (RF) and XGBoost algorithms were developed and run using the database after which the performances were evaluated. The performances of each algorithm were compared to get an understanding of which model performed best, but also to understand whether these kinds of models are suitable tools for SNF dissolution behaviour predictions. The best performing model, with training and test R2 scores close to 1, was the XGBoost model. Although XGBoost, had a high performance, it was concluded that more experimental data is needed before machine learning models can be used in real situations.

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  • 2.
    Adolfsson, Erik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Future-competing battery chemistries for large-scale energy storage2023Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    With net-zero emissions set to be achieved in the EU by 2050, the transition from fossil-based energy sources to more renewable and green options are ever expanding. This puts a strain on the electricity grids because of the intermittent nature from these energy sources. To mitigate this battery systems are used, of which the lithium-ion battery is the most prevalent, and expected to only increase in use. However, material resource concerns and possible danger of over-reliance on one technology has opened for a search to find other alternatives that could be used instead or in conjunction with the battery. Out of a long list of batteries, the nickel-hydrogen battery, zinc-bromide flow battery and iron-air battery are three alternatives that have been identified to have potential. Their suitability was researched and discussed for various grid-applications. The result show that out of the three, it is only believed that the nickel-hydrogen battery have a definitive competitiveness, that the zinc bromide flow battery has few things going for it, and that the iron-air battery has large potential but just as large uncertainty surrounding its future. Lastly, a specific off-shore wind park case was investigated to see the practicality and competitiveness of the nickel-hydrogen battery compared to a specific lithium-ion chemistry.

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  • 3.
    Afzal, Muhammad
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Saleemi, Mohsin
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Materials- and Nano Physics.
    Wang, Baoyuan
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Xia, Chen
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Zhang, Wei
    He, Yunjuan
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Jayasuriya, Jeevan
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Zhu, Binzhu
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Fabrication of novel electrolyte-layer free fuel cell with semi-ionic conductor (Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-delta- Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9) and Schottky barrier2016In: Journal of Power Sources, ISSN 0378-7753, E-ISSN 1873-2755, Vol. 328, p. 136-142Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Perovskite Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-delta (BSCF) is synthesized via a chemical co-precipitation technique for a low temperature solid oxide fuel cell (LTSOFC) (300-600 degrees C) and electrolyte-layer free fuel cell (EFFC) in a comprehensive study. The EFFC with a homogeneous mixture of samarium doped ceria (SDC): BSCF (60%:40% by weight) which is rather similar to the cathode (SDC: BSCF in 50%:50% by weight) used for a three layer SOFC demonstrates peak power densities up to 655 mW/cm(2), while a three layer (anode/ electrolyte/cathode) SOFC has reached only 425 mW/cm(2) at 550 degrees C. Chemical phase, crystal structure and morphology of the as-prepared sample are characterized by X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The electrochemical performances of 3-layer SOFC and EFFC are studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). As-prepared BSCF has exhibited a maximum conductivity above 300 S/cm at 550 degrees C. High performance of the EFFC device corresponds to a balanced combination between ionic and electronic (holes) conduction characteristic. The Schottky barrier prevents the EFFC from the electronic short circuiting problem which also enhances power output. The results provide a new way to produce highly effective cathode materials for LTSOFC and semiconductor designs for EFFC functions using a semiconducting-ionic material.

  • 4.
    Ahlquist, Mårten
    et al.
    Lund University.
    Gustafsson, Mikaela
    Karlsson, Magnus
    Thaning, Mikkel
    Axelsson, Oskar
    Wendt, Ola F.
    Rhodium(I) hydrogenation in water: Kinetic studies and the detection of an intermediate using C-13{H-1} PHIPNMR spectroscopy2007In: Inorganica Chimica Acta, ISSN 0020-1693, E-ISSN 1873-3255, Vol. 360, no 5, p. 1621-1627Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The mechanism for hydrogenation of dimethylmaleate in water using cationic rhodium complexes with water-soluble bi-dentate phosphines has been investigated using kinetics and a novel method for the indirect detection of intermediates in catalytic hydrogenation reactions, whereby a late intermediate was detected. A mechanism is proposed involving fast, irreversible substrate binding followed by a rate-determining reaction with dihydrogen.

  • 5.
    Ajpi Condori, Cesario
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry. UMSA-University.
    Leiva, Naviana
    Lundblad, Anders
    Lindbergh, Göran
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry.
    Cabrera, Saul
    Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of Fe3+-BDC metal organic framework as material for lithium ion batteries2023In: Journal of Molecular Structure, ISSN 0022-2860, E-ISSN 1872-8014, Vol. 1272, p. 134127-134127, article id 134127Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This work presents synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of a new metal-organic framework (MOF). The compound Fe-BDC-DMF was synthetized by the solvothermal method and prepared via a reaction between FeCl3.6H2O and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (H2BDC) or terephthalic acid using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent. The powder was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) analysis. The electrochemical properties were investigated in a typical lithium-ion battery electrolyte by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charging and discharging. The synthetized Fe-BDC-DMF metal-organic framework (MOF) contains a mixture of three phases, identified by PXRD as: MOF-235, and MIL-53(Fe) monoclinic with C2/c and P21/c space groups. The structure of the Fe-BDC is built up from Fe3+ ions, terephalates (BDC) bridges and in-situ-generated DMF ligands. The electrochemical measurements conducted in the potential range of 0.5–3.5 V vs. Li+/Li0 show the voltage profiles of Fe-BDC and a plateau capacity of around 175 mAh/g.

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  • 6.
    Alexiadis, Alessio
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology, Applied Electrochemistry.
    Dudukovic, M. P.
    Ramachandran, P.
    Cornell, Ann
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology, Applied Electrochemistry.
    Wanngard, J.
    Bokkers, A.
    Liquid-gas flow patterns in a narrow electrochemical channel2011In: Chemical Engineering Science, ISSN 0009-2509, E-ISSN 1873-4405, Vol. 66, no 10, p. 2252-2260Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The flow in a narrow (3 mm wide) vertical gap of an electrochemical cell with gas evolution at one electrode is modeled by means of the two-phase Euler-Euler model. The results indicate that at certain conditions an unsteady type of flow with vortices and recirculation regions can occur. Such flow pattern has been observed experimentally, but not reported in previous modeling studies. Further analysis establishes that the presence of a sufficient amount of small (similar to 10 mu m) bubbles is the main factor causing this type of flow at high current densities.

  • 7.
    Alexiadis, Alessio
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology, Applied Electrochemistry.
    Dudukovic, M P
    Ramachandran, P
    Cornell, Ann
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology, Applied Electrochemistry.
    Wanngard, J
    Bokkers, A
    On the electrode boundary conditions in the simulation of two phase flow in electrochemical cells2011In: International journal of hydrogen energy, ISSN 0360-3199, E-ISSN 1879-3487, Vol. 36, no 14, p. 8557-8559Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 8.
    Ali, Aya
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.
    Reaction of Copper and Copper(I) Iodide with Iodine and Strong Field Ligands2022Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Perovskit solceller (PSCs) är kända som 'ljusomvandling' enheter med ökad omvandlingseffektivitiet (PCE). PSCs är kända för detta flexibilitet och hög tolerans mot defekter och består av fem lager med olika material och egenskaper. De fem lagren är följande; transparant elektrod, elektron ledande lager (ETL), perovskit lager, hål ledande lager (HTL) och metallelektroden. 

    Detta forskningsarbete fokuserar på metallelektroden (Cu-tunn film), HTL (CuI-tunn film) och det aktiva lagret (CuI-komplex). 

    Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka effekten av olika tjocklekar på ytans morfologi och grovhet för att se mängden jod som tränger sig genom filmen genom att beräkna volymen. 

    Resultatet av denna studie visar att ökad tjocklek leder till ökad grovhet. Man ser även att en ökad tjocklek leder till ett mer homogent och jämn yta, och dessutom ökar kornstorleken, vilket tyder på att kvaliten av kristallisationen förbättras. 

    Slutligen, genom att känna till tjockleken och storleken (arean) på ytan av proverna kunde man beräkna volymen för att indikera mängden jod som trängt sig genom filmen. Resultatet av denna del indikerade att ju tjockare provet är, desto mer kommer jod att tränga sig genom filmen.

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  • 9.
    Alterby, Malin
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Johnson, Emily
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Jonason, Anton
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Svensson, Denize
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    3D Printing Hydrogel Artificial Muscles and Microrobotics2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this lab was to investigate the printability of cellulose nanofiber/carbon nanotubes, their functions as actuators, and to compare these properties with MXene/nano cellulose gels. Data on MXene/nano cellulose gel was obtained from previous research made by Hamedi labs. Data on carbon nanotubes were collected through experiments evaluating different concentrations and sonication times to yield a gel with high conductivity and viscosity. While it was concluded that both gels could be printed into 2D or 3D shapes, the latter failed to maintain its structure over time due to issues with drying. However, it was found that only 2D MXene/CNF could be used as a reversible actuator.

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  • 10.
    Alvarado Ávila, María Isabel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics.
    Toledo-Carrillo, Esteban Alejandro
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics.
    Dutta, Joydeep
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Materials and Nanophysics.
    Cerium Oxide on a Fluorinated Carbon-Based Electrode as a Promising Catalyst for Hypochlorite Production2022In: ACS Omega, E-ISSN 2470-1343, Vol. 7, no 42, p. 37465-37475Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is widely used as a disinfectant agent for water treatment and surface cleaning. A straightforward way to produce NaOCl is by the electrolysis of an aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. This process presents several side reactions decreasing its efficiency with hypochlorite reduction on the cathode surface being one of the main detrimental reactions. In this work, we have studied carbon-based electrodes modified with cerium oxide (CeO2), fluorine, and platinum nanoparticles as cathodes for hypochlorite production. Fluorination was carried out electrochemically; the polyol method was used to synthesize platinum nanoparticles; and the hydrothermal process was applied to form a CeO2 layer. Scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) indicated the presence of cerium oxide as a film, fluorine groups on the substrate, and a load of 3.2 mg/cm2 of platinum nanoparticles and 2.7 mg/cm2 of CeO2. From electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, it was possible to demonstrate that incorporating platinum and fluorine decreases the charge transfer resistance by 16% and 28%, respectively. Linear sweep voltammetry showed a significant decrease in hypochlorite reduction when the substrate was doped with fluorine from -16.6 mA/cm2 at -0.6 V to -9.64 mA/cm2 that further reduced to -8.78 mA/cm2 with cerium oxide covered fluorinated electrodes. The performance of the cathode materials during hypochlorite production improved by 80% compared with pristine activated carbon cloth (ACC) electrodes. The improvement toward hindering NaOCl reduction is probably caused by the incorporation of a partial negative charge upon doping with fluorine.

  • 11.
    Alvarado Ávila, María Isabel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics. KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), Centres, Albanova VinnExcellence Center for Protein Technology, ProNova.
    Toledo-Carrillo, Esteban Alejandro
    KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), Centres, Albanova VinnExcellence Center for Protein Technology, ProNova. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics.
    Dutta, Joydeep
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Materials and Nanophysics. KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), Centres, Albanova VinnExcellence Center for Protein Technology, ProNova.
    Improved chlorate production with platinum nanoparticles deposited on fluorinated activated carbon cloth electrodes2020In: Cleaner Engineering and Technology, ISSN 2666-7908, Vol. 1, article id 100016Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sodium chlorate is one of the main oxidizing agents used in the wood industry due to their capability of use as an elemental chlorine-free (CEF) bleaching. A simple way to produce chlorates is by the electrolysis of an aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. In the present study activated carbon cloth electrodes (ACC) modified with fluorine and platinum nanoparticles (Pt–F/ACC and Pt/ACC) were used as one of the electrodes. Electrofluorination was used for fluorination of the anodes and polyol method was used for the synthesis of platinum nanoparticles. Chlorate production using a typical solution of 100 ​g/l of sodium chloride (NaCl) and 2 ​g/l sodium chromate (Na2Cr2O7) and an applied current of 0.540 ​A was studied. Prior to the electrolysis assays, the microstructural properties of the electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and surface modifications and bonding using infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. Electrochemical properties were determined using cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. Interaction between fluorine (F) and platinum (Pt) on the electrode leads to an improvement of the electrocatalytic properties for chlorine evolution as observed from the increase in the current efficiency from 37.5% at 78.5% after 150 ​min of continuous electrolysis using Pt–F/ACC anodes. The results suggest that modified activated carbon material is an attractive and economical alternative as electrodes for chlorate production. 

  • 12.
    Andersson, Filippa
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Bengtsson, Sofia
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Lagergren, Jonas
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Vikström, Madeleine
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Absorption av koldioxid i ammoniaklösning2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Gasformig koldioxid kan absorberas i en ammoniaklösning och bilda salt. De möjliga produkterna är ammoniumvätekarbonat (NH4HCO3), ammoniumkarbamat (NH2COONH4) och ammoniumkarbonat ((NH4)2CO3). Ammoniak är gasformigt i rumstemperatur. För att förhindra avdunstning av ammoniak undersöktes det i den här rapporten om nedkylning av reaktionslösningen eller ett oljelager ovanför skulle kunna förhindra detta och därmed tillåta saltbildning i lösningen. Dessutom skulle absorptionen genomföras utan både oljelager och nedkylt förhållande för att bestämma vad som var mest effektivt för att ge ett så högt utbyte som möjligt. För bestämning av de bildade salternas sammansättning användes XRD som analysmetod. 

    Resultatet från experimentet visade att salterna bildades i gasfasen och inget salt erhölls från vätskefasen. Orsaken till det är inte fastslagen, men tros bero på parametrar som salternas löslighet, lösningens pH, flödeshastighet på koldioxiden som gynnar ammoniakens avdunstning samt temperaturen. Utbytet från de olika försöksuppställningarna blev lågt i samtliga experiment, som högst erhölls relativt utbyte på 1,5%. Experimentet som gav högst relativt utbyte var försök vid 15% ammoniakkoncentration och koldioxidflöde på 181 ml CO2/min. Vid detta försök gjordes inga åtgärder för att förhindra ammoniakavdunstning från lösningen. Av de proverna som analyserades med XRD erhölls endast den önskade produkten med säkerhet i ett av proverna (isbad, 15 % NH3, 181 ml CO2/min). För att bestämma optimala reaktionsbetingelser krävs vidare studier.

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  • 13.
    Andersson, Joakim
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE).
    Lifetime estimation of lithium-ion batteries for stationary energy storage system2017Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    With the continuing transition to renewable inherently intermittent energy sources like solar- and wind power, electrical energy storage will become progressively more important to manage energy production and demand. A key technology in this area is Li-ion batteries. To operate these batteries efficiently, there is a need for monitoring of the current battery state, including parameters such as state of charge and state of health, to ensure that adequate safety and performance is maintained. Furthermore, such monitoring is a step towards the possibility of the optimization of battery usage such as to maximize battery lifetime and/or return on investment. Unfortunately, possible online measurements during actual operation of a lithium-ion battery are typically limited to current, voltage and possibly temperature, meaning that direct measurement of battery status is not feasible. To overcome this, battery modeling and various regression methods may be used. Several of the most common regression algorithms suggested for estimation of battery state of charge and state of health are based on Kalman filtering. While these methods have shown great promise, there currently exist no thorough analysis of the impact of so-called filter tuning on the effectiveness of these algorithms in Li-ion battery monitoring applications, particularly for state of health estimation. In addition, the effects of only adjusting the cell capacity model parameter for aging effects, a relatively common approach in the literature, on overall state of health estimation accuracy is also in need of investigation.

    In this work, two different Kalman filtering methods intended for state of charge estimation: the extended Kalman filter and the extended adaptive Kalman filter, as well as three intended for state of health estimation: the dual extended Kalman filer, the enhanced state vector extended Kalman filer, and the single weight dual extended Kalman filer, are compared from accuracy, performance, filter tuning and practical usability standpoints. All algorithms were used with the same simple one resistor-capacitor equivalent circuit battery model. The Li-ion battery data used for battery model development and simulations of filtering algorithm performance was the “Randomized Battery Usage Data Set” obtained from the NASA Prognostics Center of Excellence. 

    It is found that both state of charge estimators perform similarly in terms of accuracy of state of charge estimation with regards to reference values, easily outperforming the common Coulomb counting approach in terms of precision, robustness and flexibility. The adaptive filter, while computationally more demanding, required less tuning of filter parameters relative to the extended Kalman filter to achieve comparable performance and might therefore be advantageous from a robustness and usability perspective. Amongst the state of health estimators, the enhanced state vector approach was found to be most robust to initialization and was also least taxing computationally. The single weight filter could be made to achieve comparable results with careful, if time consuming, filter tuning. The full dual extended Kalman filter has the advantage of estimating not only the cell capacity but also the internal resistance parameters. This comes at the price of slow performance and time consuming filter tuning, involving 17 parameters. It is however shown that long-term state of health estimation is superior using this approach, likely due to the online adjustment of internal resistance parameters. This allows the dual extended Kalman filter to accurately estimate the SoH over a full test representing more than a full conventional battery lifetime. The viability of only adjusting the capacity in online monitoring approaches therefore appears questionable. Overall the importance of filter tuning is found to be substantial, especially for cases of very uncertain starting battery states and characteristics.

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  • 14.
    Ansarian, Zahra
    et al.
    Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
    Khataee, Alireza
    Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran; Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Gebze, Turkey.
    Orooji, Yasin
    College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
    khataee, Amirreza
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry.
    Arefi-Oskoui, Samira
    Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran; Department of Chemical Industry, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran.
    Ghasali, Ehsan
    College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
    Titanium germanium carbide MAX phase electrocatalysts for supercapacitors and alkaline water electrolysis processes2023In: Materials Today Chemistry, E-ISSN 2468-5194, Vol. 33, article id 101714Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Developing electrochemically active, stable, and low-cost electrocatalysts for electrochemical devices is a significant breakthrough. Accordingly, MAX phases, emerging three-dimensional materials, are considered outstanding candidates due to their excellent electrocatalytic and electrochemical properties. Herein, the titanium germanium carbide (Ti3GeC2) MAX phase with a layered structure manufactured through reactive sintering was regarded as the electrocatalyst. In the current work, the electrocatalytic activity of the Ti3GeC2 was investigated for electrochemical devices. It was observed that adding activated carbon to the Ti3GeC2 enhances the conductivity and active area, leading to an excellent specific capacitance (349 Fg-1) for supercapacitors. Also, the capacitance of Ti3GeC2 was increased by increasing the number of cyclic voltammetry cycles. In another application, Ti3GeC2 showed substantial activity for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions in alkaline media. As a result, the alkaline water electrolysis system using Ti3GeC2 showed the highest current density of 10 mA cm−2 at 1.36 V and outstanding stability over 400 cycles.

  • 15. Armstronga, D. A.
    et al.
    Huie, R. E.
    Lymar, S.
    Koppenol, W. H.
    Merényi, Gabor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.
    Neta, P.
    Stanbury, D. M.
    Steenken, S.
    Wardman, P.
    Standard electrode potentials involving radicals in aqueous solution: Inorganic radicals2013In: BioInorganic Reaction Mechanisms, ISSN 2191-2491, Vol. 9, no 1-4, p. 59-61Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Inorganic radicals, such as superoxide and hydroxyl, play an important role in biology. Their tendency to oxidize or to reduce other compounds has been studied by pulse radiolysis; electrode potentials can be derived when equilibrium is established with a well-known reference compound. An IUPAC Task Group has evaluated the literature and produced the recommended standard electrode potentials for such couples as (O2/O2 ·-), (HO·, H+/H2O), (O3/O3 ·-), (Cl2/Cl2 ·-), (Br2 ·-/2Br-), (NO2 ·/NO2 -), and (CO3 ·-/CO3 2-). 

  • 16.
    Asplund, Maria
    et al.
    KTH, School of Technology and Health (STH), Neuronic Engineering.
    von Holst, Hans
    KTH, School of Technology and Health (STH), Neuronic Engineering.
    Inganäs, Olle
    Composite biomolecule/PEDOT materials for neural electrodes2008In: Biointerphases, ISSN 1559-4106, Vol. 3, no 3, p. 83-93Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Electrodes intended for neural communication must be designed to meet boththe electrochemical and biological requirements essential for long term functionality. Metallic electrode materials have been found inadequate to meet theserequirements and therefore conducting polymers for neural electrodes have emergedas a field of interest. One clear advantage with polymerelectrodes is the possibility to tailor the material to haveoptimal biomechanical and chemical properties for certain applications. To identifyand evaluate new materials for neural communication electrodes, three chargedbiomolecules, fibrinogen, hyaluronic acid (HA), and heparin are used ascounterions in the electrochemical polymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). The resultingmaterial is evaluated electrochemically and the amount of exposed biomoleculeon the surface is quantified. PEDOT:biomolecule surfaces are also studiedwith static contact angle measurements as well as scanning electronmicroscopy and compared to surfaces of PEDOT electrochemically deposited withsurfactant counterion polystyrene sulphonate (PSS). Electrochemical measurements show that PEDOT:heparinand PEDOT:HA, both have the electrochemical properties required for neuralelectrodes, and PEDOT:heparin also compares well to PEDOT:PSS. PEDOT:fibrinogen isfound less suitable as neural electrode material.

  • 17. Aydin, M.
    et al.
    Durmus, Z.
    Kavas, H.
    Esat, B.
    Sozeri, H.
    Baykal, A.
    Yilmaz, F.
    Toprak, Muhammat S.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Material Physics, Functional Materials, FNM.
    Synthesis and characterization of poly(3-thiophene acetic acid)/Fe3O4 nanocomposite2011In: Polyhedron, ISSN 0277-5387, E-ISSN 1873-3719, Vol. 30, no 6, p. 1120-1126Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Poly(3-thiophene acetic acid)/Fe3O4 nanocomposite is synthesized by the precipitation of Fe3O4 in the presence of poly(3-thiophene acetic acid) (P3TAA). Structural, surface, morphological, thermal properties and conductivity characterization/evaluation of the nanocomposite were performed by XRD, FT-IR, TEM, TGA. and conductivity measurements, respectively. The capping of P3TAA around Fe3O4 nanoparticles was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, the interaction being via bridging oxygens of the carboxylate and the nanoparticle surface through bidentate binding. The crystallite and particle size were obtained as 9 +/- 2 nm and 11 +/- 1 nm from XRD line profile fitting and TEM image analysis, respectively, which reveal nearly single crystalline nature of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Magnetization measurements reveal that P3TAA coated magnetite particles do not saturate at higher fields. There is no coercivity and remanence revealing superparamagnetic character. Magnetic particle size calculated from the theoretical fitting as 9.1 nm which coincides the values determined from TEM micrographs and XRD line profile fitting. The comparison to the TEM particle size reveals slightly modified magnetically dead nanoparticle surface.

  • 18.
    Aydogan, Hazal
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry.
    Impact of Peroxide Speciation on the Kinetics of Oxidative Dissolution of UO22022Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Disposal of spent nuclear fuels is of great importance to prevent the environment and humans from being affected by long-lived radionuclides for 100,000 years or more. Even though the deep geological repositories are designed to remain durable for many years, spent nuclear fuel may come in contact with groundwater in case of a multi-barrier failure. The inherent radioactivity of spent nuclear fuel causes water radiolysis producing oxidizing and reducing agents. Among the radiolysis products, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is reported as a primary contributor to the oxidative dissolution of the fuel matrix, UO2. Although UO2 has low solubility in water, oxidized UO2, UO22+ , has several orders of magnitude higher solubility. This poses the risk of the radionuclides being released into the environment. Bicarbonate (HCO3) is one of the main components of groundwater and is known to increase the dissolution of UO22+. Therefore, in this study, the effects of HCO3 concentration on the oxidative dissolution of UO2 were investigated by keeping the initial amount of H2O2 constant at 0.2 mM and changing the HCO3 concentration (1 mM, 2 mM, 5mM, and 10 mM). Besides, the effect of UO22+ on the speciation was investigated by adding uranyl nitrate (UO2(NO3)2 x 6H2O) to the systems before exposure to H2O2. The impact of speciation on the kinetics of oxidative dissolution of UO2 was analyzed. As a result of experiments, it has been concluded that the amount of dissolved UO22+ is higher in higher HCO3 concentration. Also, the rate of the UO22+ dissolution decreases with addition of UO22+ due to the complexes formed in the systems. It was observed that oxidation of UO2 is the rate limiting reaction atthe beginning of the exposure; therefore, there is a delay in the UO22+ dissolution. On the other hand, it has been seen that the HCO3 deficiency limits the dissolution capacity of the systems. Free H2O2 is the dominant peroxide species in the systems without initially added UO22+ , while -6 and -2 charged complexes are dominant in the systems with initially added UO22+. The H2O2 complexes are found more effective on the surface mechanism in the systems having lower HCO3 concentration. There is no observable trend in H2O2 consumption rate with respect to HCO3 concentration. Therefore, it was concluded that the H2O2 consumption rate is independent of dissolution reaction. Finally, the dissolution in the system without initially added UO22+ follows the first-order kinetics with respect to HCO3 concentration.

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  • 19.
    Badria, Adel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Coating Technology.
    Click Chemistry: A Promising Tool for Building Hierarchical Structures2022In: Polymers, E-ISSN 2073-4360, Vol. 14, no 19, article id 4077Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The hierarchical structures are utilized at different levels in nature. Moreover, a wide spectrum of nature’s properties (e.g., mechanical, physical and biological properties) has been attributed to this hierarchy. Different reviews have been published to cover the use of click chemistry in building hierarchical structures. However, each one of those reviews focused on a narrow area on this topic, i.e., specific chemical reaction, such as in thiol-ene chemistry, or a specific molecule or compound such as polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, or a certain range of hierarchical structures between the nano to micro range, e.g., nanocrystals. In this review, a frame to connect the dots between the different published works has been demonstrated. This article will not attempt to give an exhaustive review of all the published work in the field, instead the potential of click chemistry to build hierarchical structures of different levels using building blocks of different length scales has been shown through two main approaches. The first is a one-step direct formation of 3D micro/macrometer dimensions structures from Pico dimensions structures (molecules, monomers, etc.). The second approach includes several steps Pico ➔ 0D nano ➔ 1D nano ➔ 2D nano ➔ 3D nano/micro/macro dimensions structures. Another purpose of this review article is to connect between (a) the atomic theory, which covers the atoms and molecules in the picometer dimensions (picoscopic chemistry set); (b) “nano-periodic system” model, which covers different nanobuilding blocks in the nanometers range such as nanoparticles, dendrimers, buckyball, etc. which was developed by Tomalia; and (c) the micro/macrometer dimensions level.

  • 20.
    Barreiro Fidalgo, Alexandre
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.
    Kumagai, Yuta
    Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear Science and Engineering Directorate, Nakagun, Japan.
    Jonsson, Mats
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.
    The role of surface-bound hydroxyl radicals in the reaction between H2O2 and UO22018In: Journal of coordination chemistry (Print), ISSN 0095-8972, E-ISSN 1029-0389, Vol. 71, no 11-13, p. 1799-1807Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, we have studied the reaction between H2O2 and UO2 with particular focus on the nature of the hydroxyl radical formed as an intermediate. Experiments were performed to study the kinetics of H2O2 consumption and uranium dissolution at different initial H2O2 concentrations. The results show that the consumption rates at a given H2O2 concentration are different depending on the initial H2O2 concentration. This is attributed to an alteration of the reactive interface, likely caused by blocking of surface sites by oxidized U/surface-bound hydroxyl radicals. The dissolution yield given by the amount of dissolved uranium divided by the amount of consumed hydrogen peroxide was used to compare the different cases. For all initial H2O2 concentrations, the dissolution yield increases with reaction time. The final dissolution yield decreases with increasing initial H2O2 concentration. This is expected from the mechanism of catalytic decomposition of H2O2 on oxide surfaces. As the experiments were performed in solutions containing 10mM H2O2 and a strong concentration dependence was observed in the 0.2-2.0mM H2O2 concentration range, we conclude that the intermediate hydroxyl radical is surface bound rather than free.

  • 21.
    Bathellier, Didier
    et al.
    CEA, SESC, DEC, IRESNE,DES,LM2C, F-13108 St Paul Les Durance, France..
    Lainet, Marc
    CEA, SESC, DEC, IRESNE,DES,LSC, F-13108 St Paul Les Durance, France..
    Freyss, Michel
    CEA, SESC, DEC, IRESNE,DES,LM2C, F-13108 St Paul Les Durance, France..
    Olsson, Pär
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Bourasseau, Emeric
    CEA, SESC, DEC, IRESNE,DES,LM2C, F-13108 St Paul Les Durance, France..
    A new heat capacity law for UO2, PuO2 and (U,Pu)O-2 derived from molecular dynamics simulations and useable in fuel performance codes2021In: Journal of Nuclear Materials, ISSN 0022-3115, E-ISSN 1873-4820, Vol. 549, article id 152877Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, a computationally efficient law of a nuclear fuel property obtained from molecular dy-namics calculations is implemented in a fuel performance code, bridging the gap between atomic and pellet scales. The Cooper-Rushton-Grimes potential is employed through molecular dynamics simulations to compute the heat capacity of stoichiometric mixed-oxide fuels U1-yPuyO2 from 10 0 0 K to the melting temperature, and over the whole range of plutonium content from pure UO2 (y = 0) to pure PuO2 (y = 1). The heat capacity is found to exhibit a peak at the temperature TB = 0.84 Tm, with Tm the melting tem-perature, for all the compounds with a significant effect of the plutonium content solely at high temper-atures (T > 1800 K), i.e. around the peak. This peak is related to the so-called Bredig transition known to occur around 0.8 Tm. An analytical law of heat capacity Cp(T,y) has been established from our molecular dynamics data, and is valid from 700 K to the melting temperature and for the entire range of plutonium content. Concerning UO2, a good agreement is found between our calculations and the most recent ex-perimental measurements. The law we propose in the present study has been implemented in GERMINAL V2, the fuel performance code developed by CEA to predict the in-pile behavior of mixed-oxide fuel in sodium-cooled fast reactors, and tested through the simulations of transient power test operated in the CABRI reactor. The results show that our law yields a lower margin to melting in the case of Reactivity-Initiated Accident, but throughout power ramp transient tests, the results obtained with our new law are very consistent with the reference heat capacity law currently used in GERMINAL.

  • 22.
    Behm, Mårten
    KTH, Superseded Departments (pre-2005), Chemical Engineering and Technology.
    Electrochemical generation of polysulfide liquor and sodium hydroxide from white liquor1998Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other scientific)
  • 23. Benamira, M.
    et al.
    Ringuede, A.
    Albin, V.
    Vannier, R. -N
    Hildebrandt, Lars
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology, Applied Electrochemistry.
    Lagergren, Carina
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology, Applied Electrochemistry.
    Cassir, M.
    Gadolinia-doped ceria mixed with alkali carbonates for solid oxide fuel cell applications: I. A thermal, structural and morphological insight2011In: Journal of Power Sources, ISSN 0378-7753, E-ISSN 1873-2755, Vol. 196, no 13, p. 5546-5554Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ceria-based composites are developed and considered as potential electrolytes for intermediate solid oxide fuel cell applications (ITSOFC). After giving a survey of the most relevant results in the literature, the structural, thermal and morphological properties of composite materials based on gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) and alkali carbonates (Li2CO3-K2CO3 or Li2CO3-Na2CO3) are carefully examined. Thermal analyses demonstrate the stability of the composite with very low weight losses of both water and CO2 during thermal cycling and after 168 h ageing. High-temperature and room-temperature X-ray diffraction allowed determining the precise structure of the composite and its regular and reversible evolution with the temperature. The microstructure and morphology of electrolyte pellets, as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), show two-well separated phases: nanocrystals of GDC and a well-distributed carbonate phase. Finally, electrical conductivity determined by impedance spectroscopy is presented as a function of time to highlight the stability of such composites over 1500h.

  • 24.
    Bhalli, Afzaal
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Fransson, Carl
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Wessman, Max
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Ihrfelt, Sophia
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Development of characteristics for electric hydrofoils2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Denna rapport belyser två olika perspektiv på hur man skulle kunna lösa problemet med att elektrifiera bärplansbåtar. En tillämpning av bränslecell hybrid som kommer ge upphov till ökad räckvidd samt applikationen av ett snabbladdningssystem för minskad laddningstid vid kortare sträckor. 

    Olika laddningsmodeller av batterier undersöktes och efter dessa utvecklades en optimal snabbladdningskurva som tar hänsyn till olika degraderingsmekanismer i batteriet. Vidare diskuterades hur denna kunde anpassas till ett 12s, 63 Ah batteri som skulle användas för att åka sträckan Tranholmen till Ropsten. 

    Undersökning av hybrida batterier och bränslecellsystem visade att PEM-system som drivs av syrgas var betydligt mer effektiva gentemot PEM som använder luft. Dock på grund av den ökade komplexiteten är dessa mer lämpliga för användning hos större bärplansbåtar. Förändringar av systemets tryck ledde till påverkan på effektiviteten hos PEM-cellen. Utöver det bestämdes en lämplig hybridsystemmodell för användning på Float SAM plattformen. 

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  • 25.
    Bigum, Lukas
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE).
    Hermansson, Anton
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE).
    Widerberg, Rickard
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE).
    Syrgasreduktionskatalysatorer i alkaliska elektrolyter2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Detta projekt handlar om att producera nanopartiklar av kobolt och nickel som kan användas vid katalysering av syrgasreduktionsreaktioner i alkaliska elektrolyter. Idag används ädla metaller som platina (Pt) som katalysator i dessa system men dessa har ett högt pris. Den närmaste konkurrenten som tidigare har utförts försök på är silver.

    I denna rapport så visas att dessa material kan vara komplicerade att syntetisera och separera men att de i slutändan uppvisar en katalytisk effekt och att man med mer tid och ett mer omfattande projekt kan överkomma flera av de problem som redogörs för i denna rapport.

  • 26.
    Björkbacka, Åsa
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.
    Yang, Miao
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.
    Gasparrini, Claudia
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.
    Leygraf, Christofer
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Jonsson, Mats
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.
    Kinetics and mechanisms of reactions between H2O2 and copper and copper oxides2015In: Dalton Transactions, ISSN 1477-9226, E-ISSN 1477-9234, Vol. 44, no 36, p. 16045-16051Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    One of the main challenges for the nuclear power industry today is the disposal of spent nuclear fuel. One of the most developed methods for its long term storage is the Swedish KBS-3 concept where the spent fuel is sealed inside copper canisters and placed 500 meters down in the bedrock. Gamma radiation will penetrate the canisters and be absorbed by groundwater thereby creating oxidative radiolysis products such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radicals (HO[radical dot]). Both H2O2 and HO[radical dot] are able to initiate corrosion of the copper canisters. In this work the kinetics and mechanism of reactions between the stable radiolysis product, H2O2, and copper and copper oxides were studied. Also the dissolution of copper into solution after reaction with H2O2 was monitored by ICP-OES. The experiments show that both H2O2 and HO[radical dot] are present in the systems with copper and copper oxides. Nevertheless, these species do not appear to influence the dissolution of copper to the same extent as observed in recent studies in irradiated systems. This strongly suggests that aqueous radiolysis can only account for a very minor part of the observed radiation induced corrosion of copper.

  • 27.
    Björkman, Carl Johan
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Detection of lithium plating in lithium-ion batteries2019Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    With an increasing demand for sustainable transport solutions, there is a demand for electrified vehicles. One way to store energy on board an electrified vehicle is to use a lithium-ion battery (LIB). This battery technology has many advantages, such as being rechargeable and enabling reasonably high power output and capacity. To ensure reliable operation of LIB:s, the battery management system (BMS) must be designed with regards to the electrochemical dynamics of the battery. However, since the battery ages over time, the dynamics changes as well. It is possible to predict ageing, but some ageing mechanisms can occur randomly, e.g. due to variations of circumstances during manufacturing, and variations of battery user choices. Hence, by monitoring ageing mechanisms in situ, the BMS can adapt accordingly, similar to a closed loop control system.

    One ageing mechanism in LIB:s is lithium plating. This mechanism signifies when Li ions are electrochemically deposited as metal onto the negative electrode of the LIB during charging, and can induce other ageing mechanisms, such as gassing or electrolyte reduction. The present project has investigated a method for detecting Li plating in situ after its occurrence by both analysing the voltage change over time during open-circuit voltage (OCV) periods after charging and monitoring battery swelling forces. Results show a correlation between a high probability of Li plating and the appearance of a swelling force peak and an OCV plateau. However, results also show a possible correlation between the onset of Li plating and the onset of the swelling force peak, while also showing a greater detectability of the force signal compared to the electrochemical signal. Furthermore, the present results show that the magnitudes of both signals are probably related to the amount of plated Li. The amount of irreversibly lost Li from plating is shown to have a possible correlation with accumulation of swelling pressure. However, to further validate the feasibility of these two signals, more advanced analysis is required, which was not available during this project.

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  • 28.
    Björnbom, Pehr
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology.
    Charge/discharge of an electrochemical supercapacitor electrode pore; non-uniqueness of mathematical models2007In: Electrochemistry communications, ISSN 1388-2481, E-ISSN 1873-1902, Vol. 9, no 2, p. 211-215Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A thermodynamic analysis has been done to enhance understanding of the relation between various mathematical models for electrochemical supercapacitor pores. For the same capacitive charge/discharge experiment a variety of one-dimensional mathematical model equations concerning the transport of ions and double layer charge/discharge along the pore are shown to be indistinguishable. Some of those indistinguishable equations could be interpreted as derived from diffusional mechanisms while others appear as derived from migrational mechanisms. Ohmic resistivities and diffusivities obtained in such case are not contradicting results but characterize identical physical processes. The results are valid as long as the assumptions of irreversible thermodynamics of local equilibrium along the pore and of linearization of the flux equations hold.

  • 29.
    Blad, Amanda
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Glisén, Helena
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Ludvig, Filippa
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Photochemistry of Copper Coordination Complexes2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The United Nations have set a number of sustainability goals, Agenda 2030, in order to combat the worlds largest challenges and injustices. The energy market is one of these urgent issues which must be solved. Solar energy is expected to be the fastest growing energy source in the future energy mix. It can be a great way to provide zero emission energy and also become a key part in equality as it can provide energy to people who live off the grid today and raise quality of life all over the world. The aim of this study is to compare different ligands in a copper halide complex to conclude what structural properties of the ligand might be better suited for photoluminescent applications, and especially in solar cells. Eight ligands were chosen for the complexes depending on their level of conjugation: 4,4’-bipyridine, tri(o-tolyl)phosphine, 3,6-di-2-pyridyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, phenanthroline, and 2,2’-bipyridine. A series of analytical methods were used to compare the complexes properties; X-Ray diffraction, emission and excitation spectroscopy, time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, microscopy and thermochromism. From these measurements, pyridine and pyrimidine proved to have the greatest potential for working in a solar cell. This was deduced because of the detected crystallinity, having luminescence under UV-light, forming distinct wavelength peaks during excitation and emission in the flourometer, having the longest excited state lifetime and and finally, emitting distinctive colours during thermochromism. When creating the solar cell, pyridine was chosen as ligand due to higher availability than pyrimidine. The method used in this project for making the solar cell is directly applied form a previously tested method, but which was designed for another type of electron donor. This project compared the different ways of applying the copper halide complex on to the cell. The methods used were spin-coating and SILAR for creating the copper iodide thin film and vapour diffusion and immersion to introduce the ligand. These four methods were combined systematically for all combinations. The solar cells were then put in a solar simulator where voltage, current, efficiency and fill factor was measured. The best results came form the solar cell where spin coating and immersion was used, though the overall efficiency of the created cells were low. Copper halide complexes in previous studies have been proven to be reactive with oxygen and the experiments in this project were not carried out in an inert environment. This could have had significant impact on the measurements, as reactions between the complexes and oxygen may have resulted in oxidation and thus inactivation of the complexes. Therefore, it would be interesting to conduct the syntheses again but instead in an inert environment to determine whether oxygen made a major impact on the measurements. In further studies, it would also be worthwhile to investigate how the different layers of the solar cell would have to be adapted for this particular complex to obtain higher efficiency and voltage. Also, making thin film of pyrimidine to be used in a solar cell as it showed the attributes required for a solar cell. Furthermore, it would be interesting to use derivatives of pyrimidine, such as uracil and cytosine which are abundant in nature, as they might be more sustainable choices. This is due to their inherent biodegradability and not posing a threat to either health or environment when handled.

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  • 30.
    Botling, Emil
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Sheibeh, katrin
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Wood, Martin
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Hybridisation of fuel cells and batteries for aerial vehicles2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    There is an ever growing need for environmentally sustainable alternatives in today's society due to the looming threat of greenhouse gasses. One field where the need for new environmentally friendly solutions is needed is the aviation industry. The problem the industry is facing is due to the weight and space constraints that exist in aerial vehicles. In this bachelor project a solution for unmanned drones is proposed where it is powered by a hybrid solution consisting of batteries working together with fuel cells. The batteries compliment each other where the fuel cell is a lightweight energy source while the battery is used to combat the changing power demand. This project was done in collaboration with the Green Raven project to evaluate the optimal setup to power the energy system for an hour. The work was done theoretically in Matlab and Simulink to find the optimal system. From these simulations, data was collected to calculate the optimal configuration between batteries and amount of hydrogen stored in the Hydrogen tank. It was concluded that the best option to store the hydrogen was in a 2 liter tank at 300 bar together with 2 additional batteries with the capacity of 4000 mAh. This setup was concluded as the best option as it used up all hydrogen and landed with less charge in the battery than at the start point.

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  • 31.
    Boucly, Anthony
    et al.
    Sorbonne Univ, CNRS UMR 7614, Lab Chim Phys Matiere & Rayonnement, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France..
    Rochet, Francois
    Sorbonne Univ, CNRS UMR 7614, Lab Chim Phys Matiere & Rayonnement, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France.;Synchrotron SOLEIL, BP 48, F-91192 Gif Sur Yvette, France..
    Arnoux, Quentin
    Sorbonne Univ, CNRS UMR 7614, Lab Chim Phys Matiere & Rayonnement, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France..
    Gallet, Jean-Jacques
    Sorbonne Univ, CNRS UMR 7614, Lab Chim Phys Matiere & Rayonnement, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France.;Synchrotron SOLEIL, BP 48, F-91192 Gif Sur Yvette, France..
    Bournel, Fabrice
    Sorbonne Univ, CNRS UMR 7614, Lab Chim Phys Matiere & Rayonnement, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France.;Synchrotron SOLEIL, BP 48, F-91192 Gif Sur Yvette, France..
    Tissot, Heloise
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Materials and Nanophysics. Sorbonne Univ, CNRS UMR 7614, Lab Chim Phys Matiere & Rayonnement, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France.;Synchrotron SOLEIL, BP 48, F-91192 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
    Marry, Virginie
    Sorbonne Univ, CNRS UMR 8234, Physicochim Electrolyses & Nanosyst Interfaciaux, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France..
    Dubois, Emmanuelle
    Sorbonne Univ, CNRS UMR 8234, Physicochim Electrolyses & Nanosyst Interfaciaux, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France..
    Michot, Laurent
    Sorbonne Univ, CNRS UMR 8234, Physicochim Electrolyses & Nanosyst Interfaciaux, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France..
    Soft X-ray Heterogeneous Radiolysis of Pyridine in the Presence of Hydrated Strontium-Hydroxyhectorite and its Monitoring by Near-Ambient Pressure Photoelectron Spectroscopy2018In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 8, article id 6164Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The heterogeneous radiolysis of organic molecules in clays is a matter of considerable interest in astrochemistry and environmental sciences. However, little is known about the effects of highly ionizing soft X-rays. By combining monochromatized synchrotron source irradiation with in situ Near Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (in the mbar range), and using the synoptic view encompassing both the gas and condensed phases, we found the water and pyridine pressure conditions under which pyridine is decomposed in the presence of synthetic Sr2+-hydroxyhectorite. The formation of a pyridine/water/Sr2+ complex, detected from the Sr 3d and N 1s core-level binding energies, likely presents a favorable situation for the radiolytic breaking of the O-H bond of water molecules adsorbed in the clay and the subsequent decomposition of the molecule. However, decomposition stops when the pyridine pressure exceeds a critical value. This observation can be related to a change in the nature of the active radical species with the pyridine loading. This highlights the fact that the destruction of the molecule is not entirely determined by the properties of the host material, but also by the inserted organic species. The physical and chemical causes of the present observations are discussed.

  • 32. Brown, R.
    et al.
    Vorokhta, M.
    Skála, T.
    Khalakhan, I.
    Lindahl, N.
    Eriksson, Björn
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry.
    Lagergren, Carina
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry.
    Matolínová, I.
    Matolín, V.
    Wickman, B.
    Surface Composition of a Highly Active Pt3Y Alloy Catalyst for Application in Low Temperature Fuel Cells2020In: Fuel Cells, ISSN 1615-6846, E-ISSN 1615-6854, Vol. 20, no 4, p. 413-419Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Currently, platinum is the most widely used catalyst for low temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). However, the kinetics at the cathode are slow, and the price of platinum is high. To improve oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics at the cathode, platinum can be alloyed with rare earth elements, such as yttrium. We report that Pt3Y has the potential to be over 2 times more active for the ORR compared with Pt inside a real fuel cell. We present detailed photoemission analysis into the nature of the sputtered catalyst surface, using synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (SRPES) to examine if surface adsorbates or impurities are present and can be removed. Pretreatment removes most of the yttrium oxide in the surface leaving behind a Pt overlayer which is only a few monolayers thick. Evidence of a substochiometric oxide peak in the Y 3d core level is presented, this oxide extends into the surface even after Ar+ sputter cleaning in-situ. This information will aid the development of new highly active nanocatalysts for employment in real fuel cell electrodes.

  • 33.
    Brown, Shelley
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology, Applied Electrochemistry.
    Diagnosis of the Lifetime Performance Degradation of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Focus on Power-Assist Hybrid Electric Vehicle and Low-Earth-Orbit Satellite Applications2008Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other scientific)
    Abstract [en]

    Lithium-ion batteries are a possible choice for the energy storage system onboard hybrid electric vehicles and low-earth-orbit satellites, but lifetime performance remains an issue. The challenge is to diagnose the effects of ageing and then investigate the dependence of the magnitude of the deterioration on different accelerating factors (e.g. state-of-charge (SOC), depth-of-discharge (DOD) and temperature).

    Lifetime studies were undertaken incorporating different accelerating factors for two different applications: (1) coin cells with a LixNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2-based positive electrode were studied with a EUCAR power-assist HEV cycle, and (2) laminated commercial cells with a LixMn2O4-based positive electrode were studied with a low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite cycle. Cells were disassembled and the electrochemical performance of harvested electrodes measured with two- and three-electrode cells. The LixNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2-based electrode impedance results were interpreted with a physically-based three-electrode model incorporating justifiable effects of ageing.

    The performance degradation of the cells with nickelate chemistry was independent of the cycling condition or target SOC, but strongly dependent on the temperature. The positive electrode was identified as the main source of impedance increase, with surface films having a composition that was independent of the target SOC, but with more of the same species present at higher temperatures. Furthermore, impedance results were shown to be highly dependent on both the electrode SOC during the measurement and the pressure applied to the electrode surface. An ageing hypothesis incorporating a resistive layer on the current collector and a local contact resistance (dependent on SOC) between the carbon and active material, both possibly leading to particle isolation, was found to be adequate in fitting the harvested aged electrode impedance data.

    The performance degradation of the cells with manganese chemistry was accelerated by both higher temperatures and larger DODs. The impedance increase was small, manifested in a SOC-dependent increase of the high-frequency semicircle and a noticeable increase of the high-frequency real axis intercept. The positive electrode had a larger decrease in capacity and increase in the magnitude of the high-frequency semi-circle (particularly at high intercalated lithium-ion concentrations) in comparison with the negative electrode. This SOC-dependent change was associated with cells cycled for either extended periods of time or at higher temperatures with a large DOD. An observed change of the cycling behaviour in the second potential plateau for the LixMn2O4-based electrode provided a possible kinetic-based explanation for the change of the high-frequency semi-circle.

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  • 34.
    Brown, Shelley
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology.
    Baglien, Ida
    Uppsala Univ, Department of Materials Chemistry.
    Lindbergh, Göran
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology.
    Edström, Kristina
    Uppsala Univ, Department of Materials Chemistry.
    Impact of SOC and Temperature on Surface Film Characteristics of LixNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2-based Positive Electrodes Harvested from an Accelerated HEV Ageing MatrixManuscript (Other academic)
  • 35.
    Brown, Shelley
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology.
    Behm, Mårten
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology.
    Lindbergh, Göran
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology.
    Temperature and SOC Dependence of the Lifetime Cycling and Calendar Performance of LixNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2/Graphite High-Power Batteries for Power-Assist HEV ApplicationsManuscript (Other academic)
  • 36.
    Brown, Shelley
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology.
    Mellgren, Niklas
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Vynnycky, Michael
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Lindbergh, Göran
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology.
    Impedance as a Tool for Investigating Aging in Lithium-Ion Porous Electrodes: II. Positive Electrode Examination2008In: Journal of the Electrochemical Society, ISSN 0013-4651, E-ISSN 1945-7111, Vol. 155, no 4, p. A320-A338Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    High-power positive LixNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 composite porous electrodes are known to be the main source of impedance increase in batteries based on GEN2 chemistry. The impedance of positive electrodes, both fresh and harvested from coin cells aged in an accelerated EUCAR hybrid electric vehicle lifetime matrix, was measured in a three-electrode setup and the results fitted with a physically based impedance model. A methodology for fitting the impedance data, including an optimization strategy incorporating a global genetic routine, was used to fit either fresh or aged positive electrodes simultaneously at different states of charge down to 0.5 mHz. The fresh electrodes had an exchange current density of approximately 1.0 A m(-2), a solid-phase diffusion coefficient of approximately 1.4 x 10(-1)5 m(2) s(-1), and a log-normal active particle size distribution with a mean radius of 0.25 mu m. Aged electrode impedance results were shown to be highly dependent on both the electrode state of charge and the pressure applied to the electrode surface. An aging scenario incorporating loss of active particles, coupled with an increase both in the local contact resistance between the active material and the conductive carbon and the resistance of a layer on the current collector, was shown to be adequate in describing the measured aged electrode impedance behavior.

  • 37.
    Brown, Shelley
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology.
    Ogawa, Keita
    Adv Engn Serv Co Ltd, Tsukuba.
    Kumeuchi, Youichi
    NEC Tokin Corp, Kanagawa.
    Enomoto, Shinsuke
    NEC Tokin Corp, Kanagawa.
    Uno, Masatoshi
    Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa.
    Saito, Hirobumi
    Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa.
    Sone, Yoshitsugu
    Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa.
    Abraham, Daniel
    Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Engn, Argonne.
    Lindbergh, Göran
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology.
    Cycle Life Evaluation of 3 Ah LixMn2O4-based Lithium-Ion Secondary Cells for Low-Earth-Orbit Satellites: I. Full Cell Results2008In: Journal of Power Sources, ISSN 0378-7753, E-ISSN 1873-2755, Vol. 185, no 2, p. 1444-1453Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Lithium-ion batteries are a candidate for the energy storage system onboard low-earth-orbit satellites. Cycle life performance under both orbital and terrestrial conditions must be investigated in order to evaluate any inadvertent effects due to the former and the validity of the latter, with a successful comparison allowing for the extension of terrestrial experimental matrices in order to identify the effects of ageing. The orbital Performance of LixMn2O4-based pouch cells onboard the microsatellite REIMEI was monitored and compared with terrestrial experiments, with the cells found to be unaffected by orbital conditions. A lifetime matrix of different cycling depths-of-discharge (DODs: 0,20,40%) and temperatures (25, 45 degrees C) was undertaken with periodic reference performance tests. A decrease in both the cell end of-discharge cycling voltage and capacity was accelerated by both higher temperatures and larger DODs. Impedance spectra measured for all ageing conditions indicated that the increase was small, manifested in a state-of-charge dependent increase of the high-frequency semi-circle and a noticeable increase in the high-frequency real axis intercept. An evaluation of the change of both the resistance and capacity of 3 Ah cells led to the development of a potential prognostic state-of-health indicator. The use of elevated temperatures to accelerate cell ageing was validated.

  • 38.
    Brown, Shelley
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology.
    Ogawa, Keita
    Adv Engn Serv Co Ltd, Tsukuba.
    Kumeuchi, Youichi
    NEC Tokin Corp, Kanagawa .
    Enomoto, Shinsuke
    NEC Tokin Corp, Kanagawa .
    Uno, Masatoshi
    Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa.
    Saito, Hirobumi
    Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa.
    Sone, Yoshitsugu
    Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa.
    Abraham, Daniel
    Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Engn.
    Lindbergh, Göran
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology.
    Cycle Life Evaluation of 3 Ah LixMn2O4-based Lithium-Ion Secondary Cells for Low-Earth-Orbit Satellites: II. Harvested Electrode Examination2008In: Journal of Power Sources, ISSN 0378-7753, E-ISSN 1873-2755, Vol. 185, no 2, p. 1454-1464Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Lithium-ion batteries area candidate for the energy storage system onboard low-earth-orbit satellites. Terrestrial experiments are able to capture the performance degradation of cells in orbit, therefore providing the opportunity for lifetime investigations. The lifetime performance of 3 Ah commercial LixMn2O4-based pouch cells was evaluated in a matrix of different cycling depths-of-discharge (DODs: 0, 20,40%) and temperatures (25, 45 degrees C). Aged cells were disassembled and the electrochemical performance of harvested electrodes investigated with two- and three-electrode pouch cells. The positive electrode had a larger decrease in capacity than the negative electrode. Both the positive and negative electrode contributed to the increase of cell impedance measured at high states-of-charge (SOCs). The data at low SOCs indicated that the increase of cell impedance was associated with the positive electrode, which showed a significant increase in the magnitude of the high-frequency semi-circle. This SOC-dependence was observed for cells cycled for either extended periods of time or at higher temperatures with a 40% DOD swing. Low-current cycling of positive electrodes revealed a change in the second potential plateau, possibly reflecting a structural change of the LixMn2O4. This could impact on the electrode kinetics and provide a possible explanation for the SOC-dependent change of the impedance.

  • 39.
    Brumboiu, Iulia Emilia
    et al.
    KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), Theoretical Chemistry and Biology.
    Prokopiou, G.
    Kronik, L.
    Brena, B.
    Valence electronic structure of cobalt phthalocyanine from an optimally tuned range-separated hybrid functional2017In: Journal of Chemical Physics, ISSN 0021-9606, E-ISSN 1089-7690, Vol. 147, no 4, article id 044301Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We analyse the valence electronic structure of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) by means of optimally tuning a range-separated hybrid functional. The tuning is performed by modifying both the amount of short-range exact exchange (α) included in the hybrid functional and the range-separation parameter (γ), with two strategies employed for finding the optimal γ for each α. The influence of these two parameters on the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of CoPc is thoroughly investigated. The electronic structure is found to be very sensitive to the amount and range in which the exact exchange is included. The electronic structure obtained using the optimal parameters is compared to gas-phase photo-electron data and GW calculations, with the unoccupied states additionally compared with inverse photo-electron spectroscopy measurements. The calculated spectrum with tuned γ, determined for the optimal value of α = 0.1, yields a very good agreement with both experimental results and with GW calculations that well-reproduce the experimental data.

  • 40. Bucinskas, Audrius
    et al.
    Ivaniuk, Khrystyna
    Baryshnikov, Gleb V.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Theoretical Chemistry and Biology.
    Bezvikonnyi, Oleksandr
    Stakhira, Pavlo
    Volyniuk, Dmytro
    Minaev, Boris F.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Theoretical Chemistry and Biology.
    Ågren, Hans
    KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), Centres, Albanova VinnExcellence Center for Protein Technology, ProNova. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Theoretical Chemistry and Biology.
    Zhydachevskyy, Yaroslav
    Grazulevicius, Juozas, V
    Can attachment of tert-butyl substituents to methoxycarbazole moiety induce efficient TADF in diphenylsulfone-based blue OLED emitters?2020In: Organic electronics, ISSN 1566-1199, E-ISSN 1878-5530, Vol. 86, article id 105894Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A new series of TADF emitters with donor-acceptor or donor-acceptor-donor structure containing 2,7-dimethoxycarbazole donor moiety and diphenylsulfone acceptor unit were synthesized and employed in non-doped sky-blue organic light emitting diodes with the external quantum efficiency reaching 9.0%. Thermal, optical and photophysical properties of for D-A and D-A-D compounds containing one or two tert-butyl groups attached to C-3 and C-6 positions of 2,7-dimethoxycarbazole moiety were studied and compared with those of the corresponding compounds containing no tert-butyl groups. Studies of photophysical properties of the compounds confirmed TADF nature of their emission. Computational studies revealed that small modification of the donor moiety could have a significant impact on the TADF mechanism turning it from vibronically induced TADF mediated by the T-2 state to the common TADF which occurs through the direct reverse intersystem crossing between the S-1 and T-1 states. New principle of purposeful of molecular design of TADF emitters with controlled efficiency of reverse intersystem crossing by only small functionalization of donor fragments is proposed.

  • 41.
    Budnyak, Tetyana M.
    et al.
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Mat & Environm Chem, Svante Arrhenius Vag 16C, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Onwumere, Joy
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Mat & Environm Chem, Svante Arrhenius Vag 16C, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Pylypchuk, Ievgen, V
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology.
    Jaworski, Aleksander
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Mat & Environm Chem, Svante Arrhenius Vag 16C, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Chen, Jianhong
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Mat & Environm Chem, Svante Arrhenius Vag 16C, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Rokicinska, Anna
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Mat & Environm Chem, Svante Arrhenius Vag 16C, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Lindström, Mikael
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology.
    Kustrowski, Piotr
    Jagiellonian Univ, Fac Chem, Gronostajowa 2, PL-30387 Krakow, Poland..
    Sevastyanova, Olena
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology. Jagiellonian Univ, Fac Chem, Gronostajowa 2, PL-30387 Krakow, Poland..
    Slabon, Adam
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Mat & Environm Chem, Svante Arrhenius Vag 16C, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden..
    LignoPhot: Conversion of hydrolysis lignin into the photoactive hybrid lignin/Bi4O5Br2/BiOBr composite for simultaneous dyes oxidation and Co2+ and Ni2+ recycling2021In: Chemosphere, ISSN 0045-6535, E-ISSN 1879-1298, Vol. 279, article id 130538Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Valorization of lignin is still an open question and lignin has therefore remained an underutilized biomaterial. This situation is even more pronounced for hydrolysis lignin, which is characterized by a highly condensed and excessively cross-linked structure. We demonstrate the synthesis of photoactive lignin/Bi4O5Br2/BiOBr bio-inorganic composites consisting of a lignin substrate that is coated by semiconducting nanosheets. The XPS analysis reveals that growing these nanosheets on lignin instead on cellulose prevents the formation of Bi5+ ions at the surface region, yielding thus a modified hetero-junction Bi4O5Br2/BiOBr. The material contains 18.9% of Bi4O5Br2/BiOBr and is effective for the photocatalytic degradation of cationic methylene blue (MB) and zwitterionic rhodamine B (RhB) dyes under light irradiation. Lignin/Bi4O5Br2/BiOBr decreases the dye concentration from 80 mg L-1 to 12.3 mg L-1 for RhB (85%) and from 80 mg L-1 to 4.4 mg L-1 for MB (95%). Complementary to the dye degradation, the lignin as a main component of the composite, was found to be efficient and rapid biosorbent for nickel, lead, and cobalt ions. The low cost, stability and ability to simultaneously photo-oxidize organic dyes and adsorb metal ions, make the photoactive lignin/Bi4O5Br2/BiOBr composite a prospective material for textile wastewaters remediation and metal ions recycling.

  • 42. Bultel, Yann
    et al.
    Wiezell, Katarina
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology.
    Jaouen, Frédéric
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology.
    Ozil, P.
    Lindbergh, Göran
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemical Engineering and Technology.
    Investigation of mass transport in gas diffusion layer at the air cathode of a PEMFC2005In: Electrochimica Acta, ISSN 0013-4686, E-ISSN 1873-3859, Vol. 51, no 3, p. 474-488Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), slowdiffusion in the gas diffusion electrode may induce oxygen depletion when using air at the cathode. This work focuses on the behavior of a single PEMFC built with a Nafion® based MEA and an E-TEK gas diffusion layer and fed at the cathode with nitrogen containing 5, 10 and 20% of oxygen and working at different cell temperatures and relative humidities. The purpose is to apply the experimental impedance technique to cells wherein transport limitations at the cathode are significant. In parallel, a model is proposed to interpret the polarization curves and the impedance diagrams of a single PEMFC. The model accounts for mass transport through the gas diffusion electrode. It allows us to qualitatively analyze the experimental polarization curves and the corresponding impedance spectra and highlights the intra-electrode processes and the influence of the gas diffusion layer.

  • 43.
    Ceder, Joakim
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering.
    Characterization of uranium oxide powders and sinterability2021Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Uranium oxide (UOx) is an energy dense material commonly used in nuclear fuel. UOx powder is pressed and sintered to produce uranium dioxide (UO2) pellets which are loaded into fuel rods. The rods are then mounted together in a final nuclear fuel assembly. Stability and predictability of the manufacturing processes during UO2 pellet production is of high importance. To achieve desired properties and quality of the UO2 pellets, the ability to assess the characteristics of the UOx powder is crucial. Sinterability is the most important characteristic which describes the behavior of the UOx powder during reduction in high temperatures. Recycled uranium dioxide is oxidized into U3O8 powder which can be used to modify the sinterability due to its pore forming ability.

    This study describes the characterization of uranium oxide powders and pellets regarding physicochemical properties relating to sintering behavior. Statistical analyses of historical data were also performed and showed a complexity of the relation between powder properties and  sinterability. The effect of U3O8 powder in different blends of UO2 powders of high and low sinterability were analyzed. Varying U3O8 powder batch did not influence the diameter shrinkage after sintering except for one case. UO2 powder blends showed deviating behavior from their virgin powder constituents.

    Chemical activity of UO2 was analyzed by oxidation with H2O2. The consumption rate of H2O2 was shown to be equal for active and incative UO2 powders under equal specific surface area/solution volume ratio.

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  • 44.
    Celania, Chris
    et al.
    Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 C, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Smetana, Volodymyr
    Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 C, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; intelligent Advanced Materials, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering and iNANO, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
    Meyer, Gerd
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry. Department of Chemistry, Universität zu Köln, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Köln, Germany.
    Mudring, Anja Verena
    Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 C, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; intelligent Advanced Materials, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering and iNANO, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
    The Prolific Ternary System Pt/Sn/Nd: Insertion of Pt into the Structures of Sn/Nd Intermetallics Yields Structural Complexity and Wealth2023In: Inorganic Chemistry, ISSN 0020-1669, E-ISSN 1520-510X, Vol. 62, no 24, p. 9369-9378Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The understanding of structure and bonding in intermetallic phases still lags behind that of molecular compounds. For that reason, exploring intermetallic phases and identifying structural patterns and relationships are particularly important for closing this knowledge gap. In particular, here we report on the addition of increasing amounts of platinum to ∼2:1 mixtures of tin and neodymium, which yields eight ternary Pt/Sn/Nd compounds, four of which have not been reported before. Interestingly, except for PtSnNd (1), all observed ternary phases of the system can be derived from the binary compounds Sn2Nd and Sn5Nd2 by adding Pt to the composition(s), as they lie on or close to two lines: Sn2Nd-Pt (Pt0.21(1)Sn2Nd (2), PtSn2Nd (3), Pt1.33Sn2Nd (4), Pt2-xSn2+xNd (x = 0.27(3), 5), and Pt3Sn2Nd (6)) or Sn5Nd2-Pt (Pt1.5Sn5-xNd2 (x = 0.16(2), 7) and Pt3Sn5Nd2-x (x = 0.161(8), 8)). While the introduction of increasing amounts of Pt to the binaries Sn2Nd and Sn5Nd2 leads to stepwise changes in the coordination environment of Nd, Pt preserves its coordination over the entire system in the form of interpenetrating bipyramidal {PtSn5Nd5} clusters.

  • 45. Chen, Hong
    et al.
    Zhao, Huishuang
    Yu, Zheng-Bao
    Wang, Lei
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Centres, Centre of Molecular Devices, CMD.
    Sun, Licheng
    Sun, Junliang
    Construct Polyoxometalate Frameworks through Covalent Bonds2015In: Inorganic Chemistry, ISSN 0020-1669, E-ISSN 1520-510X, Vol. 54, no 17, p. 8699-8704Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An emerging strategy for exploring the application of polyoxometalates (POMs) is to assemble POM clusters into open-framework materials, especially inorganic organic hybrid three-dimensional (3D) open-framework materials, via the introduction of different organic linkers between the POM clusters. This strategy has yielded a few 3D crystalline POMs of which a typical class is the group of polyoxometalate metal organic frameworks (POMMOFs). However, for reported POMMOFs, only coordination bonds are involved between the linkers and POM clusters, and it has not yet produced any covalently bonded polyoxometalate frameworks. Here, the concept of "covalently bonded POMs (CPOMs)" is developed. By using vanadoborates as an example, we showed that the 3D CPOMs can be obtained by a condensation reaction through the oxolation mechanism of polymer chemistry. In particular, suitable single crystals were harvested and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This work forges a link among polymer science, POM chemistry, and open-framework materials by demonstrating that it is possible to use covalent bonds according to polymer chemistry principles to construct crystalline 3D open-framework POM materials.

  • 46. Chen, Si
    et al.
    Nyholm, Leif
    Jokilaakso, Nima
    KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), Molecular Biotechnology.
    Karlström, Amelie Eriksson
    KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), Molecular Biotechnology.
    Linnros, Jan
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Material Physics.
    Smith, Ulf
    Zhang, Shi-Li
    Current Instability for Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Sensors Operating in Electrolyte with Platinum Gate Electrodes2011In: Electrochemical and solid-state letters, ISSN 1099-0062, E-ISSN 1944-8775, Vol. 14, no 7, p. J34-J37Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Current instability is observed for silicon nanowire field-effect transistors operating in electrolytes with Pt gate electrodes. A comparative study involving an Ag/AgCl-reference gate electrode reveals that the effect results from a drift in the potential at the Pt-electrode/electrolyte interface. In a phosphate buffer saline of pH 7.4, the stabilization of the potential of the Pt electrode was found to require approximately 1000 s. A concurrent potential drift, with a comparable time constant, occurring at the electrolyte/oxidized-nanowire interface rendered a complex device current response which complicated the interpretation of the results.

  • 47.
    Chen, Tianyang
    et al.
    Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
    Banda, Harish
    Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
    Yang, Luming
    Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
    Li, Jian
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Fibre Technology. Berzelii Center EXSELENT on Porous Materials, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Zhang, Yugang
    Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
    Parenti, Riccardo
    Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A., 40019 Sant'Agata Bolognese, Italy.
    Dincă, Mircea
    Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
    High-rate, high-capacity electrochemical energy storage in hydrogen-bonded fused aromatics2023In: Joule, E-ISSN 2542-4351, Vol. 7, no 5, p. 986-1002Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Designing materials for electrochemical energy storage with short charging times and high charge capacities is a longstanding challenge. The fundamental difficulty lies in incorporating a high density of redox couples into a stable material that can efficiently conduct both ions and electrons. We report all-organic, fused aromatic materials that store up to 310 mAh g−1 and charge in as little as 33 s. This performance stems from abundant quinone/imine functionalities that decorate an extended aromatic backbone, act as redox-active sites, engage in hydrogen bonding, and enable a delocalized high-rate energy storage with stability upon cycling. The extended conjugation and hydrogen-bonding-assisted bulk charge storage contrast with the surface-confined or hydration-dependent behavior of traditional inorganic electrodes.

  • 48.
    Chen, Xiaoyu
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Theoretical Chemistry and Biology.
    Johnson, Ben
    Ott, Sascha
    Ahlquist, Mårten S. G.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Theoretical Chemistry and Biology.
    Understanding the Mechanism of CO2 to CO Conversion by Ruthenium Polypyridyl CatalystsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A detailed mechanistic study of ruthenium 2,2:6,2-terpyridine (tpy) 2,2-bipyridine (bpy) class of catalysts is presented, with all three key stages (i.e. solvent dissociation, C-O bond cleavage and CO dissociation) discussed. DFT calculations together with kinetic studies revealed that the introduction of a methyl substituent on the bipyridine ligand eases solvent dissociation and hence allow catalysis to take place at the first reduction potential as the five coordinated Ru complex is easier to reduce. This highlights the importance of steric effect in catalyst-design. For C-O bond cleavage, DFT calculations suggest that proton acts as a much better oxide accepter compared to CO2, explaining the improved activity when water is added to the system. To further understand how the electronic nature of the ring substitutes affects the reactivity, we designed a hypothetical catalyst with fluorine substitutes and found out electron withdrawing groups lower the reductive potentials at a cost of harder solvent dissociation. For the final CO dissociation, due to the special nature of carbonyl ligands, neither steric nor electronic alternations can ease the step and here is where kinetic trans effect comes into play. In line with a recent experimental work, our DFT calculations showed that when a carbene group is trans to CO, the dissociation rate is increased dramatically.  

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  • 49.
    Chen, Xue
    et al.
    School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China.
    Yin, Hongfei
    School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China.
    Yang, Xiaoyong
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering. State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden.
    Zhang, Weining
    School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China.
    Xiao, Dongdong
    Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
    Lu, Zhen
    Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
    Zhang, Yongzheng
    Zhang, Ping
    School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China.
    Co-Doped Fe3S4Nanoflowers for Boosting Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation to Ammonia under Mild Conditions2022In: Inorganic Chemistry, ISSN 0020-1669, E-ISSN 1520-510X, Vol. 61, no 49, p. 20123-20132Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Compared with the Haber Bosch process, the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) under mild conditions provides an alternative and promising route for ammonia synthesis due to its green and sustainable features. However, the great energy barrier to break the stable NN bond hinders the practical application of NRR. Though Fe is the only common metal element in all biological nitrogenases in nature, there is still a lack of study on developing highly efficient and low-cost Fe-based catalysts for N2fixation. Herein, Co-doped Fe3S4nanoflowers were fabricated as the intended catalyst for NRR. The results indicate that 4% Co-doped Fe3S4nanoflowers achieve a high Faradaic efficiency of 17% and a NH3yield rate of 37.5 μg·h-1·mg-1cat.at-0.55 V versus RHE potential in 0.1 M HCl, which is superior to most Fe-based catalysts. The introduction of Co atoms can not only shift the partial density states of Fe3S4toward the Fermi level but also serve as new active centers to promote N2absorption, lowering the energy barrier of the potential determination step to accelerate the catalytic process. This work paves a pathway of the morphology and doping engineering for Fe-based electrocatalysts to enhance ammonia synthesis.

  • 50. Cheng, Minglun
    et al.
    Wang, Mei
    Zheng, Dehua
    Sun, Licheng
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Organic Chemistry. KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Centres, Centre of Molecular Devices, CMD.
    Effect of the S-to-S bridge on the redox properties and H-2 activation performance of diiron complexes related to the [FeFe]-hydrogenase active site2016In: Dalton Transactions, ISSN 1477-9226, E-ISSN 1477-9234, Vol. 45, no 44, p. 17687-17696Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Three biomimetic models of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase active site, namely diiron dithiolates of [(mu-edt){Fe(CO)(3)}{Fe(CO)(kappa(2)-PNP)}] (1, edt = ethane-1,2-dithiolate, PNP = Ph2PCH2N(nPr)CH2PPh2), [(mu bdtMe){Fe(CO)(3)}{Fe(CO)(kappa(2)-PNP)}] (2, bdtMe = 4-methylbenzene-1,2-dithiolate), and [(mu-adtBn){Fe(CO)(3)} {Fe(CO)(kappa(2)-PNP)}] (3, adtBn = N-benzyl-2-azapropane-1,3-dithiolate), were prepared and structurally characterized. These complexes feature the same PNP ligand but different S-to-S bridges. Influence of the S-to-S bridge on the electrochemical properties and chemical oxidation reactivity of 1-3 was studied by cyclic voltammetry and by in situ IR spectroscopy. The results reveal that the S-to-S bridge has a considerable effect on the oxidation reactivity of 1-3 and on the stability of in situ generated single-electron oxidized complexes, [1](+), [2](+), and [3](+). The performances of [1](+) and [2](+) for H-2 activation were explored in the presence of a mild chemical oxidant, while rapid decomposition of [3](+) thwarted the further study of this complex. Gratifyingly, 1 was found to be catalytically active, although in a low turnover number, for H-2 oxidation in the presence of excess mild oxidant and a proton trapper under 1 atm H-2 at room temperature.

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