This paper presents a development of the US Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) based on life-cycle concept of the Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology (GERAM) framework/ISO 15704:2000 requirements. Previous research has identified areas of concern within DoDAF by analyzing and evaluating DoDAF against GERAM and potentially assisting in its future development. This paper aims to extend existing architecture description process and artifacts within DoDAF that match the scope of the GERAM life-cycle phases. For this development we use life-cycle aspect of three well-known reference architectures (including PERA, CIMOSA, and GRAI-GIM) that were the basis in formation of GERAM.

The global use of resources such as materials, energy, and water has surpassed sustainable levels by many accounts.  The research presented here was explicitly normative in its aim to improve the understanding of, and make sustainable change toward highly systemic issues of resource management.  The core methods chosen to work toward this aim were bottom up action research procedures (including stakeholder engagement processes) and industrial ecology analysis tools.  These methods were employed and tested in pragmatic combination through two of the author’s case study projects. The first case study, performed between 2009 and 2012, employed a multi-stakeholder process aimed at improving the cycling of construction and demolition waste in the Stockholm region.  The second case study produced a strategic tool (Looplocal) built for facilitating more efficient regional industrial resource networks. While the highly participative aim of the cases required a larger contribution of resources than that of more closed studies, it is arguable that the efficacy of approaching the project aims is improved through their employment. 

Reusing the building elements is the highest possible level of circularity for buildings that must be demolished, potentially slowing down climate change. This study explores the embodied carbon reduction of construction of a pilot building with structural elements of reused concrete. The assessment focuses on applying different methodological approaches and discussing the upscaling opportunities of reusing concrete elements from a global warming potential perspective. The assessment shows large embodied carbon savings compared to conventional building practices like recycling the concrete and building with new low-carbon and prefabricated elements. Embodied carbon saving is also obvious when applying alternative system modelling, future market projection and different allocation approaches of the production emissions of the elements. Finally, the study emphasises the need for further research in evaluating the benefits of reusing structural concrete elements broadly, like including the deconstruction impact related to elements for reuse, to be able to draw general conclusions.

Reusing the building elements is the highest possible level of circularity for buildings that must be demolished, potentially slowing down climate change. This study explores the embodied carbon reduction of construction of a pilot building with structural elements of reused concrete. The assessment focuses on applying different methodological approaches and discussing the upscaling opportunities of reusing concrete elements from a global warming potential perspective. The assessment shows large embodied carbon savings compared to conventional building practices like recycling the concrete and building with new low-carbon and prefabricated elements. Embodied carbon saving is also obvious when applying alternative system modelling, future market projection and different allocation approaches of the production emissions of the elements. Finally, the study emphasises the need for further research in evaluating the benefits of reusing structural concrete elements broadly, like including the deconstruction impact related to elements for reuse, to be able to draw general conclusions.

In this thesis the impact of the certification for building materials in the construction industry is examined. The study has been conducted because of the lack of information on how the certification has made an impact on the construction industry. In order for a producer to be able to hold certification for his product, it is necessary to undergo a procedure that is controlled by a certification body. The goal of becoming certified is a quality development in materials and produce more sustainable and efficient materials. Those who create directives and requirements are EU and certification bodies in Sweden that Nordcert offers this certification to producers, which means that the producer's product meets the EU requirements and holds the right to be sold within the EU borders. A contact with the producers that was maintained was the basis for this study. The contact created interviews with 19 producers in total and these interviews were the result of this study. The questions that are answered read: • Has the certification contributed to improving the efficiency of materials? • Has the certification contributed to a quality development in materials? • Has the certification contributed to improvements in the work environment? • Is there any connection between different times lengths of the certification? The results largely indicate that the certification has affected the producers a great deal in terms of what it has contributed to. It appears that the certification follows a correlation with its impact on the producers. It is clear that a certification is a profitable process to go through for producers as it benefits them in their quality, efficiency and work enviromental develompent.

Swedish buildings account for a large part of Sweden's greenhouse gas emissions, which is why the construction industry within the framework of the concrete initiative has produced a Roadmap for Climate Neutral Concrete. The climate neutral targets meant that Sweden will have net carbon emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by 2045. In order to achieve the national environmental goals, it is important to reduce the climate impact from concrete construction. Today, the concrete industry is facing a major challenge in minimizing the consumption of concrete, while at the same time the need for new buildings is increasing as a result of the increase in land populations.Concrete lifecycle analysis shows that 90 percent of carbon dioxide emissions come from the manufacturing process of cement clinker that is included in the cement binder. For this reason, the concrete industry has researched and developed various alternatives that contribute to reducing the environmental impact caused by concrete by reducing carbon dioxide emissions.The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the environmental impact of different types of concrete and to investigate two factors that contribute to reducing carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere. The factors being investigated are choice of optimized concrete recipe by reducing proportion of cement and choice of concrete composition by replacing cement with alternative binders.A survey study was conducted to analyze the environmental impact of different types of concrete with different amounts of cement, water percentage and exposure class. In addition, a comparison study between ordinary concrete and climate-enhanced concrete was performed to analyze the climate impact of climate-enhanced concrete with different improvement steps compared to ordinary concrete. To carry out this study, a study of ordinary concrete has been carried out with documents (concrete quantity, strength class and water cement figures) from a reference project obtained by Specialfastigheter, and then replaced with climate-enhanced concrete in various improvement steps.The results show that concrete with lower cement volume and higher water cement numbers give a marked reduction in the building's climate impact. By reducing the amount of cement in the concrete, the proportion of cement clinkers included in the cement binder is lowered, which in turn reduces the climate impact. In addition, a comparison study also shows that the building's climate impact can be reduced between 10, 25 and 52 percent through the use of climate-enhanced charm. This is because climate-enhanced concrete is being replaced by some cement with alternative binders.The conclusion is that this study provides greater opportunity for the construction industry to gain additional knowledge and a better understanding of how environmental impact can be reduced by choosing the right type of concrete. Choosing concrete with lower strength, higher water cement ratio and higher proportion of alternative binders contributes to lower climate impact from concrete.

During recent years there has been a great focus on the climate changes within the media. More or less every day more newspaper articles are presented about the global warming issue and the effect on us human race. Climate models predict higher temperatures and more rain in the northern part of Europe. It is also predicted that the weather will become more extreme e.g. it will rain a lot during longer periods than has been the norm. If these predictions are correct, the amount of water that is going to be transported away in streams and rivers will increase and so also will the subsoil water level. The latter increases the risk for landslides in areas with fine grained soils. An early warning system that is able to alert people before a landslide take place would be of great interest.

The purpose of this work is to develop a complete real-time displacement monitoring system based on observations from several GPS-receivers that could be used as an early warning system. Due to the complex correlation structure of the traditionally used double differences, an alternative method based on undifferenced observations is used. Theoretically this approach shows some advantages and simplifies the correlative structure of observables compared to the double differenced method. A complete model for the undifferenced approach is presented in this thesis including its software implementation.

A displacement detection system includes not only the positioning algorithms, but also methods to detect if any displacement occurs. There are many methods available to discriminate displacements, which are used in the traditional control of manufacturing processes. Several of these methods are compared in this thesis, such as the Shewhart chart, different Weighted Moving Average (WMA) charts and the CUmulative SUMmation (CUSUM). Practical tests show that it is possible to detect an abrupt shift on sub centimetre level at the same epoch as the shift occurs. Smaller shifts are also detectable with the applied approach but with a slightly longer detection time.

Bostadssektorn svarar för en betydande del av landets totala miljöpåverkan, men det finns stor potential till förbättringar. Sektorn står inför ett omfattande renoveringsbehov, vilket skapar goda förutsättningar för sociala och miljöförbättrande åtgärder. För att lyckas krävs det bland annat strukturerade arbetsmetoder med väl uppsatta miljö- och hållbarhetsmål som följs genom hela renoveringsprocessen. Ett kritiskt läge är processens slutskede när renoveringsåtgärderna är färdigställda och byggnaden lämnas över till förvaltaren. Syftet med denna studie är därför att dels utvärdera hur dagens hållbarhetsstyrning fungerar i renoveringsprocessens sista skeden, samt att ge förslag på metoder som säkerställer att hållbarhetsfrågor och hållbarhetsmål följs upp och fortskrider in i förvaltningen samt håller över tid.

Intervjuer med elva företagsrepresentanter från nio fastighetsbolag och två representanter från en bransch- och intresseorganisation tillsammans med litteraturstudier är de metoder som använts i studien.

Resultatet visar att det finns brister i dagens hållbarhetsstyrning vid överlämning, uppföljning, erfarenhetsåterföring och förvaltning. Det handlar främst om att projektspecifika miljömål inte fortskrider in i förvaltningen samt att rutiner för erfarenhetsåterföring och uppföljning är bristfälliga. Det finns omständigheter och svårigheter som står i vägen för en ambitiösare hållbarhetsstyrning i renoveringsprocessens slutskede. Dessa är identifierade som tekniska, sociala, ekonomiska, administrativa, organisatoriska och psykologiska barriärer. Dock finns det förbättringsmöjligheter för att minimera eller få kontroll över dessa hinder, vilka främst handlar om nya metoder och bättre strukturer.

Utifrån studiens resultat och slutsatser har en hållbarhetsmanual skapats för att underlätta för berörda aktörer att prioritera och styra hållbarhetsarbetet i renoveringsprocessens slutskede på ett bra sätt där hållbarhetsmål följs upp och fortskrider in i förvaltningen samt håller över tid. 

This thesis is about sustainable neighborhoods and communities. To define and strengthen the sustainability of neighborhoods, checklists, certification and marketing are used. Certifications and checklists are used as tools in the planning process and specify the grounds upon which a community is called “sustainable”. A certification is also a public signal to convey a credible environmental and sustainability labeling. Today there are few certified neighborhoods, but several urban developments that market themselves as sustainable or with elements of sustainability. Marketing captures, develops and communicates positive values. The marketing and communication of “sustainable” urban development projects indicate a desirable image of the city of tomorrow, and can therefore be regarded as a normative scenario of the future. But what does this scenario look like, and what is its resemblance to the urban development as defined by the criteria for certifying a city as sustainable?

To answer the main question, the thesis uses theories about the concept of sustainability, future studies, marketing, public participation and the use of knowledge in the planning process. Subsequently, the thesis presents a comparison between the content of the certification system BREEAM Communities, a checklist for sustainable urban development from the consultancy firm WSP and marketing material from case studies in Stockholm. Since the certification checklist and marketing have many aspects of sustainability, delimitation is done to sustainability aspects concerning water contact and participation. Water contact includes both ecological values and accessibility issues related to waterfront development. Participation refers to public participation and the knowledge and connected norms that are heard in the urban development process. To provide additional perspectives to the discussion, a comparison was also done with how Minneapolis works with water contact and participation. Interviews were conducted in both Stockholm and Minneapolis on the difficulties of measuring the sustainability and benefits of certification.

The comparison gives that most of the aspects that are marketed in the case studies, within the delimitation participation and water contact, can be found in BREEAM Communities and the WSP checklist. The exceptions being marketed but not listed in the tools are education and new development of external partnerships and transport infrastructure. The certification system and checklist also contain some additional points regarding land use and ecological aspects which have not been found in the marketing material. The feasibility of the main question is discussed, as are the difficulties in certifying linked to measurables and how a certification can contribute to sustainable urban development.

A reserch paper investigating the posibility of lowering light levels in tunnel while using LED's. Done with and for Trafikverket as part of an ongoing research regarding tunnel lighting.

A research report done by the lighting laboratory at KTH STH for Trafikverket. The report is presenting a second stage of tunnel lighting research, focusing on the tunnel entrance zone, where improvements to existing recommendations are suggested.

With a society that is becoming more environmentally conscious, we now find a growing interest in the application of efficient energy supply systems. One of the approaches for this is to utilize solar energy, which is possible with photovoltaics (PV) also known as solar cells. PV can briefly be described as a component which aims to convert solar energy into electricity. This technology has in recent years been an incentive for constructions companies and project owners to achieve the requirements for various environmental certifications. Photovoltaic technology can be used in building materials for new productions or renovations. Building structures where PV has been utilized are commonly referred to as solar systems. Depending on the solar cell type, these can be divided into building applied photovoltaics (BAPV) and building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV).

With the help of literature research, interviews, case studies as well as workshop and observations, a study has been carried out which focuses on building integrated photovoltaic. The study was conducted with the intention to examine the potential extent that building integrated photovoltaics can be implemented in the transport sectors new production. The main aim of the dissertation is to provide with proposals for areas of application for BIPV, where construction technology and architecture is specifically taken into consideration. This dissertation also intends to contribute to the formation of an idea of photovoltaics as a building material.

The result shown by the study is that there are opportunities for BIPV to be implemented in the transport sectors production of new constructions. Among these constructions are noise barriers and service houses for railways. In addition, it is noted that factors which regard PV building technology are orientation and tilt as well as shading and ventilation. The architectural factor that are considered when designing with BIPV is that the design of the construction needs to be aesthetically appealing, have a good composition with color and material, suitable with the visible grid's theme, it also needs to be contextualized and carefully planned. It is also required for BIPV constructions to have an innovative design.

The dissertation also reveals possibilities and obstacles when designing with solar cells. The results show that the promises for BIPV come in the form of economic and ecological sustainability. The identified barriers relate to lack of knowledge in solar technology, which complicates the work of the involved operatives.

The study's conclusion is that there is a potential for implementing PV technology in Sweden, but it is more profitable for larger constructions. However noise barriers and service houses for railways, occur continuously along Swedish roads and railways, therefore they are large in quantity. The large quantity of these constructions should be an incentive to implement BIPV in these constructions. In addition, it is stated that certain obstacles arising from production and maintenance can be avoided as early as in the design stage.

Naturgrus används i stora delar av byggindustrin i allt från betong till vägkonstruktioner. Det fungerar även som ett skyddande filter i miljön för att bland annat förhindra föroreningar från att nå grundvattnet. Därför är det viktigt att försöka vara sparsam med dessa täkter, vilket Sveriges riksdag klarlagt genom införandet av miljökvalitetsmålen. Det är sedan länens uppgift att stimulera kommuner och andra samhällsaktörer för att gemensamt arbeta mot dessa mål.

Denna rapport granskar länsstyrelsernas arbete för en minskad utvinning av naturgrus med hänsyn till de uppsatta miljökvalitetsmålen. Arbetet grundas framförallt på intervjuer med representanter från fyra olika län av skild karaktär för att få ett bredare perspektiv. Svaren från intervjuerna jämförs för att tydliggöra skillnader och likheter i de olika länsstyrelsernas miljöarbete. En djupare analys görs för respektive län med hjälp av data från bland annat kartor hämtade från Sveriges geologiska undersökning.

Resultatet visar bland annat att minskningen av naturgrusutvinningen har stagnerat under senare år, vilket med stor säkerhet beror på att miljökvalitetsmålet kopplat till naturgrus inte har reviderats. Vidare visar studien att det finns skillnader i länens arbetssätt för att nå målen. Detta påvisar behov av ett större utbyte av erfarenheter och idéer mellan länen.

Detta är fördjupningsdelen i ett arbete som också innefattar projektering och dimensionering av ett småhus.

Sustainability is something that affect us all. It´s challenging to reduce the over-utilization of the earth’s resources at the same time as the population is increasing. The building sector has a big impact on the society and faces several challenges in the work to reduce climate and environmental impacts. Material choice is an important part because the largest emissions comes from the manufacturing phase.This study was made to highlight the importance of structural engineer’s part in the sustainability work and the impact on the purchaser’s decision. The purpose of this degree project was to support the sustainability work in the design stage when choosing a load bearing structure. The structural engineer could show that basic consideration was taken to reduce the environmental and climate impacts. The purpose was also to investigate how to facilitate sustainability consultants’ assessments of the work delivered by structural engineers.Semi-structured interviews were conducted together with a survey to investigate the parts in need of further development between design programs and LCA-applications in the process to execute and simplify sustainability analysis. Besides the investigation, a case study was made on a reference object. The object had three alternatives of load bearing structures. The case study was performed through a simplified LCA in Revit. The data that was used for the included materials was compiled to a schedule with emission values of climate influences, ozone decomposition, acidification and overfertilization. These emission values were retrieved from different EPD:s hat was published in open access databases. After the emissions were retrieved a schedule was made in Revit that showed the environmental impact for the different structural alternatives.The schedule was designed as a guide and the development of a schedule in Revit is explained thoroughly as guidance for structural engineers in future projects to reduce the environmental impact.The results of the investigation show that a lot of challenges that former studies have shown are still valid. Among these challenges, most of the respondents mentioned the prerequisites for projects to be one of the main points. One of the many proposals on how the setting requirements would take place was through a matrix that often is used in projects with BIM-coordination. Furthermore, the interviewers felt that the requirements for data should be developed for all projects, even though an LCA-analyze is not required.The results from the case study show that structures in steel affected the environment most in all the categories that was compared. The wood option showed that it was not that much lower from a climate impact perspective compared to the concrete option. This was because of the members in steel that was used to unload the existing floor which the structure would build on. This is shown with a pie chart and is further analyzed in the chapter of discussion.

During the so-called “Miljonprogrammet”, over a million homes were built in Stockholm. As the buildings mature, parts of the buildings reach their technical life times and it is time to renovate them. At a time when the environmental impact of humans is a hot topic, it is appropriate to take the environment into account when deciding upon which restoration method to use. The sewage pipes are one of the important building parts in need of repair. This can be achieved by for example traditional pipe replacement or Cure-In-Place-Pipes (CIPP-lining).The goal of this study is to investigate and compare the environmental impact of traditional pipe replacement versus the use of the relining method CIPP lining by conducting a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA). The methods differ in the way that traditional pipe replacement demolishes the outer layers of the bathrooms and remove the old pipes to replace with new and restore the surface layers while CIPP-lining renovates the pipes from the inside with the use of a flexible liner.The purpose of the study has been to clarify the differences in environmental impacts of the different methods in a clear and easily understood way and thereby also simplify the decision-making process of property owners in need of renovation.With aid of the guidelines in ISO standards 14040 and 14044 a correct methodology has been used to ensure that the level of this work will be as high as possible. In combination with the software SimaPro specifically developed to handle the creation of various forms of life cycle assessments and the ISO standards a complex system been analyzed in detail.The results of the study show that CIPP-lining generally cause less environmental impacts than the traditional pipe replacement method. The analysis of 14 selected impact categories show that CIPP lining is preferable in 13 categories and that the traditional pipe replacement is preferable in 1 category. The sensitivity analysis show that the results change drastically depending on how much of the materials and energy used to demolish and reconstruct the outer layers of the bathroom one chooses to allocate to the new sewer pipes.The results show that the CIPP-lining results are dependent on the consumables and the liner assembly processes while the energy usage of the production process does not have a large impact on the results. For the traditional pipe replacement the results show that the consumable process is clearly the biggest impact while the piping production inflicts the least impact on the result.

The environmental impact of Industry 4.0 and related technologies remains relatively unknown, with little research devoted to investigating the impact on sustainability aspects, resulting in a greater need for climate reporting. However, impacts of data transmission have historically been the least studied part of the information and communication technology sector, and there is currently no consensus on how to correctly assess it. In an attempt to guide process development within the area in the hopes that future life cycle assessments will be created, this study sought to identify, examine, and address potential challenges that might occur when assessing the environmental impact of network traffic during its life cycle. Through a combination of a literature review and semi-systematic research interviews with identified experts within the field of research, several areas in the form of knowledge gaps, unsolved methodological issues, and areas in need of further development were identified and assessed. The results show that eight key challenges exist in the areas of system boundaries, data collection methods, energy intensity metrics, transparency and data availability, age of data, allocation procedures, assumptions, and limited coverage of impact categories. Several approaches to address said challenges are presented, as well as areas in need of further investigation. It is furthermore suggested that the sector should strive to agree upon several parameters of significance to enable future harmonized life cycle studies of network traffic.

Denna studie har undersökt hur flexibla parkeringstal ser ut och motiveras i olika kommuner men har även undersökt ett specifikt fall där flexibla parkeringstal har tillämpats. Studien hade tre syften varav det första var att undersöka hur kommuner motiverar övergången till mer flexibla parkeringstal och det andra syftet var att undersöka hur kommunerna utformar principerna för flexibla parkeringstal för att tillmötesgå deras motiv. Det sista syftet var att analysera om mobilitetsåtgärder som införs i samband med flexibla parkeringstal påverkar de boendes resmönster och vardagsliv.

För att besvara studiens syften användes kvalitativa forskningsmetoder. För att undersöka olika kommuners utformning och motivering av flexibla parkeringstal har en kvalitativ dokumentanalys genomförts. Alla kommuner använder inte flexibla parkeringstal utan det är ett relativt nytt fenomen. Denna studie identifierade 24 kommuner som tillåter flexibla parkeringstal i deras policydokument. När kommunernas parkeringspolicys jämfördes märkes en stor variation av utformningen av flexibla parkeringstal. Vissa kommuner har tydliga riktlinjer på vilka åtgärder som ger ett visst procentuellt avdrag medan andra kommuner lämnar det öppet för byggherren att utforma vilka åtgärder denne önskar göra utan förutbestämt avdrag.

Området Fullriggaren i Malmö var ett av de första områdena som tillämpade flexibla parkeringstal. Området har varit bebott i cirka fem år och har inte utvärderats grundligt. Kvalitativa semi-strukturerade intervjuer utfördes med personer som bor i området Fullriggaren och det visade sig att de boende har influerats av mobilitetstjänsterna till en viss del men att deras resmönster också kan spåras till andra faktorer. Cykelinfrastrukturen, normer, attityder och närhet till service tros påverka respondenternas val av färdmedel.

In view of the importance of coastal areas to Baltic countries, integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) is a matter of prime concern. ICZM is also an important feature of the project Coastal Zone Management in the Baltic Sea Region (COASTMAN), undertaken in the context of the Interreg IIIB (Baltic Sea) Programme. These experiences are presented in this book, which begins with an overview of the issue of conflict resolution in coastal zone management followed by a description of a set of administrative and legal processes and of case studies in the following regions: Hamburg (Germany), Haapsalu (Estonia), Klaipeda (Lithuania), Primorsk (Russia), Stockholm (Sweden) and Ventspils (Latvia). The third part presents information relating to the educational and training aspects of conflict resolution in ICZM. Thanks to its scope and trans-national dimension, this Handbook will be instrumental for organisations responsible for ICZM and will provide some inspiration towards initiatives that can be undertaken at the local level in order to better understand, and hopefully address, conflicts arising in coastal areas.

Since the mid-1990s, the aim to incorporate SEA into Swedish strategic transportation planning has been repeatedly expressed in government documents and directives. To support a successful implementation, efforts have been made to develop tools and methods for the integration of SEA into strategic transportation planning. These efforts concern, for example, the application of SEA in corridor development and long-term transportation planning. The practical experiences of SEA in strategic transportation planning have been influenced by the ambiguity of the scope and structure of SEA. In this paper the process of implementing the SEA in Swedish transportation planning will be reviewed. The review relates to political ambitions and practice, and highlights the methodological development of SEA applications in the Swedish transport sector.

This paper depicts how a Swedish radio station organized a means of real-time information management to report on local traffic conditions long before the common use of the Internet. Drawing on a history of the Stockholm traffic radio staff the study examines particular conditions for organizing a service that may inform next generations of smart travel planning systems. The author notes how a vision of involving the public together with the use of increasingly mobile and interconnected communication devices provided the service with an opportunity for harnessing collective intelligence. The study highlights critical success factors and barriers for organizing collective  intelligence and the importance they may have had for providing a real-time information service to the public.

Design methods, frameworks, and green building certifications have been developed to create a sustainable built environment. Despite sustainability advancements, urgent action remains necessary due to climate change and the high impact of the built environment. Regenerative Design represents a shift from current practices focused on reducing environmental impacts, as it aims to generate positive effects on both human and natural systems. Although digital design methods are commonly employed in sustainable design practice and research, there is presently no established framework to guide a digital regenerative design process. This study provides an analysis of existing literature on regenerative design and digital design methods and presents a framework based on building information modelling (BIM) methodology and computational design methods, that can be applied to both urban and building design. This framework identifies digital tools and organizes indicators based on the pillars of climate, people, and nature for regenerative design, drawing upon a comprehensive analysis of literature, including standards, sustainability frameworks and research studies. The framework is illustrated through a case study evaluation. The paper also highlights the potential and limitations of digital methods concerning regenerative design and suggests possibilities for future expansion by incorporating additional quantifiable indicators that reflect research developments, to achieve positive outcomes.

Daylight, both outdoors and indoors, is essential for human well-being. However, daylight provision often faces challenges in various climates and locations, due to factors such as shortcomings in regulations, urban densification, deregulation or special exemptions, and the limitations of existing daylight and sunlight evaluation methods. To address these issues, we propose the Sunlight Autonomy, a new methodology and set of metrics, that aims to overcome the limitations of existing early-stage daylighting metrics and is valuable for urban planning and architectural design purposes.

Daylight has been a driver of urban and architectural form across climates. In the past century, metrics were introduced to describe performance such as minimum sunlight hours and the daylight factor. Means of assessment and related requirements were introduced in different contexts for sunlight/daylight. Some methods aimed to bridge the gap between inside-out such as the Vertical Sky Component (VSC) and the recent rethinking based on Aperture-based Daylight Modelling (ABDM). However, each daylighting method goes with its pros and cons. In addition, more advanced or combined simulations from research have overlooked the designer’s perspective. For example, if the method is sufficiently understood by the designer, and/or actionable and therefore informs the design process. This study aims to introduce a new daylight metric for buildings as an early design stage methodology to bridge daylight inside/out – between buildings and urban developments. A traditional method like Sunlight (unit of hours) applies to both buildings and open spaces. Sunlight assessment can be time-consuming and has limitations when carried out on paper. Computation-based approaches and 3D models can support its effective use and reduce the time and errors of the process. Sunlight has also a higher versatility than other methods in terms of scope of the analysis, scale, geometrical complexity, and analysis period, e.g., an hour, a day, season, year or user specified. Results can be presented cumulatively in hours, averaged, or as a percentage. Thus, the assessment can be easily understood by all stakeholders. In addition, sunlight can be used to design for the densification of cities, green spaces, and outdoor comfort provision. Case studies are illustrated by mapping results onto model geometry. Despite the versatility of sunlight, it also goes with uncertainty in interpretation for designers. As an improvement, simulations can be customized to a standard (e.g., EN 17037 Daylight in Buildings) with existing visual scripting tools such as Grasshopper. The three levels of performance (1.5, 3, and 4 hours) in EN 17037 can be used to derive spatial metrics for building performance. We propose a new metric called Sunlight Autonomy (SA) for building facades. SA can be defined as the percentage of façade area (m²) that is above a performance level e.g., 1.5 hours. Other ways to conceptualize SA on an annual basis can be: a) the percentage of days that receive more than 1.5 hours of direct sun, or b) the percentage of time that direct sun hits the grid point. Then, the spatial SA (sSA) is the percentage of façade area above a defined threshold i.e., a) of hours/day or b) of time/daylight hours. We suggest that SA assessments on 3D models with the European Daylight Standard restrictions can reduce uncertainty and enhance the performance comparability of projects. It can also serve as a flexible and new evaluation method for designers and planning authorities. Further work should investigate more latitudes and urban typologies for recommendations of the SA metrics.

This paper investigates novel computational methods for Regenerative Design by developing further on the European Daylight Standard EN 17037, to make it useful at both urban and architectural scales. Case studies are evaluated for sunlight, daylight and quality views. A computational method, compliant with EN 17037, is introduced for the evaluation of sunlight. An assessment of daylight metrics, for an office building in Helsinki, with a 300 lux target, demonstrates a 12% difference between spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA; occupied hours) and Illuminance levels (EN 17037 method 2; daylight hours), 37% between sDA and Daylight Factor (EN 17037 method 1), and 25% between methods 1 and 2. A new computational method for evaluating ‘views’ on the floorplan is proposed that considers ‘view content’ (EN 17037 View Out layers), ‘view access’, the potential viewpoint-based ‘outside distance’, and can be extended to add the ‘quality of environmental information’. Further research directions and use of spatial metrics are discussed for sunlight, daylight, and view quality.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in adopting circular approaches in the built environment, specifically reusing existing buildings or their components in new projects. To achieve this, drawings, laser scanning, photogrammetry and other techniques are used to capture data on buildings and their materials. Although previous studies have explored scan-to-BIM workflows, automation of 2D drawings to 3D models, and machine learning for identifying building components and materials, a significant gap remains in refining this data into the right level of information required for digital twins, to share information and for digital collaboration in designing for reuse. To address this gap, this paper proposes digital guidelines for reusing precast concrete based on the level of information need (LOIN) standard EN 17412-1:2020 and examines several CAD and BIM modelling strategies. These guidelines can be used to prepare digital templates that become digital twins of existing elements, develop information requirements for use cases, and facilitate data integration and sharing for a circular built environment.

This paper reviews digital tools for supporting the Circular Economy (CE) in the built environment. The study provides a bibliometric analysis and focuses on computer-aided design (CAD), building information modeling (BIM), and computational plugins that can be used by practitioners. While Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the primary methodology for evaluating buildings' environmental performance, the study identifies tools beyond LCA, including computational methods and circularity indicators, that can support the evaluation of circular design strategies. Our review highlights limitations in tools’ functionalities, including a lack of representative data for LCA and underdeveloped circularity indicators. The paper calls for further development of these tools in terms of interoperability aspects, integration of more sources of data for LCA and circularity, and possibilities for a comprehensive evaluation of design choices. Computational plugins offer greater flexibility, while BIM-LCA integrations have the potential to replace dedicated LCA software and spreadsheets. Additionally, the study identifies opportunities for novel digital methods, such as algorithms for circular design with various types of reused building elements, and sharing of digital twins and material passports. This research can inform future studies and support architects and engineers in their efforts to create a sustainable built environment.

Due to urbanization and growing density in cities in the past century, metrics were introduced to assess daylight performance such as minimum sunlight hours and the daylight factor. The paper initially explores the shortcomings of early-stage daylight and sunlight evaluation methods. A novel methodology called Sunlight Autonomy (SA) is proposed for evaluating sunlight performance in buildings. The SA is based on the “Exposure to sunlight” criteria in EN 170307 “Daylight in Buildings,” where a computational method is used for the evaluation on a specified day. The SA concept expands the analysis temporally over the entire year, and spatially on building facades, leading to new metrics for a point of evaluation, and spatial metrics for buildings. The SA methodology is analyzed in a case study across four European cities. The SA metrics on facades between February 1st and March 21st, days in EN 17037, led to differences up to 63%. This revealed a significant shortcoming in EN 17037, relevant for Nordic regions. The differences of spatial metrics between March 21st and 50% of the year were within 5%, and up to 33% between February 1st and 75% of the year. The timestep affects the metrics and a window evaluation showed that the error of a 10-minute analysis was within 5% of daily insolation and 5 days for the annual SA. The potential of these metrics for urban planning and the architectural design process is examined. The interaction between SA and EN 17037, as well as other ongoing research developments, is discussed.

Concrete is the most used construction material, accounting for 8% of global CO₂ emissions. Various strategies aim to reduce concrete's embodied carbon, such as using supplementary cementitious materials, utilizing cleaner energy, and carbonation. However, a large potential lies in reusing concrete for new buildings in a Circular Economy, thereby closing material loops and avoiding CO₂ emissions.

This study focuses on the reuse of precast concrete elements. We present a digital workflow for assessing reuse by predicting the remaining service life, estimating CO₂ uptake by natural carbonation, and calculating the embodied carbon savings of concrete reuse. Both carbonation rates from EN 16757 and our investigation were applied to a case study building.

While EN 16757 rates suggest that most precast elements have reached the end of their service life, our assessment shows that these elements have a sufficient lifespan for reuse. Plaster and coverings significantly delay carbonation and extend service life. During the first service life following EN 16757, carbonation was 19,2 kg CO₂/m³, whereas our prediction was 5,4 kg CO₂/m³. Moreover, CO₂ uptake during service life, including reuse, was less than 6% of the embodied carbon. The climate benefits of reuse greatly exceeded those of carbonation.

Furthermore, carbonation did not have a decisive influence when applying Cut-Off, Distributed, and End-of-Life allocations for assessing embodied carbon of re-used elements in subsequent life cycles. The digital workflow is useful in quickly assessing lifespan, carbonation, and embodied carbon of concrete. It can be leveraged as a decision-making tool when designing for reuse.

The conventional decision-making for bridges is mostly focusing on technical, economical, and safety perspectives. Nowadays, the society devotes an ever-increased effort to the construction sector regarding their environmental performance. However, considering the complexity of the environmental problems and the diverse character of bridges, the related research for bridge as a whole system is very rare. Most existing studies were only conducted for a single indicator, part of the structure components, or a specific life stage. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an internationally standardized method for quantifying the environmental impact of a product, asset, or service throughout its whole life cycle. However, in the construction sector, LCA is usually applied in the procurement of buildings, but not bridges as yet. This paper presents a comprehensive LCA framework for road bridges, complied with LCA ReCiPe (H) methodology. The framework enables identification of the key structural components and life cycle stages of bridges, followed by aggregation of the environmental impacts into monetary values. The utility of the framework is illustrated by a practical case study comparing five designs for the Karlsnas Bridge in Sweden, which is currently under construction. This paper comprehensively analyzed 20 types of environmental indicators among five proposed bridge designs, which remedies the absence of full spectrum of environmental indicators in the current state of the art. The results show that the monetary weighting system and uncertainties in key variables such as the steel recycling rate and cement content may highly affect the LCA outcome. The materials, structural elements, and overall designs also have varying influences in different impact categories. The result can be largely affected by the system boundaries, surrounding environment, input uncertainties, considered impact indicators, and the weighting systems applied; thus, no general conclusions can be drawn without specifying such issues. Robustly evaluating and ranking the environmental impact of various bridge designs is far from straightforward. This paper is an important attempt to evaluate various designs from full dimensions. The results show that the indicators and weighting systems must be clearly specified to be applicable in a transparent procurement. This paper provides vital knowledge guiding the decision maker to select the most LCA-feasible proposal and mitigate the environmental burden in the early stage.

The reference level for effective dose due to gamma radiation from building materials and constructionproducts used for dwellings is set to 1 mSv per year (EC, 1996, 1999), (CE, 2014). Given the specificconditions presented by the EC in report 112 (1999) considering building and construction materials, anI-index of 1 may generate an effective dose of 1 mSv per year. This paper presents a comparison of theactivity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th of aggregates and when these aggregates constitute a partof concrete. The activity concentration assessment tool for building and construction materials, the Iindex,introduced by the EC in 1996, is used in the comparison. A comparison of the I-indices values arealso made with a recently presented dose model by Hoffman (2014), where density variations of theconstruction material and thickness of the construction walls within the building are considered. Therewas a ~16e19% lower activity index in concretes than in the corresponding aggregates. The model byHoffman further implies that the differences between the I-indices of aggregates and the concretes' finaleffective doses are even larger. The difference is due, mainly to a dilution effect of the added cement withlow levels of natural radioisotopes, but also to a different and slightly higher subtracted backgroundvalue (terrestrial value) used in the modeled calculation of the revised I-index by Hoffman (2014). Onlyvery minimal contributions to the annual dose could be related to the water and additives used, due tot heir very low content of radionuclides reported.

Denna rapport har utförts åt Lokalförvaltningen Göteborg i samarbete med Miljöbron. Lokalförvaltningen förvaltar, anpassar och bygger lokaler och boenden åt Göteborgs Stads verksamheter. De är en av Sveriges största förvaltare av offentliga lokaler.  Miljöbron är en ideell organisation som bland annat koordinerar examensarbeten.

Material utomhus utsätts för stora påfrestningar, såsom fukt och extrema temperaturer. Att trä som utsätts för dessa förhållanden bryts ner och angrips av organismer är inget nytt. Ett materials förmåga att motstå dessa nedbrytningar kallas för beständighet, det har således länge sökts efter ett beständigt virke. För att öka träets beständighet finns det diverse behandlingsmetoder, men även träslag med naturligt hög beständighet existerar.

En mycket vanlig behandlingsmetod är tryckimpregnerat virke. Det är en metod som använts till stor det på 1900-talet men som på senare tid har upptäckts vara mycket miljö- och hälsofarlig. Med bakgrund av detta har medlen till tryckimpregnering bytts ut mot mer miljövänliga alternativ, men även de har en relativt stor inverkan på miljön. I och med det är det av stort intresse att hitta nya alternativ till tryckimpregnerat.

Denna rapport söker således undersöka de alternativ till tryckimpregnerat virke som finns på marknaden. Målet med detta är att jämföra de metoder och produkter som är aktuella, och försöka bedöma vilken produkt som ska användas till framtida projekt

A thorough assessment of the sustainability performance of a product, a system, or a decision requires expertise on environmental, economic, and social aspects. In an assessment that involves researchers from different disciplines, communication is challenging because of different background knowledge, terminology, research traditions, etc.In the research program Towards Sustainable Waste Management, a new approach to interdisciplinary interaction was tested. The program included a group of researchers on life cycle assessment (LCA) and systems analysis of waste management. To this group, specialists in national economy, environmental psychology, and ethnology were linked in various projects. In each specific research project at least 20% of the budget was allocated to a waste LCA expert, who, through participating actively in the project, would be an interpreter, a two-way bridge between the disciplines. The first purpose of this LCA expert was to interpret the sustainability questions and to help make the research relevant for the overall purpose of the research program. The second purpose was to interpret the results of the specialists’ research and to help making the results useful for the overall program.Our experience demonstrates that this set-up forces the specialists and their interpreters/bridges to face the challenge of understanding each other. Establishing such an interdisciplinary interaction requires that the researchers share a mutual interest in trying to reach understanding. However, despite this interest and despite the significant resources made available for the participation, our collaboration was restricted by the fact that it can be difficult for the specialists to find suitable tasks in their projects for the LCA expert. The chance of the interaction being successful increases if the background knowledge of the researchers in the project overlaps, if they have similar research cultures, if they share a common interest in the research questions, and/or if the disciplinary scientists are accustomed to interdisciplinary collaboration.

Swedish recycling centres are manned facilities for waste collection. There is no special category in the official injury statistics for employees at recycling centres, which precludes a straightforward analysis of reported occupational injuries. This study aimed at identifying the frequency of reported accidents and diseases and the type of events that contribute to such injuries at recycling centres, based on official injury statistics. The employees were identified as being affected by more than three to five times as many accidents compared with the total workforce in Sweden. The reported accidents had occurred during a wide range of situations, but most frequently during manual handling of waste. Reported work-related diseases were mostly associated with musculoskeletal disorders, mainly due to heavy lifting. A more detailed classification of sanitation professions and workplaces in the official injury statistics would facilitate future studies of injuries in a specific professional category, e.g. employees at recycling centres. Suggestions for prevention are given. Statement of Relevance: The present article describes all reported work accidents and diseases among employees at recycling centres from 1992 to February 2005. It also highlights the problem of identifying new working groups in the official statistics and gives advice for a detailed classification to facilitate such future studies of injuries.

The GRP 5000 is a track measuring trolley capable of collecting track geometry data and performing clearance analyses based on laser scanning technology. The obtained laser data can also be used for as-built documentation, and the track recording functionality makes applications such as surveying, tamping assistance and slab track construction possible. The accuracy, huge data amount and time efficiency by which the system operates sets a new standard in railway surveying, and outdates traditional methods of manual and visual inspection. This thesis is a case study of the GRP 5000 with several objectives: a functional and technical description of the system is given; the accuracy of the system is evaluated, showing overall good values except for one of the sensors used; comparisons are made to other railway surveying techniques, such as track recording vehicles, manual devices and other track recording trolleys; possible improvements are pointed out, both based on comparison results as well as testing results. Finally, new and innovative ways of using the trolley, such as offtrack usage, as well as for the obtained laser data, such as GIS, maintenance aspects and CFD aspects, are examined.

Most people travel to work, school or run errands on a daily basis, but the way that we travel constitute an environmental impact that is not consistent with a long term sustainable development. In Sweden the transport sector accounts for about a quarter of the country’s energy use and about 30 percent of its total carbon emissions. A large share of the emissions is generated by passenger transport and researchers argue that reduced energy usage by smarter and more sustainable travel is important to reduce the transport sector’s environmental impact. Since work related travel accounts for half of all Swedish passenger transport, companies play a significant role, as they can affect both journeys to work and business travel.

The purpose of the degree project is to investigate how a company and a workplace, ÅF in Solna, can create conditions for sustainable commuting and business travel. The aim is further to develop action proposals based on ÅF’s goal to reduce its carbon footprint.

On the basis of conducted literature studies, which explain the background of companies’ efforts towards sustainable travel, describe Swedish work methods and discuss good examples of undertaken measures by Swedish organisations, a study of site conditions and a travel survey is carried out at ÅF in Solna. The results show that business travel accounts for 73 percent of the carbon emissions from travel and commuting for 27 percent. Nearly all international business travel is made by flight. Approximately 50 percent of national business travel is made by car, 25 percent by flight and 25 percent by train. Cars account for about 65 percent of local business travel and public transport for about 30 percent. At ÅF in Solna approximately 40 percent of commuting is made by car, 40 percent by public transport and 20 percent by walk, bike and other modes of travel, for a full year.

The study shows that employees are interested in issues related to sustainable travel and ask for commitments in the field. The study concludes that ÅF in Solna can facilitate sustainable commuting and business travel by providing information on sustainable travel and the opportunities that already exists at the office. Further, ÅF can develop and improve existing conditions, for example by carrying out minor physical measures to revise shortcomings that may prevent changing travel habits. Additionally, ÅF in Solna can investigate the possibility of introducing incentives that facilitate sustainable travel habits and working with a travel plan.

Parts of NATO’s contemporary planning framework called the comprehensive operations planning directive (COPD), and parts of the operation-level planning process should be revised since they suffer from methodological inconsistency. This claim is defended by discussing contradicting methodological properties and heuristics applied when framing and managing a military problem in accordance with the COPD. The methodological inconsistency within the COPD; in other words, simultaneously applying contradictory methodological properties, implies one theoretical and three practical implications. The theoretical implication is summarised in a meta-theoretical framework and explained by discussing five methodological properties: non-linearity, emergence, independently changeable generalisations, invariance and boundaries. The three practical implications of methodology imply that methodology is guiding: the problem-frame, conceptual development and action. To improve military planners’ understanding and management of these four identified implications, NATO is recommended to develop a “handbook of methodology.” The purpose of such a handbook should be to emphasise the utility of methodology when planning military operations.

Increased waste valorization should lead to savings of natural resources. But different types of valorization  can  lead  to  different  types  of  savings and  there  may  therefore  be  a  need  for comparing different types of resources uses. Exergy use has been suggested as a measure for resource use in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and other sustainability assessment methods. It is an interesting approach since it can describe both energetic resources as well as metal ores and other materials that have a chemical exergy in the same units. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the discussion on different approaches to measure the use of resources in  LCA and other environmental systems analysis tools by  illustrating the use of the thermodynamic approach  in case  studies  and  comparing  the  results  with  other  approaches.  We  will  also discuss  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  different  approaches.  The  results  show  that  the different methods  produce  strikingly  different  results  when  applied  to  case  studies.  This indicates  the  need  to further  discuss methods  for describing  resource  use.  The  study  also demonstrates the feasibility of the thermodynamic approach. It is suggested that the results are reasonable  and  that  the  thermodynamic  approach  is  developed  from  a  solid  scientific  basis. When  compared  to  other  methods  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  exergy  approach  captures most resources that are considered important by other methods. When analysing the results it becomes apparent that the composition of the ores can have  an influence  of the results.  It is thus  of  interest  to develop  more  ore-specific  data. It  would  also  be  of  interest  to  further develop exergy use as a method for assessing a broader range of resources including land and water.

Developing evaluation methods using key performance indicators (KPIs) to drive smart cities assessment represents a very interesting topic that have been deeply analysed over time. The aim of the chapter is to present several different approaches towards the assessment of cities’ performance, discussing advantages and disadvantages of such methods that could be integrated in order to get more farsighted results in terms of decision-making strategies. For this reason, the chapter firstly analyses the different context in which KPIs are applied, defining the fields of application and describing the characteristics of such indicators. Then, two examples of European projects using indicators for evaluation purposes are studied in detail, highlighting the different level of application of indicators, used for assessments at city level in the first project (INDICATE) and at a district/building level in the second one (DIMMER). At the end, the use of KPIs as metrics of evaluation to develop multi-criteria decision approaches (MCDA) is discussed by introducing several examples.

Over the years, the use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) methods has changed the workflows of various actors, providing better integration across different domains and allowing for new ways of working. This paper outlines the interest towards the integration of BIM with geotechnical/geological modelling (GeoBIM), which still represents a major challenge in several respects. The present study aims to provide a flexible method for assessing various integration strategies and to establish a preferred workflow based on the selected requirements and preference parameters. This integration is designed to provide a final federated model that can also be archived in the as-built documentation. Four alternative processes were selected to analyse the specific types of data and transformations required in the process. Each process was applied on a real case study in order to test the developed assessment framework using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Due to technological advances, modelling and integration workflows change rapidly; however, our results show that the proposed evaluation framework is universal and adaptable to any new integration approach. Further research efforts must be undertaken to reduce attribute data losses and enhance the interoperability between systems and professionals.

In a context of increasingly ambitious climate objectives after the Paris Agreement in 2015, this thesis investigates a scenario for sustainable development in Sweden in 2050 in terms of greenhouse gases emissions. The scenario is built around the idea of a development of collaborative economy in a context of low growth or degrowth. The concept of “collaborative economy” encompasses the sharing of services and underused and unwanted goods between individuals, a focus on the access to services rather than the ownership of products, and new ways of sharing space and time (cohousing, time banks, etc). The present study focuses on the implications of the Collaborative Economy scenario for transports and the built environment at a municipal scale, and aims at modeling the corresponding greenhouse gases emissions. A literature review was carried out to identify the main aspects of the scenario and exemplify the changes it entails. Two spreadsheet models were then developed for transports and the built environment, estimating greenhouse gases emission levels based on a range of assumptions elaborated from the literature review. The municipality of Malmö was used as a case study. Overall, the results of the models and the sensitivity analysis indicate a rather weak influence of collaborative economy strategies on greenhouse gases emissions. Strategies related to changes in the energy mix for heating, materials used in construction, fuels, etc seem to be much more impactful. However, such strategies only impact greenhouse gases emissions, whereas collaborative economy strategies can have other benefits. In particular, cohousing can increase social capital and foster sharing, which in turn could decrease energy and material use for the production of goods. Ridesharing, remote working among others, can decrease congestion and the daily distance traveled. Most of these strategies also provide energy savings, improving the resilience of the system and freeing the energy supply for other purposes.

Recent life cycle assessments (LCAs) of buildings highlight the importance of global warming potential from construction materials, in particular in energy-efficient buildings. It is therefore important to address the influence of methodological choices related to materials on LCA results. This paper focuses on scenarios for the maintenance and replacement of building elements. Methods: A literature review is carried out to summarize the state of the art regarding scenarios for maintenance and replacement in building LCA, their influence on LCA results and related methodological issues. Additionally, a case study is carried out to investigate whether assumptions about service lives in LCA could significantly influence the recommended design for a building's roof, using a Monte Carlo analysis considering service lives as stochastic variables. Results: The literature review reveals a broad range of impacts from maintenance and replacement in case studies. There is therefore no consensus about the relative impact of these processes. These differences can be partly explained by differences in scope (e.g. what elements are considered to be replaced and what kinds of processes are included), in methods for service life estimation and in future scenarios for the production and recycling of materials. Relative impacts from maintenance and replacement seem to be highest for energy efficient buildings with a long service life, and for elements such as carpets, paint, insulation, doors and windows. The case study of roofing materials exemplifies a case where assumptions about service lives could influence design decisions. Both the ranking of alternatives and the relative significance of maintenance and replacement processes depend on assumptions about service lives. An asphalt roof cover is preferred when considering only initial installation, but a clay tile roof cover is preferred over asphalt in roughly two thirds of the cases when considering maintenance and replacement. Metal roofs almost always had a poorer environmental performance under the assumptions considered. Conclusions: Results from the case study are compared with previous studies of maintenance and replacement processes, and methodological issues deserving further consideration are highlighted. In particular, the case study is used to discuss the issue of whether a modelling based on independent service lives for various building elements accurately reflects industrial practices. Moreover, the relevance of including maintenance and replacement in regulations and climate declarations for buildings is discussed.

Purpose

Previous life cycle assessments (LCAs) of buildings and building components show a broad range of values for theimpact of maintenance and replacement, some highlighting these operations as major hotspots while others consider theminsignificant. This article highlights methodological aspects explaining this discrepancy. The influence of three aspects isinvestigated further in a case study of façade materials: the reference study period (RSP), service life data, and the use of around-up number of operations or annualized impacts.

Methods

A comparative LCA of seven façade alternatives is carried out as an illustrative case study. For each alternative,global warming potential (GWP) is calculated using three possible RSPs, four possible material service lives (one fromindustry practitioners and low, standard and high values from a generic database), and two possible calculation methods (round-up or annualized impacts).

Results and discussion

While the same façade alternative had the lowest GWP in all cases, different methodological choicessignificantly affected the GWP and respective ranking of other alternatives. Some alternatives showed a significant increasein GWP over longer RSPs, while others were still dominated by the impact of initial production after 200 years. In nearlyall cases, generic service life data lead to a higher GWP than data from industry practitioners. Major discrepancies werefound between generic and practitioner data in some cases, e.g., for the brick façade. In most cases, annualized impacts ledto a slightly lower (or equal) GWP than using a round-up number of operations. However, when a major operation happensshortly before the end of the RSP, the annualized method leads to considerably lower GWP.

Conclusions

Maintenance and replacement are rarely significant over a 50-year RSP but sometimes become hotspots overlonger RSPs. Using round-up operations or annualized impacts does not make much difference in average, but leads to significantlydifferent results in specific cases. As building LCA enters certification and regulation, there is a need to harmonizesuch methodological choices, as they affect LCA results, hotspot identification, and recommendations. Discrepancies inservice life data also call for the gathering of reliable data.

The climate crisis is a major impact on our society that needs to be taken seriously by every industry to ensure the reduction of environmental impact they have on the earth. The construction industry which had a huge impact on the Environment, which inspired this study to gain a better understanding of what changes needs to be made. The purpose of this study is to compare how two projects manage sustainability when it comes to waste management and material selection while using Partnering. This study also intends to analyze the difficulties of sustainability and what kinds of improvements that need to be made.The aim is to study the advantages and disadvantages of partnering as well as the Environmental implications the building project has. In addition to examine the waste management, as well as the process of material selection and their Environmental implications without taking economic factors into account. The study is further limited by only studying the theoretical life cycle for wood and concrete.There is a need for partnering to compensate for the current building prices which have gone up over time. Partnering allows further synergy of knowledge, ideas and expertise to the project. It also allows for discussion at an early stage everything from goals, plans, problems, shortcomings and for the best solution to be found. Overall, this process can make the project economically more efficient and limits the number of shortcomings to arise. The described Partnering process originates from the USA and had been adopted by England, Denmark and Sweden. It has worked excellent to decrease the cost and timeline and to improve the quality of the building projects.The results show that workspace for environmental work improves if the parties use corporation form Partnering opposed to other methods. That is because all the parties meet at the early stages of the project to discuss environmental goals and plans. Finding the potential errors early on, preventing later complications and in turn minimizing costs.To be able to build climate smart buildings there is a need for increase in better knowledge, resources and communication. If you want to reduce the amount of waste produced, you need good planning and building material that has exact measurement. The result also shows that the use of recycled and reused material is not a priority within the two projects examined.To become more sustainable there is a need for the decrease of waste production. Also using recycled and reused material instead of new ones can be a climate smart alternative. By using the life cycle assessment (LCA) analyzing tool one can get a better understanding of the Environmental impacts all materials have through key figures like emission. This will help one to compare material with each other and to choose the best environmental smart alternative.

Building information models (BIMs) make it possible to share structured data in the planning and building process and during the live cycle of the building. The models can be enrichened with information in all stages from planning to end-of-life. Predefined information requirements, data structures, and file formats allow the model to be used for design, cost planning, and time scheduling as well as analysis of building performance, and ideally also for facilities management. This chapter describes the possibilities of using application programming interfaces (APIs) to enhance the usefulness of BIM models. This provides the user with the possibility of creating own applications with real time bidirectional data exchange. Of particular interest is the exchange of data with web-based data sources. The applicability is illustrated with examples of environmental analysis based on web-based data and the use of web-based forms to enrichen BIM models with data input from building users.