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  • 1.
    A. Mouris, Boules
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Information Science and Engineering.
    Ghauch, Hadi
    Department of COMELEC, Institut Mines-Telecom, Telecom-ParisTech, Paris, 91120, France.
    Thobaben, Ragnar
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Information Science and Engineering.
    Jonsson, B. Lars G.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Multi-tone Signal Optimization for Wireless Power Transfer in the Presence of Wireless Communication Links2020In: IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, ISSN 1536-1276, E-ISSN 1558-2248, Vol. 19, no 5, p. 3575-3590Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we study optimization of multi-tone signals for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. We investigate different non-linear energy harvesting models. Two of them are adopted to optimize the multi-tone signal according to the channel state information available at the transmitter. We show that a second-order polynomial curve-fitting model can be utilized to optimize the multi-tone signal for any RF energy harvester design. We consider both single-antenna and multi-antenna WPT systems. In-band co-existing communication links are also considered in this work by imposing a constraint on the received power at the nearby information receiver to prevent its RF front end from saturation. We emphasize the importance of imposing such constraint by explaining how inter-modulation products, due to saturation, can cause high interference at the information receiver in the case of multi-tone signals. The multi-tone optimization problem is formulated as a non-convex linearly constrained quadratic program. Two globally optimal solution approaches using mixed-integer linear programming and finite branch-and-bound techniques are proposed to solve the problem. The achieved improvement resulting from applying both solution methods to the multi-tone optimization problem is highlighted through simulations and comparisons with other solutions existing in the literature.

  • 2.
    A. Mouris, Boules
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Information Science and Engineering.
    Kolitsidas, Christos
    Ericsson, Systems and Technology-HW Research, Kista, 164 80, Sweden.
    Thobaben, Ragnar
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Information Science and Engineering.
    A Dual-Polarized Multi-Antenna Structure for Simultaneous Transmission of Wireless Information and Power2019In: 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, APSURSI 2019 - Proceedings, IEEE, 2019, p. 1805-1806, article id 8889079Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, a dual-polarized multi-antenna structure is designed at 2.45 GHz with the goal of allowing simultaneous transmission of wireless information and power. Differential feeding was used to minimize the mutual coupling due to radiation leakage in addition to a mushroom-type EBG structure for suppressing the surface waves. Simulation results for the proposed structure show a mutual coupling level lower than -40 dB between the information transmitting antenna and the power transmitting antennas for both polarizations. The isolation level between the antennas is improved by at least 22 dB and 14 dB for the E-plane and H-plane coupling, respectively.

  • 3. Abadal, Sergi
    et al.
    Alarcon, Eduard
    Cabellos-Aparicio, Albert
    Lemme, Max C.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Integrated Devices and Circuits.
    Nemirovsky, Mario
    Graphene-Enabled Wireless Communication for Massive Multicore Architectures2013In: IEEE Communications Magazine, ISSN 0163-6804, E-ISSN 1558-1896, Vol. 51, no 11, p. 137-143Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Current trends in microprocessor architecture design are leading towards a dramatic increase of core-level parallelization, wherein a given number of independent processors or cores are interconnected. Since the main bottleneck is foreseen to migrate from computation to communication, efficient and scalable means of inter-core communication are crucial for guaranteeing steady performance improvements in many-core processors. As the number of cores grows, it remains unclear whether initial proposals, such as the Network-on-Chip (NoC) paradigm, will meet the stringent requirements of this scenario. This position paper presents a new research area where massive multicore architectures have wireless communication capabilities at the core level. This goal is feasible by using graphene-based planar antennas, which can radiate signals at the Terahertz band while utilizing lower chip area than its metallic counterparts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that discusses the utilization of graphene-enabled wireless communication for massive multicore processors. Such wireless systems enable broadcasting, multicasting, all-to-all communication, as well as significantly reduce many of the issues present in massively multicore environments, such as data coherency, consistency, synchronization and communication problems. Several open research challenges are pointed out related to implementation, communications and multicore architectures, which pave the way for future research in this multidisciplinary area.

  • 4.
    Abarghouyi, Hadis
    et al.
    IUST, Sch Elect Engn, Tehran 1665973561, Iran.;MTNi Co, Tehran 1665973561, Iran..
    Razavizadeh, S. Mohammad
    IUST, Sch Elect Engn, Tehran 1684613114, Iran..
    Björnson, Emil
    Linköping Univ, Dept Elect Engn ISY, S-58183 Linköping, Sweden..
    QoE-Aware Beamforming Design for Massive MIMO Heterogeneous Networks2018In: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, ISSN 0018-9545, E-ISSN 1939-9359, Vol. 67, no 9, p. 8315-8323Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    One of the main goals of the future wireless networks is improving the users' quality of experience (QoE). In this paper, we consider the problem of the QoE-based resource allocation in the downlink of a massive multiple-input multiple-output heterogeneous network. The network consists of a macrocell with a number of small cells embedded in it. The small cells' base stations (BSs) are equipped with a few antennas, while the macro BS is equipped with a massive number of antennas. We consider the two services Video and Web Browsing and design the beamforming vectors at the BSs. The objective is to maximize the aggregated mean opinion score (MOS) of the users under constraints on the BSs' powers and the required quality of service of the users. We also consider extra constraints on the QoE of users to more strongly enforce the QoE in the beamforming design. To reduce the complexity of the optimization problem, we suggest suboptimal and computationally efficient solutions. Our results illustrate that increasing the number of antennas at the BSs and also increasing the number of small cells' antennas in the network leads to a higher user satisfaction.

  • 5.
    Abbasi, Abdul Ghafoor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication: Services and Infrastucture, Communication Systems, CoS.
    Muftic, Sead
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication: Services and Infrastucture, Communication Systems, CoS.
    Mumtaz, Shahzad Ahmed
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication: Services and Infrastucture, Communication Systems, CoS.
    Security extensions of windows environment based on FIPS 201 (PIV) smart card2011In: World Congr. Internet Secur., WorldCIS, 2011, p. 86-92Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper describes security extensions of various Windows components based on usage of FIPS 201 (PIV) smart cards. Compared to some other similar solutions, this system has two significant advantages: first, smart cards are based on FIPS 201 standard and not on some proprietary technology; second, smart card security extensions represent an integrated solution, so the same card is used for security of several Microsoft products. Furthermore, our smart card system uses FIPS 201 applet and middleware with smart card APIs, so it can also be used by other developers to extend their own applications with smart card functions in a Windows environment. We support the following security features with smart cards: start-up authentication (based on PIN and/or fingerprint), certificate-based domain authentication, strong authentication, and protection of local resources. We also integrated our middleware and smart cards with MS Outlook and MS Internet Explorer.

  • 6. Abeywickrama, Sandu
    et al.
    Furdek, Marija
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Optical Network Laboratory (ON Lab).
    Monti, Paolo
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Optical Network Laboratory (ON Lab).
    Wosinska, Lena
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Optical Network Laboratory (ON Lab).
    Wong, Elaine
    Protecting core networks with dual-homing: A study on enhanced network availability, resource efficiency, and energy-savings2016In: Optics Communications, ISSN 0030-4018, E-ISSN 1873-0310, Vol. 381, p. 327-335Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Core network survivability affects the reliability performance of telecommunication networks and remains one of the most important network design considerations. This paper critically examines the benefits arising from utilizing dual-homing in the optical access networks to provide resource-efficient protection against link and node failures in the optical core segment. Four novel, heuristic-based RWA algorithms that provide dedicated path protection in networks with dual-homing are proposed and studied. These algorithms protect against different failure scenarios (i.e. single link or node failures) and are implemented with different optimization objectives (i.e., minimization of wavelength usage and path length). Results obtained through simulations and comparison with baseline architectures indicate that exploiting dual-homed architecture in the access segment can bring significant improvements in terms of core network resource usage, connection availability, and power consumption.

  • 7. Abrardo, A
    et al.
    Fodor, Gabor
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Automatic Control.
    Tola, B.
    Network coding schemes for Device-To-Device communications based relaying for cellular coverage extension2015In: IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications, SPAWC, 2015, p. 670-674Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we study the performance of device-To-device (D2D) based range extension in terms of sum rate and power efficiency when a relaying user equipment (UE) helps to improve the coverage for cell-edge UEs. In our design, the relaying UE has own traffic to transmit and receive to/from the cellular base station (BS) and can operate either in amplify-And-forward (AF) or decode-And-forward (DF) modes and can make use of either digital or analogue (PHY layer) network coding. In this rather general setting, we propose mode selection, resource allocation and power control schemes and study their performance by means of system simulations. We find that the performance of the DF scheme with network coding is superior both to the traditional cellular and the AF based relaying schemes, including AF with two-slot or three-slot PHY layer network coding.

  • 8. Abu-Lebdeh, Mohammad
    et al.
    Sahoo, Jagruti
    Glitho, Roch
    Concordia University.
    Tchouati, Constant Wette
    Cloudifying the 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem for 4G and Beyond: A Survey2016In: IEEE Communications Magazine, ISSN 0163-6804, E-ISSN 1558-1896, Vol. 54, no 1, p. 91-97Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    4G systems have been continuously evolving to cope with the emerging challenges of human-centric and M2M applications. Research has also now started on 5G systems. Scenarios have been proposed and initial requirements derived. 4G and beyond systems are expected to easily deliver a wide range of human-centric and M2M applications and services in a scalable, elastic, and cost-efficient manner. The 3GPP IMS was standardized as the service delivery platform for 3G networks. Unfortunately, it does not meet several requirements for provisioning applications and services in 4G and beyond systems. However, cloudifying it will certainly pave the way for its use as a service delivery platform for 4G and beyond. This article presents a critical overview of the architectures proposed so far for cloudifying the IMS. There are two classes of approaches; the first focuses on the whole IMS system, and the second deals with specific IMS entities. Research directions are also discussed. IMS granularity and a PaaS for the development and management of IMS functional entities are the two key directions we currently foresee.

  • 9.
    Abusubaih, Murad
    et al.
    Telecommun. Networks Group, Technische Univ. Berlin.
    Gross, James
    Telecommun. Networks Group, Technische Univ. Berlin.
    Wiethoelter, Sven
    Telecommun. Networks Group, Technische Univ. Berlin.
    Wolisz, Adam
    Telecommun. Networks Group, Technische Univ. Berlin.
    On Access Point Selection in IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks2006In: 31st IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, Proceedings 2006, IEEE conference proceedings, 2006, p. 879-886Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In wireless local area networks often a station can potentially associate with more than one access point. Therefore, a relevant question is which access point to select "best" from a list of candidate ones. In IEEE 802.11, the user simply associates to the access point with the strongest received signal strength. However, this may result in a significant load imbalance between several access points, as some accommodate a large number of stations while others are lightly loaded or even idle. Moreover, the multi-rate flexibility provided by several IEEE 802.11 variants can cause low bit rate stations to negatively affect high bit rate ones and consequently degrade the overall network throughput. This paper investigates the various aspects of "best" access point selection for IEEE 802.11 systems. In detail, we first derive a decision metric the selection can be based on. Using this metric we propose two new selection mechanisms which are decentralized in the sense that the decision is performed by each station, given appropriate status information of each access point. In fact, only few bytes of status information have to be added to the beacon and probe response frames which does not impose significant overhead. In addition, we show that our mechanism improves station quality of service and better utilizes network resources compared to the conventional one implemented today in IEEE 802.11 devices.

  • 10.
    Abusubaih, Murad
    et al.
    Technische Universit¨at Berlin.
    Gross, James
    Technische Universit¨at Berlin.
    Wolisz, Adam
    Technische Universit¨at Berlin.
    An Inter-Access Point Coordination Protocol for Dynamic Channel Selection in IEEE802.11 Wireless LANs2007Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents and evaluates an Inter-Access Point Coordination protocol for dynamic channel selection in IEEE 802.11 WLANs. It addresses an open issue for the implementation of many distributed and centralized dynamic channel selection policies proposed to mitigate interference problems in Wireless LANs (WLANs). The presented protocol provides services to a wide range of policies that require different levels of coordination among APs by enabling them to actively communicate and exchange information. An Intra-Cell protocol that enables interaction between the AP and its accommodated stations to handle channel switching within the same cell is also presented.

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  • 11.
    Abusubaih, Murad
    et al.
    TU Berlin.
    Wiethoelter, Sven
    TU Berlin.
    Gross, James
    Wolisz, Adam
    TU Berlin.
    A New Access Point Selection Policy for Multi-Rate IEEE 802.11 WLANs2008In: International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, ISSN 1744-5760, E-ISSN 1744-5779, Vol. 23, no 4, p. 291-307Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In wireless local area networks, often a station can potentially associate with more than one access point (AP). Therefore, a relevant question is which AP to select 'best' from a list of candidate ones. In IEEE 802.11, the user simply associates to the AP with the strongest received signal strength. However, this may result in a significant load imbalance between several APs. Moreover, the multi-rate flexibility provided by several IEEE 802.11 variants can cause low bit rate stations to negatively affect high bit rate ones and consequently degrade the overall network throughput. This paper investigates the various aspects of 'best' AP selection for IEEE 802.11 systems. In detail, we first derive a new decision metric which can be used for AP selection. Using this metric, we propose two new selection mechanisms which are decentralised in the sense that the decision is performed by each station, given appropriate status information of each AP. In fact, only few bytes of status information have to be added to the Beacon and Probe Response frames which does not impose significant overhead. We show that our mechanism improves mean quality of service of all stations and better utilises network resources compared to the conventional one implemented today in IEEE 802.11 devices. Also, the schemes are appealing in terms of stability and provide their performance improvement even for denser or lighter network configurations.

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  • 12.
    Adam, Constantin
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES).
    A Middleware for Self-Managing Large-Scale Systems2006Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other scientific)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis investigates designs that enable individual components of a distributed system to work together and coordinate their actions towards a common goal. While the basic motivation for our research is to develop engineering principles for large-scale autonomous systems, we address the problem in the context of resource management in server clusters that provide web services.

    To this end, we have developed, implemented and evaluated a decentralized design for resource management that follows four principles. First, in order to facilitate scalability, each node has only partial knowledge of the system. Second, each node can adapt and change its role at runtime. Third, each node runs a number of local control mechanisms independently and asynchronously from its peers. Fourth, each node dynamically adapts its local configuration in order to optimize a global utility function.

    The design includes three fundamental building blocks: overlay construction, request routing and application placement. Overlay construction organizes the cluster nodes into a single dynamic overlay. Request routing directs service requests towards nodes with available resources. Application placement partitions the cluster resources between applications, and dynamically adjusts the allocation in response to changes in external load, node failures, etc.

    We have evaluated the design using complexity analysis, simulation and prototype implementation. Using complexity analysis and simulation, we have shown that the system is scalable, operates efficiently in steady state, quickly adapts to external events and allows for effective service differentiation by a system administrator. A prototype has been built using accepted technologies (Java, Tomcat) and evaluated using standard benchmarks (TPC-W and RUBiS). The evaluation results show that the behavior of the prototype matches closely that of the simulated design for key metrics related to adaptability and robustness, therefore validating our design and proving its feasibility.

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  • 13.
    Adam, Constantin
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES).
    Scalable Self-Organizing Server Clusters with Quality of Service Objectives2005Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other scientific)
    Abstract [en]

    Advanced architectures for cluster-based services that have been recently proposed allow for service differentiation, server overload control and high utilization of resources. These systems, however, rely on centralized functions, which limit their ability to scale and to tolerate faults. In addition, they do not have built-in architectural support for automatic reconfiguration in case of failures or addition/removal of system components.

    Recent research in peer-to-peer systems and distributed management has demonstrated the potential benefits of decentralized over centralized designs: a decentralized design can reduce the configuration complexity of a system and increase its scalability and fault tolerance.

    This research focuses on introducing self-management capabilities into the design of cluster-based services. Its intended benefits are to make service platforms dynamically adapt to the needs of customers and to environment changes, while giving the service providers the capability to adjust operational policies at run-time.

    We have developed a decentralized design that efficiently allocates resources among multiple services inside a server cluster. The design combines the advantages of both centralized and decentralized architectures. It allows associating a set of QoS objectives with each service. In case of overload or failures, the quality of service degrades in a controllable manner. We have evaluated the performance of our design through extensive simulations. The results have been compared with performance characteristics of ideal systems.

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  • 14.
    Adam, Constantin
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Microelectronics and Information Technology, IMIT.
    Stadler, Rolf
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Microelectronics and Information Technology, IMIT.
    A Middleware Design for Large-scale Clusters offering Multiple Services2006In: IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, ISSN 1932-4537, E-ISSN 1932-4537, Vol. 3, no 1, p. 1-12Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a decentralized design that dynamically allocates resources to multiple services inside a global server cluster. The design supports QoS objectives (maximum response time and maximum loss rate) for each service. A system administrator can modify policies that assign relative importance to services and, in this way, control the resource allocation process. Distinctive features of our design are the use of an epidemic protocol to disseminate state and control information, as well as the decentralized evaluation of utility functions to control resource partitioning among services. Simulation results show that the system operates both effectively and efficiently; it meets the QoS objectives and dynamically adapts to load changes and to failures. In case of overload, the service quality degrades gracefully, controlled by the cluster policies.

  • 15.
    Adam, Constantin
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Microelectronics and Information Technology, IMIT.
    Stadler, Rolf
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Microelectronics and Information Technology, IMIT.
    Adaptable Server Clusters with QoS Objectives2005In: Integrated Network Management IX - MANAGING NEW NETWORKED WORLDS / [ed] Clemm A, Festor O, Pras A, New York: IEEE , 2005, p. 149-163Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a decentralized design for a server cluster that supports a single service with response time guarantees. Three distributed mechanisms represent the key elements of our design. Topology construction maintains a dynamic overlay of cluster nodes. Request routing directs service requests towards available servers. Membership control allocates/releases servers to/from the cluster, in response to changes in the external load. We advocate a decentralized approach, because it is scalable, fault-tolerant, and has a lower configuration complexity than a centralized solution. We demonstrate through simulations that our system operates efficiently by comparing it to an ideal centralized system. In addition, we show that our system rapidly adapts to changing load. We found that the interaction of the various mechanisms in the system leads to desirable global properties. More precisely, for a fixed connectivity c (i.e., the number of neighbors of a node in the overlay), the average experienced delay in the cluster is independent of the external load. In addition, increasing c increases the average delay but decreases the system size for a given load. Consequently, the cluster administrator can use c as a management parameter that permits control of the tradeoff between a small system size and a small experienced delay for the service.

  • 16.
    Adam, Constantin
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Microelectronics and Information Technology, IMIT.
    Stadler, Rolf
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Microelectronics and Information Technology, IMIT.
    Externally Controllable, Self-Oganizing Server Clusters2005In: Designing a Scalable, Self-organizing Middleware for Server Clusters (NGNM05): in the scope of Networking 2005, 2005, p. 1-12Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 17.
    Adam, Constantin
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Communication Networks.
    Stadler, Rolf
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Communication Networks.
    Implementation and evaluation of a middleware for self-organizing decentralized web services2006In: Integrated Network Management IX: MANAGING NEW NETWORKED WORLDS, 2006, Vol. 3996, p. 1-14Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present the implementation of Chameleon, a peer-to-peer middleware for self-organizing web services, and we provide evaluation results from a test bed. The novel aspect of Chameleon is that key functions, including resource allocation, are decentralized, which facilitates scalability and robustness of the overall system. Chameleon is implemented in Java on the Tomcat web server environment. The implementation is non-intrusive in the sense that it does not require code modifications in Tomcat or in the underlying operating system. We evaluate the system by running the TPC-W benchmark. We show that the middleware dynamically and effectively reconfigures in response to changes in load patterns and server failures, while enforcing operating policies, namely, QoS objectives and service differentiation under overload.

  • 18.
    Adam, Constantin
    et al.
    KTH, Superseded Departments (pre-2005), Microelectronics and Information Technology, IMIT.
    Stadler, Rolf
    KTH, Superseded Departments (pre-2005), Microelectronics and Information Technology, IMIT.
    Patterns for Routing and Self-Stabilization2004In: NOMS 2004: IEEE/IFIP NETWORK OPERATIONS AND MANAGMENT SYMPOSIUM - MANAGING NEXT GENERATION CONVERGENCE NETWORKS AND SERVICES, New York: IEEE , 2004, p. 61-74Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper contributes towards engineering self-stabilizing networks and Services. We propose the use of navigation patterns, which define how information for state updates is disseminated in the system, as fundamental building blocks for self-stabilizing systems. We present two navigation patterns for self-stabilization: the progaressive wave pattern and the stationary wave pattern. The progressive wave pattern defines the update dissemination in Internet routing systems running the DUAL and OSPF protocols. Similarly, the stationary wave pattern defines the interactions of peer nodes in structured-peer-to-peer systems, including Chord, Pastry, Tapestry, and CAN. It turns out that both patterns are related. They both disseminate information in form of waves, i.e, sets of messages that originate from single events. Patterns can be instrumented to obtain wave statistics, which enables monitoring the process of self-stabilization in a system. We focus on Internet routing and peer-to-peer systems in this work, since we believe that studying these (existing) systems can lead to engineering principles for self-stabilizing system in various application areas.

  • 19.
    Adam, Constantin
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Communication Networks.
    Stadler, Rolf
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Communication Networks.
    Service middleware for self-managing large-scale systems2007In: IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, ISSN 1932-4537, E-ISSN 1932-4537, Vol. 4, no 3, p. 50-64Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Resource management poses particular challenges in large-scale systems, such as server clusters that simultaneously process requests from a large number of clients. A resource management scheme for such systems must scale both in the in the number of cluster nodes and the number of applications the cluster supports. Current solutions do not exhibit both of these properties at the same time. Many are centralized, which limits their scalability in terms of the number of nodes, or they are decentralized but rely on replicated directories, which also reduces their ability to scale. In this paper, we propose novel solutions to request routing and application placementtwo key mechanisms in a scalable resource management scheme. Our solution to request routing is based on selective update propagation, which ensures that the control load on a cluster node is independent of the system size. Application placement is approached in a decentralized manner, by using a distributed algorithm that maximizes resource utilization and allows for service differentiation under overload. The paper demonstrates how the above solutions can be integrated into an overall design for a peer-to-peer management middleware that exhibits properties of self-organization. Through complexity analysis and simulation, we show to which extent the system design is scalable. We have built a prototype using accepted technologies and have evaluated it using a standard benchmark. The testbed measurements show that the implementation, within the parameter range tested, operates efficiently, quickly adapts to a changing environment and allows for effective service differentiation by a system administrator.

  • 20.
    Adam, Constantin
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Communication Networks.
    Stadler, Rolf
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Communication Networks.
    Tang, Chunqiang
    Steinder, Malgorzata
    Spreitzer, Michael
    A service middleware that scales in system size and applications2007In: 2007 10TH IFIP/IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED NETWORK MANAGEMENT (IM 2009): VOLS 1 AND 2, NEW YORK: IEEE , 2007, p. 70-79Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a peer-to-peer service management middleware that dynamically allocates system resources to a large set of applications. The system achieves scalability in number of nodes (1000s or more) through three decentralized mechanisms that run on different time scales. First, overlay construction interconnects all nodes in the system for exchanging control and state information. Second, request routing directs requests to nodes that offer the corresponding applications. Third, application placement controls the set of offered applications on each node, in order to achieve efficient operation and service differentiation. The design supports a large number of applications (100s or more) through selective propagation of configuration information needed for request routing. The control load on a node increases linearly with the number of applications in the system. Service differentiation is achieved through assigning a utility to each application which influences the application placement process. Simulation studies show that the system operates efficiently for different sizes, adapts fast to load changes and failures and effectively differentiates between different applications under overload.

  • 21.
    Adams, David C.
    et al.
    MIT.
    Du, Jinfeng
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Communication Theory. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
    Médard, Muriel
    Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT.
    Yu, Christopher C.
    Draper Laboratory.
    Delay constrained throughput-reliability tradeoff in network-coded wireless systems2014Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate the performance of delay constrained data transmission over wireless networks without end-to-end feedback. Forward error-correction coding (FEC) is performed at the bit level to combat channel distortions and random linear network coding (RLNC) is performed at the packet level to recover from packet erasures. We focus on the scenario where RLNC re-encoding is performed at intermediate nodes and we assume that any packet that contains bit errors after FEC decoding can be detected and erased. To facilitate explicit characterization of data transmission over network-coded wireless systems, we propose a generic two-layer abstraction of a network that models both bit/symbol-level operations at the lower layer (termed PHY-layer) over several heterogeneous links and packet-level operations at the upper layer (termed NET-layer). Based on this model, we propose a network reduction method to characterize the throughput-reliability function of the end-to-end transmission. Our approach not only reveals an explicit tradeoff between data delivery rate and reliability, but also provides an intuitive visualization of the bottlenecks within the underlying network. We illustrate our approach via a point-to-point link and a relay network and highlight the advantages of this method over capacity-based approaches.

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    Globecom2014
  • 22.
    ADIL, MUHAMMAD NAEEM
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Communication Theory. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Analysis and Optimization of Transmission Strategies for Two Hop Networks with Multiple Antennas2013Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Two hop relay based networks consist of three network nodes: source,relay station, and destination in which relay station assists the sourceto communicate reliably and efficiently with the destination. Moreover,these networks provide cost efficient solution for achieving highdata rate via cooperative communication between relays with singleantennas. In two hop relay based networks, communication from a source todestination takes place over two phases, i.e , in first phase from sourceto relay station and in second phase from relay station to the destination.Therefore, it is essential to formulate transmission strategies,i.e, TDMA, SDMA, Hybrid TDMA-SDMA and multicast in terms ofresource allocation, beamforming over two phases so that interferenceis taken into account and high data rates are achieved. In this thesis,some relay selection methods have been proposed to optimize thenetwork performance. Different proposed transmission strategies arecompared in different scenario settings in order to analyse and decidethe best strategy in each setting. Based upon simulation results it is recommended to use adaptivetime split ratio between the two phases. Brute force relay selection givesthe optimal relay assignment but Hungarian assignment algorithm alsoperforms pretty close to brute force performance. SDMA with cooperativerelays connection with multiple antennas at the relays performsmuch better than the other transmission strategies. However, multicaststrategy performs much better if second phase channel knowledge is notavailable at the base station.

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  • 23. Aggerstam, Thomas
    et al.
    Lovqvist, Anita
    Stevens, Renaud
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Microelectronics and Information Technology, IMIT.
    Jonsson, Stefan
    Marcks von Würtemberg, Richard
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Microelectronics and Information Technology, IMIT.
    Schatz, Richard
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Microelectronics and Applied Physics, MAP. KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Microelectronics and Information Technology, IMIT.
    Dubois, Mardjan
    Ghisoni, Marco
    Selectively oxidized vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for high-speed data communication2001In: Proc. SPIE 4286, SPIE's Optoelectronics 2001, Photonics West, San Jose, US, Bellingham, WA, ETATS-UNIS: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers , 2001, Vol. 4286, p. 96-Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    MITEL Semiconductor is developing the next generation low cost, high performance transceivers for data communication. The increasing quantity of data being transferred over the Internet demands very high capacity interconnects. A low cost, high-performance alternative is the use of parallel fiber interconnects where the light is, for example, coupled into a 12-channel fiber-ribbon. Parallel interconnects require good uniformity in order to reduce escalating costs and complexity. In this paper we report on the static and the modulation properties of 850nm multimode oxide VCSELs for use in such Gb/s transceiver system. Static power-current-voltage characteristics with good uniformity were obtained for different structures, with threshold currents down to sub-mA. A maximum small signal 3-dB bandwidth of 10 GHz and a modulation current efficiency up to 8.4 GHz/√[mA] were measured. Single channel results are presented for VCSELs operated at data rates from 2.5-10Gb/s.

  • 24. Ahlfeldt, H.
    et al.
    Holm, J.
    Lindgren, S.
    Backlin, L.
    Vieider, C.
    Klinga, T.
    Kerzar, B.
    Nilsson, M.
    Svensson, M.
    Nilsson, S.
    Kjebon, Olle
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Microelectronics and Information Technology, IMIT.
    Schatz, Richard
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Microelectronics and Applied Physics, MAP. KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Microelectronics and Information Technology, IMIT.
    20 GHz bandwidth of lasers flip-chip-mounted on microstructured carriers with integrated electrical waveguides1998In: Optical Communication, 1998. 24th European Conference on, 1998, Vol. 1, p. 205-206Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A flip-chip-mounting scheme for high-speed lasers has been realised. The mounting scheme involves a microstructured silicon carrier with integrated membrane transmission lines and self-aligning solder bumps

  • 25. Ahlgren, B.
    et al.
    Ohlman, B.
    Axelsson, Erik
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication: Services and Infrastucture.
    Brown, Lars
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
    Subversion over OpenNetInf and CCNx2011In: Proceedings - Conference on Local Computer Networks, LCN, 2011, p. 1056-1063Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We describe experiences and insights from adapting the Subversion version control system to use the network service of two information-centric networking (ICN) prototypes: OpenNetInf and CCNx. The evaluation is done using a local collaboration scenario, common in our own project work where a group of people meet and share documents through a Subversion repository. The measurements show a performance benefit already with two clients in some of the studied scenarios, despite being done on un-optimised research prototypes. The conclusion is that ICN clearly is beneficial also for non mass-distribution applications. It was straightforward to adapt Subversion to fetch updated files from the repository using the ICN network service. The adaptation however neglected access control which will need a different approach in ICN than an authenticated SSL tunnel. Another insight from the experiments is that care needs to be taken when implementing the heavy ICN hash and signature calculations. In the prototypes, these are done serially, but we see an opportunity for parallelisation, making use of current multi-core processors.

  • 26.
    Ahmad, Ikhlas
    et al.
    Univ Engn & Technol, Dept Telecommun Engn, Mardan, Pakistan..
    Rehman Khan, Wasi Ur
    Univ Engn & Technol, Dept Telecommun Engn, Mardan, Pakistan..
    Ullah, Sadiq
    Univ Engn & Technol, Dept Telecommun Engn, Mardan, Pakistan..
    Mufti, Naveed
    Univ Engn & Technol, Dept Telecommun Engn, Mardan, Pakistan..
    Alharbi, Abdullah G.
    Jouf Univ, Fac Engn, Dept Elect Engn, Sakaka 42421, Saudi Arabia..
    Hussain, Niamat
    Sejong Univ, Dept Smart Device Engn, Seoul 05006, South Korea..
    Alibakhshikenari, Mohammad
    Univ Carlos III Madrid, Dept Signal Theory & Commun, Leganes 28911, Madrid, Spain..
    Dalarsson, Mariana
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Highly Compact GCPW-Fed Multi-Branch Structure Multi-Band Antenna for Wireless Applications2022In: International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, ISSN 1687-5869, E-ISSN 1687-5877, Vol. 2022, p. 1-9, article id 1917807Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, we present a highly compact multi-branch structure multi-band antenna with a grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW)-fed structure printed on 26 x 13 x 1.6 mm(3) sized FR-4 substrate having dielectric constant epsilon r of 4.3 and loss tangent delta of 0.02. In the proposed antenna, five branches are extended from the main radiator to provide multi-band behavior. Two branches are introduced at the upper end of the main radiator, effectively covering the lower bands, while the other three branches are introduced near the center of the main radiator to extend operation to higher bands. The designed antenna covers five different bands: 2.4 GHz, 4.5 GHz, 5.5 GHz, 6.5 GHz, and 7.8 GHz, with respective gain values of 1.34, 1.60, 1.83, 1.80, and 3.50 dBi and respective radiation efficiency values of 90, 88, 84, 75, and 89%. The antenna shows a good impedance bandwidth, ranging from 170 MHz to 3070 MHz. The proposed antenna is simulated in CST Microwave Studio, while its performance is experimentally validated by the fabrication and testing process. The antenna has potential applications for IoT, sub-6 GHz 5G and WLAN (both enablers for IoT), C-band, and X-band services.

  • 27.
    Ahmad, Sarosh
    et al.
    Govt Coll Univ Faisalabad GCUF, Dept Elect Engn & Technol, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.;Univ Carlos III Madrid, Dept Signal Theory & Commun, Madrid 28911, Spain..
    Khan, Shahid
    COMSATS Univ Islamabad, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.;Univ Lorraine, Inst Super Elect & Automat, F-57070 Lorraine, France..
    Manzoor, Bilal
    Univ Engn & Technol UET, Dept Telecom Engn, Taxila 47050, Pakistan..
    Soruri, Mohammad
    Univ Birjand, Tech Fac Ferdows, Birjand 9717434765, Iran..
    Alibakhshikenari, Mohammad
    Univ Carlos III Madrid, Dept Signal Theory & Commun, Madrid 28911, Spain..
    Dalarsson, Mariana
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering.
    Falcone, Francisco
    Univ Publ Navarra, Elect Elect & Commun Engn Dept, Pamplona 31006, Spain.;Univ Publ Navarra, Inst Smart Cities, Pamplona 31006, Spain..
    A Compact CPW-Fed Ultra-Wideband Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO) Antenna for Wireless Communication Networks2022In: IEEE Access, E-ISSN 2169-3536, Vol. 10, p. 25278-25289Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this article, a compact coplanar waveguide (CPW) technique based ultra-wideband multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is proposed. The design is characterized by a broad impedance bandwidth starting from 3 GHz to 11 GHz. The overall size of the MIMO design is 60 x 60 mm(2) (1.24 x 1.24 lambda(2)(g) @ 3 GHz) with a thickness of 1.6 mm. To make the design ultra-wideband, the proposed MIMO antenna design has four jug-shaped radiating elements. The design is printed on a FR-4 substrate (relative permittivity of epsilon(r) = 4.4 and loss tangent of tan delta = 0.025). The polarization diversity phenomenon is realized by placing four antenna elements orthogonally. This arrangement increases the isolation among the MIMO antenna elements. The simulated results of the ultra-wideband MIMO antenna are verified by measured results. The proposed MIMO antenna has a measured diversity gain greater than 9.98, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) less than 0.02, and good MIMO performance where the isolation is more than -20dB between the elements. The group delay, channel capacity loss (CCL), and the total active reflection coefficient (TARC) multiplexing efficiency and mean effective gain results are also analyzed. The group delay is found to be less than 1.2ns, CCL values calculated to be less than 0.4 bits/sec/Hz, while the TARC is below -10dB for the whole operating spectrum. The proposed design is a perfect candidate for ultra-wideband wireless communication systems and portable devices.

  • 28.
    Ahmed, Ashraf Awadelkarim Widaa
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab).
    Towards Affordable Provisioning Strategies for Local Mobile Services in Dense Urban Areas: A Techno-economic Study2017Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The future mobile communication networks are expected to cope with growing local usage patterns especially in dense urban areas at more affordable deployment and operation expenses. Beyond leveraging small cell architectures and advanced radio access technologies; more radio spectrum are expected to be required to achieve the desired techno-economic targets. Therefore, the research activity has been directed towards discussing the benefits and needs for more flexible and local spectrum authorization schemes. This thesis work is meant to be a contribution to this ongoing discussion from a techno-economic perspective.

     

    In chapter three, the engineering value of the different flexible authorization options are evaluated from the perspective of established mobile network operators using the opportunity cost approach. The main results in chapter three indicate the economic incentives to deploy more small cells based on flexible spectrum authorization options are subject to the potential saving in the deployment and operation costs. Nonetheless; high engineering value can be anticipated when the density of small cells is equal or larger than the active mobile subscribers’ density.

     

    While in chapter four, the possible local business models around different flexible authorization options are investigated from the perspective of emerging actors with limited or ’no’ licensed spectrum resources. In this context, dependent or independent local business can be identified according to surrounding spectrum regulations. On possible independent local business models for those emerging actors is to exploit the different flexible spectrum authorization options to provision tailored local mobile services. Other viable dependent local business models rest with the possibility to enter into different cooperation agreements to deploy and operate dedicated local mobile infrastructure on behalf established mobile network operators.

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  • 29.
    Ahmed, Ashraf Awadelkarim Widaa
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab). KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Chatzimichail, Konstantinos
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Markendahl, Jan
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab). KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Cavdar, Cicek
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Techno-economics of Green Mobile Networks Considering Backhauling2014In: 20th European Wireless Conference, EW 2014, Barcelona: VDE Verlag GmbH, 2014, p. 415-6Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper we consider a comparative analysis of different deployment solutions in terms of total cost of ownership (TCO) and impact of energy efficiency as a cost parameter, i.e. mobile operator's electric bill. Different deployment options for the wireless segment of the network are considered: macro only versus heterogeneous networks with femto cells to support indoor traffic demand. In addition to the wireless segment different technologies for the backhauling segment are also considered: microwave versus fiber (10G-PON). Considering different user traffic intensities in an urban area and different environments such as business and residential areas, the impact of energy consumption on the TCO has been analyzed. The scope of the paper is extended to compare different backhaul technologies considering the annual increase in the traffic demand up to year 2020. The obtained results indicate that the impact of electric bill becomes more significant over the TCO especially after year 2018. Moreover, the heterogeneous deployment strategy utilizing indoor femto-cells achieves significant savings in terms of electric bill and TCO compared to the macro only solution. However, the saving ratio varies according to the adopted backhauling technology.

  • 30.
    Ahmed, Ashraf Awadelkarim Widaa
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab). KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Markendahl, Jan
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS. KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Cavdar, Cicek
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab). KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Interplay Between Cost,Capacity and Power Consumption in Heterogeneous Mobile Networks2014In: 2014 21st International Conference on Telecommunications, ICT 2014, Lisbon: IEEE Press, 2014, , p. 5p. 98-102Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mobile operators nowadays tend to deploy dense heterogeneous layers of 3G and 4G networks in outdoor and indoor environments by adding more macrocells and small cells (e.g. microcells, picocells and femtocells) in response to the increasing demand for coverage and capacity. Another main driver and enabler behind this tendency is the phenomenon that around 80% of power consumption in mobile communication networks stems from the radio base stations. This situation makes mobile operators opt for the use of lowpower radio base stations to provide better coverage, capacity and an environmentally-friendly operation. In this paper the interplay between the deployment costs, targeted QoS and power consumptions have been studied considering two deployment options for the provisioning of the required mobile broadband coverage and capacity; namely the heterogeneous network (HetNet) option versus the homogenous macrocell deployment option. The main findings indicate that, the perceived saving in the total cost of ownership (TCO) resulting from offloading percentage of network traffic to indoor smallcell, in the case of HetNet, is bounded by the mobile subscriber density per area, their usage patterns, the adopted backhaul solution and the used spectrum resources. In general, a quite paying cost and power saving can be achieved by the heterogonous deployment solution for scenarios with high demand levels especially when there is a need to use the spectrum resources more efficiently.

  • 31.
    Ahmed, Ashraf Awadelkarim Widaa
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab). KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Markendahl, Jan
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab). KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Cavdar, Cicek
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab). KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Ghanbari, Amirhossein
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab). KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Study on the effects of backhual solutions on indoor mobile deployment "macrocell vs. femtocell"2013In: 2013 IEEE 24th International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), IEEE conference proceedings, 2013, p. 2444-2448Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The deployment of low cost and low power base stations has been recognized in recent years as a promising cost-efficient solution and energy-efficient strategy. In this paper the femtocell and macrocell deployment options have been compared in the context of indoor mobile broadband deployment, with focus on the effect of different backhauling solutions in power consumption and the total deployment cost. This study has been based on the deployment of mobile broadband services within an area of one square kilometers in a new densely populated business district where the different user demands, spectrum bandwidths, backhaul technologies and radio access technologies are taken into account. Moreover, various deployment scenarios reflecting the business perspectives of mobile operators have been looked into as well. The main findings reached indicate that backhaul solutions contribute differently to cost and power consumption depending on the employed deployment strategy. However, contributions to the total power consumption and to the CapEx and OpEx elements of the total deployment cost elements turned to be more significant in the case of femtocell deployment scenarios than in the case of macrocell ones. It is worthy of notice that the femtocell deployment is more cost-efficient, especially in high demand situation when new macro sites are needed to be deployed.

  • 32.
    Ahmed, Ashraf Awadelkarim Widaa
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab). KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Markendahl, Jan
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab). KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Ghanbari, Amirhossein
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab). KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Evaluation of Spectrum Access Options for Indoor Mobile Network Deployment2013In: 2013 IEEE 24th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC Workshops), IEEE , 2013, p. 138-142Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The investments in indoor mobile networks are highly related to the spectrum availability and its associated authorization options. The aim of this paper is to discuss the differences in the spectrum demand taking into consideration both wide and local area network deployment requirements and the kind of actor that provides the indoor wireless access. The analysis covers different authorizations options namely licensed, unlicensed, licensed shared access (LSA) and secondary access. A quantitative approach is used to analyze the differences between macrocell and femtocell deployments focusing on deployment cost and spectrum demand. This is complemented by a qualitative study to explore and discuss the strategic business decisions of different actors in view of the available spectrum bands and spectrum authorization options. The main conclusions from this study are; spectrum has more value in macrocell deployment scenarios than in femtocell ones. More spectrum in macrocell deployment scenarios means that operators can deploy less number of new sites and exploit previous infrastructure investments. Femtocell networks are often coverage limited which allows for frequency re-use. As a consequence, the value of spectrum is not the same for mobile network operators (MNOs) and for local network operator (LNOs). MNOs are traditionally confined to macrocell deployment strategies which entail the exclusive usage of licensed bands. While, the use of licensed spectrum by LNOs may incur more cost than the cost of infrastructure deployment. This explains why the use of unlicensed bands is lucrative and viable for LNOs. Furthermore, the LSA scheme may or could soon become an enabler for LNO's business due to the prevailing technical, regulation and policies developments.

  • 33.
    Ahmed, Ashraf Awadelkarim Widaa
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab). KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Markendahl, Jan
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab). KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Ghanbari, Amirhossein
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab). KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Investment strategies for different actors in indoor mobile market: "in view of the emerging spectrum authorization schemes"2013In: 24th European Regional Conference of the International Telecommunication Society, Florence, Italy, 20-23 October 2013, 2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The regulatory landscape is changing towards more flexible spectrum management schemes. Such schemes are expected to make additional spectrum resources available and lower the spectrum access barriers. Emerging spectrum authorization schemes such as secondary access (TV White Space) and Licensed Shared Access (LSA) are expected to open doors for new actors rather than traditional MNOs to access licensed spectrum resources at reasonable costs. These schemes will allow actors such as Facility Owners (FO), Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNO) and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to invest in indoor mobile network infrastructure. These actors can act as Local Network Operators (LNO) and build their business models around provisioning of mobile services in locations where there seems to be a hole or lack of service coverage in a particular area within the mobile network operators (MNOs) service footprint. This paper highlights the differences between indoor deployment and outdoor deployment in the light of the available spectrum bands to be used and the possible business models for MNOs and LNOs. In short, the possible investment strategies for provisioning indoor mobile services vary between MNOs and LNOs cases due to economic and regulatory aspects surrounding them. The main finding in this study indicates that the willingness of MNOs to invest in dedicated indoor solutions is driven by the balance between the potential revenues and the deployment cost. Moreover MNOs have more spectrum and investment options compared to LNOs who must bond their investment strategies to the available spectrum resources (i.e. the regulations of spectrum access).

  • 34.
    Ahmed, Ashraf Awadelkarim Widaa
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS.
    Markendahl, Jan
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth. KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab).
    Ghanbari, Amirhossein
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS.
    The Incentives and Challenges of Delivering Linear Broadcasting Services over Cellular Network in Developing Countries: Sudan as Case study2014In: The 25th European Regional Conference of the International Telecommunications Society,Brussels, Belgium, 22nd - 25th June 2014, Brussels: nternational Telecommunications Society , 2014Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The Broadcasting sector has been evolved in terms of service production, transmission platform and reception devices in the last few decades. In contrast to cable and satellite platform, which are suitable for fixed reception only, the terrestrial digital platform can support portable, mobile and fixed reception scenarios. In general, there are two options of mobile multimedia service; one is based on a mobile communication network with IP cast known as MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services), while the other is based on broadcast technology. In the context of convergence, the players in the mobile sector argues that unlike traditional mobile  network systems, where the use was restricted to a given application, emerging  mobile networks will be able to carry a variety of services and accordingly separate broadcasting networks will no longer be required. In line with argument, it is not economically viable to roll out dedicated wireless broadband networks by the broadcasters to meet the increasing demand for interactive broadcasting services. That is why the broadcasters may look for innovative mechanism to deliver the broadcast services over mobile broadband network owned by the telecommunication operators.

    The focus on this paper is to investigate the incentives and challenges for such trend in developing countries; taking Sudan as case study. The main conclusion in this paper indicate that a potential economic incentive for delivering the broadcasting service over cellular network in Sudan subject to the deployment of high efficient mobile network. Moreover, the mobile operators may consider support such approach considering the increase demand for additional frequency resource.  However, the key challenges remain in how to develop a suitable regulations landscape to assure fair and competitive business practices on hand while guaranteeing the continuation of the public broadcasting service. In this regard, a new regulation framework needs to be developed to separate the three key functions in digital terrestrial broadcasting value chain (namely the content production and distribution). Further on, the necessary interconnection regulations need to put on place in order to pave the way for rollout of common platform that are necessary for interactive and nonlinear services. 

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    fulltext
  • 35.
    Ahmed, Ashraf Awadelkarim Widaa
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab). KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Markendahl, Jan
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab). KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Ghanbari, Amirhossein
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Toward capacity-efficient, cost-efficient and power-efficient deployment strategy for indoor mobile broadband2013In: 24th European Regional ITS Conference, Florence 2013, 2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mobile operators nowadays tend to deploy dense heterogeneous layers of 3G and 4G networks in outdoor and indoor environments by adding more macrocells and smallcells (e.g. microcells, picocells and femtocells) in response to the increasing subscriber demand for coverage and capacity. The main driver and enabler behind this tendency is the phenomenon that around 80% of power consumption in mobile communication networks stems from the radio base stations. This situation makes mobile operators opt for the use low-power radio base stations to provide better coverage, capacity and a more environment-friendly operation. The use of low-power radio base stations leads to reduction of energy consumption in mobile communication networks power. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative study between homogenous macrocell deployment and indoor smallcell deployments as alternative solutions for provision of the required indoor coverage and capacity. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of backhaul solutions being critical components in the smallcell network deployment. Furthermore, the scope of the study is extended to cover the investigation of the value of the heterogeneous (i.e. hybrid marcocell-femtocell) deployment scenario as a cost and power-efficient solution versus the homogenous marcocell deployment scenario in view of the variations in the mobile network traffic during the day. The main findings indicate that the CapEx and OpEx of the backhaul solution represent the major part of the total deployment cost in the indoor smallcell deployment scenario (i.e. femtocell case) compared to those of the macrocell deployment scenario. Nonetheless, the perceived saving in the total cost of ownership (TCO) resulting from the use of indoor smallcell (i.e. femtocell) remains a satisfactory and convenient motivation considering the traffic variation across the day, traffic distribution between indoor and outdoor locations and the keenness to use the spectrum resources more efficiently.

  • 36.
    Ahmed, Ashraf
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab).
    Yang, Yanpeng
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab).
    Won Sung, Ki
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab).
    Markendahl, Jan
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab).
    On the Engineering Value of Spectrum in Dense Mobile Network Deployment Scenarios2015Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    the continuing growth in the mobile data traffic magnifies the challenges for the design and deployment of scalable high-capacity mobile networks that can meet the future demand at reasonable cost levels. In order to meet the future traffic demand, an operator should invest on both infrastructure, i.e. densification of base stations, and more radio spectrum. Knowing the effectiveness of each element is thus of utmost importance for minimizing the investment cost. In this paper, we study the economic substitutability between spectrum and densification. For this, we measure the engineering value of spectrum, which refers to the potential saving in the total cost of ownership (TCO) as result of acquiring additional spectrum resources. Two countries are considered to represent different market situations: India with dense population and high spectrum price and Sweden with moderate population density and low spectrum fee. Numerical results indicate that additional amount of spectrum substantially relieves the need for densifying radio base stations, particularly for providing high user data rate in dense India. Nonetheless, the engineering value of spectrum is low in India (i.e. spectrum acquisition has less cost benefit) under the high spectrum price of today, whereas spectrum is instrumental in lowering the total cost of ownership in Sweden. Our finding highlights the importance of affordable and sufficient spectrum resources for future mobile broadband provisioning.

  • 37.
    Ahmed, Furqan
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Communication Systems, CoS.
    Alfredo Dowhuszko, Alexis
    Tirkkonen, Olav
    Self-Organizing Algorithms for Interference Coordination in Small Cell Networks2017In: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, ISSN 0018-9545, E-ISSN 1939-9359, Vol. 66, no 9, p. 8333-8346Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper discusses novel joint (intracell and intercell) resource allocation algorithms for self-organized interference coordination in multicarrier multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) small cell networks. The proposed algorithms enable interference coordination autonomously, over multiple degrees of freedom, such as base station transmit powers, transmit precoders, and user scheduling weights. A generic a-fair utility maximization framework is considered to analyze performance-fairness tradeoff and to quantify the gains achievable in interference-limited networks. The proposed scheme involves limited inter-base station signaling in the form of two step (power and precoder) pricing. Based on this decentralized coordination, autonomous power and precoder update decision rules are considered, leading to algorithms with different characteristics in terms of user data rates, signaling load, and convergence speed. Simulation results in a practical setting show that the proposed pricing-based self-organization can achieve up to 100% improvement in cell-edge data rates when compared to baseline optimization strategies. Furthermore, the convergence of the proposed algorithms is also proved theoretically.

  • 38.
    Ahmed, Furqan
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Communication Systems, CoS.
    Kliks, A.
    Goratti, L.
    Khan, S. N.
    Towards spectrum sharing in virtualized networks: A survey and an outlook2019In: EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing, Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH , 2019, p. 1-28Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Spectrum sharing and management constitute an important tool for alleviating the problem of spectrum scarcity and underutilization. For 5G networks, a number of spectrum sharing schemes are currently under consideration, which differ significantly from the traditional approaches, namely, exclusive access and unlicensed access. The choice of spectrum sharing scheme has a significant impact on the virtualization aspects of the network. This chapter discusses spectrum sharing and its ramifications on the architecture of virtualized wireless networks. We provide a survey of important spectrum sharing schemes and discuss their pros and cons from a 5G perspective. This is followed by an up-to-date account of regulatory aspects and field trials of the important spectrum sharing schemes. The main challenges pertinent to spectrum sharing in virtualized networks are identified. Furthermore, we discuss an architecture for enabling efficient spectrum management and network virtualization in multi-operator 5G networks. 

  • 39.
    Ahmed, J.
    et al.
    Ericsson Research, Sweden.
    Josefsson, T.
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Johnsson, A.
    Ericsson Research, Sweden.
    Flinta, C.
    Ericsson Research, Sweden.
    Moradi, F.
    Ericsson Research, Sweden.
    Pasquini, R.
    Faculty of Computing (FACOM/UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
    Stadler, Rolf
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Network and Systems Engineering. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre. RISE Swedish Institute of Computer Science (SICS), Sweden.
    Automated diagnostic of virtualized service performance degradation2018In: Proceedings 2018 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, NOMS 2018: Cognitive Management in a Cyber World, NOMS 2018, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2018, p. 1-9Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Service assurance for cloud applications is a challenging task and is an active area of research for academia and industry. One promising approach is to utilize machine learning for service quality prediction and fault detection so that suitable mitigation actions can be executed. In our previous work, we have shown how to predict service-level metrics in real-time just from operational data gathered at the server side. This gives the service provider early indications on whether the platform can support the current load demand. This paper provides the logical next step where we extend our work by proposing an automated detection and diagnostic capability for the performance faults manifesting themselves in cloud and datacenter environments. This is a crucial task to maintain the smooth operation of running services and minimizing downtime. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach which exploits the interpretative capabilities of Self- Organizing Maps (SOMs) to automatically detect and localize different performance faults for cloud services.

  • 40.
    Ahmed, Jawwad
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Optical Network Laboratory (ON Lab).
    Cavdar, Cicek
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Optical Network Laboratory (ON Lab).
    Monti, Paolo
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Optical Network Laboratory (ON Lab).
    Wosinska, Lena
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Optical Network Laboratory (ON Lab).
    A Dynamic Bulk Provisioning Framework for Concurrent Optimization in PCE-Based WDM Networks2012In: Journal of Lightwave Technology, ISSN 0733-8724, E-ISSN 1558-2213, Vol. 30, no 14, p. 2229-2239Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A centralized network control and management plane, such as the one based on a path computation element (PCE), is highly beneficial in terms of resource optimization in wavelength division multiplexing optical networks. Benefits of centralized provisioning are even more evident when connection requests are provisioned in batches, i.e., they allow a better use of network resources via concurrent optimization. In this study, a dynamic bulk provisioning framework is presented with the objective of optimizing the use of network resources that also presents, as an additional benefit, the ability to yield a reduction of the control plane overhead. The rationale behind the proposed framework is based on a mechanism in which the PCE client is allowed to bundle and simultaneously send multiple labeled switch path (LSP) requests to the PCE where, in turn, several bundles can be concurrently processed together as a single bulk. From the network deployment perspective, a PCE-based network architecture is proposed to practically realize this approach. For dynamic bulk provisioning of optical LSP requests, a time-efficient integer linear programming (ILP) model (LSP BP ILP) is presented to minimize the request blocking, the network resource consumption, and the network congestion. In addition, a heuristic based on a greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP), namely LSP_BP_GRASP, is also proposed as a scalable alternative. The presented results demonstrate significant advantages of the proposed PCE bulk provisioning framework based on concurrent optimization in terms of reduced blocking probability and control overhead when compared with conventional dynamic connection provisioning approaches processing a single connection request at a time.

  • 41.
    Ahmed, Jawwad
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Optics and Photonics, Photonics.
    Cavdar, Cicek
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Optics and Photonics, Photonics.
    Monti, Paolo
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Optics and Photonics, Photonics.
    Wosinska, Lena
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Optics and Photonics, Photonics.
    An Optimal Model for LSP Bundle Provisioning in PCE-based WDM Networks2011In: 2011 Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, OFC/NFOEC 2011, Washington: Optical Society of America , 2011Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A time-efficient resource optimization model for dynamic concurrent provisioning of connection requests at PCE is proposed. It is shown that a significant performance improvement can be achieved without noticeable increase in connection setup-time.

  • 42.
    Ahmed, Jawwad
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Optics and Photonics, Photonics.
    Cavdar, Cicek
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Optics and Photonics, Photonics.
    Monti, Paolo
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Optics and Photonics, Photonics.
    Wosinska, Lena
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Optics and Photonics, Photonics.
    Bulk provisioning of LSP requests with shared path protection in a PCE-based WDM network2011In: ONDM 2011 - 15th Conference on Optical Network Design and Modeling, 2011Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Path Computation Element (PCE) is a network entity utilized for network path computation operations, especially useful in optical networks based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). In the PCE paradigm, the communication between a node and the PCE is specified by the Path Computation Element Communication Protocol (PCEP). According to PCEP protocol, multiple LSP (Label Switched Path) requests can be bundled together before being sent to the PCE in order to reduce the control overhead. Multiple bundles received by the PCE can then be provisioned at once as a single bulk. Enabling bulk provisioning of LSP requests at the PCE in a concurrent manner can bring significant improvements in terms of higher network resource utilization and control plane overhead reduction. However, these advantages come at a cost of a longer connection setup-time and of an instantaneous increase in the network load, which may lead to a degradation of the network performance, e.g. blocking probability. In this study pros and cons of bulk provisioning are explored in shared path protection (SPP) by comparing sequential and concurrent path computation strategies. An efficient meta-heuristic named GRASP-SPP-BP (Greedy Random Adoptive Search Procedure for Shared Path Protection with Bulk Provisioning) is proposed for concurrent provisioning of primary and shared backup path pairs. GRASP-SPP-BP minimizes the backup resource consumption while requiring minimal path computation time. The presented results demonstrate that, in a SPP network scenario, a significant reduction in the PCEP control overhead, network blocking probability and backup resource consumption can be achieved via LSP bulk provisioning at the PCE with the proposed GRASP-SPP-BP approach.

  • 43.
    Ahmed, Jawwad
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Microelectronics and Applied Physics, MAP.
    Monti, Paolo
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Microelectronics and Applied Physics, MAP.
    Wosinska, Lena
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Microelectronics and Applied Physics, MAP.
    Benefits of Connection Request Bundling in a PCE-based WDM Network2009In: Proc. of European Conference on Networks and Optical Communications (NOC), 2009Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The  Path  Computation  Element  (PCE)  concept  is  considered  to  be  beneficial  in  the network  connection  setup  operations,  especially  in  optical  networks  based  on wavelength  division  multiplex  (WDM)  transport  technology.  In  the  PCE  paradigm, communication  between  a  node  and  the  PCE  is  specified  by  the  Path  Computation Element  Communication  Protocol  (PCEP).  PCEP  allows  the  PCC  (Path  Computation Client) to send to the PCE more than one LSP (path computation) request at a time, i.e., multiple LSP requests can be bundled together before being sent to the PCE. Enabling bundling, and consequently the concurrent optimization of a large set of LSP requests at the PCE, may result in significant improvements in terms of network optimization and reduced  control  plane  overhead.  However,  these  advantages  come  at  a  cost  of increased  connection  setup-delay.  This  paper  explores  pros  and  cons  of  enabling bundling of LSP requests in terms of both control plane overhead reduction and benefits of  sequential  vs.  concurrent  path  computation  operations.  A  variety  of  scenarios  are analyzed,  including  a  WDM  mesh  network  providing  LSPs  with  both  dedicated  and shared  path  protection.  Results  demonstrate  significant  gains  in  terms  of  reduced control  overhead  using  LSP  bundling,  and  reduction  in  blocking  probability  using concurrent processing of bundled LSP requests at the PCE.

  • 44.
    Ahmed, Jawwad
    et al.
    KTH.
    Monti, Paolo
    KTH.
    Wosinska, Lena
    KTH.
    Concurrent processing of multiple LSP request bundles on a PCE in a WDM network2010In: Optics InfoBase Conference Papers, OSA Publishing , 2010Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Concurrent RWA algorithm for differentiated services to process multiple LSP bundles at PCE is proposed. Significant blocking probability reduction has been observed at the expense of slightly increased LSP setup-time compared to a sequential approach.

  • 45.
    Ahmed, Jawwad
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Optics and Photonics, Photonics.
    Monti, Paolo
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Optics and Photonics, Photonics.
    Wosinska, Lena
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Optics and Photonics, Photonics.
    Concurrent processing of multiple LSP request bundles on a PCE in a WDM network2010In: 2010 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication, Collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, OFC/NFOEC, New York: IEEE , 2010, p. 5465298-Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Concurrent RWA algorithm for differentiated services to process multiple LSP bundles at PCE is proposed. Significant blocking probability reduction has been observed at the expense of slightly increased LSP setup-time compared to a sequential approach.

  • 46.
    Ahmed, Jawwad
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Optics and Photonics, Photonics.
    Monti, Paolo
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Optics and Photonics, Photonics.
    Wosinska, Lena
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Optics and Photonics, Photonics.
    LSP Request Bundling in a PCE-Based WDM Network2009In: OFC: 2009 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication, IEEE , 2009, p. 989-991Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    LSP requests may be bundled to improve the network optimization process at the expense of an increased connection setup delay. A detailed study is conducted to evaluate the pros and cons of the bundling approach.

  • 47.
    Ahmed, Jawwad
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Communication Systems, CoS, Optical Network Laboratory (ON Lab).
    Monti, Paolo
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Communication Systems, CoS, Optical Network Laboratory (ON Lab).
    Wosinska, Lena
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Communication Systems, CoS, Optical Network Laboratory (ON Lab).
    Spadaro, S.
    Enhancing restoration performance using service relocation in PCE-based resilient optical clouds2014In: Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OFC 2014, Optical Society of America , 2014Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper investigates the benefits of dynamic restoration with service relocation in resilient optical clouds. Results from the proposed optimization model show that service availability can be significantly improved by allowing a few service relocations.

  • 48.
    Ahmed, Jawwad
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Optics and Photonics, Photonics.
    Solano, Fernando
    Warsaw University of Technology.
    Monti, Paolo
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Optics and Photonics, Photonics.
    Wosinska, Lena
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Optics and Photonics, Photonics.
    Traffic re-optimization strategies for dynamically provisioned WDM networks2011In: ONDM 2011 - 15th Conference on Optical Network Design and Modeling, Bologna, 2011Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) networks with dynamic lightpath provisioning, connection requests are served without any prior knowledge of their arrival and departure times. As time passes, network resources may become fragmented because of the network dynamism. Under these circumstances it is highly beneficial to re-optimize (i.e., de-fragment) the existing lightpath configuration at some specific time instances to improve the network resource utilization and reduce the risk that future connection requests will be blocked. Assuming that this de-fragmentation process occurs during a re-optimization phase, this paper presents a set of strategies which govern the time instances when this re-optimization phase should be triggered as well as a set of strategies to decide which of the currently active lightpaths should be optimized at any given re-optimization phase. These strategies are referred to as when-to-re-optimize (when-t-r) and what-to-re-optimize (what-t-r) strategies, respectively. During the evaluation process particular attention is devoted to study the impact that when-t-r and what-t-r strategies have on the traffic disruption metrics (i.e., number of total disrupted connections, disruption time, reconfiguration time) inherent with the re-optimization process. Based on the evaluation results, it can be concluded that the choice of an optimal "when" and an optimal "what" to re-optimize strategy is dependent upon the performance objective (e.g. lower blocking probability or network disruption) in a given network scenario.

  • 49.
    Ahsin, Tafzeel ur Rehman
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS.
    Link Reliability in Cooperative Relaying Using Network Coding2010Licentiate thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Demand for high data rates is increasing rapidly for future wireless systems.This trend is due to the increase in the number of mobile subscribers that need bandwidth hungry multimedia applications anywhere, anytime. Fourth generation cellular systems like IMT-advanced are being developed to meet these requirements. The unreliable nature of the wireless medium is one of the main hinderance in providing high data rates. Cooperative communication in cellular networks is emerging as a new paradigm to deal with the channel impairments. User cooperation via fixed relays in cellular systems form multiple access relay channels (MARCs) and provide an effective and cost efficient solution to achieve spatial diversity gains. Network resources can be utilized efficiently by using network coding at cooperating nodes.

    A lot of research work has focused on highlighting the gains achieved by using network coding in MARCs. However, there are certain areas that are not fully explored yet. For instance, the kind of the detection scheme used at the base station receiver and its impact on the link performance has not been addressed. In most cases, the outage probability has been used as a performance measure of MARCs. However, it is well known that the outage probability gives information about the signal availability, but it does not give the complete picture about the reliability of the link and the achieved quality of service.

    This thesis work looks at the link performance, in terms of symbol error probability, of multiple access relay channels that employ network coding at the relay node. Different types of detection schemes are considered and their performance is compared under different link conditions. Analytical expressions for the average symbol error probability of the cooperating users are derived. Focusing on the uplink of cellular systems, certain rules are devised on how to group users at relay node to ensure mutual benefit for the cooperating users. As a way of improving the link performance of multiple access relay channels and their robustness, the thesis considers constellation selection for the different branches. This method takes advantage of the redundancy between the transmitted symbols created by network coding and the augmented signal space obtained at the base station receiver. The obtained results show that, with a proper selection of the constellation sets, the link performance of MARCs can be improved. The thesis further looks at the interaction between the channel coding schemes of the cooperating users and network coding. It is shown that joint channel-network coding in MARCs can be seen as a product code. This new representation provides considerable flexibility in selecting efficient decoding algorithms at the base station receiver and gives the possibility to use more powerful network coding schemes for MARCs.

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  • 50.
    Ahsin, Tafzeel Ur Rehman
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS.
    Ben Slimane, Slimane
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS.
    Constellation Selection in Network Coded Distributive Antenna System2009In: GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference / [ed] Ulema M, IEEE , 2009, p. 342-346Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Relays can improve wireless links by providing an extra path to the direct path which together form a virtual multiple antenna system. Network Coded-Distributive Antenna System (NC-DAS) and Plain-Distributive Antenna System (P-DAS) are examples of realizations of such scenario. Although the asymptotic diversity gain for both the schemes is comparable, the network coded scheme can further take advantage of the redundancy and the extra dimension provided by the relay link. This extra signal dimension can be very useful when multilevel modulation is employed as it gives the possibility for a better spread of the modulation signal points within the augmented signal space. This article presents a simple and effective Constellation Selection (CS) scheme for all the three links within the NC-DAS system. This selection procedure improves the bit error probability in both AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels. Two different detections schemes are considered in the paper. Joint detection where the both users are decoded simultaneously and detection with successive cancelation where the strongest user is detected first followed by cancelation and maximum ratio combining. Analytical expressions for the error probability supported by simulation results are presented. The obtained results show that constellation selection provides good performance gain as compared to the case of same constellation.

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