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  • 1.
    A. M. Naiini, Maziar
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Integrated Devices and Circuits.
    Horizontal Slot Waveguides for Silicon Photonics Back-End Integration2014Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis presents the development of integrated silicon photonic devices. These devices are compatible with the present and near future CMOS technology. High-khorizontal grating couplers and waveguides are proposed. This work consists of simulations and device design, as well as the layout for the fabrication process, device fabrication, process development, characterization instrument development and electro-optical characterizations.

    The work demonstrates an alternative solution to costly silicon-on-insulator photonics. The proposed solution uses bulk silicon wafers and thin film deposited waveguides. Back-end deposited horizontal slot grating couplers and waveguides are realized by multi-layers of amorphous silicon and high-k materials.

    The achievements of this work include: A theoretical study of fully etched slot grating couplers with Al2O3, HfO2 and AIN, an optical study of the high-k films with spectroscopic ellipsometry, an experimental demonstration of fully etched SiO2 single slot grating couplers and double slot Al2O3 grating couplers, a practical demonstration of horizontal double slot high-k waveguides, partially etched Al2O3 single slot grating couplers, a study of a scheme for integration of the double slot Al2O3  waveguides with selectively grown germanium PIN photodetectors, realization of test chips for the integrated germanium photodetectors, and study of integration with graphene photodetectors through embedding the graphene into a high-k slot layer.

    From an application point of view, these high-k slot waveguides add more functionality to the current silicon photonics. The presented devices can be used for low cost photonics applications. Also alternative optical materials can be used in the context of this photonics platform.

    With the robust design, the grating couplers result in improved yield and a more cost effective solution is realized for integration of the waveguides with the germanium and graphene photodetectors.

     

     

     

     

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    Thesis
  • 2.
    Abbasi, Saeed
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Machine Elements.
    Olofsson, Ulf
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Machine Elements.
    Zhu, Yi
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Machine Elements.
    Sellgren, Ulf
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Machine Elements.
    Pin-on-disc study of the effects of railway friction modifiers on airborne wear particles from wheel-rail contact2013In: Tribology International, ISSN 0301-679X, E-ISSN 1879-2464, Vol. 60, p. 136-139Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Knowledge of wheel–rail interaction is crucial to wheel and rail maintenance. In this interaction, some of theworn-off material is transformed into airborne particles. Although such wear is well understood, few studiestreat the particles generated. We investigated friction modifiers' effects on airborne particles characteristicsgenerated in wheel-rail contacts in laboratory conditions. Pin-on-disc machine testing with a round-head pinloaded by a dead weight load 40 N simulated maximum contact pressure over 550 MPa. Airborne particlecharacteristics were investigated in dry contacts and in ones lubricated with biodegradable rail grease andwater- and oil-based friction modifiers. The number of particles declined with the grease; the number ofultrafine particles increased with the water-based friction modifier, mainly due to water vaporization.

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    peerreviewad version
  • 3.
    Abedin, Ahmad
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Integrated Devices and Circuits.
    Noroozi, Mohammad
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Materials- and Nano Physics, Functional Materials, FNM.
    Primetzhofer, Daniel
    Östling, Mikael
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Integrated Devices and Circuits.
    Radamson, Henry.H
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Integrated Devices and Circuits.
    GeSnSi CVD Epitaxy using Silane, Germane, Digermane, and Tin tetrachlorideArticle in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study, strain relaxed and compressive strained Ge1-x-ySnxSiy (0.015≤x≤0.15 and 0≤y≤0.15) layers were epitaxially grown on Si substrate in a chemical vapor deposition reactor at atmospheric pressure. Digermane (Ge2H6) and germane (GeH4) were used as Ge precursors and tin tetrachloride (SnCl4) was used as Sn precursor. The growth temperature was kept below 400ᵒC to suppress Sn out diffusion. The layers crystal quality and strain were characterized using XRD, high resolution reciprocal lattice mapping and transmission electron microscopy and the surface morphology was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Furthermore, the low temperature epitaxial growth up to 15% Si atoms incorporation in Ge0.94Sn0.06 was demonstrated by adding silane (SiH4) as Si precursor. Sn contents calculated from high resolution XRD patterns were confirmed by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy which shows that Sn atoms are mostly positioned in substitutional sites. AFM analysis showed below 1nm surface roughness for both strained and strain relaxed GeSn layers which make the promising materials for photonics and electronics applications.

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    summary
  • 4. Abermann, S.
    et al.
    Efavi, J. K.
    Sjoblom, G.
    Lemme, Max C.
    AMO GmbH, AMICA, Aachen, Germany.
    Olsson, J.
    Bertagnolli, E.
    Processing and evaluation of metal gate/high-kappa/Si capacitors incorporating Al, Ni, TiN, and Mo as metal gate, and ZrO2 and HfO2 as high-kappa dielectric2007In: Microelectronic Engineering, ISSN 0167-9317, E-ISSN 1873-5568, Vol. 84, no 5-8, p. 1635-1638Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We evaluate various metal gate/high-K/Si capacitors by their resulting electrical characteristics. Therefore, we process MOS gate stacks incorporating aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni), titanium-nitride (TiN), and molybdenum (Mo) as the gate material, and metal organic chemical vapour deposited (MOCVD) ZrO2 and HfO2 as the gate dielectric, respectively. The influence of the processing sequence - especially of the thermal annealing treatment - on the electrical characteristics of the various gate stacks is being investigated. Whereas post metallization annealing in forming gas atmosphere improves capacitance-voltage behaviour (due to reduced interface-, and oxide charge density), current-voltage characteristics degrade due to a higher leakage current after thermal treatment at higher temperatures. The Flatband-voltage values for the TiN-, Mo-, and Ni-capacitors indicate mid-gap pinning of the metal gates, however, Ni seems to be thermally unstable on ZrO2, at least within the process scheme we applied.

  • 5. Abermann, S.
    et al.
    Efavi, J.
    Sjoblom, G.
    Lemme, Max C.
    AMO GmbH, AMICA, Aachen, Germany.
    Olsson, J.
    Bertagnolli, E.
    Impact of Al-, Ni-, TiN-, and Mo-metal gates on MOCVD-grown HfO2 and ZrO2 high-k dielectrics2007In: Microelectronics and reliability, ISSN 0026-2714, E-ISSN 1872-941X, Vol. 47, no 4-5, p. 536-539Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work we compare the impacts of nickel (Ni), titanium-nitride (TiN), molybdenum (Mo), and aluminium (Al), gates on MOS capacitors incorporating HfO2- or ZrO2-dielectrics. The primary focus lies on interface trapping, oxide charging, and thermodynamical stability during different annealing steps of these gate stacks. Whereas Ni, Mo, and especially TIN are investigated as most promising candidates for future CMOS devices, Al acted as reference gate material to benchmark the parameters. Post-metallization annealing of both, TiN- and Mo-stacks, resulted in very promising electrical characteristics. However, gate stacks annealed at temperatures of 800 degrees C or 950 degrees C show thermodynamic instability and related undesirable high leakage currents.

  • 6. Abermann, S.
    et al.
    Sjoblom, G.
    Efavi, J.
    Lemme, Max C.
    AMO GmbH, AMICA, Aachen, Germany.
    Olsson, J.
    Bertagnolli, E.
    Comparative study on the impact of TiN and Mo metal gates on MOCVD-grown HfO2 and ZrO2 high-kappa dielectrics for CMOS technology2007In: Physics of Semiconductors, Pts A and B, 2007, p. 293-294Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We compare metal oxide semiconductor capacitors, investigating Titanium-Nitride and Molybdenum as gate materials, as well as metal organic chemical vapor deposited ZrO2 and HfO2 as high-kappa dielectrics, respectively. The impact of different annealing steps on the electrical characteristics of the various gate stacks is a further issue. The positive effect of post metallization annealing in forming gas atmosphere as well as observed mid-gap pinning of TiN and Mo metal gates is presented.

  • 7.
    Afrasiabi, Roodabeh
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
    Hysteresis and Time-delay in the pH Response of Al2O3 and SiO2-gated Silicon Nanoribbon FET SensorsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The conventional ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) with SiO2 as the insulator of choice has been used as an electrochemical sensor to measure ion concentrations in solutions for many decades. With the ongoing progress in use of silicon nanoribbon (SiNR) FET sensors for fast reliable sensing and the recent demand for pH-sensing technologies in biological applications, it is important to identify the true pH response of the device. However, it has become much more difficult to achieve reliable results across a broad range of pH using SiO2-gated SiNR FET sensors and limitations such as long term drift and hysteresis (also referred to as memory effects) during pH measurements need to be addressed. In this work, we have investigated the electrochemical pH response behavior of silicon oxide-gated SiNR FET sensors and compared it with similar devices (same NR size) but with Al2O3 as the gate oxide. Our studies show that devices passivated with SiO2 show a large hysteresis in the pH response both in acidic and in basic direction, whereas Al2O3 surfaces show slight hysteresis and only in the acidic pH range. Furthermore, in case of SiO2, the total response-time after a pH change appears to be a combination of a fast transient and a slow drift which is related both to the type of oxide and the concentration of the background electrolyte. Consequently, to minimize errors in pH measurements caused by hysteresis and delayed response, we advise performing the measurements at low ionic concentrations and preferably to replace SiO2 by Al2O3 as the gate oxide. In biological applications, we also recommend the integration of an on-chip reference nanoribbon FET for real-time monitoring of problems such as long-term drift and slow response.

  • 8.
    Afrasiabi, Roodabeh
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Materials- and Nano Physics.
    Silicon Nanoribbon FET Sensors: Fabrication, Surface Modification and Microfluidic Integration2016Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Over the past decade, the field of medical diagnostics has seen an incredible amount of research towards the integration of one-dimensional nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes, metallic and semiconducting nanowires and nanoribbons for a variety of bio-applications. Among the mentioned one-dimensional structures, silicon nanoribbon (SiNR) field-effect transistors (FET) as electro-chemical nanosensors hold particular promise for label-free, real-time and sensitive detection of biomolecules using affinity-based detection. In SiNR FET sensors, electrical transport is primarily along the nanoribbon axis in a thin sheet (< 30 nm) serving as the channel. High sensitivity is achieved because of the large surface-to-volume ratio which allows analytes to bind anywhere along the NR affecting the entire conductivity by their surface charge. Unfortunately, sensitivity without selectivity is still an ongoing issue and this thesis aims at addressing the detection challenges and further proposing effective developments, such as parallel and multiple detection through using individually functionalized SiNRs.We present here a comprehensive study on design, fabrication, operation and device performance parameters for the next generation of SiNR FET sensors towards multiplexed, label-free detection of biomolecules using an on-chip microfluidic layer which is based on a highly cross-linked epoxy. We first study the sensitivity of different NR dimensions followed by analysis of the drift and hysteresis effects. We have also addressed two types of gate oxides (namely SiO2 and Al2O3) which are commonly used in standard CMOS fabrication of ISFETs (Ion sensitive FET). Not only have we studied and compared the hysteresis and response-time effects in the mentioned two types of oxides but we have also suggested a new integrated on-chip reference nanoribbon/microfluidics combination to monitor the long-term drift in the SiNR FET nanosensors. Our results show that compared to Al2O3, silicon-oxide gated SiNR FET sensors show high hysteresis and slow-response which limit their performance only to background electrolytes with low ionic strength. Al2O3 on the other hand proves more promising as the gate-oxide of choice for use in nanosensors. We have also illustrated that the new integrated sensor NR/Reference NR can be utilized for real-time monitoring of the above studied sources of error during pH-sensing. Furthermore, we have introduced a new surface silanization (using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) method utilizing microwave-assisted heating which compared to conventional heating, yields an amino-terminated monolayer with high surface coverage on the oxide surface of the nanoribbons. A highly uniform and dense monolayer not only reduces the pH sensitivity of the bare-silicon oxide surface in a physiological media but also allows for more receptors to be immobilized on the surface. Protocols for surface functionalization and biomolecule immobilization were evaluated using model systems. Selective spotting of receptor molecules can be used to achieve localized functionalization of individual SiNRs, opening up opportunities for multiplexed detection of analytes.Additionally, we present here a novel approach by integrating droplet-based microfluidics with the SiNR FET sensors. Using the new system we are able to successfully detect trains of droplets with various pH values. The integrated system enables a wide range of label-free biochemical and macromolecule sensing applications based on detection of biological events such as enzyme-substrate interactions within the droplets.

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  • 9.
    Afrasiabi, Roodabeh
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Materials- and Nano Physics, Material Physics, MF.
    Jokilaakso, Nima
    KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), Protein Technology.
    Schmidt, Torsten
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Materials- and Nano Physics, Material Physics, MF.
    Eriksson Karlström, Amelie
    KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), Protein Technology.
    Linnros, Jan
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Materials- and Nano Physics, Material Physics, MF.
    Microwave-assisted silanization of SiNW-FET: characterization and effect on sensing propertiesManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 10.
    Afrasiabi, Roodabeh
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Material Physics, Functional Materials, FNM.
    Sugunan, Abhilash
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Material Physics, Functional Materials, FNM.
    Shahid, Robina
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Material Physics, Functional Materials, FNM.
    Toprak, Muhammet S.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Material Physics, Functional Materials, FNM.
    Muhammed, Mamoun
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Material Physics, Functional Materials, FNM.
    Microwave mediated synthesis of semiconductor quantum dots2012In: Physica Status Solidi. C, Current topics in solid state physics, ISSN 1610-1634, E-ISSN 1610-1642, Vol. 9, no 7, p. 1551-1556Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Colloidal quantum dots (QD) have tuneable optoelectronic properties and can be easily handled by simple solution processing techniques, making them very attractive for a wide range of applications. Over the past decade synthesis of morphology controlled high quality (crystalline, monodisperse) colloidal QDs by thermal decomposition of organometallic precursors has matured and is well studied. Recently, synthesis of colloidal QDs by microwave irradiation as heating source is being studied due to the inherently different mechanisms of heat transfer, when compared to solvent convection based heating. Under microwave irradiation, polar precursor molecules directly absorb the microwave energy and heat up more efficiently. Here we report synthesis of colloidal II-VI semiconductor QDs (CdS, CdSe, CdTe) by microwave irradiation and compare it with conventional synthesis based on convection heating. Our findings show that QD synthesis by microwave heating is more efficient and the chalcogenide precursor strongly absorbs the microwave radiation shortening the reaction time and giving a high reaction yield.

  • 11.
    Afrasiabi, Roodabeh
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Materials- and Nano Physics.
    Söderberg, Lovisa M.
    KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology.
    Jönsson, Håkan
    KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology.
    Björk, Per
    Acreo Swedish ICT AB, SE-164 40 Kista, Sweden.
    Svahn Andersson, Helene
    KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology.
    Linnros, Jan
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Materials- and Nano Physics.
    Integration of a Droplet-Based Microfluidic System and Silicon Nanoribbon FET Sensor2016In: Micromachines, E-ISSN 2072-666X, Vol. 7, no 8Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a novel microfluidic system that integrates droplet microfluidics with a silicon nanoribbon field-effect transistor (SiNR FET), and utilize this integrated system to sense differences in pH. The device allows for selective droplet transfer to a continuous water phase, actuated by dielectrophoresis, and subsequent detection of the pH level in the retrieved droplets by SiNR FETs on an electrical sensor chip. The integrated microfluidic system demonstrates a label-free detection method for droplet microfluidics, presenting an alternative to optical fluorescence detection. In this work, we were able to differentiate between droplet trains of one pH-unit difference. The pH-based detection method in our integrated system has the potential to be utilized in the detection of biochemical reactions that induce a pH-shift in the droplets.

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  • 12. Ahmed, Aseel Bala
    et al.
    Jibril, B.
    Danwittayakul, S.
    Dutta, Joydeep
    Sultan Qaboos Univ, Water Res Ctr, Chair Nanotechnol, Muscat, Oman.
    Microwave-enhanced degradation of phenol over Ni-loaded ZnO nanorods catalyst2014In: Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, ISSN 0926-3373, E-ISSN 1873-3883, Vol. 156-157, p. 456-465Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Nickel was loaded onto hydrothermally-grown ZnO nanorods on cordierite substrates and tested as catalysts in microwave-enhanced degradation of phenol from its aqueous solution (100 ppm) at 70 degrees C. Effects of metal loadings (1, 10 and 20 mM impregnation solutions) on the degradation of phenol in aqueous solution was investigated. The catalyst performances were monitored based on phenol degradation, product distributions and carbon dioxide (CO2) evolutions. Based on the type of the catalysts, two different mechanistic pathways for the decomposition were observed-through catechol and/or hydroquinone as intermediates. It was found that the 10mM nickel loaded sample catalyzed the degradation through one pathway with hydroquinone as the benzenediol intermediate formed, while the 20 mM nickel impregnated sample catalyzed the reaction through two pathways, producing catechol as well as hydroquinone by products. These differences in reaction pathways were attributed to the variation in the composition of the nickel compounds and surface structures between the two catalysts. Furthermore, the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidant was explored. It was found that although addition of H2O2 led to an increase in the degree of phenol degradation, it also led to enhanced catalyst leaching. There was also an increase in CO2 evolution due to the addition of H2O2. It was observed that 20 mM nickel-loaded sample without the addition of H2O2 exhibited optimum performance in terms of phenol degradation and CO2 evolution with no drawback of catalyst leaching. Catalytic microwave enhanced degradation is an effective means for the removal of dissolved organic compounds from wastewater.

  • 13. Ahmed, Towfiq
    et al.
    Haraldsen, Jason T.
    Rehr, John J.
    Di Ventra, Massimiliano
    Schuller, Ivan
    Balatsky, Alexander V.
    KTH, Centres, Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics NORDITA.
    Correlation dynamics and enhanced signals for the identification of serial biomolecules and DNA bases2014In: Nanotechnology, ISSN 0957-4484, E-ISSN 1361-6528, Vol. 25, no 12, p. 125705-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Nanopore-based sequencing has demonstrated a significant potential for the development of fast, accurate, and cost-efficient fingerprinting techniques for next generation molecular detection and sequencing. We propose a specific multilayered graphene-based nanopore device architecture for the recognition of single biomolecules. Molecular detection and analysis can be accomplished through the detection of transverse currents as the molecule or DNA base translocates through the nanopore. To increase the overall signal-to-noise ratio and the accuracy, we implement a new 'multi-point cross-correlation' technique for identification of DNA bases or other molecules on the single molecular level. We demonstrate that the cross-correlations between each nanopore will greatly enhance the transverse current signal for each molecule. We implement first-principles transport calculations for DNA bases surveyed across a multilayered graphene nanopore system to illustrate the advantages of the proposed geometry. A time-series analysis of the cross-correlation functions illustrates the potential of this method for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio. This work constitutes a significant step forward in facilitating fingerprinting of single biomolecules using solid state technology.

  • 14.
    Akan, Rabia
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics.
    Metal-assisted chemical etching for nanofabrication of hard X-ray zone plates2021Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Hard X-ray scanning microscopes, or nanoprobes, make it possible to image samples and probe their chemical, elemental and structural properties at nanoscale resolution. This is enabled by the use of nanofocusing optics. Commonly used optics in nanoprobes for high resolution X-ray experiments are zone plates. Zone plates are circular diffraction optics with radially decreasing grating periods. Their performance depends on their geometrical properties and material. The width of the outermost zone, which today is in the order of a few tens of nanometers, defines the zone plate resolution, while the zone thickness and the material define the X-ray focusing efficiency. For hard X-ray zone plates, the required zone thickness is several micrometers. Therefore, high-aspect ratio nanostructures are a prerequisite for high-resolution, high-efficiency zone plates. The very small structures together with the high-aspect ratios make zone plates one of the most challenging devices to fabricate. A wet-chemical nanofabrication process that has proved its capability of providing silicon nanostructures with ultra-high aspect ratios is metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE). MACE is an electroless, autocatalytic pattern transfer method that uses an etching solution to selectively etch a predefined noble metal pattern into silicon. In this thesis, MACE is optimized specifically for zone plate nanostructures and used in the development of a new zone plate device nanofabrication process. The MACE optimization for silicon zone plate nanostructures involved a systematic investigation of a wide parameter space. The preferable etching solution composition, process temperature, zone plate catalyst design and silicon type were identified. Parameter dependencies were characterized with respect to etching depth and verticality, mechanical stability of zones and silicon surface roughness. Zone plate molds with aspect ratios of 30:1 at 30 nm zone widths were nanofabricated using the optimized MACE process. For use with hard X-rays, the silicon molds were metallized with palladium using electroless deposition (ELD). The first order diffraction efficiency of such a palladium/silicon zone plate was characterized as 1.9 %. Both MACE for the zone plate pattern transfer and ELD for the silicon mold metalization are conceptually simple, relatively low-cost and accessible methods, which opens up for further developments of zone plate device nanofabrication processes.

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  • 15. Al Alawai, Reem
    et al.
    Laxman, karthik
    Dastgir, Sarim
    Dutta, Joydeep
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Materials- and Nano Physics, Functional Materials, FNM. Sultan Qaboos University, , Oman.
    Role of bonding mechanisms during transfer hydrogenation reaction on heterogeneous catalysts of platinum nanoparticles supported on zinc oxide nanorods2016In: Applied Surface Science, ISSN 0169-4332, E-ISSN 1873-5584, p. 200-206Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    For supported heterogeneous catalysis, the interface between a metal nanoparticle and the support plays an important role. In this work the dependency of the catalytic efficiency on the bonding chemistry of platinum nanoparticles supported on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods is studied. Platinum nanoparticles were deposited on ZnO nanorods (ZnO NR) using thermal and photochemical processes and the effects on the size, distribution, density and chemical state of the metal nanoparticles upon the catalytic activities are presented. The obtained results indicate that the bonding at Pt-ZnO interface depends on the deposition scheme which can be utilized to modulate the surface chemistry and thus the activity of the supported catalysts. Additionally, uniform distribution of metal on the catalyst support was observed to be more important than the loading density. It is also found that oxidized platinum Pt(IV) (platinum hydroxide) provided a more suitable surface for enhancing the transfer hydrogenation reaction of cyclohexanone with isopropanol compared to zero valent platinum. Photochemically synthesized ZnO supported nanocatalysts were efficient and potentially viable for upscaling to industrial applications.

  • 16. Al-Fori, M.
    et al.
    Dobretsov, S.
    Myint, M. T. Z.
    Dutta, Joydeep
    Chair in Nanotechnology, Water Research Center, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 17, Postal Code - 123, Al Khoud, Muscat, Oman.
    Antifouling properties of zinc oxide nanorod coatings2014In: Biofouling, ISSN 0892-7014, Vol. 30, no 7, p. 871-882Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In laboratory experiments, the antifouling (AF) properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod coatings were investigated using the marine bacterium Acinetobacter sp. AZ4C, larvae of the bryozoan Bugula neritina and the microalga Tetraselmis sp. ZnO nanorod coatings were fabricated on microscope glass substrata by a simple hydrothermal technique using two different molar concentrations (5 and 10 mM) of zinc precursors. These coatings were tested for 5 h under artificial sunlight (1060 W m(-2) or 530 W m(-2)) and in the dark (no irradiation). In the presence of light, both the ZnO nanorod coatings significantly reduced the density of Acinetobacter sp. AZ4C and Tetraselmis sp. in comparison to the control (microscope glass substratum without a ZnO coating). High mortality and low settlement of B. neritina larvae was observed on ZnO nanorod coatings subjected to light irradiation. In darkness, neither mortality nor enhanced settlement of larvae was observed. Larvae of B. neritina were not affected by Zn2+ ions. The AF effect of the ZnO nanorod coatings was thus attributed to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by photocatalysis. It was concluded that ZnO nanorod coatings effectively prevented marine micro and macrofouling in static conditions.

  • 17. Al-Hamdi, A. M.
    et al.
    Sillanpää, M.
    Dutta, Joydeep
    Department of Nanotechnology, Water Research Center, Sultan Qaboos University, 123 Al-Khoudh, Musqat, Oman.
    Photocatalytic degradation of phenol in aqueous solution by rare earth-doped SnO2 nanoparticles2014In: Journal of Materials Science, ISSN 0022-2461, E-ISSN 1573-4803, Vol. 49, no 14, p. 5151-5159Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The influence of heterogeneous semiconductors on the photodegradation of phenol in water was investigated using doped tin dioxide (SnO2) nanoparticles. Photocatalysts of SnO2 were synthesized with lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), and neodymium (Nd) dopants. These photocatalysts were synthesized from tin tetrachloride by sol-gel method with different dopant concentrations, and its photocatalytic degradation was investigated up to 0.8 % under UV-A light in aqueous suspensions. The photocatalytic oxidation reactions were studied by varying photocatalyst composition, light intensity, reaction time, pH of the reaction medium, and phenol concentration. It was found that the photocatalytic activity of rare earth-doped SnO2 for phenol decomposition under UV light irradiation was considerably higher than that of pure SnO2 nanoparticles. The experimental results also indicate that more than 95 % phenol was effectively oxidized in the presence of an aqueous suspension of La: SnO2 nanoparticles within 120 min of UV light irradiation.

  • 18. Al-Hamdi, Abdullah M
    et al.
    Sillanpää, Mika
    Dutta, Joydeep
    Water Research Center, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman.
    Photocatalytic degradation of phenol by iodine doped tin oxide nanoparticles under UV and sunlight irradiation2015In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, ISSN 0925-8388, Vol. 618, p. 366-371Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Iodine doped tin oxide (SnO2:I) nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel synthesis and their photocatalytic activities with phenol as a test contaminant were studied. In the presence of the catalysts, phenol degradation under direct sunlight was comparable to what was achieved under laboratory conditions. Photocatalytic oxidation reactions were studied by varying the catalyst loading, light intensity, illumination time, pH of the reactant and phenol concentration. Upon UV irradiation in the presence of SnO2:I nanoparticles, phenol degrades very rapidly within 30 min, forming carboxylic acid which turns the solution acidic. Phenol degradation rate with 1% iodine doped SnO2 nanoparticles is at least an order of magnitude higher compared to the degradation achieved through undoped SnO2 nanoparticles under similar illumination conditions.

  • 19. Al-Hinai, A. T.
    et al.
    Al-Hinai, M. H.
    Dutta, Joydeep
    Sultan Qaboos Univ, Water Res Ctr, Al Khoud 123, Oman.
    Application of Eh-pH diagram for room temperature precipitation of zinc stannate microcubes in an aqueous media2014In: Materials research bulletin, ISSN 0025-5408, E-ISSN 1873-4227, Vol. 49, no 1, p. 645-650Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Potential-pH diagram assisted-design for controlled precipitation is an attractive method to obtain engineered binary and ternary oxide particles. Aqueous synthesis conditions of zinc stannate (ZnSnO3) particles at low temperature were formulated with the assistance of potential-pH diagram. The pH of a solution containing stoichiometric amounts of Zn2+ and Sn4+ was controlled for the precipitation in a one pot synthesis step at room temperature (25 degrees C). The effect of the concentration of the reactants on the particle size was studied by varying the concentration of the precursor (Zn2+ + Sn4+) solution. Scanning electron micrographs show that the particles are monodispersed micron sized cubes formed by the self-organization olnano-sized crystallites. The obtained microcubes characterized by X-ray Diffraction and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) show that the particles are in ZnSnO3.3H(2)O form.

  • 20. Al-Hinai, M. H.
    et al.
    Al-Hinai, A. T.
    Dutta, Joydeep
    Water Research Center, Sultan Qaboos University, 123 Al Khoud, Oman.
    Phase transformation behavior of zinc metastannates obtained by aqueous precipitation at different temperatures2014In: Journal of Materials Science, ISSN 0022-2461, E-ISSN 1573-4803, Vol. 49, no 20, p. 7282-7289Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Phase transformation studies in ZnO-SnO2 system from zinc metastannate (ZnSnO3) to zinc orthostannate (Zn2SnO4) with annealing temperature are reported. Non-centrosymmetric oxides show unique symmetry dependent and spontaneous polarization properties, which are technologically important. ZnSnO3 particles were synthesized by a simple aqueous synthesis at low temperatures designed with the assistance of potential-pH diagrams. ZnSnO3 particles synthesized at 4 A degrees C are more porous losing the ilmenite structure upon annealing at 200 A degrees C, while the other samples prepared at higher temperatures (25-65 A degrees C) becomes amorphous at 300 A degrees C. The phase transformation into the inverse spinel orthostannate phase occurs around 750 A degrees C in all the samples.

  • 21.
    Alinejadian, Navid
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science. Tallinn Univ Technol TalTech, Dept Mech & Ind Engn, EE-19086 Tallinn, Estonia..
    Kazemi, Sayed Habib
    Inst Adv Studies Basic Sci, Dept Chem, Zanjan 4513766731, Iran..
    Nasirpouri, Farzad
    Sahand Univ Technol, Fac Mat Engn, Sahand New Town 5331811111, East Azerbaijan, Iran..
    Odnevall, Inger
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science. Karolinska Inst, AIMES Ctr Advancement Integrated Med & Engn Sci, Stockholm, Sweden.;Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurosci, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Electro-deposited nano-Ni/reduced graphene oxide composite film of corrugated surface for high voltammetric sensitivity2023In: Materials Chemistry and Physics, ISSN 0254-0584, E-ISSN 1879-3312, Vol. 297, p. 127288-, article id 127288Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is an ideal candidate in nanostructured metallic materials to enhance their electrochemical performance. However, few studies exist on the effects of rGO on the crystallographic, physical, and topological properties of co-electrodeposited Ni/rGO nanocomposites. In this study, the morphology and normalized electro-active specific surface (NESS) of a Ni/rGO nanocomposite were correlated with its crystal-lographic properties by varying the applied co-electrodeposition current density (0.01-0.1 A cm(-2)) and rGO concentration (0.5-2 mg mL(-1)). Tuning was done to achieve the best physical and electrochemical properties of the nanocomposite at alkaline (NaOH) conditions in terms of the highest NESS (12.3 x 10(-4)) and electro-active sensitivity (17.3 mu A mM(-1) cm(-2)) possible. The findings of the study show a possible approach to enhance the performance of electro-active components such as electrochemical devices, sensors, and actuators.

  • 22.
    Aljure, Mauricio
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS).
    Becerra Garcia, Marley
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Pourrahimi, Amir Masoud
    Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Electric Conduction in Mineral Oil based ZnONanofluids under Intense Electric FieldsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The electric conduction processes in mineral oil based ZnO–C18 nanofluids under intense electric fields are investigated. For this, conduction currents are measured usinga needle-plane electrode configuration. Furthermore, an electrohydrodynamic (EHD) model is used here to discuss the charge generation mechanisms and the electronic properties of the ZnO–C18 nanofluids. The analysis of the conduction currents shows that ZnO–C18 nanoparticles increase the generation of charge carriers, and at the same time they augment the scavenging of quasi-free electrons compared with the measurements with mineral oil only. It is found that the existing nanoparticle electron scavenging model reported in the literature grossly underestimates the electron scavenging process here reported. A new analytical formulation for the nanoparticle electron scavenging process is proposed. The EHD model is also used to simulate the electric conduction processes just before negative streamer inception in mineral oil and ZnO–C18 nanofluids. It is shown that ZnO–C18 nanoparticles hinder the streamer initiation process by reducing the effective electric field at the tip of the needle. This electric field reduction is caused by the combined effect of the generation of charge carriers and the electron scavenging of ZnO–C18 nanoparticles.

  • 23. Al-Naamani, Laila
    et al.
    Dobretsov, Sergey
    Dutta, Joydeep
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Materials- and Nano Physics, Functional Materials, FNM.
    Burgess, J. Grant
    Chitosan-zinc oxide nanocomposite coatings for the prevention of marine biofouling2017In: Chemosphere, ISSN 0045-6535, E-ISSN 1879-1298, Vol. 168, p. 408-417Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Marine biofouling is a worldwide problem affecting maritime industries. Global concerns about the high toxicity of antifouling paints have highlighted the need to develop less toxic antifouling coatings. Chitosan is a natural polymer with antimicrobial, antifungal and antialgal properties that is obtained from partial deacetylation of crustacean waste. In the present study, nanocomposite chitosan-zinc oxide (chitosan-ZnO) nanoparticle hybrid coatings were developed and their antifouling activity was tested. Chitosan-ZnO nanoparticle coatings showed anti-diatom activity against Navicula sp. and antibacterial activity against the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens. Additional antifouling properties of the coatings were investigated in a mesocosm study using tanks containing natural sea water under controlled laboratory conditions. Each week for four weeks, biofilm was removed and analysed by flow cytometry to estimate total bacterial densities on the coated substrates. Chitosan-ZnO hybrid coatings led to better inhibition of bacterial growth in comparison to chitosan coatings alone, as determined by flow cytometry. This study demonstrates the antifouling potential of chitosan-ZnO nanocomposite hybrid coatings, which can be used for the prevention of biofouling. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 24. Al-Saadi, Mubarak J.
    et al.
    Al-Harthi, Salim H.
    Kyaw, Htet H.
    Myint, Myo T. Z.
    Bora, Tanujjal
    Laxman, Karthik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Materials and Nanophysics.
    Al-Hinai, Ashraf
    Dutta, Joydeep
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Materials- and Nano Physics.
    Influence of Atomic Hydrogen, Band Bending, and Defects in the Top Few Nanometers of Hydrothermally Prepared Zinc Oxide Nanorods2017In: Nanoscale Research Letters, ISSN 1931-7573, E-ISSN 1556-276X, Vol. 12, article id 22Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We report on the surface, sub-surface (top few nanometers) and bulk properties of hydrothermally grown zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) prior to and after hydrogen treatment. Upon treating with atomic hydrogen (H*), upward and downward band bending is observed depending on the availability of molecular H2O within the structure of the NRs. In the absence of H2O, the H* treatment demonstrated a cleaning effect of the nanorods, leading to a 0.51 eV upward band bending. In addition, enhancement in the intensity of room temperature photoluminescence (PL) signals due to the creation of new surface defects could be observed. The defects enhanced the visible light activity of the ZnO NRs which were subsequently used to photocatalytically degrade aqueous phenol under simulated sunlight. On the contrary, in the presence of H2O, H* treatment created an electronic accumulation layer inducing downward band bending of 0.45 eV (similar to 1/7th of the bulk ZnO band gap) along with the weakening of the defect signals as observed from room temperature photoluminescence spectra. The results suggest a plausible way of tailoring the band bending and defects of the ZnO NRs through control of H2O/H* species.

  • 25. Al-Sabahi, Jamal
    et al.
    Bora, Tanujjal
    Al-Abri, Mohammed
    Dutta, Joydeep
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Materials- and Nano Physics, Functional Materials, FNM.
    Controlled defects of zinc oxide nanorods for efficient visible light photocatalytic degradation of phenol2016In: Materials, ISSN 1996-1944, E-ISSN 1996-1944, Vol. 9, no 4, article id 238Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Environmental pollution from human and industrial activities has received much attention as it adversely affects human health and bio-diversity. In this work we report efficient visible light photocatalytic degradation of phenol using supported zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods and explore the role of surface defects in ZnO on the visible light photocatalytic activity. ZnO nanorods were synthesized on glass substrates using a microwave-assisted hydrothermal process, while the surface defect states were controlled by annealing the nanorods at various temperatures and were characterized by photoluminescence and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the evaluation of phenol photocatalytic degradation. ZnO nanorods with high surface defects exhibited maximum visible light photocatalytic activity, showing 50% degradation of 10 ppm phenol aqueous solution within 2.5 h, with a degradation rate almost four times higher than that of nanorods with lower surface defects. The mineralization process of phenol during degradation was also investigated, and it showed the evolution of different photocatalytic byproducts, such as benzoquinone, catechol, resorcinol and carboxylic acids, at different stages. The results from this study suggest that the presence of surface defects in ZnO nanorods is crucial for its efficient visible light photocatalytic activity, which is otherwise only active in the ultraviolet region.

  • 26. Al-Shammari, Rusul M.
    et al.
    Manzo, Michele
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics.
    Gallo, Katia
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Quantum Electronics and Quantum Optics, QEO.
    Rice, James H.
    Rodriguez, Brian J.
    Tunable Wettability of Ferroelectric Lithium Niobate Surfaces: The Role of Engineered Microstructure and Tailored Metallic Nanostructures2017In: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, ISSN 1932-7447, E-ISSN 1932-7455, Vol. 121, no 12, p. 6643-6649Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An important aspect of optimizing micro- and optofluidic devices for lab on -a-chip systems is the ability to engineer materials properties including surface structure and charge to control wettability. Biocompatible ferroelectric lithium niobate (LN), which is well-known for acoustic and nonlinear optical applications, has recently found potential micro- and optofluidic applications. However, the tunable wettability of such substrates has yet to be explored in detail. Here, we show that the contact angle of LN substrates can be reproducibly tailored between similar to 7 degrees and similar to 421 degrees by controlling the surface topography and chemistry at the nano- and micrometer scale via ferroelectric domain and polarization engineering and polarization-directed photoassisted deposition of metallic nanostructures.

  • 27.
    Al-Soubaihi, Rola
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics.
    Saoud, K. M.
    Virginia Commonwealth University in Qatar, Libral Arts and Sciences Program, P.O. Box 8095, Doha, Qatar.
    Fei, Ye
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics.
    Zar Myint, M. T.
    Department of Physics, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, Muscat, PC 123, Oman.
    Saeed, S.
    Department of Chemistry, Paksitan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), PO Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan.
    Dutta, Joydeep
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics.
    Synthesis of hierarchically porous silica aerogel supported Palladium catalyst for low-temperature CO oxidation under ignition/extinction conditions2020In: Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, ISSN 1387-1811, E-ISSN 1873-3093, Vol. 292, article id 109758Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Synthesis of well-dispersed palladium nanoparticles within silica aerogel pores with controlled size was carried out using sol-gel synthesis under supercritical ethanol drying. The high concentration of silanol groups on silica (SiO2) surface facilitated a superior palladium (Pd) loading up to 10 wt %. The synthesized Pd/SiO2 nanocomposite aerogels were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic methods. The silica aerogel supported catalysts were found to have a wide pore size distribution. TEM investigations confirmed that Pd nanocrystals were located within the SiO2 microspores and mesopores. The catalyst was evaluated for carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation reaction under ignition/extinction conditions. The synthesized catalyst demonstrated a high catalytic activity at low operating temperatures (&lt;200 °C) compared to unsupported Pd nanoparticles or bare SiO2 aerogels. This enhancement in CO oxidation activity with Pd/SiO2 aerogel catalysts are attributed to the small Pd particles, Pd interaction with the surface of the underlying SiO2 and the better dispersion of Pd particles within the SiO2 pores. Porosity played a more important role during the extinction cycle as a result of the slow dissipation of the heat leading to hysteresis. We demonstrate the influence of porosity of catalyst supports on the size, dispersion, and catalytic activity of Pd nanoparticles.

  • 28. Anceno, A J
    et al.
    Bonduush, I
    Dutta, Joydeep
    Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology, Asian Institute of Technology,Thailand.
    Stuetz, R M
    Shipin, O V
    Of Quantum Dots and Microbes: Smart materials for fluorescence based characterization of environmental microflora2013In: Proc. of the Intl. Conf. on Future Trends in Structural, Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering – FTSCEM 2013, SEEK Digital Library , 2013, p. 61-65Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Manganese doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Mn2+) quantum dots (QDs) were surface derivatized for use as versatile fluorescent reporters is the study of microorganisms of relevance in environmental bioprocesses. When intracellularly introduced into permeabilized target bacterial cells, mercaptoacetic acid (MAA) or dithiothreitol (DTT) treatedZnS:Mn2+QDs proved to be good visualization enhancers for morphological observations with epifluorescence microscopy. Alternatively, cell surface adhesion of chitosan capped ZnS:Mn2+QDs also led to a similar effect, namely of QD enhanced contrast of target cells from intrinsic background fluorescence. When DTT surface derivatized ZnS:Mn2+QDs were conjugated with oligonucleotide probes and used in fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, specific detection of bacterial strains representative ofsome proteobacterial classes was achieved.

  • 29. Anceno, A. J.
    et al.
    Bonduush, I.
    Shipin, O. V.
    Dutta, Joydeep
    Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology, Asian Institute of Technology.
    Nanoparticle self-assembly via facile (Bio)chemistry: Charge-stabilized metal nanoparticles on microbial cell surfaces2010In: Journal of Bionanoscience, ISSN 1557-7910, Vol. 4, no 1-2, p. 92-98Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    With a view of achieving up-scaled nutrition-driven biomimetic assembly of gold nanoparticles, the self-assembly of glutamate- or chitosan stabilized colloidal gold was attempted using viable microbial cells as templates in nutrient rich or poor assembly environment. The likelihood of achieving self-assembly given the type of microbial template, nanoparticle stabilization and predominant biochemical conditions is discussed. While the realization of industrially useful microcomponents from the assembly route maybe technically remote as yet, it was found that present nanoparticles and suitable assembly environment find immediate application in conventional microscopy or as contrast enhancers in the routine study of microbial cell morphology.

  • 30.
    Andersson, Helene
    et al.
    KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), Nano Biotechnology.
    van den Berg, Albert
    KTH.
    Where are the biologists?: A series of mini-reviews covering new trends in fundamental and applied research, and potential applications of miniaturised technologies2006In: Lab on a Chip, ISSN 1473-0197, E-ISSN 1473-0189, Vol. 6, no 4, p. 467-470Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 31. Andersson, Sandra
    et al.
    Sundberg, Marten
    Pristovsek, Nusa
    Ibrahim, Ahmed
    KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab. Natl Res Ctr, Egypt.
    Jonsson, Philip
    Katona, Borbala
    Clausson, Carl-Magnus
    Zieba, Agata
    Ramstrom, Margareta
    Soderberg, Ola
    Williams, Cecilia
    KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab. Univ Houston, USA; Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Asplund, Anna
    Insufficient antibody validation challenges oestrogen receptor beta research2017In: Nature Communications, E-ISSN 2041-1723, Vol. 8, article id 15840Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The discovery of oestrogen receptor beta (ER beta/ESR2) was a landmark discovery. Its reported expression and homology with breast cancer pharmacological target ER alpha (ESR1) raised hopes for improved endocrine therapies. After 20 years of intense research, this has not materialized. We here perform a rigorous validation of 13 anti-ER beta antibodies, using well-characterized controls and a panel of validation methods. We conclude that only one antibody, the rarely used monoclonal PPZ0506, specifically targets ER beta in immunohistochemistry. Applying this antibody for protein expression profiling in 44 normal and 21 malignant human tissues, we detect ER beta protein in testis, ovary, lymphoid cells, granulosa cell tumours, and a subset of malignant melanoma and thyroid cancers. We do not find evidence of expression in normal or cancerous human breast. This expression pattern aligns well with RNA-seq data, but contradicts a multitude of studies. Our study highlights how inadequately validated antibodies can lead an exciting field astray.

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  • 32.
    Anwar, Monib
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS).
    Effect of X-ray Irradiation on the Blinking of CdSe/ZnS Nanocrystals2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Different semiconductor nanocrystals exhibit size dependent properties due to confinement effect. Light emission from these nanocrystals may turn ON and OFF seemingly at random, an effect known as blinking. In this work blinking studies have been done to monitor the effect of X-ray exposure and to investigate the radiation hardness of CdSe/ZnS QD’s. Correct parameters to dilute and spin-coat the obtained sample were found to get access to individual single dots. Blinking of these dots was analyzed using Image J and MATLAB plug-in, where ON and OFF-times distribution power exponents Mon and Moff have been extracted to see the change in emission intermittency after a total cumulative dose of ~1026 Gy (absorbed by SiO2) in steps. It was observed that blinking was quenched and consequently the QD’s went permanently to off state as a result of X-ray exposure.

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  • 33. Armbrecht, L.
    et al.
    Dincer, C.
    Kling, A.
    Horak, Josef
    KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), Protein Technology. University of Freiburg, Germany.
    Kieninger, J.
    Urban, G.
    Self-assembled magnetic bead chains for sensitivity enhancement of microfluidic electrochemical biosensor platforms2015In: Lab on a Chip, ISSN 1473-0197, E-ISSN 1473-0189, Vol. 15, no 22, p. 4314-4321Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we present a novel approach to enhance the sensitivity of microfluidic biosensor platforms with self-assembled magnetic bead chains. An adjustable, more than 5-fold sensitivity enhancement is achieved by introducing a magnetic field gradient along a microfluidic channel by means of a soft-magnetic lattice with a 350 mu m spacing. The alternating magnetic field induces the self-assembly of the magnetic beads in chains or clusters and thus improves the perfusion and active contact between the analyte and the beads. The soft-magnetic lattices can be applied independent of the channel geometry or chip material to any microfluidic biosensing platform. At the same time, the bead-based approach achieves chip reusability and shortened measurement times. The bead chain properties and the maximum flow velocity for bead retention were validated by optical microscopy in a glass capillary. The magnetic actuation system was successfully validated with a biotin-streptavidin model assay on a low-cost electrochemical microfluidic chip, fabricated by dry-film photoresist technology (DFR). Labelling with glucose oxidase (GOx) permits rapid electrochemical detection of enzymatically produced H2O2.

  • 34. Arnáiz, Eduardo
    et al.
    Doucede, Lorena I
    García-Gallego, Sandra
    Urbiola, Koldo
    Gómez, Rafael
    Tros de Ilarduya, Conchita
    de la Mata, F Javier
    Synthesis of cationic carbosilane dendrimers via click chemistry and their use as effective carriers for DNA transfection into cancerous cells.2012In: Molecular Pharmaceutics, ISSN 1543-8384, E-ISSN 1543-8392, Vol. 9, no 3, p. 433-47Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    New amine-terminated carbosilane dendrimers have been prepared by a Huisgen cycloaddition ("click chemistry" reaction) of azide-terminated carbosilane dendrimers with two different propargyl amines. The corresponding cationic derivatives with peripheral ammonium groups were obtained by subsequent addition of MeI. Quaternized dendrimers are soluble and stable in water or other protic solvents for long time periods, and have been studied as nonviral vectors for the transfection of DNA to cancer cells. In this study DNA-dendrimeric nanoparticles (dendriplexes) formulated with two different families of cationic carbosilane dendrimers (family 1 (G1, G2 and G3) and family 2 (G1, G2)) were characterized and evaluated for their ability to transfect cells in vitro and in vivo. Dendriplex derived from second generation dendrimer of family 1 (F1G2 5/1 (+/-)) increased the efficiency of plasmid-mediated gene transfer in HepG2 cells as compared to naked DNA and the commercial control dendrimer. Also, intravenously administered dendriplex F1G3 20/1 (+/-) is superior in terms of gene transfer efficiency in vivo.

  • 35.
    Asadollahi, Ali
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Embedded systems, Integrated devices and circuits.
    Fabrication of Group IV Semiconductors on Insulator for Monolithic 3D Integration2018Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The conventional 2D geometrical scaling of transistors is now facing many challenges in order to continue the performance enhancement while decreasing power consumption. The decrease in the device power consumption is related to the scaling of the power supply voltage (Vdd) and interconnects wiring length. In addition, monolithic three dimensional (M3D) integration in the form of vertically stacked devices, is a possible solution to increase the device density and reduce interconnect wiring length. Integrating strained germanium on insulator (sGeOI) pMOSFETs monolithically with strained silicon/silicon-germanium on insulator (sSOI/sSiGeOI) nMOSFETs can increase the device performance and packing density. Low temperature processing (<550 ºC) is essential as interconnects and strained layers limit the thermal budget in M3D. This thesis presents an experimental investigation of the low temperature (<450 ºC) fabrication of group IV semiconductor-on-insulator substrates with the focus on sGeOI and sSiGeOI fabrication processes compatible with M3D.

      To this aim, direct bonding was used to transfer the relaxed and strained semiconductor layers. The void formation dependencies of the oxide thickness, the surface treatment of the oxide and the post annealing time were fully examined. Low temperature SiGe epitaxy was investigated with the emphasis on the fabrication of Si0.5Ge0.5 strain-relaxed buffers (SRBs), etch-stop layer, and the device layer in the SiGeOI and GeOI process schemes. Ge epitaxial growth on Si as thick SRBs and thin device layers was investigated. Thick (500 nm-3 µm) and thin (<30 nm) relaxed GeOI substrates were fabricated. The latter was fabricated by continuous epitaxial growth of a 3-µm Ge (SRB)/Si0.5Ge0.5 (etch stop)/Ge (device layer) stack on Si. The fabricated long channel Ge pFETs from these GeOI substrates exhibit well-behaved IV characteristics with an effective mobility of 160 cm2/Vs.

      The planarization of SiO2 and SiGe SRBs for the fabrication of the strained GeOI and SiGeOI were accomplished by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). Low temperature processes (<450 ºC) were developed for compressively strained GeOI layers (ɛ ~ -1.75 %, < 20 nm), which are used for high mobility and low power devices. For the first time, tensile strained Si0.5Ge0.5 (ɛ ~ 2.5 %, < 20 nm) films were successfully fabricated and transferred onto patterned substrates for 3D integration.

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  • 36.
    Asem, Heba
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Coating Technology.
    Design of Functional Polymeric Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications2020Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Most of the devastating diseases such as cancer are relatively incurable and have high risks of relapse. Therefore, persistent endeavors have been devoted to improve patient survival rate and quality of life. Drug delivery systems (DDS) based on polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) have been demonstrated to increase the therapeutic index (efficacy/toxicity ratio) of chemotherapeutic agents. This thesis focuses on designing non-toxic and multifunctional biodegradable PNPs from preformed polymers for bioimaging and drug delivery applications. Multifunctional poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) NPs were simultaneously loaded with imaging probes, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) and manganese-doped zinc sulfide (Mn:ZnS) quantum dots (QDs), as well as an anti-cancer drug, busulfan (Bu), during the particle formation. The NPs were utilized to enhance magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in vivo and controlled drug release in vitro (Paper I). Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) was copolymerized with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to achieve stealth property for in vivo purposes. Aluminum phthalocyanine, a photosensitizer and an anti-cancer drug, was encapsulated in the PEG-b-PCL NPs for photodynamic therapy during particle formation. The biodistribution of the prepared nanophotosensitizer showed targeted drug delivery toward lungs, liver and spleen as monitored by the intrinsic fluorescence of the photosensitizer (Paper II). The PEG-b-PCL NPs were loaded with SPION or surface functionalized with VivoTag 680XL fluorochrome and utilized for in vivo multimodal imaging, MRI and fluorescence imaging (Paper III). This thesis also presents stable and engineered PNPs obtained using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) mediated polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). Hydrophobic agents, nile red (NR) dye or doxorubicin (DOX) drug, were encapsulated in poly(N-[3- (dimethylamino) propyl] methacrylamide)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PDMAPMA-b-PMMA) NPs via one-pot RAFT-mediated PISA in water (Paper IV). The PDMAPMA-b-PMMA NPs showed very monodisperse spheres and core-shell nanostructures. Stable and non-toxic poly(acrylic acid)-b-poly(butyl acrylate) (PAA-b-PBA) NPs, synthesized via RAFTmediated PISA in water, were surface engineered by allyl-functional groups prior to bio-conjugation for targeted drug delivery (Paper V). The engineered NPs retained their colloidal stability and size post-allyl functionalization. DOX was efficiently (90 %) encapsulated in the PAA-bPBA NPs during NPs formation. A controlled release pattern of DOX from PAA-b-PBA NPs was observed over 7 days.

  • 37. Asper, M
    et al.
    Hanrieder, T
    Charles River Biopharmaceutical Services GmbH, Gottfried-Hagen Str. 20, 51105, Köln, Germany.
    Quellmalz, Arne
    Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Box 534, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
    Mihranyan, Albert
    Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Box 534, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
    Removal of xenotropic murine leukemia virus by nanocellulose based filter paper2015In: Biologicals, ISSN 10451056, Vol. 43, no 6, p. 452-456Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The removal of xenotrpic murine leukemia virus (xMuLV) by size-exclusion filter paper composed of 100% naturally derived cellulose was validated. The filter paper was produced using cellulose nanofibers derived from Cladophora sp. algae. The filter paper was characterized using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, helium pycnometry, and model tracer (100 nm latex beads and 50 nm gold nanoparticles) retention tests. Following the filtration of xMuLV spiked solutions, LRV ≥5.25 log10 TCID50 was observed, as limited by the virus titre in the feed solution and sensitivity of the tissue infectivity test. The results of the validation study suggest that the nanocellulose filter paper is useful for removal of endogenous rodent retroviruses and retrovirus-like particles during the production of recombinant proteins.

  • 38.
    Atwa, Mohamed
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
    Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth and Density Functional Theory Calculations of Trilayer Graphene2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Density functional theory was employed to investigate the energetics of ABA, ABC, and intermediary stacked phases for both pristine and s-triazine functionalized graphene trilayers. The energy of the ABC-stacked phase relative to the pristine ABA-stacked ground state showed a 94% increase when s-triazine was adsorbed to the graphene surface, confirming previous studies of the ability of s-triazine to facilitate the ABC to ABA phase-transition. This work is outlined in an enclosed publication titled “Trilayer Graphene as a Candidate Material for Phase Change Memory Applications.”

    Subsequently, low-pressure CVD was used to synthesize single-crystal graphene trilayers of up to 200 µm, the largest reported thus far. The defect density, stacking density, and morphology of the CVD-grown graphene trilayers are evaluated using Raman spectroscopy. The layers are also shown to be directly discernable as-grown on copper substrates using dark-field optical microscopy even without contrast oxidation of the copper film, representing a quick and reliable method for their identification. Slow-etching of the graphene yielded well-aligned, hexagonal domains further indicating the high-quality, single-crystalline of the graphene.

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  • 39.
    Aulin, Christian
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology. KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Centres, Wallenberg Wood Science Center.
    Karabulut, Erdem
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    Tran, Amy
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    Wågberg, Lars
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology. KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Centres, Wallenberg Wood Science Center.
    Lindström, Tom
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Centres, Wallenberg Wood Science Center.
    Transparent Nanocellulosic Multilayer Thin Films on Polylactic Acid with Tunable Gas Barrier Properties2013In: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, ISSN 1944-8244, E-ISSN 1944-8252, Vol. 5, no 15, p. 7352-7359Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition method was used for the build-up of alternating layers of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with a branched, cationic polyelectrolyte, polyethyleneimine (PEI) on flexible poly (lactic acid) (PLA) substrates. With this procedure, optically transparent nanocellulosic films with tunable gas barrier properties were formed. 50 layer pairs of PEI/NFC and PEI/CMC deposited on PLA have oxygen permeabilities of 0.34 and 0.71 cm(3).mu m/m(2).day.kPa at 23 degrees C and 50% relative humidity, respectively, which is in the same range as polyvinyl alcohol and ethylene vinyl alcohol. The oxygen permeability of these multilayer nanocomposites outperforms those of pure NFC films prepared by solvent-casting. The nanocellulosic LbL assemblies on PLA substrates was in detailed characterized using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals large structural differences between the PEI/NFC and the PEI/CMC assemblies, with the PEI/NFC assembly showing a highly entangled network of nanofibrils, whereas the PEI/CMC surfaces lacked structural features. Scanning electron microscopy images showed a nearly perfect uniformity of the nanocellulosic coatings on PLA, and light transmittance results revealed remarkable transparency of the LbL-coated PLA films. The present work demonstrates the first ever LbL films based on high aspect ratio, water-dispersible nanofibrillated cellulose, and water-soluble carboxymethyl cellulose polymers that can be used as multifunctional films and coatings with tailorable properties, such as gas barriers and transparency. Owing to its flexibility, transparency and high-performance gas barrier properties, these thin film assemblies are promising candidates for several large-scale applications, including flexible electronics and renewable packaging.

  • 40.
    Austrell, Per-Erik
    et al.
    Division of Structural Mechanics, Lund Institute of Technology.
    Kari, LeifKTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering, MWL Structural and vibroacoustics.
    Constitutive Models for Rubber IV: proceedings of the 4th European Conference for Constitutive Models for Rubber, ECCMR 2005, Stockholm, Sweden, 27-29 June 20052005Collection (editor) (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The unique properties of elastomeric materials are taken advantage of in many engineering applications. Elastomeric units are used as couplings or mountings between stiff parts. Examples are shock absorbers, vibration insulators, flexible joints, seals and suspensions etc.

     

    However, the complicated nature of the material behavior makes it difficult to accurately predict the performance of these units, using for example finite element modelling. It is therefore necessary that the constitutive model accurately capture relevant aspects of the mechanical behavior.

     

    The latest development concerning constitutive modelling of rubber is collected in these proceedings. It is the fourth ECCMR-European Conference on Constitutive Modelling in a series on this subject.

     

    Topics included in this volume are, Hyperelastic models, Strength, fracture & fatigue, Dynamic properties & the Fletcher-Gent effect, Micro-mechanical & statistical approaches, Stress softening, Viscoelasticity, Filler reinforcement, and Tyres, fiber & cord reinforced rubber.

  • 41. Aziz, F.
    et al.
    Ouazzani, N.
    Mandi, L.
    Muhammed, Mamoun
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Materials- and Nano Physics.
    Uheida, Abdusalam
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Materials- and Nano Physics.
    Composite nanofibers of polyacrylonitrile/natural clay for decontamination of water containing Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and pesticides2017In: Separation science and technology (Print), ISSN 0149-6395, E-ISSN 1520-5754, Vol. 52, no 1, p. 58-70Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Composite nanofibers containing polyacrylonitrile and natural clay particles were fabricated and investigated for the removal of Pb(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption behavior of Pb(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) can be well described by the Langmuir adsorption model and high loading capacities at pH 7 were obtained. The kinetics of the adsorption process showed that equilibrium was attained after 60 min and the experimental data followed a pseudo-first-order model. The nanocomposites were also tested for photocatalytic degradation of Monocrotophos pesticides in which high degradation efficiency (>90%) was obtained in less than 60 min.

  • 42. Bacsa, W. S.
    et al.
    Dutta, Joydeep
    Vibrational Raman spectroscopy of silicon powders produced by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition1995In: Analusis, Vol. 23, no 10, p. 531-532Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 43.
    Baghban, Mohammad Amin
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Quantum Electronics and Quantum Optics, QEO.
    Gallo, Katia
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Quantum Electronics and Quantum Optics, QEO.
    Impact of longitudinal fields on second harmonic generation in lithium niobate nanopillars2016In: APL Photonics, ISSN 2378-0967, Vol. 1, no 6, article id 061302Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An optimized focused ion beam process is used to fabricate micrometer-long LiNbO3 nanopillars with diameters varying between 150 and 325 nm. Polarimetric mappings of second harmonic generation from a wavelength of 850 nm demonstrate the ability to modify the polarization features of the nonlinearresponse through a fine adjustment of the pillar size. The effect is ascribed to the non-negligible contribution of the longitudinal fields associated with sub-wavelength light confinement in the LiNbO3nanopillars. The results also highlight the importance of a fine control over the nanopillar size in order to effectively engineer their nonlinear response.

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  • 44.
    Baghban, Mohammad Amin
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Quantum Electronics and Quantum Optics, QEO.
    Schollhammer, Jean
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Quantum Electronics and Quantum Optics, QEO.
    Errando-Herranz, Carlos
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Micro and Nanosystems.
    Gylfason, Kristinn B.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Micro and Nanosystems.
    Gallo, Katia
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Quantum Electronics and Quantum Optics, QEO.
    Waveguide Gratings in Thin-Film Lithium Niobate on Insulator2017In: CLEO: 2017, OSA Technical Digest, Optical Society of America, 2017Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 45. Baghchehsaraei, Zargham
    et al.
    Shah, Umer
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Micro and Nanosystems.
    Dudorov, Sergey
    Stemme, Göran
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Micro and Nanosystems.
    Oberhammer, Joachim
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Micro and Nanosystems.
    Aberg, Jan
    MEMS 30 µm-thick W-band Waveguide Switch2012In: 2012 42ND EUROPEAN MICROWAVE CONFERENCE (EUMC), IEEE , 2012, p. 1055-1058Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents for the first time a novel concept of a MEMS waveguide switch based on a reconfigurable surface, whose working principle is to short-circuit or to allow for free propagation of the electrical field lines of the TE10 mode of a WR-12 rectangular waveguide. This transmissive surface is only 30 µm thick and consists of up to 1260 reconfiguring cantilevers in the waveguide cross-section, which are moved simultaneously by integrated MEMS comb-drive actuators. For the first fabrication run, the yield of these reconfigurable elements on the chips was 80-86%, which still was good enough for resulting in a measured insertion loss in the open state of better than 1dB and an isolation of better than 20dB for the best designs, very wideband from 62 to 75GHz. For 100% fabrication yield, HFSS simulations predict that an insertion loss in the open state of better than 0.1dB and an isolation of better than 30dB in the closed state are possible for designs with 800 and more contact points for this novel waveguide switch concept.

  • 46. Bahramirad, S.
    et al.
    Atallah, Jad G.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Electronic, Computer and Software Systems, ECS.
    Albrecht, S.
    A low phase noise VCO for multi band wireless transceivers2007In: Proceedings - 2007 International Conference on Design and Technology of Integrated Systems in Nanoscale Era, DTIS 2007, IEEE , 2007, p. 148-153Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    this paper presents a CMOS voltage controlled oscillator for multi standard wireless transceivers. The VCO structure is based on All- PMOS LC oscillators. The frequency range extends from 1.7 GHz to 2.5 GH, and tuning between frequencies is done by means of capacitor banks and varactors.

  • 47. Banerjee, S.
    et al.
    Sarkar, S.
    Lakshman, K.
    Dutta, Joydeep
    Water Research Center, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 17, 123 Al-Khoudh, Oman.
    Pal, S. K.
    UVA radiation induced ultrafast electron transfer from a food carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene to organic molecules, biological macromolecules, and inorganic nano structures2013In: Journal of Physical Chemistry B, ISSN 1520-6106, E-ISSN 1520-5207, Vol. 117, no 14, p. 3726-3737Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Reactions involving electron transfer (ET) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis and cancer biochemistry. Our present study emphasizes UVA radiation induced ET reaction as one of the key aspects of a potential carcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene (BP), in the presence of a wide variety of molecules covering organic p-benzoquinone (BQ), biological macromolecules like calf-thymus DNA (CT-DNA), human serum albumin (HSA) protein, and inorganic zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs). Steady-state and picosecond-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy have been used to monitor such ET reactions. Physical consequences of BP association with CT-DNA have been investigated through temperature-dependent circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The temperature-dependent steady-state, picosecond-resolved fluorescence lifetime and anisotropy studies reveal the effect of temperature on the perturbation of such ET reactions from BP to biological macromolecules, highlighting their temperature-dependent association. Furthermore, the electron-donating property of BP has been corroborated by measuring wavelength-dependent photocurrent in a BP-anchored ZnO NR-based photodevice, offering new physical insights for the carcinogenic study of BP.

  • 48. Bansal, Akshaya
    et al.
    Liu, Haichun
    Jayakumar, Muthu Kumara Gnanasammandhan
    Andersson-Engels, Stefan
    Zhang, Yong
    Quasi-Continuous Wave Near-Infrared Excitation of Upconversion Nanoparticles for Optogenetic Manipulation of C. elegans2016In: Small, ISSN 1613-6810, E-ISSN 1613-6829, Vol. 12, no 13, p. 1732-1743Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Optogenetics is an emerging powerful tool to investigate workings of the nervous system. However, the use of low tissue penetrating visible light limits its therapeutic potential. Employing deep penetrating near-infrared (NIR) light for optogenetics would be beneficial but it cannot be used directly. This issue can be tackled with upconversion nanoparticles (UCNs) acting as nanotransducers emitting at shorter wavelengths extending to the UV range upon NIR light excitation. Although attractive, implementation of such NIR-optogenetics is hindered by the low UCN emission intensity that necessitates high NIR excitation intensities, resulting in overheating issues. A novel quasi-continuous wave (quasi-CW) excitation approach is developed that significantly enhances multiphoton emissions from UCNs, and for the first time NIR light-triggered optogenetic manipulations are implemented in vitro and in C. elegans. The approach developed here enables the activation of channelrhodopsin-2 with a significantly lower excitation power and UCN concentration along with negligible phototoxicity as seen with CW excitation, paving the way for therapeutic optogenetics.

  • 49.
    Banuazizi, S. Amir Hossein
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Materials and Nanophysics. Univ Tehran, Fac New Sci & Technol, Tehran, Iran..
    Houshang, Afshin
    Univ Gothenburg, Dept Phys, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden..
    Awad, Ahmad A.
    Univ Gothenburg, Dept Phys, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden..
    Mohammadi, Javad
    Univ Tehran, Fac New Sci & Technol, Tehran, Iran..
    Åkerman, Johan
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Materials and Nanophysics. Univ Gothenburg, Dept Phys, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden..
    Belova, Lyubov
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering.
    Magnetic force microscopy of an operational spin nano-oscillator2022In: MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING, ISSN 2055-7434, Vol. 8, no 1, article id 65Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is a powerful technique for studying magnetic microstructures and nanostructures that relies on force detection by a cantilever with a magnetic tip. The detected magnetic tip interactions are used to reconstruct the magnetic structure of the sample surface. Here, we demonstrate a new method using MFM for probing the spatial profile of an operational nanoscale spintronic device, the spin Hall nano-oscillator (SHNO), which generates high-intensity spin wave auto-oscillations enabling novel microwave applications in magnonics and neuromorphic computing. We developed an MFM system by adding a microwave probe station to allow electrical and microwave characterization up to 40 GHz during the MFM process. SHNOs-based on NiFe/Pt bilayers with a specific design compatible with the developed system-were fabricated and scanned using a Co magnetic force microscopy tip with 10 nm spatial MFM resolution, while a DC current sufficient to induce auto-oscillation flowed. Our results show that this developed method provides a promising path for the characterization and nanoscale magnetic field imaging of operational nano-oscillators.

  • 50.
    Banuazizi, S. Amir Hossein
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Materials and Nanophysics.
    Åkerman, Johan
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Materials and Nanophysics. Univ Gothenburg, Dept Phys, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden..
    Microwave probe stations with throw-dimensional control of the magnetic field to study high-frequency dynamic in nanoscale devices2018In: Review of Scientific Instruments, ISSN 0034-6748, E-ISSN 1089-7623, Vol. 89, no 6, article id 064701Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present two microwave probe stations with motorized rotary stages for adjusting the magnitude and angle of the applied magnetic field. In the first system, the magnetic field is provided by an electromagnet and can be adjusted from 0 to similar to 1.4 T while its polar angle (theta) can be varied from 0 degrees to 360 degrees. In the second system the magnetic field is provided by a Halbach array permanent magnet, which can be rotated and translated to cover the full range of polar (theta) and azimuthal (phi) angles with a tunable field magnitude up to similar to 1 T. Both systems are equipped with microwave probes, bias-Ts, amplifiers, and spectrum analyzers, to allow for microwave characterization up to 40 GHz, as well as software to automatically perform continuous large sets of electrical and microwave measurements.

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