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  • 1.
    Ahmed, Abubeker W.
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science. Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Sweden.
    Erlingsson, Sigurdur
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science. Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Sweden.
    Evaluation of a permanent deformation model for asphalt concrete mixtures using extra-large wheel tracking and heavy vehicle simulator tests2015In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 16, no 1, p. 154-171Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper evaluates a mechanistic–empirical permanent strain model for asphalt concrete mixtures. The evaluation was carried out based on two different types of tests: an extra-large wheel-tracking (ELWT) test and a full-scale accelerated pavement test using a heavy vehicle simulator (HVS). Asphalt slabs from three different types of asphalt mixtures were prepared for the ELWT test and tested at several pavement temperatures and tyre inflation pressures. Lateral wandering was also incorporated. The measured permanent deformations in the asphalt slabs were thereafter modelled using the permanent strain model from the US Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide and model parameters were estimated for the three types of mixes. For validation, data from an HVS tested pavement structure consisting of the same asphalt mixtures as those tested using the ELWT were used. A set of calibration factors for the three mixtures were therefore obtained between the two tests. In all cases, the calibration factors were within ±20% from unity. Differences in geometry, scale, wheel loading configuration as well as the speed of loading between the two test devices could be the possible reasons for the differences in observed calibration factors.

  • 2.
    Ahmed, Abubeker W.
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Erlingsson, Sigurdur
    Evaluation of permanent deformation models for unbound granular materials using accelerated pavement tests2013In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 14, no 1, p. 178-195Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mechanistic-empirical (M-E) pavement design methods have become the focus of modern pavement design procedure. One of the main distresses that M-E design methods attempt to control is permanent deformation (rutting). The objective of this paper is to evaluate three M-E permanent deformation models for unbound granular materials, one from the US M-E pavement design guide and two other relatively new models. Two series of heavy vehicle simulator (HVS) tests with three different types of base material were used for this purpose. The permanent deformation, wheel loading, pavement temperature, and other material properties were continuously controlled during the HVS tests. Asphalt concrete layers were considered as linear elastic where stress-dependent behaviour of unbound materials was considered when computing responses for the M-E permanent deformation models with a nonlinear elastic response model. Traffic wandering was also accounted for in modelling the traffic by assuming it was normally distributed and a time-hardening approach was applied to add together the permanent deformation contributions from different stress levels. The measured and predicted permanent deformations are in general in good agreement with only small discrepancies between the models. Model parameters were also estimated for three different types of material.

  • 3. Arraigada, M
    et al.
    Partl, Manfred
    Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (Empa).
    Angelone, S
    Determination of Road Deflections from Traffic Induced Accelerations2007In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 8, no 3, p. 399-421Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Vertical elastic pavement deflections from moving vehicles provide valuable information for assessing the structural behaviour of a road under real loads. Various types of sensors can be installed in a road for deflection monitoring. This paper explores the use of accelerometers. It discusses the problems involving the calculation of deflections from measured acceleration by double integration due to the amplification of measurement errors in the acceleration signal. It proposes a simple algorithm to correct integration errors and obtain deflections from acceleration measurements. It also presents a laboratory testing method to evaluate the performance of two accelerometers for their suitability in road applications. In addition, using a selected accelerometer, pavementdeflections at a wheel tracking test site are calculated and discussed. 

  • 4.
    Bagampadde, Umaru
    et al.
    KTH, Superseded Departments (pre-2005), Civil and Architectural Engineering.
    Isacsson, Ulf
    KTH, Superseded Departments (pre-2005), Civil and Architectural Engineering.
    Kiggundu, Bob
    KTH, Superseded Departments (pre-2005), Civil and Architectural Engineering.
    Classical and contemporary aspects of stripping in bituminous mixtures2004In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 5, no 1, p. 7-45Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Stripping or removal of bitumen from an aggregate because of water penetrating into the interface causes many pavements to fail. Stripping has been existent since the advent of paving technology. It causes functional weakening of pavements leading to costly repairs. This state-of-the-art paper deals with important concepts of stripping as, bitumen chemistry and rheology, aggregate properties (chemical and mineralogical composition, surface texture, morphology, porosity, etc), traffic, water properties, construction practices (mixing, placement and in-service drainage) and nature of antistripping additives. Adhesion of bitumen onto aggregate is explained based on theories like mechanistic tenacity, molecular orientation, chemical reaction, and thermodynamic balance of interfacial forces. Stripping is elucidated using several mechanisms namely, displacement, detachment, spontaneous emulsification, bitumen film rupture, water pore pressure, hydraulic scouring, chemical disbanding, microbial activity, osmosis; and blistering and pitting. Attendant theories to the mechanisms are explained. Moisture sensitivity test methods emerged are described and discussed. The large number of tests that have evolved shows the importance of the phenomenon of stripping. Remedial measures which include use of antistripping additives, careful selection of hot mix component materials, good construction practice, and others have been proposed for use in practice.

  • 5.
    Birgisson, Björn
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Montepara, Antonio
    Romeo, Elena
    Roque, Reynaldo
    Tebaldi, Gabriele
    Influence of Mixture Properties on Fracture Mechanisms in Asphalt Mixtures2010In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 11, p. 61-88Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper reports a research study aimed at providing insight into key mechanisms and mixture properties that influence fracture in asphalt concrete. The experimental analysis was based on the Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Fracture Mechanics visco-elastic crack growth law. HMA cracking mechanism was investigated using multiple laboratory test configurations on both unmodified and polymer modified mixtures. A Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was employed to more accurately capture localized or non-uniform stress distributions in asphalt mixtures and as a tool for detecting first fracture. Crack initiation and crack growth were predicted effectively using a Displacement Discontinuity (DD) boundary element method.

  • 6. Birgisson, Björn
    et al.
    Wang, Jianlin
    Roque, Reynaldo
    A new algorithm for determination of crack growth path in HMA materials2007In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 8, no 1, p. 47-60Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, a new algorithm is presented for determination of the crack growth path in hot mix asphalt (HMA) materials. In a newly developed fracture simulator, the pavement structure is modeled with a viscoelastic boundary element method, which provides an attractive alternative to finite element-based methods for modeling crack initiation and growth. According to the HMA fracture mechanics, a fundamental energy-based threshold is used to determine crack growth and the direction of crack growth, and viscoelastic mixture properties are used to determine the rate of crack growth. To determine where a crack propagates, a grid in the critical zone is defined to cover a range of possible crack growth directions and locate the direction of the maximum dissipated creep strain energy (DCSE). The crack will propagate in the direction of the maximum DCSE when the DCSE in this direction reaches the damage threshold. The fracture simulator is shown to predict top-down crack growth patterns in hot mix asphalt pavements observed in the field.

  • 7.
    Birgisson, Björn
    et al.
    University of Florida.
    Wang, Jianlin
    Roque, Reynaldo
    Sangpetngam, Boonchais
    A viscoelastic displacement discontinuity method for analysis of pavements with cracks2006In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 7, no 4, p. 417-455Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents a development of the displacement discontinuity boundary element method for modeling the linear viscoelastic behavior of asphalt mixtures and simulating crack propagation in asphalt pavements. The viscoelastic formulation is based on the correspondence principle, involving Laplace transformation of the constitutive equations and the associated boundary conditions. The time-dependent behavior of the asphalt mixtures is characterized by the Burger's or power law model. The associated transformed problem is solved in an analogous way to using the linear-elasticity-based displacement discontinuity method. The corresponding time-dependent viscoelastic solution is obtained using an efficient and robust algorithm for numerical Laplace inversion. A substructuring approach is employed to construct the layered formulation and higher order elements are used to capture the bending effect in the pavement structure. With incorporation of the hot mix asphalt (HMA) fracture mechanics, which is based on the concept that there is a dissipated creep strain energy (DCSE) threshold to cracking, the numerical framework can efficiently simulate crack onset and growth in asphalt pavements. Several examples are presented to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the numerical method and to demonstrate its application in modeling pavement cracking.

  • 8. Birgisson, Björn
    et al.
    Wang, Jianlin
    Roque, Reynaldo
    Sangpetngam, Boonchais
    Numerical implementation of a strain energy-based fracture model for HMA materials2007In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 8, no 1, p. 7-45Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This work combines a new strain energy-based fracture criterion with a viscoelastic displacement discontinuity boundary element method to investigate crack growth in hot mix asphalt (HMA) materials. The study employs a fundamental crack growth threshold and simulates crack growth by accumulation of the dissipated creep strain energy (DCSE) below this threshold, only healable micro-damage develops, and non-healable crack initiation or growth occurs, otherwise. A critical zone is introduced ahead of the crack tip to represent the portion of the material being damaged. Once the cumulative micro-damage inside the critical zone reaches the cracking threshold, the crack extends by the length of the critical zone. An HMA fracture simulator is developed by incorporating the DCSE threshold concept into a numerical framework based on a viscoelastic displacement discontinuity method, which has proven its convenience and efficiency in crack modeling. Numerical analyses are performed to predict piecewise crack propagation in asphalt mixtures using the HMA fracture simulator, and laboratory experiments are also conducted to verify and validate the numerical model.

  • 9.
    Bjurström, Henrik
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.
    Rydén, Nils
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Technology and Design.
    Non-contact rolling surface wave measurements on asphalt concrete2019In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 20, no 2, p. 334-346Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Rolling surface wave measurements on a single, thin asphalt concrete (AC) layer are presented to investigate their use in rapid nondestructive field tests. An array of 47 micro-electro-mechanical sensor (MEMS) microphones is mounted on a trailer together with an automated impact source. Multichannel recordings from single impacts are obtained at 80 equally spaced array positions as the trailer moves at a constant speed. The complete battery-powered data acquisition system enables large-scale testing of newly built pavements. Multiple sets of test results show good repeatability for the assessed shear wave velocity and demonstrate the strong temperature dependency of AC. The presented results indicate a possible application for quality assurance of AC using rolling surface wave measurements.

  • 10.
    Bjurström, Henrik
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.
    Rydén, Nils
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Highway Engineering Laboratory.
    Non-contact rolling surface wave measurements on asphalt concreteIn: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Rolling surface wave measurements on a single, thin asphalt concrete (AC) layer arepresented to investigate their use in rapid nondestructive field tests. An array of 47 micro-electromechanicalsensor (MEMS) microphones is mounted on a trailer together with an automated impactsource. Multichannel recordings from single impacts are obtained at 80 equally spaced positions as thetrailer moves at a constant speed. The complete battery-powered data acquisition system enables largescaletesting of newly built pavements. Multiple sets of test results show good repeatability for theassessed shear wave velocity and demonstrate the strong temperature dependency of AC. The presentedresults indicate a possible application for quality assurance of AC using rolling surface wavemeasurements.

  • 11.
    Chen, Feng
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials.
    Jelagin, Denis
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials.
    Partl, Manfred
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials. EMPA–Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland.
    Experimental and numerical analysis of asphalt flow in a slump test2019In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 20, p. S446-S461Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The mechanical behaviour of uncompacted asphalt mixtures is still not well understood,threatening directly to the pavement practices such as control of mixture’s workability andsegregation. This situation may become even worse due to the gradually increasing complexityand advances in paving materials and technologies. This study adopts a slump flow testbased on concrete technology and a Discrete Element (DE)-based numerical tool to investigatethe mechanical behaviour of uncompacted asphalt mixture from a microstructural point ofview, particularly focusing on the bituminous binder effects. The combined experimental andnumerical analysis indicates that bitumen distinctly influences the contact interactions withinthe mixture and thus its macroscopic flow, which can be physically interpreted as a combinedeffect of lubricated friction and bonding force. Additional case studies demonstrate that the DEmodel is capable of simulating the flow response of asphalt mixtures under changed particlecontact conditions and driven force.

  • 12.
    Chen, Feng
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering.
    Taylor, Nathaniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Kringos, Nicole
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Structural Engineering and Bridges.
    Birgisson, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    A study on dielectric response of bitumen in the low-frequency range2015In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 16, p. 153-169Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    From the current state of literature, the dielectric property of bitumen has not been understood extensively, nor its relation with other properties such as polarity and rheology. In this study, dielectric spectroscopy measurement in a low-frequency range (10−2–106 Hz) was performed on both pure bitumen in different grades and wax-modified bitumen (WMB). From the performed tests we found the following: (i) the dielectric response of base bitumen is strongly temperature and frequency dependent, which is also highly linked to the rheology of the system. (ii) No remarkable differences in the dielectric constant (Formula presented.) among different grades of bitumen from the same crude oil source can be seen. (iii) Regular changes of dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) among the different grades of bitumen can be observed, which can be a good indicator for the linkage between the dielectric and rheological responses. In addition, it can also be perceived that the dielectric spectroscopy may have the potential to become a new approach for the multi-scale characterisation of road infrastructure materials.

  • 13. Das, Prabir Kumar
    et al.
    Baaj, Hassan
    Kringos, Niki
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Structural Engineering and Bridges.
    Tighe, Susan
    Coupling of oxidative ageing and moisture damage in asphalt mixtures2015In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 16, p. 265-279Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, a possible way to capture the combined effect of oxidative ageing and moisture damage on mixture performance has been proposed. The formulations that are needed for finite element (FE) modelling of oxygen and moisture diffusion process have been established. The proposed model should be able to link the in-time changes to the mastic as function of mixture morphology, ageing propensity and the moisture diffusion properties to the physical properties of the asphalt mixture due to the loss of adhesive and/or cohesive bonding. Such an FE model can help find the trends and relationships that can assist in the development of predictive pavement performance model. Also, from this, one can figure out the key parameters that are mainly responsible for ageing-moisture-induced premature damage of asphalt pavements.

  • 14. Das, Prabir Kumar
    et al.
    Baaj, Hassan
    Tighe, Susan
    Kringos, Niki
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Structural Engineering and Bridges.
    Atomic force microscopy to investigate asphalt binders: a state-of-the-art review2016In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 17, no 3, p. 693-718Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a non-destructive imaging tool, which is capable of qualitative and quantitative surface analysis with sub-nanometer resolution. Simultaneously with the topology at the micro-scale, AFM is capable of acquiring micro-mechanical information such as relative stiffness/Young's modulus, stickiness/adhesion, hardness, energy loss and sample deformation quantitatively. This paper presents an extensive review on the applications of AFM to investigate different physiochemical properties and performances of asphalt binder. AFM techniques and principles, different sample preparation techniques and its effect on observed micro-structures, chemical origin, surface or bulk phenomenon and temperature sensitivity of these micro-structures are also discussed in this paper. All of the studies conducted on this topic clearly indicated that AFM can successfully be utilised as a tool to better understand how the surface morphology and its physicochemical properties are interlinked and related to the binder performances.

  • 15.
    Das, Prabir Kumar
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Kringos, Nicole
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Wallqvist, Viveca
    Birgisson, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Micromechanical investigation ofphase separation in bitumen bycombining atomic force microscopywith differential scanning calorimetryresults2013In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 14, no S1, p. 25-37Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The thermo-rheological behaviour of bitumen depends largely on its chemical structure and intermolecular microstructures. Bitumen is a complex mixture of organic molecules of different sizes and polarities for which the micro-structural knowledge is still rather incomplete. Knowledge at that level can have great implications for behaviour at a larger scale and will help to optimise the bitumen in its production stage. The present study is focused on understanding the fundamental mechanisms behind the micro-structural phase appearance and the speed or mobility at which they change. To do so, atomic force microscopy was utilised at different temperatures to investigate the phase separation behaviour for four different types of bitumen and co-relate it with the differential scanning calorimetry measurements. Based on the experimental evidences, it was found that the observed phase separation is mainly due to the wax/paraffin fraction presence in bitumen and that the investigated bitumen behaves quite differently. Recommendations are made to continue this research into qualitative information to be used on the asphalt mix design level.

  • 16.
    Das, Prabir Kumar
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Tasdemir, Yuksel
    Bozok Univ, Yozgat, Turkey .
    Birgisson, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Evaluation of fracture and moisture damage performance of wax modified asphalt mixtures2012In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 13, no 1, p. 142-155Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study the fracture and moisture damage characteristics of wax modified asphalt mixtures were evaluated. Two types of commercial waxes (FT-paraffin and Asphaltan B) were added to bitumen of penetration grade 70/100. Using this wax modified and unmodified bitumen; total 48 specimens were produced from two sources of aggregates and two levels of gradation. Bitumen properties were determined by conventional test methods, Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) and Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) testing. Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test (TSRST) was used to evaluate low temperature cracking resistance and cracking behavior of asphalt mixture was investigated at 0 degrees C using Superpave Indirect Tensile Test (IDT). The influence of wax on the asphalt mixture resistance to cracking and moisture damage performance has been evaluated using Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) fracture mechanics and Superpave IDT test results. The addition of FT-paraffin and Asphaltan B showed better cracking and moisture damage resistance of the asphalt mixture compared to unmodified mixture, but FT-paraffin showed the largest effect on cracking resistance while Asphaltan B showed highest resistance to moisture damage. In BBR test results, mixtures modified with FT-paraffin showed lower limit m value (LmT) which implies minor negative effect in stress relaxation. However, according to TSRST results, the mixtures with both waxes had nearly same fracture temperature as mixture with unmodified bitumen.

  • 17.
    Dinegdae, Yared H.
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.
    Birgisson, Björn
    Aston University, UK.
    Effects of truck traffic on top-down fatigue cracking performance of flexible pavements using a new mechanics-based analysis framework2018In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 19, no 1, p. 182-200Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The mechanics-based analysis framework predicts top-down fatigue cracking initiation timein asphalt concrete pavements by utilising fracture mechanics and mixture morphology-basedproperty. To reduce the level of complexity involved, traffic data were characterised and incorporatedinto the framework using the equivalent single axle load (ESAL) approach. There isa concern that this kind of simplistic traffic characterisation might result in erroneous performancepredictions and pavement structural designs. This paper integrates axle load spectraand other traffic characterisation parameters into the mechanics-based analysis framework andstudies the impact these traffic characterisation parameters have on predicted fatigue crackingperformance. The traffic characterisation inputs studied are traffic growth rate, axle load spectra,lateral wheel wander and volume adjustment factors. For this purpose, a traffic integrationapproach which incorporates Monte Carlo simulation and representative traffic characterisationinputs was developed. The significance of these traffic characterisation parameters wasestablished by evaluating a number of field pavement sections. It is evident from the resultsthat all the traffic characterisation parameters except truck wheel wander have been observedto have significant influence on predicted top-down fatigue cracking performance.

  • 18.
    Dinegdae, Yared H.
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Onifade, Ibrahim
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Jelagin, Denis
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Birgisson, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Mechanics-based Topdown Fatigue Cracking Initiation Prediction Framework for Asphaltic Pavements2015In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 16, no 4Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, a new mechanics-based top-down fatigue cracking analysis framework is presented for asphalt pavements. A new mixture morphology-based set of material sub-models is presented for characterising key mixture properties and their change over time. Predicting the load induced top-down fatigue crack initiation (CI) time by utilising comprehensive mixture properties creates the possibility of optimising the mixture morphology while taking into account its subsequent effect on long-term pavement performance. The new framework was calibrated and subsequently validated against a number of field pavement sections with varying traffic levels that are representative for current practices and which have a wide range in material properties. The framework accounts the change in key mixture properties due to ageing and mixture-healing effect on damage accumulation while determining the overall effect of design inputs on cracking performance. Model calibration and validation were achieved based on the healing potential of the asphalt mixture. It was found out that the CI predictions for all the sections are in general agreement with the observed performance in the field, thus giving credibility for the framework.

  • 19.
    Dinegdae, Yared Hailegiorgis
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.
    Birgisson, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering.
    Reliability-based calibration for a mechanics-based fatigue cracking design procedure2016In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 17, no 3, p. 529-546Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents a new reliability-based code calibration in load resistance factor design (LRFD) format for the mechanics-based fatigue cracking analysis framework. The pavement design procedure incorporates an appropriate failure criterion and design period. Moreover, it provides uniform performance at the desired level of reliability while considering the inherent variabilities and uncertainties involved. A number of field pavement sections with well documented performance histories and high quality field and laboratory data were used for this purpose. Moreover, a reliability computation methodology that incorporates a central composite design (CCD) response surface approach (RS) is proposed. Appropriate statistical characterization of the dominant design parameters was performed considering its key role in reliability analysis. A first order reliability method (FORM) was used to compute pavement performance reliability and to establish the partial safety factors of the design procedure. Illustrative examples based on the developed LRFD procedure have demonstrated clearly its capacity of delivering designs with uniform reliability.

  • 20.
    Edvardsson, Karin
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Gravel Roads and Dust Suppression2009In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 10, no 3, p. 439-469Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This review paper deals with the field of dust generation on gravel roads, dust suppressant performance and evaluation techniques. By applying the proper dust suppressant, matching the gravel road condition specific to the site, dust emission can be reduced, thereby providing a healthier ambient air environment, increasing road safety and ride comfort while reducing the need and cost of vehicle repair, road maintenance activities, and aggregate replacement. By applying the proper application rate of the dust suppressant, the cost of annual dust control as well as the environmental impact can be significantly reduced. Suitable measuring techniques for evaluating dust suppressant efficiency will facilitate the choice of the most appropriate dust suppressant and its optimal application rate.

  • 21.
    Edvardsson, Karin
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Ekblad, Jonas
    NCC Roads AB.
    Magnusson, Rolf
    Dalarna Högskolan.
    Methods for Quantification of Lignosulphonate and Chloride in Gravel Wearing Courses2010In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 11, no 1, p. 171-185Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Due to oxidation, breakdown, and leaching, dust suppressants will be lost from the gravel road surface. Methods for residual dust suppressant concentration supervision are a valuable tool for estimating life-length and optimal application rates, and, hence, efficiency of different products. The objective of this study was to identify methods for quantitative analyses of lignosulphonate and chloride, develop and adapt the methods for application on a gravel matrix, and validate the methods using samples collected in-situ. Results strongly suggest that the reliability and repeatability of the developed methods (23% for lignosulphonate and 30% for chloride, respectively) are acceptable for determination of relative variations in residual concentrations of dust suppressed gravel wearing courses.

  • 22.
    Edwards, Ylva
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering.
    Influence of Waxes on Bitumen and Asphalt Concrete Mixture Performance2009In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 10, no 2, p. 313-335Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper deals with scientific work carried out to study the influence of different kinds of wax on bitumen and asphalt concrete mixture properties. Experimental parts involve base bitumens from different sources, isolated bitumen waxes and commercial waxes. Asphalt concrete slabs, containing base or wax modified bitumen were prepared and tested. Binder properties were evaluated using different types of laboratory equipment, such as dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), bending beam rheometer (BBR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), as well as equipment for determining more conventional parameters. Asphalt concrete properties were evaluated at low temperatures using the tensile strain restrained specimen test (TSRST) and creep test at -25 degrees C At higher temperatures, dynamic creep testing was performed at 40 degrees C, and complex modulus tests between 0 and 20 degrees C Binder test results indicated that the magnitude and type of effect on bitumen rheology depend on the bitumen itself hype of crystallizing fraction in the bitumen and for type and amount of additive used. Adding polyethylene wax, showed no or positive effects on the rheological behaviour at low temperatures (decrease in stiffness) as well as medium and high temperatures (increase in complex modulus and decrease in phase angle). However, the corresponding positive effects could not be shown in dynamic creep testing (at 40 degrees C) of asphalt concrete mixtures containing these modified binders. Adding FT-paraffin decreased the physical hardening index (obtained using BBR) for all bitumens. Also polyethylene war and montan wax showed this effect for some bitumens. Slack wax showed a large increasing effect on physical hardening. No correlation between physical hardening index (PHI) and wax content by DSC was found in this study. Addition of commercial waxes used showed no or marginally positive influence on bitumen ageing properties for bitumens and test conditions used. Asphalt mixture test results were compared to the corresponding binder test results, and found to be less evident. Significant physical hardening by BBR could not be confirmed by TSRST.

  • 23.
    Edwards, Ylva
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Isacsson, Ulf
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Wax in bitumen: Part 1: Classifications and General Aspects2005In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 6, no 3, p. 281-309Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Wax in bitumen has for a long time been of great interest, particularly regarding effects on bitumen quality and methods for determining wax content. Opinions about wax in bitumen have varied over the years and sometimes been contradictory. The findings of a literature study are presented in two companion papers. The main intention of the study was to give an extensive description ofthe field of knowledge concerning wax in bitumen. In this paper, classifications and general aspects on effects of wax in crude oil and bitumen are described. Theories behind possible mechanisms are also discussed, and commercial wax as additive to bitumen for different purposes described. Effects of wax are influenced by chemical composition and rheological properties of the bitumen, amount of wax in the bitumen as well as chemical composition and crystalline structure of the wax. The effect of wax on bitumen is linked to its crystallinity and melting properties. The temperature range of application as well as the definition of wax in bitumen is also of great importance. The presence of large wax crystals (macrocrystalline wax) in bitumen is considered to be most problematic. However, waxes in bitumen generally are microcrystalline and/or amorphous and can contain branched, alicyclic and aromatic components with heteroatoms, which renders crystallization considerably more difficult.

  • 24.
    Edwards, Ylva
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Isacsson, Ulf
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Wax in bitumen: Part II: Characterization and Effects2005In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 6, no 4, p. 439-468Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A large number of different methods for isolating and characterizing wax in bitumen, as well as for determination of wax content, have been used over the years. The methods used for determining wax content all give different results for one and the same bitumen, which has caused problems for many years. Through different types of phase transition, wax in bitumen influences bitumen properties to a larger or minor extent. In some cases, such an influence may give rise to negative effects like increased sensitivity to cracking or plastic deformation in asphalt concrete pavements. In other cases, wax may even show positive effects on bitumen, such as increased stiffness at higher temperatures, leading to improved resistance to rutting. This paper is the second of two companion papers discussing the field of knowledge concerning wax in bitumen. In the first paper, classifications and general aspects on effects of wax in crude oil and bitumen are described.

  • 25.
    Ekblad, Jonas
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Isacsson, Ulf
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Influence of water on resilient properties of coarse granular materials2006In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 7, no 3, p. 369-404Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The objective of this work was to investigate influence of water on resilient properties of a coarse (maximum particle size 90 mm) granular material using various gradings. Triaxial testing, using large-size samples (diameter 500 mm and height 1000 mm) and constant confining pressures, was performed at varying water content up to practically full saturation. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) was used to monitor transient in-sample water contents. Evaluation comprised resilient modulus and Poisson ratio in terms of total stresses, although the results were also discussed in the context of effective stresses. The coarsest grading experienced only a small reduction in resilient modulus when brought close to saturation, while specimens with an increased amount of fines and more even distribution responded with a substantial loss of resilient modulus upon increased water content. It also appeared that, as water content increased, the specimens became more dilative (increase in Poisson ratio).

  • 26.
    Ekblad, Jonas
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Civil and Architectural Engineering Laboratory. NCC Rd AB, Upplands Väsby, Sweden.
    Lundström, Robert
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Civil and Architectural Engineering Laboratory. NCC Rd AB, Upplands Väsby, Sweden.
    Causes of rutting in flexible and semi-rigid test sections after 14 years of service2018In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 19, no 4, p. 878-897Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Rutting is a major distress and is commonly targeted in design-build contracts as a key requirement, but at the same time, contemporary design methods usually provide scarce information on evolution in absolute terms. The objective of this paper is to investigate and analyse rutting results from a large full-scale road test. The analyses concerned magnitudes and the causes of rutting with a main focus on flexible and semi-rigid structures: one Reference, one high-performance asphalt (HPA) and one asphalt on a lean concrete (LC) base. Field measurements and sampling for the current study comprised acquiring transversal profiles and coring pavement samples. The results suggest that for the HPA and the LC base pavements, rutting is mainly caused by studded tyre wear and densification of the asphalt layers. For the conventional reference pavement additional rutting, most likely in the lower layers, was noted.

  • 27.
    Elaguine, Denis
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials.
    Olsson, Erik
    Department Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
    Raab, Christiane
    Concrete and Asphalt, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland.
    Partl, Manfred N.
    PaRRC Partl Road Research Consulting, Oeschgen, Switzerland.
    Experimental and numerical modelling of shear bonding between asphalt layers2023In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 24, no S1, p. 176-191Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Interlayers in asphalt pavements are potential structural damage initiators. In order to better understand the quantitative role of interlayer parameters, such as surface roughness, binder type, binder content and loading type on interlayer shear strength, this paper focuses on the effects of particle interlock and contact conditions on interlayer strength through experimental and numerical modelling. Experimentally, interlayer shear box strength tests on a model material consisting of stiff binder blended with steel balls are performed with and without normal force confinement. A Discrete Element method model of the test is developed using measurements of the model material for calibrating the contact law and for validating the model. It is shown that this model captures adequately the measured force-displacement response of the specimens. It is thus a feasible starting point for numerically and experimentally studying the role of binder and tack coat regarding interlayer shear strength of real asphalt layers.

  • 28.
    Erlingsson, Sigurd
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    On Forecasting the Resilient Modulus from the CBR Value of Granular Bases2007In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 8, no 4, p. 783-797Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The unbound granular materials (UGM), base and subbase layers, play an essential role in the overall structural performance of thin pavement structures. They show complex stress dependent elasto-plastic behaviour under external loading. Therefore the UGM are commonly tested using the Repeated Load Triaxial (RLT) testing method to estimate the stiffness of the material by applying haversine loading pulses. The RLT testing method represents the actual stress situation quite adequately and gives satisfactorily estimates of the stiffness characteristics of UGM. A simple test that has been used for a long time in structural design of flexible pavements is the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) test. In the CBR test, the load-deformation curve is acquired while a plunger is penetrated into the material at a constant rate. In the literature one can find a number of relationships for UGM where the CBR value is used to predict the stiffness. These connections usually do not take into account that stiffness of UGM is both stress and moisture dependent. To investigate if a relationship between the two tests exists, twenty materials have been tested with both methods and the test results compared. The materials were of varying quality and were tested at four different moisture contents. The results indicate that a simple power law can be used to forecast the stiffness if the CBR-value is known.

  • 29. Erlingsson, Sigurdur
    et al.
    Ahmed, Abubeker W.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Fast layered elastic response program for the analysis of flexible pavement structures2013In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 14, no 1, p. 196-210Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    One of the key components in analysing pavement structural behaviour is the response model which is used to estimate the stresses, strains and displacements of the pavement structure subjected to the existing traffic, taking into account the material properties and prevailing environmental conditions. Multilayer elastic theory (MLET) is often preferred over other methods such as the finite element method, due to its computational performance for repeated applications. A new elastic response analysis program has been developed based on the Burmister MLET theory to calculate the response of flexible pavement structures. In the development of the program, the time-consuming part of MLET processes was optimised. To improve the convergence and accuracy of responses in the vicinity of the surface of the top layer, an approach based on Richardson's extrapolation was employed. Moreover, an iterative approach to model stress dependency of unbound granular materials was incorporated. A comprehensive comparison of the program with two frequently used programs demonstrated an excellent agreement and improved performance.

  • 30.
    Fadil, Hassan
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials.
    Chen, Feng
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering. Department of Highway and Railway Engineering, School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
    Elaguine, Denis
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials. Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Partl, Manfred
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials. Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
    The viscoelastic characterisation of asphalt mixtures using the indentation test2021In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 22, no sup1, p. S411-S424Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Viscoelastic characterisation of asphalt mixtures is an important component for modelling and performance prediction of flexible pavements. In this study, using spherical indentation testing for measuring the viscoelastic properties of asphalt is explored. Indentation testing may provide an interesting alternative to existing experimental techniques, as it is capable of characterising small material volumes. Thus, it may become a useful tool for the characterisation of thin asphalt layers and for the measurement of binder phase properties in-situ in asphalt mixtures. Spherical indentation tests are performed on two mastic asphalt (MA) mixtures, prepared with different mastic types. The shear relaxation moduli obtained from the indentation tests are compared with the ones measured with seismic and SuperPave Indirect Tensile (IDT) tests. A new statistical analysis methodology is proposed for viscoelastic characterisation of the mastic phase with the indentation tests performed on MA mixtures. The accuracy and sensitivity of the developed method are examined.

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    The Viscoelastic Characterisation of Asphalt Mixtures Using the Indentation Test
  • 31.
    Fadil, Hassan
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials.
    Jelagin, Denis
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials.
    Larsson, Per-Lennart
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.), Solid Mechanics (Div.).
    Partl, Manfred
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials.
    Measurement of the viscoelastic properties of asphalt mortar and its components with indentation tests2019In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Reliable determination of material properties is a key component for modelling and performance prediction of asphalt pavements. This paper deals with the potential use of instrumented indentation tests for viscoelastic characterisation of asphalt mortar as a new alternative to existing techniques. The main focus lies on the potential of indentation tests for multi-scale measurement of the shear relaxation modulus. A three-dimensional finite element model of a rigid spherical indenter penetrating an asphalt mortar sample is developed and used to model indentation tests performed at different material scales. The asphalt mortar is modelled as an idealised fine aggregate composite with elastic spheres, suspended within a viscoelastic bitumen mastic matrix. Based on the obtained numerical results the scale-dependency of the shear relaxation modulus measured with the indentation test is investigated. It is shown that the measurement scale is effectively controlled by the size of the indenter-specimen contact area, while the effect of indentation depth is minimal. The minimum contact area size required for obtaining representative properties, measured at the mortar scale, is determined. The viscoelastic parameters obtained from the indentation model are compared to those obtained using a representative volume element (RVE) for the asphalt mortar. In this way, the paper provides a new impulse for linking the mortar and asphalt scales in the multiscale modelling of asphalt mixtures. Feasibility of the proposed testing technique is further evaluated experimentally. Viscoelastic indentation tests are performed on asphalt mastics and mortar at two different sizes of contact areas. Experimental results indicate that indentation tests allow reliable characterisation of mortars relaxation modulus on both macro-scale as well as on individual component level.

  • 32.
    Fadil, Hassan
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials.
    Jelagin, Denis
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials.
    Partl, Manfred
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials.
    Predicting the master curves of bituminous mastics with micromechanical modelling2021In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The performance of asphalt mixtures is significantly affected by the viscoelastic properties of their mastic phase. The analytical approaches used to predict the properties of mastics from their constituents’ properties are limited in their accuracy and potential to handle non-linear material behaviour. An alternative micromechanical finite element modelling approach to calculate the master curves of mastics from the binder and filler phase properties is presented, where the representative volume elements of mastics consist of linear-viscoelastic bitumen matrices and elastic spherical filler particles. For validation, shear relaxation moduli of bitumen and bitumen-filler mastics are measured at (Formula presented.) °C (Formula presented.) °C. Additionally, the model is evaluated and compared with the existing analytical solutions. The results indicate that the proposed approach is advantageous as compared to the analytical solutions, as it allows predicting the mastics’ properties over wider temperature, frequency and material ranges at better agreement with the measurements while giving insight into the micromechanical behaviour.

  • 33.
    Ghafoori Roozbahany, Ehsan
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials.
    Partl, Manfred
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials.
    Investigation of asphalt joint compaction using discrete element simulation2019In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Constructing high quality asphalt joints plays a vital role in preventing premature failures of pavements. Previous studies suggested that many construction parameters directly and indirectly influence the quality of asphalt joints. Due to uncertainties about the influence of each parameter on the quality of the finalised joints, closer and more detailed studies are still needed for achieving further improvements in this field. This study investigates the possible impacts of thickness, bottom layer roughness, joint interface geometries and compaction techniques on the particle flow of a coarse structured mixture during compaction. Therefore, discrete element method (DEM) was utilised to evaluate the influence of each construction parameter on the interlock between the cold and the hot side of an asphalt pavement joint. The results helped to explain earlier experimental findings about the joints and revealed potential for further laboratory and field investigations.

  • 34.
    Ghafoori Roozbahany, Ehsan
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering. KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials.
    Partl, Manfred
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials.
    Guarin, Alvaro
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials.
    Introducing a new method for studying the field compaction2017In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 18, p. 26-38Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The flow of particles during compaction may have a prominent influence on the difference of field and laboratory results as recently demonstrated by the authors with their newly developed compaction flow test (CFT). This test with a simple compaction simulator was used for studying the flow behaviour and rearrangement of particles for mixtures with different structures and thicknesses. However, validating the CFT results for practical purposes requires field measurements that provide more insight into the compaction process and eventually allowing to adjust the CFT for further use as an evaluating in-site tool. This study presents a new method for conducting such measurements during field compaction. In this method, some representative particles are tracked inside asphalt specimens and the accuracy of the results is examined by X-ray computed tomography. The results of the feasibility tests show that this method has potential for further use in the field and for building up a comprehensive basis of knowledge on field compaction towards closing the gap between the field and laboratory results.

  • 35.
    Ghafoori Roozbahany, Ehsan
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Partl, Manfred
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Witkiewicz, Patryk Jakub
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Fracture testing for the evaluation of asphalt pavement joints2013In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 14, no 4, p. 764-791Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Asphalt joints are inevitable parts of every pavement. Although much attention is dedicated to the construction of such joints, reliable tools for assessing the mechanical properties of joints for design and performance assessment are still scarce. This is particularly true for cold joints when attaching a new hot pavement to a cold existing pavement as in the case of large patches for pavement repair. This paper intends to evaluate different new or modified static fracture testing methods for ranking existing joint construction techniques. Some of these testing methods, such as indirect tensile test, direct tensile test and 4-point bending test are familiar in the field of asphalt pavement characterisation, but have scarcely been used for assessing the quality of joints so far. These three test types were adopted and evaluated for joints and the test results were analysed with finite element (FE) software ABAQUS. Different joints for testing were prepared in the laboratory using a special specimen construction procedure. The results suggest that joints with inclined interfaces seem to show more promising behaviour than vertical joints. It was confirmed that starting compaction from the hot side of the joint generally produces better results than compaction starting from the cold side of the joint. Pre-heating of the joint surface and using a bond sealant appears to provide the best results.

  • 36.
    Gullberg, David
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Birgisson, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Jelagin, Denis
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Evaluation of a novel calibrated-mechanistic model to design against fracture under Swedish conditions2012In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 13, no 1, p. 49-66Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sweden has initiated the development of a new calibrated-mechanistic pavement design procedure to replace the current mechanical-empirical pavement procedure entitled “PMS Objekt.” The first phase was focused on the implementation and calibration of the vi scoelastic fracture mechanics framework entitled “HMA Fracture Mechanics”, developed at the University of Florida. This paper outlines the implementation and calibration of a new pavement design module for Sweden that is based on the HMA fracture mechanics framework. Both the developed design module, as well as the reference model used for calibration (PMS Objekt) are presented in this paper. The results in thickness design after calibration of the design module indicate that the framework is clearly applicable for common Swedish conditions and design standards.

  • 37.
    Gullberg, David
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Birgisson, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Jelagin, Denis
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Evaluation of the predictive models used in the new swedish mechanistic-empirical design module2012In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 13, no 2, p. 300-311Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In order to perform thickness design of flexible pavements based on the HMA fracture mechanics framework prior to construction, the tensile strength and creep power law parameters of the mixture has to be determined. As samples are normally not available in the design stage, these properties will have to be modelled rather than determined in a laboratory. This paper evaluates material models based on the relationship between dynamic (complex) modulus and creep compliance in order to predict tensile strength and creep power law parameters for a mixture. For this evaluation, fourteen field sections from the United States have been used for verification and the results indicate that the crack resistance of a mixture can indeed be estimated without a development of extensive empirical relations between mixture properties and crack-resistance.

  • 38.
    Hesami, Ebrahim
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science.
    Birgisson, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Kringos, Nicole
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science.
    Effect of mixing sequence on the workability and performance of asphalt mixtures2015In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, p. 197-213Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In Sweden, during recent years, a new type of mixing protocol has been applied, in which the order of mixing is changed from the conventional method. Improved workability and diminished mixing and compaction energy needs have been important drivers for this. Considering that it is the mastic phase, which is modified by changing the mixing order, it provides an interesting case study for explaining the mechanisms of workability in connection with the mastic phase. To do so, an analytical viscosity framework was combined with a mixture morphology framework to upscale to the mixing level and tribology principles to explain the interaction between the mastic and the aggregates. From the mastic viscosity protocol, it was found that the mixing order significantly affects the resulting mastic viscosity. To analyse the effect of this on the workability and resulting mixture performance, X-ray computed tomography was used to analyse mixtures produced by the two different mixing sequences. Mechanical testing was utilised to determine the long-term mechanical performance. In this part of the study, mastic viscosity as a function of particle concentration and distribution was directly coupled to improved mixture workability and enhanced long-term performance.

  • 39.
    Hesami, Ebrahim
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Birgisson, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Kringos, Niki
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    A new protocol for measuring bituminous mastic viscosity as a function of its filler concentration2014In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 15, no 2, p. 420-433Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this contribution the development and results of a new test protocol for measuring the viscosity of bituminous mastics are presented. The paper describes the various considerations that need to be taken into account when dealing with mastics, gives a detailed description of the sample preparation, the test set-up and the actual test performance. A demonstration of the use of the test procedure is given by developing three types of mastics in which different filler types, but a similar bitumen base, were used. From the results it can be seen that the developed protocol is sensitive enough to allow for detailed studies of the effect of filler shape, chemistry and size distribution. In continuation of this work, more types of mastics will be investigated and the test results will be linked to additional chemical and mechanical test results to further enhance the fundamental understanding of mastics.

  • 40.
    Hesami, Ebrahim
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Birgisson, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Kringos, Niki
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Effect of mixing sequence on the workability and performance of asphalt mixturesIn: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 41.
    Jiang, Shunji
    et al.
    Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA..
    Hailesilassie, Biruk
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE).
    Hean, Sivotha
    Swiss Fed Labs Mat Sci & Technol, EMPA, Ueberlandstr 129, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland..
    Partl, Manfred N.
    Swiss Fed Labs Mat Sci & Technol, EMPA, Director Rd Engn Components Sealing Components, Div Bldg Mat,KTH Stockholm, Ueberlandstr 129, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland..
    Modelling structural response of flexible plug expansion joints under thermal movements2020In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 21, no 4, p. 1027-1044Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper focuses on experiments and finite element modelling of flexible plug expansion joints (Asphaltic Plug Joints, APJ) subject to thermally induced horizontal movements. Five geometric and structural key parameters that influence (APJs) responses under thermal movements are studied: (1) joint length; (2) joint thickness; (3) joint width; (4) anti-bonding mat; (5) movement-aid spring. The viscoelastic computational finite element models are based on properties determined with a special cyclic coaxial shear test (CAST) and validated by an integrated approach incorporating cold temperature repeated movement capacity tests with a special Joint Movement Simulator (JMS) and a 3-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation system (3D DIC). It was found that the increase of joint width significantly reduces the stress at the interface between the mastic asphalt and APJ. The results also showed, that thin joints generate lower stress levels in APJ under thermal condition. Moreover, peak stresses in APJ appeared controlled mainly by the total size of the debonded region and the horizontal movement applied. The main findings are considered valuable for superior structural design, geometry selection and construction guidelines for APJ.

  • 42.
    Khavassefat, Parisa
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Jelagin, Denis
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Birgisson, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Dynamic Response of Flexible Pavements at Vehicle-Road Interaction2015In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 16, no 2, p. 256-276Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the present paper a robust and general computational framework that captures the dynamic response of flexible pavements to a moving vehicle is presented. A finite element method is relied upon in order to establish the response function for a linear viscoelastic pavement structure with dynamic effects taken into account. In order to characterise the dynamic loads induced on the pavement by moving traffic, a quarter car model combined with measured road profiles is used. Once both the traffic loads and pavement response functions are known, the stresses and strains induced in the pavement can be obtained in the frequency-wavenumber domain through the convolution procedure. The computational procedure developed is applied in the present study to evaluate the effect of the pavement surface roughness on the pavement structure response to truck traffic loading. Stress field parameters governing fracture initiation in asphalt layers are reported for two measured road roughness profiles. It is shown that the dynamic effects at vehicle-road interaction may have a profound influence on the stresses induced in flexible pavements; therefore, these effects need to be taken into account for the accurate estimation of the road resistance to cracking.

  • 43. Kim, J.
    et al.
    Roque, R.
    Birgisson, Björn
    Interpreting dissipated energy from complex modulus data2006In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 7, no 2, p. 223-245Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An asphalt mixture's ability to absorb energy without fracturing is directly related to cracking performance of asphalt pavement. The dissipated energy per load cycle is commonly determined as the area of the hysteresis loop developed during cyclic loading of asphalt mixture. However, it is unclear whether all dissipated energy determined in this manner is irreversible and associated with damage, or whether it is at least partially reversible and not fully associated with damage. Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate the nature of the dissipated energy determined from the area of the hysteresis loop developed during cyclic loading of asphalt mixture. Dissipated energies determined experimentally from cyclic load tests were compared to dissipated energies predicted using rheological parameters determined from static creep tests. For a range of asphalt mixtures, the area of the hysteresis loop appeared to be strongly affected by the delayed elastic behavior of the mixture, even when cyclic response had reached steady-state conditions. Therefore, it appears that the area of the hysteresis loop is not fully associated with damage and very probably overestimates the rate of dissipated energy and damage development during cyclic load testing of asphalt mixture. Furthermore, it is generally not possible to reliably separate reversible from irreversible dissipated energy in the hysteresis loop using conventional complex modulus data. Consequently, it is recommended that irreversible dissipated energy be determined using rheological parameters obtained from static creep test data. The key is to have parameters in the rheological model that properly separate the elastic (immediate and delayed) from the viscous response, since only the viscous response is irreversible and contributes to damage.

  • 44. Kim, Sungho
    et al.
    Guarin, Alvaro
    Roque, Reynaldo
    Birgisson, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Laboratory evaluation for rutting performance based on the DASR porosity of asphalt mixture2008In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 9, no 3, p. 421-440Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Research has shown that gradation characteristics determine whether the aggregate structure in asphalt mixture results in good performance. A recent study indicated that large enough aggregates should engage dominantly to form an aggregate structure that can resist deformation; also, a new approach identified the porosity of the Dominant Aggregate Size Range (DASR) as the key parameter that determines whether or not a particular gradation results in a suitable aggregate structure. This paper presents a laboratory experiment to evaluate the DASR porosity in terms of its ability to identify unsuitable aggregate structures. Fight dense-graded Superpave mixtures were designed using two aggregate types (limestone and granite). For each aggregate hype, mixtures with varying DASR porosity were produced and tested to evaluate laboratory rutting resistance. Test results indicated that the new approach successfully, separated mixtures according to their observed laboratory rutting performance, indicating that DASR porosity can serve as an effective parameter to evaluate aggregate structure.

  • 45.
    Kringos, Nicole
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering.
    Editorial2015In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 16Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 46.
    Laurell Lyne, Åsa
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Birgisson, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Redelius, Per
    Nynas Bitumen, Nynäs AB, Nynäshamn, Sweden.
    Interaction forces between mineral aggregates and bitumen Calculated using the Hamaker constant2010In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 11, p. 305-323Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Moisture damages to bituminous pavements leads to costly repairs. The most serious outcome of the influence of water is the loss of adhesion between binders and aggregates. This is often described as stripping. Adhesion is the ability at a molecular level of materials to stick steadfastly to one another. An alternative way of explaining the adhesion of bitumen to aggregates is presented in this paper using the Hamaker constant, a measure of the van der Waals attraction forces between two materials. The Hamaker constant is significantly lower for water as the intervening medium than for air. For the aggregates and minerals studied, the Lifshitz-van der Waals interactions contribute 65-78 percent of the 'work of adhesion' calculated by the acid-base method. The performance of the aggregates and minerals correlates well to A(total) where resistance to stripping data is available.

  • 47.
    Lundström, Robert
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering.
    Ekblad, Jonas
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering.
    Isacsson, Ulf
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering.
    Karlsson, Robert
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering.
    Fatigue modeling as related to flexible pavement design - State of the art2007In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 8, no 2, p. 165-205Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A literature study of rheological and fatigue modeling of asphalt mixtures is presented. Theoretical aspects on structural modeling, rheological behavior and the fatigue integration in design procedures are reviewed In principle, pavement design methods can be categorized in three broad groups: empirical, semi-mechanistic and fully mechanistic methods. Pavement design is generally performed using semi-mechanistic methods comprising analytical or numerical structural response models and deterioration modeling based on transfer functions and shift factors. In the case of fatigue deterioration, several approaches have been elaborated e.g. classical models, fracture mechanics and damage mechanics. The approaches differ regarding theoretical foundation and evaluation methods used. Recognizing significant limitations concerning theoretical basis as well as lack of empirical support for current design methods, a shift in paradigm from semi-empirical methods towards more advanced fully mechanistic methods have been initiated. According to this approach, improved pavements are achieved by appropriate design methods which are capable of predicting fatigue resistance in the actual pavement environment, and thus taking into account complex stress conditions, influence of temperature and material characteristics, such as aging and healing.

  • 48. Löfsjögård, M.
    et al.
    Karlsson, Robert
    KTH. Division of Highway Engineering.
    Performance Assessment of Concrete Roads in Sweden2004In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 5, no 2, p. 193-213Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Results from follow-up studies of Swedish concrete roads are compiled and analysed regarding rutting, abrasion, friction, longitudinal evenness, noise and macro-texture. The four concrete roads included in the analysis have all been constructed in the 1990s and situated near Arlanda, Falkenberg, Fastarp and Eskilstuna. Differences between the roads are identified and examined and a discussion on long-term performance of the properties is also included. The paper aims at assessing the improved method practised when constructing the four concrete roads, which involved the use of dowelled joints, higher concrete strength, more wear resistant aggregate material, smaller maximum aggregate size and noise reducing surface treatments. The results show that the concrete roads constructed in Sweden after 1990 are performing well regarding the properties included in the study. The rut growth varies from non-significant up to 0.6 mm/year. The changes in longitudinal evenness are small with only one road showing a significant increase. The friction values for the four roads varied from 0.6-0.8.

  • 49. Montepara, Antonio
    et al.
    Romeo, Elena
    Birgisson, Bjorn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Tebaldi, Gabriele
    Strain Localization and Damage Distribution in SBS Polymer Modified Asphalt Mixtures2010In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 11, no 4, p. 899-915Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A laboratory investigation was conducted to estimate the macroscopic cracking response of Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) polymer modified asphalt mixtures by analyzing the localized strain distribution within the material microstructure. Five asphalt mixtures composed by the same aggregate gradation but different SBS modified asphalt binders were produced in the laboratory. An in-house developed Digital Image Correlation (DIC)-based system was employed to obtain 2D full-field strain maps of the specimens during tensile loading. Strain distributions were observed from three different test configurations, namely the Indirect Tensile Test (IDT), the Semi-Circular Bending (SCB) test and the Three-Point Bending (3PB) test. The cracking performances of the mixtures were evaluated using a viscoelastic fracture mechanics-based model entitled HMA Fracture Mechanics. The results clearly show the beneficial effect of SBS polymer modifier in redistributing the stress within the mastic.

  • 50.
    Namutebi, May
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Birgisson, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Bagampadde, Umaru
    Department of Civil Engineering, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
    Foaming Effects on Binder Chemistry and Aggregate Coatability using Foamed Bitumen2011In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 12, no 4, p. 821-847Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Foaming effects on binder chemistry were investigated using two bitumens from different sources with similar grades. Infrared spectroscopy techniques were done on neat and foamed bitumen samples. Aggregate particle coating with foamed bitumen was studied using Rice density and surface energy concepts. Infrared spectra results showed that foaming does not change the bitumen chemistry. Rice density tests showed that the aggregate size mainly influenced binder coating of aggregate particles, bitumen was mostly concentrated within the fine fraction where foamed bitumen was used. Surface energy results revealed that foamed bitumen possesses higher coating attributes than neat bitumen. Film thickness results implied that aggregate size and surface area, expansion ratio and binder viscosity influences binder thickness.

12 1 - 50 of 65
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