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  • 1.
    Alizadeh, Mahmoud
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. Univ Gavle, Sweden.
    Amin, Shoaib
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. Univ Gavle, Sweden.
    Ronnow, Daniel
    Measurement and Analysis of Frequency-Domain Volterra Kernels of Nonlinear Dynamic 3 x 3 MIMO Systems2017In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 66, no 7, p. 1893-1905Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) frequencydomain Volterra kernels of nonlinear order 3 are experimentally determined in bandwidth-limited frequency regions. How the effect of higher nonlinear orders can be reduced and how this affects the estimated errors are discussed. The magnitude and the phase of the kernels are Kramers-Kronig consistent. The self-kernels and cross-kernels have different symmetries, and the kernels are therefore determined and analyzed in different regions in the 3-D frequency space. By analyzing the properties along certain paths in the 3-D frequency space, the block structures for the respective kernels are determined. These block structures contain the significant blocks of the general block structures for the third-order kernels. The device under test is an MIMO transmitter for radio frequency signals.

  • 2.
    Alizadeh, Mahmoud
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Amin, Shoaib
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    ATM, University of Gävle.
    Measurement and analysis of frequency-domainVolterra kernels of nonlinear dynamic 3x3 MIMO systems2016In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) frequency-domain Volterra kernels of nonlinear order 3 are experimentally determined in bandwidth-limited frequency regions. How the effect of higher nonlinear orders can be reduced and how this affects the estimated errors are discussed. The magnitude and phase of the kernels areKramers-Kronig consistent. The self- and cross-kernels have different symmetries and the kernels are therefore determined and analyzed in different regions in the 3D frequency space. By analyzing the properties along certain paths in the 3D frequency space, the block structures for the respective kernels are determined. These block structures contain the significant blocks of the general block structures for third-order kernels. The device under test is a MIMO transmitter for radio frequency signals.

  • 3. Amin, Shoaib
    et al.
    van Moer, Wendy
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Information Science and Engineering.
    Ronnow, Daniel
    Rebuttal to "On Dual-Band Amplifications Using Dual Two-Tones Clarifications and Discussions"2017In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 66, no 10, p. 2795-2797Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This rebuttal is to "On dual-band amplifications using dual two-tone: Clarifications and discussion." In the following, we provide our reply.

  • 4.
    Amin, Shoaib
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. University of Gävle, Sweden.
    Van Moer, Wendy
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    Characterization of a Concurrent dual-band Power Amplifier using a dual-tone excitation signals2014In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 5.
    Amin, Shoaib
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Van Moer, Wendy
    University of Gävle.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    University of Gävle.
    Characterization of concurrent dual-band Power Amplifiers using a dual two-tone excitation signal2015In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, no 99Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A method to characterize the memory effects in a nonlinear concurrent dual-band transmitter is presented. It is an extension of the conventional two tone test for power amplifiers to concurrent dual band transmitters. The output signal of a concurrent dual-band transmitter is affected not only by intermodulation products but also by cross-modulation products. In one frequency band, the transmitter is excited by a two tone signal which frequency separation is swept. In the second band the transmitter is concurrently excited by an other two tone signal with slightly wider frequency separation. The frequency difference of the two signals is fixed during the frequency sweep. The two tone test is made at different power levels. The upper and lower third-order inter- and cross-modulation products are measured. The asymmetry between the upper and lower third-order inter- and cross-modulation products are measures of the transmitter's memory effects. The measurement results show that the memory effects are more dominant in the third-order intermodulation products than in the cross modulation products. An error analysis and system calibration was performed and measurement results for two different devices are presented.

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    amin_et_al
  • 6.
    Andersson, Tomas
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    IEEE standard 1057, Cramer-Rao bound and the parsimony principle2006In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 55, no 1, p. 44-53Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper deals with some fundamental properties of the sine-wave-fit algorithm included in IEEE Standards 1057 and 1241. Asymptotic Cramer-Rao bounds (CRBs) for three and four model parameters are derived under the Gaussian assumption. Further, the sine-wave-fitting properties of the algorithm are analyzed by the parsimony principle. A decision criterion whether to use the three- or four-parameter model is derived. It is shown that a three-parameter sine-wave fit produces a better fit than the four-parameter fit if the frequency is known to be within an interval related to the number of samples and the signal-to-noise ratio. By a numerical analysis, the theoretical results are shown to be also valid for the uniform noise model of quantization.

  • 7.
    Andersson, Tomas
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Multiple-tone estimation by IEEE standard 1057 and the expectation-maximization algorithm2005In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 54, no 5, p. 1833-1839Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 8.
    Björsell, Niclas
    et al.
    Gävle Universitet.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Histogram Tests for Wideband Applications2008In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 57, no 1, p. 70-75Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Characterization and testing of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are important for many reasons. A histogram test is a common method to characterize the linearity features of an ADC. Two commonly used stimulus signals are sine waves and Gaussian noise. This paper presents a metrological comparison between Gaussian and sine-wave histogram tests for wide-band applications, that is, we evaluate the performance of the characterization of the ADC and the usability of postcorrection. A postcorrection procedure involves the characterization of the ADC nonlinearity and then the use of this information by processing the ADC output samples to remove the distortion. The results show that the Gaussian histogram test gives reasonable accuracy in measuring nonlinearities. However, it does not result in a suitable model for postcorrection in wideband applications. A single-tone sine-wave histogram will be a better basis for postcorrection. The best result can be obtained if the lookup table is trained with several single-tone sine waves in the frequency band.

  • 9. Björsell, Niklas
    et al.
    Suchánek, Petr
    Czech Tech Univ Prague.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    Gävle Universitet.
    Measuring Volterra Kernels of Analog To Digital Converters Using a Stepped Three-Tone Scan2008In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 57, no 4, p. 666-671Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Volterra theory can be used to mathematically model nonlinear dynamic components such as analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). This paper describes how frequency-domain Volterra kernels of an ADC are determined from measurements. The elements of the Volterra theory are given, and practical issues are considered, such as methods for signal conditioning and finding the appropriate test signals scenario and suitable sampling frequency. The results show that, for the used pipeline ADC, the frequency dependence is significantly stronger for second-order difference products than for sum products and the linear frequency dependence was not as pronounced as that of the second-order Volterra kernel. It is suggested that the Volterra kernels have the symmetry properties of a specific box model, namely, the parallel Hammerstein system.

  • 10.
    De Angelis, Alessio
    et al.
    DIEI, University of Perugia, Italy.
    Dionigi, Marco
    DIEI, University of Perugia, Italy.
    Giglietti, Riccardo
    DIEI, University of Perugia, Italy.
    Carbone, Paolo
    DIEI, University of Perugia, Italy.
    Experimental Comparison of Low-Cost Sub-Nanosecond Pulse Generators2011In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 60, no 1, p. 310-318Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, six low-cost pulse generator devices having sub-nanosecond transition time are analyzed and compared. Some of the possible applications for these devices are also described, along with an overview of the different approaches for sub-nanosecond pulse generation. Furthermore, the architecture and principle of operation of the realized prototypes are explained. The considered pulse generation techniques are based on logic gates, Step-Recovery Diodes, and transistors driven in the avalanche region. Some experimental results obtained by using an equivalent-time sampling oscilloscope and a spectrum analyzer are shown and discussed, providing both a time-domain and a frequency-domain characterization of the prototypes. Finally, an approach for the generation of modulated pulses in the 6-GHz band (for ultra-wideband applications) is investigated, and experimental results are provided.

  • 11.
    De Angelis, Alessio
    et al.
    DIEI, University of Perugia, Italy.
    Dionigi, Marco
    DIEI, University of Perugia, Italy.
    Moschitta, Antonio
    DIEI, University of Perugia, Italy.
    Carbone, Paolo
    DIEI, University of Perugia, Italy.
    A Low-Cost Ultra-Wideband Indoor Ranging System2009In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 58, no 12, p. 3935-3942Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents the development of a low-cost indoor ranging technique based on time-of-arrival (TOA) estimation, using short-pulse ultra-wideband (UWB) signals. The realized system includes two identical UWB transceiver devices, in which the receiver section is based on a tunnel diode detector and the pulse generation is performed by a common bipolar transistor driven in avalanche mode. An indirect measurement of the distance between the devices is obtained by measuring the frequency of the generated pulse train. A theoretical model of the system is described, and a statistical analysis is presented, including the closed-form evaluation of the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) on the distance estimation and showing the asymptotic statistical efficiency of the proposed estimators. Furthermore, the principle of operation of the realized system prototypes is described, along with some implementation issues. Finally, experimental results are shown and discussed.

  • 12.
    De Angelis, Alessio
    et al.
    DIEI, University of Perugia, Italy.
    Dionigi, Marco
    DIEI, University of Perugia, Italy.
    Moschitta, Antonio
    DIEI, University of Perugia, Italy.
    Giglietti, Riccardo
    DIEI, University of Perugia, Italy.
    Carbone, Paolo
    DIEI, University of Perugia, Italy.
    Characterization and Modeling of an Experimental UWB Pulse-Based Distance Measurement System2009In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 58, no 5, p. 1479-1486Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents a distance-measuring system based on the accurate round-trip time-of-flight measurement of single ultrawideband pulses propagating between two transceiver devices. The architectures of two realized devices, which are referred to as the master and the slave, are described. The master device implements the time-interval measuring function by means of a time-to-digital converter (TDC) integrated circuit, whereas the slave acts as a pulse repeater. Both devices are designed for low-cost realization and low-power operations. Furthermore, two pulse-detection modules are described based on signal-threshold and energy detection, respectively. This paper also presents and discusses some experimental results that are obtained from the system prototype. Finally, some numerical simulation results, which provide an explanation for the nonidealities in the observed distance-measuring behavior of the system, are shown.

  • 13.
    De Angelis, Alessio
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Dwivedi, Satyam
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Characterization of a Flexible UWB Sensor for Indoor Localization2013In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 62, no 5, p. 905-913Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents research to develop an ultrawideband ranging sensor for personnel indoor localization based on the measurement of the pulse round-trip time. An approach combining flexibility, a high measurement update rate, and asynchronous operation with digital processing capability has been employed in the design of the sensor. The principle of operation, the architecture of the realized sensor, and the experimental setup are described. Finally, the results of a ranging calibration and validation test are presented and discussed. In the validation procedure, a root-mean-square error of 29 cm and a maximum absolute error of 81 cm with an operational range of approximately 10 m were observed.

  • 14.
    De Angelis, Alessio
    et al.
    DIEI, University of Perugia, Italy.
    Moschitta, Antonio
    DIEI, University of Perugia, Italy.
    Russo, Fabrizio
    University of Trieste, Italy.
    Carbone, Paolo
    DIEI, University of Perugia, Italy.
    A Vector Approach for Image Quality Assessment and Some Metrological Considerations2009In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 58, no 1, p. 14-25Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The main purpose of this paper is to present a metrology-based view of the image quality assessment (IQA) field. Three main topics are developed. First, the state of the art in the field of IQA is presented, providing a classification of some of the most important objective and subjective IQA methods. Then, some aspects of the field are analyzed from a metrological point of view, also through a comparison with the software quality measurement area. In particular, a statistical approach to the evaluation of the uncertainty for IQA objective methods is presented, and the topic of measurement modeling for subjective IQA methods is analyzed. Finally, a vector approach for full-reference IQA is discussed, with applications to images corrupted by impulse and Gaussian noise. For these applications, the vector root mean squared error (VRMSE) and fuzzy VRMSE are introduced. These vector parameters provide a possible way to overcome the main limitations of the mean-squared-error-based IQA methods.

  • 15.
    De Vito, Luca
    et al.
    Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
    Lundin, Henrik
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Rapuano, Sergio
    Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
    Bayesian calibration of a lookup table for ADC error correction2007In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 56, no 3, p. 873-878Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents a new method for the correction of nonlinearity errors in analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The method has been designed to allow a self-calibration in systems where an internal signal can be generated, such as base stations for mobile communications. The method has been implemented and tested in simulation on the behavioral model of commercial ADCs and on a hardware setup composed by a data acquisition board and a distorting circuit.

  • 16.
    Gao, Yiping
    et al.
    Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Mech Sci & Engn, State Key Lab Digital Mfg Equipment & Technol, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China..
    Gao, Liang
    Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Mech Sci & Engn, State Key Lab Digital Mfg Equipment & Technol, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China..
    Li, Xinyu
    Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Mech Sci & Engn, State Key Lab Digital Mfg Equipment & Technol, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China..
    Wang, Xi Vincent
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Production Engineering.
    A Multilevel Information Fusion-Based Deep Learning Method for Vision-Based Defect Recognition2020In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 69, no 7, p. 3980-3991Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Vision-based defect recognition is an important technology to guarantee quality in modern manufacturing systems. Deep learning (DL) becomes a research hotspot in vision-based defect recognition due to outstanding performances. However, most of the DL methods require a large sample to learn the defect information. While in some real-world cases, it is difficult and costly for data collecting, and only a small sample is available. Generally, a small sample contains less information, which may mislead the DL models so that they cannot work as expected. Therefore, this requirement impedes the wide applications of DL in vision-based defect recognition. To overcome this problem, this article proposes a multilevel information fusion-based DL method for vision-based defect recognition. In the proposed method, a three-level Gaussian pyramid is introduced to generate multilevel information of the defect so that more information is available for model training. After the Gaussian pyramid, three VGG16 networks are built to learn the information and the outputs are fused for the final recognition result. The experimental results show that the proposed method can extract more useful information and achieve better performances on small-sample tasks, compared with the conventional DL methods and defect recognition methods. Furthermore, the analysis results of the robustness and response time also indicate that the proposed method is robust for the noise input, and it is fast for defect recognition, which takes 13.74 ms to handle a defect image.

  • 17.
    Garcia, Julian
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Integrated Devices and Circuits.
    Rodriguez, Saul
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Integrated Devices and Circuits.
    Rusu, Ana
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Integrated Devices and Circuits.
    On Continuous-Time Incremental Sigma Delta ADCs With Extended Range2013In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 62, no 1, p. 60-70Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, the use of continuous-time implementation in extended-range (ER) incremental sigma-delta analog-to-digital converters is analyzed in order to explore a possible solution to low-power multichannel applications. The operation principle, possible loop filter topologies, and critical issues are considered using a general approach. It is demonstrated that, in order to fully benefit from ER, careful attention has to be paid to the analog-digital transfer function mismatches. A third-order single-bit topology validates the theoretical analysis. Its performance is evaluated while the impact of key circuit nonidealities is quantified through behavioral-level simulations. It is shown that, by applying analog-digital mismatch compensation in the digital domain, it is possible to relax the amplifiers' finite gain-bandwidth product and finite dc gain requirements, thus allowing a power-conscious alternative.

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  • 18.
    Hamid, Mohamed
    et al.
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab). KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Björsell, Niclas
    University of Gävle, Sweden.
    Van Moer, Wendy
    Vrije Universiteit Brussel, ELEC department.
    Barbé, Kurt
    Vrije Universiteit Brussel, ELEC department.
    Slimane, Ben Slimane
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Communication Systems, CoS, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab). KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Centres, Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@kth.
    Blind spectrum sensing for cognitive radios using discriminant analysis: A novel approach2013In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 62, no 11, p. 2912-2921Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we present a new spectrum sensing technique for cognitive radios based on discriminant analysis called spectrum discriminator. The presented technique uses the knowledge of the noise uncertainty and a probabilistic validation to overcome the limitations of the discriminant analysis. A comparative study between the proposed technique and the maximum-minimum eigenvalue detection has been performed based on two performance metrics: the probability of false alarm and the probability of detection. The spectrum discriminator has been further developed to a peel-off technique where all primary users can be detected. The performance of the spectrum discriminator and the peel-off technique has been tested on simulations and experimentally verified. The comparative study is based on simulations as well as measurements.

  • 19.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Discounted Least-Squares Gearshift Detection Using Accelerometer Data2009In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 58, no 12, p. 3953-3958Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A gearshift detector based on accelerometer readings is derived, and its performance is investigated with the aid of experimental data. The employed methodology contains a low-order parametric model of the acceleration performed by the vehicle in combination with the minimization of a fading-memory least-squares criterion for parameter estimation and tracking. It is shown that the resulting filtering equations converge so that filtered accelerometer outputs (i.e., instantaneous acceleration and its rate of change) are obtained by linear time-invariant filtering of the raw accelerometer data, where the tradeoff between noise suppression and tracking ability is entirely determined by a single user-chosen variable. Two detection variables are formed, and they are combined to produce the detector output. Evaluation on experimental data illustrates the potential of the proposed method.

  • 20.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Parameter estimation employing a dual-channel sine-wave model under a Graussian assumption2008In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 57, no 8, p. 1661-1669Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) is a lower bound on the error variance of any estimator. For a Gaussian scenario, the CRB is derived for a seven-parameter, dual-channel sine-wave model, which is a model relevant to applications such as impedance measurements and the estimation of particle size and velocity by laser anemometry. Four different parameterizations; were considered: the common quadrature/in-phase and amplitude-phase models and two relative amplitude-phase models. The CRB indicated the achievable error variance of an unbiased estimator as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the number of samples, and noise power. A nonlinear least squares fit of the signal model to the collected data was employed. The problem at hand is separable and can be solved by a I-D search followed by a linear least squares fit of the remaining parameters. The performance of the method was investigated with the aid of a simulation study, and the outcome was compared with that of the corresponding CRB and with a recently proposed seven-parameter fit. For high SNRs, the performance of the proposed method is close to optimal with an error variance close to the predictions made by the CRB.

  • 21.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, Superseded Departments (pre-2005), Signals, Sensors and Systems.
    Properties of the IEEE-STD-1057 four-parameter sine wave fit algorithm2000In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 49, no 6, p. 1189-1193Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 22.
    Händel, Peter
    et al.
    KTH, Superseded Departments (pre-2005), Signals, Sensors and Systems.
    Skoglund, Mikael
    KTH, Superseded Departments (pre-2005), Signals, Sensors and Systems.
    Pettersson, M.
    A calibration scheme for imperfect quantizers2000In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 49, no 5, p. 1063-1068Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 23.
    Händel, Peter
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Zetterberg, Per
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Receiver I/Q Imbalance: Tone Test, Sensitivity Analysis, and the Universal Software Radio Peripheral2010In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 59, no 3, p. 704-714Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The problem of determining the gain imbalance, quadrature skew, and local oscillator leakage of contemporary radio frequency receivers by tone test is considered. A least squares approach for indirect estimation of the sought-for parameters is proposed, which is linear in six out of its seven parameters. The performance of the method, particularly its accuracy as a function of measurement time, imbalance parameters, and signal-to-noise ratios, is investigated. The theoretical predictions of the performance are illustrated by Monte Carlo simulations and experimental data that are obtained from testing several universal software radio peripheral (USRP) receivers. This paper shows that, for the studied off-the-shelf receivers, gain imbalance and quadrature skew may accurately be predicted (i.e., < 0.1 dB and < 1 degrees, respectively) by employing baseband data covering only a handful of full periods of the excitation stimuli. Using short records of data, this paper also shows that local oscillator leakage adding a bias term in the receiver baseband data may suffer from a systematic bias error on the order of 15 dB in the estimate. To obtain local oscillator leakage estimates with an uncertainty on the order of 1 dB, the measurement time has to be increased by two orders of magnitude.

  • 24.
    Isaksson, Magnus
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering .
    Zenteno, Efrain
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    A Synthetic Vector Network Analyzing Measurement System2011In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 60, no 6, p. 2154-2161Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper a synthetic vector network analyzing measurement system is presented. The system is based on a hardware set-up, including a signal generator and a vector signal analyzer, with the vector network analyzing functionality implemented in the software. The measurements of the proposed system demonstrated comparable performance in terms of accuracy and speed compared with a modern traditional vector network analyzer, but it is more flexible due to its inherent software implementation. The proposed system’s ability to measure nonlinear phenomena is addressed and discussed, and some preliminary results are given.

  • 25. Laverty, David M.
    et al.
    Best, Robert J.
    Brogan, Paul
    Al Khatib, Iyad
    KTH.
    Vanfretti, Luigi
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electric Power Systems.
    Morrow, D. John
    The OpenPMU Platform for Open-Source Phasor Measurements2013In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 62, no 4, p. 701-709Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OpenPMU is an open platform for the development of phasor measurement unit (PMU) technology. A need has been identified for an open-source alternative to commercial PMU devices tailored to the needs of the university researcher and for enabling the development of new synchrophasor instruments from this foundation. OpenPMU achieves this through open-source hardware design specifications and software source code, allowing duplicates of the OpenPMU to be fabricated under open-source licenses. This paper presents the OpenPMU device based on the Labview development environment. The device is performance tested according to the IEEE C37.118.1 standard. Compatibility with the IEEE C37.118.2 messaging format is achieved through middleware which is readily adaptable to other PMU projects or applications. Improvements have been made to the original design to increase its flexibility. A new modularized architecture for the OpenPMU is presented using an open messaging format which the authors propose is adopted as a platform for PMU research.

  • 26.
    Lundin, Henrik
    et al.
    KTH, Superseded Departments (pre-2005), Signals, Sensors and Systems.
    Skoglund, Mikael
    KTH, Superseded Departments (pre-2005), Signals, Sensors and Systems.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, Superseded Departments (pre-2005), Signals, Sensors and Systems.
    A criterion for optimizing bit-reduced post-correction of AD converters2004In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 53, no 4, p. 1159-1166Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Dynamic digital post-correction of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) is considered. A generalized dynamic correction method is proposed and a framework for analyzing the related bit allocation problem is derived. Finally, this framework is employed in an optimization problem. The solution to the problem indicates which ADC output bits to use in order to maximize the signal-to-noise and distortion ratio in a post-correction system with a constraint on memory size. The proposed methods are accompanied by exemplary results obtained using experimental ADC data.

  • 27.
    Lundin, Henrik
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Skoglund, Mikael
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Communication Theory.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    On the estimation of quantizer reconstruction levels2006In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 55, no 6, p. 2176-2182Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We consider the problem of estimating the optimal reconstruction levels of a fixed quantizer, such as the amplitude quantization part of an analog-to-digital converter. A probabilistic transfer function model is applied for the quantizer. Two different assumptions are made for the transfer function, and an estimator based on order statistics is applied. The estimator turns out to give better results in terms of mean square error than the commonly applied sample mean. The Cramer-Rao lower bound for the estimation problem is also considered, and simulation results indicate that the derived estimator is asymptotically efficient.

  • 28.
    Medawar, Samer
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    On the Calibration of Wideband Analog-Digital Converters2013In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 62, no 8, p. 2353-2355Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The characterization of analog-digital converter (ADC) error is investigated in this letter. More specifically, the ADC static and dynamic errors are clearly identified in a wideband characterization. Improvements obtained by static calibration are presented, and the limitations of dynamic calibration are also investigated.

  • 29.
    Medawar, Samer
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Björsell, Niclas
    University of Gävle.
    Jansson, Magnus
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Input-Dependent Integral Nonlinearity Modeling for Pipelined Analog-Digital Converters2010In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 59, no 10, p. 2609-2620Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Integral nonlinearity (INL) for pipelined analog-digital converters (ADCs) operating at RF is measured and characterized. A parametric model for the INL of pipelined ADCs is proposed, and the corresponding least-squares problem is formulated and solved. The INL is modeled both with respect to the converter output code and the frequency stimuli, which is dynamic modeling. The INL model contains a static and a dynamic part. The former comprises two 1-D terms in ADC code that are a sequence of zero-centered linear segments and a polynomial term. The 2-D dynamic part consists of a set of polynomials whose parameters are dependent on the ADC input stimuli. The INL modeling methodology is applied to simulated and experimental data from a 12-bit commercial ADC running at 210 mega samples per second. It is demonstrated that the developed methodology is an efficient way to capture the INL of nowadays ADCs running at RF, and it is believed that the methodology is powerful for INL-based ADC postcorrection in wideband applications.

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  • 30.
    Medawar, Samer
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Björsell, Niclas
    Jansson, Magnus
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Post-correction of pipelined analog-digital converters based on input dependent integral nonlinearity modeling2011In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, ISSN 0018-9456, Vol. 60, no 10, p. 3342-3350Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The integral nonlinearity (INL) is used for the postcorrection of analog-digital converters (ADCs). An input-frequency-dependent INL model is developed for the postcorrection. The model consists of a static term that is dependent on the ADC output code and a dynamic term that has an additional dependence on the input frequency. The concept of ADC digital output postcorrection by INL is first introduced. The INL model is subtracted from the digital output for postcorrection. The static compensation part is made by adjacent sets of gains and offsets, where each set corrects a range of output codes. The dynamic information, i.e., the frequency dependence of the INL dynamic component is used to construct a set of filter blocks that performs ADC compensation in the time domain. The compensation scheme is applied to the measured data of two ADCs of the same type (Analog Devices AD9430). Performance improvements in terms of spurious-free dynamic range, signal-to-noise and distortion ratio, intermodulation distortion, and noise are obtained. The dynamic compensation part, due to its frequency dependence, can be generalized; hence, a postcorrection block model can be used for compensating multiple ADCs of the same type.

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  • 31.
    Medawar, Samer
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Murmann, Boris
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Björsell, Niclas
    Jansson, Magnus
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Static Integral Nonlinearity Modeling and Calibration of Measured and Synthetic Pipeline Analog-to-Digital Converters2014In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 63, no 3, p. 502-511Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The integral nonlinearity (INL) modeling of pipeline analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) is investigated in this paper. The INL is divided into two distinct entities: a low code frequency (LCF) component and a high code frequency (HCF) component. Two static models are developed to represent the INL data. In both models, the LCF component is represented by a low-order polynomial. The HCF modeling is performed using two different basis functions: sinc and Gaussian. The structure of both HCF models is motivated by the pipeline architecture of the ADC under investigation. The model coefficients are estimated by applying the least-squares method to the measured INL data from two samples of a commercial pipeline ADC. The estimated HCF models are compared to each other and to previous models presented in the existing literature. In addition, the modeling methods are applied to synthetic HCF data generated by a pipeline ADC simulation model constructed in MATLAB. The INL models are then used to calibrate the synthetic ADCs, and the improvements in spurious free dynamic range are compared to those obtained when the ADCs are compensated by the INL data. Furthermore, the capability of the HCF modeling to calibrate a given ADC is tested by using the HCF model to compensate a synthetically generated ADC output in which only the measured HCF sequence and noise are added to the quantization process. The results show that the developed HCF models can achieve virtually complete calibration of the considered ADC.

  • 32.
    Nader, Charles
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Björsell, Niclas
    University of Gävle, Radio center for measurement technology.
    Peak-to-average power reduction of OFDM signals by convex optimization: experimental validation and performance optimization2011In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 60, no 2, p. 473-479Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We evaluated the application of the convex optimization to peak-to-average power reduction on an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) 802.11a signal. A radio frequency power amplifier was excited with an OFDM signal, and the peak-to-average reduced counterpart and its performance figure of merits were measured and compared. A state-of-the-art radio frequency test system with high accuracy was used for this purpose. Improvements due to the optimization in the output power and power-added efficiency and the influence of the power distribution in the excitation signal on power amplifier performance were investigated. Improvements of 6 dB in output power and 6.5% in power-added efficiency were achieved on average near the operating region. The effect of preserving power-free guard subcarriers was introduced in the optimization algorithm and investigated regarding adjacent channel interference. An improvement of 9 dB from that aspect was observed using half of the power-free subcarriers, which reveals the importance of a guard interval.

  • 33.
    Nader, Charles
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Van Moer, Wendy
    Vrije Universiteit Brussel, ELEC department.
    Björsell, Niclas
    University of Gävle, Radio center for measurement technology.
    Barbé, Kurt
    Vrije Universiteit Brussel, ELEC department.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Reducing the Analog and Digital Bandwidth Requirements of RF Receivers for Measuring Periodic Sparse Waveforms2012In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 61, no 11, p. 2960-2971Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, a prototype setup for measuring wideband periodic waveforms whose bandwidth surpasses the analog bandwidth of a radio-frequency receiver is presented. Three major challenges arise in the analog-to-digital stage when measuring such wideband waveforms: the availability of a high sampling rate based on a good amplitude resolution; the availability of the required analog bandwidth to capture the full waveform; and achieving the previous requirements in a cheap way. Those challenges are more pronounced when using wideband modulated signals to test nonlinear devices and when measuring/sensing wideband spectra for cognitive radio applications. For periodic signals, undersampling techniques based on the evolved harmonic sampling can be used to reduce the sampling rate requirements while satisfying a good amplitude resolution. For sparse signals, a technique based on channelization and signal separation is proposed. This technique splits the spectrum of the waveform into parallel channels, downconverts them to the analog frequency band of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC), spreads the channel information, sums them, and then digitizes with a single ADC. Using reconstruction algorithms based on l(1)-norm minimization, the information of the parallel channels can be separated. The original wideband spectrum can be then reconstructed after de-embedding of the channelization process.

  • 34.
    Negusse, Senay
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Zetterberg, Per
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    IEEE-STD-1057 Three Parameter Sine Wave Fit for SNR Estimation: Performance Analysis and Alternative Estimators2014In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 63, no 6, p. 1514-1523Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper considers the three-parameter-fit sine wave model. Under a Gaussian noise assumption, it is known that the three-parameter fit given in IEEE Standards 1057 and 1241 coincides with the method of maximum likelihood (ML), which is known for its favorable properties in large samples. Under coherent sampling assumption, the Cramér--Rao Bound of an unbiased estimator (UE) of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is derived followed by an exact finite-sample analysis of the ML estimator of SNR derived from the three-parameter fit, revealing its nonsymmetric F-distribution. Exact expressions for the bias, variance, and the mean squared error (MSE) of the ML estimator are then derived, revealing that the ML estimator in finite samples is far from optimal in terms of precision and accuracy. With the ML estimator as a starting point, several alternative estimators are derived, which outperform the method of ML. In particular, a UE is derived, with lower variance compared with the ML for small sample size. In addition, estimators are derived based on constrained minimization of the MSE. The theoretical findings are illustrated by simulations, showing an excellent agreement between theory and practice. Simulations using quantized data are also used to show the performance of the derived estimators mimicking an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) testing scenario. Furthermore, the derived estimators are applied to coherently and noncoherently sampled measurement data from a 12-bit ADC and, for small number of samples, all are shown to outperform the original estimate, showing the practical relevance of the theoretical findings.

  • 35.
    Nilsson, John-Olof
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Skog, Isaac
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Aligning the Forces-Eliminating the Misalignments in IMU Arrays2014In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 63, no 10, p. 2498-2500Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ultralow-cost single-chip inertial measurement units (IMUs) combined into IMU arrays are opening up new possibilities for inertial sensing. However, to make these systems practical for researchers, a simple calibration procedure that aligns the sensitivity axes of the sensors in the array is needed. In this paper, we suggest a novel mechanical-rotation-rig-free calibration procedure based on blind system identification and a Platonic solid printable using a contemporary 3-D printer. The IMU array is placed inside the Platonic solid, and static measurements are taken with the solid subsequently placed on all sides. The recorded data are then used together with a maximum-likelihood-based approach to estimate the interIMU misalignment and the gain, bias, and sensitivity axis nonorthogonality of the accelerometers. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated with calibration results from an in-house developed IMU array. MATLAB scripts for the parameter estimation and production files for the calibration device (solid) are provided.

  • 36.
    Panahandeh, Ghazaleh
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Jansson, Magnus
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Calibration of an IMU-Camera Cluster Using Planar Mirror Reflection and Its Observability Analysis2015In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 64, no 1, p. 75-88Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper describes a novel and a low-cost calibration approach to estimate the relative transformation between an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and a camera, which are rigidly mounted together. The calibration is performed by fusing the measurements from the IMU-camera rig moving in front of a planar mirror. To construct the visual observations, we select a set of key features (KFs) attached to the visual inertial rig where the 3-D positions of the KFs are unknown. During calibration, the system is navigating in front of the planar mirror, while the vision sensor observes the reflections of the KFs in the mirror, and the inertial sensor measures the system's linear accelerations and rotational velocities over time. Our first contribution in this paper is studying the observability properties of IMU-camera calibration parameters. For this visual inertial calibration problem, we derive its time-varying nonlinear state-space model and study its observability properties using the Lie derivative rank condition test. We show that the calibration parameters and the 3-D position of the KFs are observable. As our second contribution, we propose an approach for estimating the calibration parameters along with the 3-D position of the KFs and the dynamics of the analyzed system. The estimation problem is then solved in the unscented Kalman filter framework. We illustrate the findings of our theoretical analysis using both simulations and experiments. The achieved performance indicates that our proposed method can conveniently be used in consumer products like visual inertial-based applications in smartphones for localization, 3-D reconstruction, and surveillance applications.

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  • 37.
    Panahandeh, Ghazaleh
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Mohammadiha, Nasser
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Sound and Image Processing.
    Leijon, Arne
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Sound and Image Processing.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Continuous Hidden Markov Model for Pedestrian Activity Classification and Gait Analysis2013In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 62, no 5, p. 1073-1083Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents a method for pedestrian activity classification and gait analysis based on the microelectromechanical-systems inertial measurement unit (IMU). The work targets two groups of applications, including the following: 1) human activity classification and 2) joint human activity and gait-phase classification. In the latter case, the gait phase is defined as a substate of a specific gait cycle, i.e., the states of the body between the stance and swing phases. We model the pedestrian motion with a continuous hidden Markov model (HMM) in which the output density functions are assumed to be Gaussian mixture models. For the joint activity and gait-phase classification, motivated by the cyclical nature of the IMU measurements, each individual activity is modeled by a "circular HMM." For both the proposed classification methods, proper feature vectors are extracted from the IMU measurements. In this paper, we report the results of conducted experiments where the IMU was mounted on the humans' chests. This permits the potential application of the current study in camera-aided inertial navigation for positioning and personal assistance for future research works. Five classes of activity, including walking, running, going upstairs, going downstairs, and standing, are considered in the experiments. The performance of the proposed methods is illustrated in various ways, and as an objective measure, the confusion matrix is computed and reported. The achieved relative figure of merits using the collected data validates the reliability of the proposed methods for the desired applications.

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  • 38. Pasku, Valter
    et al.
    De Angelis, Alessio
    Moschitta, Antonio
    Carbone, Paolo
    Nilsson, John-Olof
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Dwivedi, Satyam
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    A Magnetic Ranging-Aided Dead-Reckoning Positioning System for Pedestrian Applications2017In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 66, no 5, p. 953-963Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper investigates the applicability of a developed Magnetic Positioning System (MPS) as a support for a dead-reckoning inertial navigation system (DR-INS) for pedestrian applications. The integrated system combines the complementary properties of the separate systems, operating over long periods of time and in cluttered indoor areas with partial nonline-of-sight conditions. The obtained results show that the proposed approach can effectively improve the coverage area of the MPS and the operation time with bounded errors of the DR-INS. In particular, a solution that provides bounded position errors of 1-2 m over significantly long periods of time up to 45 min, in realistic indoor environments, is demonstrated. Moreover, system applicability is also shown in those scenarios where arbitrary orientations of the MPS mobile node are considered and an MPS position estimate is not available due to less than three distance measurements.

  • 39.
    Raj, Rishabh
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS). Chandigarh Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Mohali 140413, India.;KTH Royal Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Sci Engn, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Ram, Boggavarapu Sai
    Indian Inst Technol, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India.;COMSOL MultiPhys Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru 560042, India..
    Bhat, Rahul
    Indian Inst Technol, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India.;COMSOL MultiPhys Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru 560042, India..
    Unniachanparambil, Greeshma Mohan
    Indian Inst Technol, Dept Elect Engn, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India..
    Kulkarni, Shrikrishna, V
    Indian Inst Technol, Dept Elect Engn, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India..
    A Novel Cost-Effective Magnetic Characterization Tool for Soft Magnetic Materials Used in Electrical Machines2021In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 70, article id 6009508Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Energy losses during the magnetization process of soft magnetic laminations depend on the excitation waveform. Manufacturers of magnetic materials may not provide lasses for different excitation waveforms. This may affect the accuracy of the predicted losses which are used to estimate the performance of electrical equipment during the predesign stage. Thus, a characterization tool which is capable of measuring hysteresis loops under controlled magnetization is required. Digital characterization systems available in literature use expensive commercial power amplifiers. In this work, a cost-effective power amplifier circuit is developed and interfaced with a LabVIEW program to characterize soft magnetic materials. The measurements for a sinusoidal excitation from the proposed setup are validated with those from a standard commercial measuring setup. The system is also used to measure hysteresis loops for arbitrary magnetization conditions (magnetic flux density (B) with harmonics). The proposed setup can operate over a frequency range 35-500 Hz. A small Epstein frame is also designed for measurements at higher frequencies (>200 and <500 Hz). A provision is also made to predict three components of dynamic hysteresis lasses at any frequency in the above range using the loss separation approach. This capability of the setup enables the user to predict the losses at frequencies beyond the capability of the tool. The predicted losses using this algorithm are validated with measured losses. The proposed setup is cost-effective and can be developed easily using basic electronic components.

  • 40.
    Rojas, Cristian R.
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Automatic Control. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Zetterberg, Per
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Transceiver Inphase/Quadrature Imbalance, Ellipse Fitting, and the Universal Software Radio Peripheral2011In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 60, no 11, p. 3629-3639Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we introduce a method for inphase/quadrature imbalance parameter estimation based on ellipse fitting. The performance of the method is analytically derived. In particular, it is shown that the method exhibits a small bias (which can be negligible under some standard practical conditions) and a variance slightly above the Cramer-Rao bound. The method is then applied to measurements from a contemporary BiCMOS transceiver which is used on one of the most popular daughterboards of the universal software radio peripheral. In our measurements, the phase skew varies up to 5 degrees with the baseband frequency, while the amplitude imbalance varies between 0 and 0.3 dB over carrier frequencies and across hardware units. The time variation, however, is only 0.004 dB in amplitude and 0.06 degrees in phase. This indicates that the units could either be calibrated online when there is no transmission (in a two-antenna MIMO system, one antenna could transmit a calibration signal to the other), or they could be calibrated during production, in which case a table with different carrier and baseband frequencies would be needed. However, there is no need to estimate the parameters on every burst.

  • 41.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    et al.
    WesternGeco AS, Oslo.
    Wisell, David
    Ericsson AB, Gävle.
    Isaksson, Magnus
    Department of Electronics, University of Gävle.
    Three-Tone Characterization of Nonlinear Memory Effects in Radio Frequency Power Amplifier2007In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 56, no 6, p. 2646-2657Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A stepped three-tone measurement technique based on digitally modulated baseband signals is used in characterizing radio-frequency power amplifiers (PAs). The bandwidths of the stepped measurement were 8.8 MHz for the input signal and 26.4 MHz for the output signal. A PA designed for third-generation mobile telecommunication system was analyzed. The amplitude and phase of the third-order Volterra kernel were determined from the identified intermodulation products. The properties of the Volterra kernel along certain paths in the 3-D frequency space were analyzed and compared to some box models for non-linear systems. The main symmetry of the third-order Volterra kernel of this PA was found to be of the type given by the cascaded quadratic nonlinearities with a linear filter in between (a Hammerstein-Wiener system), and frequency dependence, i.e., memory effects, was found to be due to the effects at the baseband.

  • 42.
    Shereen, Ezzeldin
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Network and Systems Engineering.
    Delcourt, Marguerite
    Swiss Fed Inst Technol Lausanne EPFL, Sch Comp & Commun Sci, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland..
    Barreto, Sergio
    Swiss Fed Inst Technol Lausanne EPFL, Sch Comp & Commun Sci, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.;Cisco Syst, Core Software Grp, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland..
    Dán, György
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Network and Systems Engineering.
    Le Boudec, Jean-Yves
    Swiss Fed Inst Technol Lausanne EPFL, Sch Comp & Commun Sci, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland..
    Paolone, Mario
    Swiss Fed Inst Technol Lausanne EPFL, Sch Engn, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland..
    Feasibility of Time-Synchronization Attacks Against PMU-Based State Estimation2020In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 69, no 6, p. 3412-3427Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The emerging measurement technology of phasor measurement units (PMUs) makes it possible to estimate the state of electrical grids in real time, thus opening the way to new protection and control applications. PMUs rely on precise time synchronization; therefore, they are vulnerable to time-synchronization attacks (TSAs), which alter the measured voltage and current phases. In particular, undetectable TSAs pose a significant threat as they lead to an incorrect but credible estimate of the system state. Prior work has shown that such attacks exist against pairs of PMUs, but they do not take into consideration the clock adjustment performed by the clock servo, which can modify the attack angles and make the attacks detectable. This cannot be easily addressed with the existing attacks, as the undetectable angle values form a discrete set and cannot be continuously adjusted as would be required to address the problems posed to the attacker by the clock servo. Going beyond prior work, this article first shows how to perform undetectable attacks against more than two PMUs, so that the set of undetectable attacks forms a continuum and supports small adjustments. Second, it shows how an attacker can anticipate the operation of the clock servo while achieving her attack goal and remaining undetectable. Third, this article shows how to identify vulnerable sets of PMUs. Numerical results on the 39-bus IEEE benchmark system illustrate the feasibility of the proposed attack strategies.

  • 43.
    Skog, Isaac
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Automatic Control. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Automatic Control. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Indirect Instantaneous Car-Fuel Consumption Measurements2014In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 63, no 12, p. 3190-3198Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A method to estimate the instantaneous fuel consumption of a personal car, using speed and height data recorded by a global positioning system receiver and vehicle parameters accessible via national vehicle registers and databases on the world wide web, is proposed. The method is based upon a physical model describing the relationship between the dynamics of the car, engine speed, and energy consumption of the system. An evaluation of the proposed method is done by comparing the estimated instantaneous fuel consumption with that measured by the car's onboard diagnostics data bus. The results of three tests with different cars driven in mixed highway and urban conditions indicate that the instantaneous fuel consumption may be estimated with a root mean square error of similar to 0.3 [g/s], in terms of a normalized mean square error, that corresponded to slightly <10%. One application of the proposed method is in the development of smartphone applications that educate drivers to drive more fuel efficiently.

  • 44. Song, Yang
    et al.
    Liu, Zhigang
    Rönnquist, Anders
    Navik, Petter
    Liu, Zhendong
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics, Rail Vehicles.
    Contact Wire Irregularity Stochastics and Effect on High-Speed Railway Pantograph-Catenary Interactions2020In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 69, no 10, p. 8196-8206Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In high-speed rail operations, contact wire irregularity (CWI) in a catenary is a common disturbance to the pantograph-catenary interaction performance, which directly affects the quality of current collection. To describe the pointwise stochastics of CWI, the power spectral density (PSD) function for CWI is proposed, and its effect on the pantograph-catenary interaction is investigated. First, a preprocessing procedure is proposed to eliminate the redundant information in the measured irregularities based on the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD). Then, the upper envelope of the irregularity, which contains all the information regarding the dropper positions on the contact wire, is extracted. A form of the PSD function is suggested for contact wire irregularities. A methodology is proposed to include the effect of random irregularities in the assessment of the interaction performance of a pantograph-catenary. A developed target configuration under dead load (TCUD) method is used to calculate the initial configuration of the catenary, in which the dropper points on the contact wire are placed on their exact positions. Finally, the effect of the random contact wire irregularities on the contact force is investigated through 500 numerical simulations at each operating speed. The present results indicate that random irregularities have a direct impact on the pantograph-catenary contact, including an increment in the dispersion of the contact force statistics. The stochastic analysis shows that over 70% of the results with irregularities are worse than the ideal result without irregularities.

  • 45. Trehag, J.
    et al.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Ögren, M.
    Onboard Estimation and Classification of a Railroad Curvature2010In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 59, no 3, p. 653-660Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    When performing tests on a rail vehicle, it is often necessary to categorize the target data according to the characteristics of the railroad plane geometry. In this paper, a method to classify and identify the railroad plane geometry is considered, employing railroad curvature readings formed by onboard sensor data. The aim is to extract the characteristics of the railroad track to identify and categorize different segments of the track. The railroad curvature is modeled as a first-order piecewise linear polynomial representing sections of straight tracks, transition curves, and circular curves along the railroad. The sensor data are preprocessed in a Global Positioning System-aided dead reckoning navigation system to debias the curvature readings. Subsequently, the noise in the curvature readings is suppressed by nonlinear filtering techniques. Furthermore, the observed curvatures are processed with a linear filter by minimizing a discounted least-squares criterion, yielding the final estimate of the railroad curvature and its rate of change, which further on are utilized to form a detector where the position of a trend change in curvature measurements is located. The result from the presented method has been compared against database values on plane geometry from Banverkets Information System-a system belonging to the Swedish Rail Administration office. The reported accuracy of detecting a change in the railroad curvature has varied in the range of +/- 7 m in difference between the position entries in the curvature database and the positions found with the developed method.

  • 46. van der Linden, J.
    et al.
    Schoonderwaldt, Erwin
    KTH, School of Computer Science and Communication (CSC), Speech, Music and Hearing, TMH, Music Acoustics.
    Bird, J.
    Johnson, R. M. G.
    MusicJacket - Combining motion capture and vibrotactile feedback to teach violin bowing2011In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 60, no 1, p. 104-113Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We describe MusicJacket, which is a wearable system to support the teaching of good posture and bowing technique to novice violin players. The system uses an inertial motion capture system to track the following in real time: 1) whether the player is holding the violin correctly and 2) the player's bowing action and whether it deviates from a target trajectory. We provide the musicians with vibrotactile feedback about their bowing and posture using vibration motors that are positioned on their arms and torso. We describe a user study with novice violin players that compared a group who was trained using vibrotactile feedback with a control group who only received conventional teaching. We found that vibrotactile feedback is effective at improving novices' straight bowing technique and that half of these subjects continued to show improved bowing technique even when they no longer received vibrotactile feedback. None of the control subjects who received the same number of training sessions using conventional teaching techniques showed a comparable improvement.

  • 47.
    Verma, Shalin
    et al.
    Indraprastha Inst Informat Technol IIIT Delhi, New Delhi 110020, India..
    Rano, Dinesh
    HSE Univ, Moscow 101000, Russia..
    Malhotra, Sambhav
    KTH.
    Hashmi, Mohammad S.
    Nazarbayev Univ, Sch Engn & Digital Sci, Nur Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan.;IIIT Delhi, New Delhi 110020, India..
    Measurements and Characterization of a Newly Developed Novel Miniature WIPT System2021In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 70, article id 2004211Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article reports, for the first time, the design and experimental evaluation of a compact wireless information and power transfer (WIPT) system operating at radio frequency (RF). The design of WIPT system is facilitated by the development of a novel tri-band defected ground structure (DGS) based bandstop filter (BSF) operating at three different frequencies of 300, 433, and 700 MHz. Then, two similar BSFs are arranged in a back-to-back configuration to achieve near-field resonant inductive coupling for transfer of information and power. The measurement carried out on a prototyped system shows an excellent agreement between the measured and simulation results and provides power transfer efficiencies of 70.1%, 66%, and 65% at 300, 433, and 700 MHz, respectively, at a separation distance of 23 mm. These figures are a significant advancement over the existing state of the art. Furthermore, up-link and down-link of data transfer at 433 and 700 MHz are demonstrated using universal software radio peripheral (USRP), and power transfer is shown by illuminating a light emitting diode (LED) at 300 MHz.

  • 48.
    Wahlström, Johan
    et al.
    Univ Oxford, Dept Comp Sci, Oxford OX1 2JD, England..
    Skog, Isaac
    Linköping Univ, Dept Elect Engn, S-58183 Linköping, Sweden.
    Nordström, Robin Larsson
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Information Science and Engineering. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Information Science and Engineering. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Fusion of OBD and GNSS Measurements of Speed2018In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 67, no 7, p. 1659-1667Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There are two primary sources of sensor measurements for driver behavior profiling within insurance telematics and fleet management. The first is the on-board diagnostics system, typically found within most modern cars. The second is the global navigation satellite system, whose associated receivers commonly are embedded into smartphones or off-the-shelf telematics devices. In this paper, we present maximum likelihood and maximum a posteriori estimators for the problem of fusing speed measurements from these two sources to jointly estimate a vehicle's speed and the scale factor of the wheel speed sensors. In addition, we analyze the performance of the estimators by use of the Cramer-Rao bound, and discuss the estimation of model parameters describing measurement errors and vehicle dynamics. Last, simulations and real-world data are used to show that the proposed estimators yield a substantial performance gain compared to when employing only one of the two measurement sources.

  • 49.
    Wisell, David
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Rudlund, Björn
    Racomna AB, Uppsala.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    Department of Electronics, University of Gävle.
    Characterization of memory effects in power amplifiers using digital two-tone measurements2007In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 56, no 6, p. 2757-2766Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, a novel method to measure the amplitude and phase of two-tone third-order intermodulation products generated in a high-power amplifier is presented. The method is based on the sampled input and output signals of the amplifier. The presented measurement setup and the associated algorithms for the calculation of the amplitudes and phases are considerably faster and simpler than the current methods. By making use of the sampled input and output signals of the amplifier and the signal processing techniques, the need for a nonlinear reference, a tunable attenuator, and a phase shifter in the existing measurement setups is eliminated, which makes it simple and easy to use. Hence, this is a substantial simplification of the measurement setup compared to what has been reported earlier. The proposed measurement setup is also suitable for fast automated measurements, which is of interest for many applications that are both laboratory and production oriented. In addition, a method to increase the bandwidth of the measured signal is used to overcome the bandwidth limitation set by the Nyquist criteria for sampled systems. Measurements are done on two base-station high-power amplifiers and are found to be in agreement with theory and reference measurements.

  • 50.
    Wisell, David
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    Department of Electronics, University of Gävle.
    Händel, Peter
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Signal Processing. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    A technique to extend the bandwidth of an RF power amplifier test bed2007In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662, Vol. 56, no 4, p. 1488-1494Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, a method for increasing the bandwidth of a test bed for dynamic characterization of power amplifiers (PAs) is described. The technique is readily implemented using commercially available instruments, which makes it suitable for, e.g., production testing. The bandwidth extension technique is combined with coherent averaging of the measurements in order to simultaneously increase the bandwidth and dynamic range of the test bed. The errors in the obtained wideband signal are also estimated. The method is evaluated experimentally on a base station PA for the third-generation wideband code division multiple access system and on a Doherty amplifier. A tenfold increase in bandwidth to a total of 144 MHz and a more than 10-dB increase in dynamic range to 78 dB were obtained in practice. In addition, the obtained wideband signal is used for behavioral amplifier modeling.

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