The fluorescence of gaseous SF6 was investigated after excitation with 25-80eV synchrotron radiation photons. The total UV-Vis-near IR fluorescence yield was recorded and interpreted in terms of inner valence excitations/ionizations and double excitations in SF6. Dispersed fluorescence measurements in the 400-1000 nm spectral range reveal excited S, S+, F and F+ fragments as solely responsible for the emission. The fluorescence intensity of some of the observed atomic transitions was monitored as a function of the excitation energy. Single, double and triple excitations as well as direct ionizations and shake-ups are proposed as the triggering processes responsible for the creation of the emitting fragments.
We develop a strict theory of nonlinear propagation of few interacting stronglight beams. The key idea of our approach is a self-consistent solution ofthe nonlinear wave equation and the density matrix equations of the materialbeyond the rotatory wave approximation. We assume a Fourier expansion ofthe density matrixwhich goes beyond the conventionalTaylor expansions of thepolarization over the field amplitudeswhich is inadequate for the field strengthsthat we are interested in. Two qualitatively different situations are considered,with and without phase matching. Unlike in our previous paper (Baev et al2003 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B at press) devoted to the three-photon (TP) absorptioninduced upconverted lasing, we obtain here a strict solution for the nonlinearinteraction between different light beams. The general theory is applied to anumerical study of the role of saturation in TP photoabsorption by an organicchromophore in solution.
An in-depth photoionization study of the inner-valence electrons in HCl and DCl has been performed using synchrotron radiation. A series of photoelectron spectra of HCl were obtained at a resolution of 23 meV over the binding energy range 25-30.5 eV at various excitation energies and at two different electron collection angles relative to the plane of polarization of the undulator radiation. In addition, photoelectron spectra of DCl were recorded at two different excitation energies. These spectra were compared directly with the threshold photoelectron spectra of HCl and DCl that were recorded previously under similar resolution conditions (similar to30 meV). This comparative study reveals new information on the nature of the numerous band systems observed in this binding energy region. In addition, we present the experimental confirmation of the theoretical prediction given by Andersson et al (2001 Phys. Rev. A 65 012705) that a vibrational progression showing interference structure would appear in the main inner-valence ionization band in the photoelectron spectrum of DCl at a resolution of 10 meV.
A theoretical model for isotopologues of beryllium monohydride, BeH, BeD and BeT, A (2)Pi to X (2)Sigma(+) visible and X (2)Sigma(+) to X (2)Sigma(+) infrared rovibronic spectra is presented. The MARVEL procedure is used to compute empirical rovibronic energy levels for BeH, BeD and BeT, using experimental transition data for the X (2)Sigma(+), A (2)Pi, and C (2)Sigma(+) states. The energy levels from these calculations are then used in the program Duo to produce a potential energy curve for the ground state, X (2)Sigma, and to fit an improved potential energy curve for the first excited state, A (2)Pi, including a spin-orbit coupling term, a A-doubling state to state (A-X states) coupling term, and Born-Oppenheimer breakdown terms for both curves. These, along with a previously computed ab initio dipole curve for the X and A states are used to generate vibrational-rotational wavefunctions, transition energies and A-values. From the transition energies and Einstein coefficients, accurate assigned synthetic spectra for BeH and its isotopologues are obtained at given rotational and vibrational temperatures. The BeH spectrum is compared with a high resolution hollow-cathode lamp spectrum and the BeD spectrum with high resolution spectra from JET giving effective vibrational and rotational temperatures. Full A-X and X-X line lists are given for BeH, BeD and BeT and provided as supplementary data on the ExoMol website.
Cross sections and branching ratios are presented for the dissociative recombination of the CF2+ and C-3(+) ions with electrons. It is found that the channel producing CF + F is dominant for the reaction with CF2+ and the production of CF2 + F is dominant for the reaction with CF3+. The cross sections for these two ions are very similar.
Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering spectra excited at the fluorine K resonances of SF(6)have been recorded. While a small but significant propensity for electronically parity-allowed transitions is found, the observation of parity-forbidden electronic transitions is attributed to vibronic coupling that breaks the global inversion symmetry of the electronic wavefunction and localizes the core hole. The dependence of the scattering cross section on the polarization of the incident radiation and the scattering angle is interpreted in terms of local pi/sigma symmetry around the S-F bond. This symmetry selectivity prevails during the dissociation that occurs during the scattering process.
This paper reports an experimental investigation of the electron impact detachment of C-4(-). We observe structure in the electron impact cross section for detaching a single electron from a C-4(-) cluster anion, which we attribute to the formation and decay of the C-4(2-) dianion. The system is energetically unstable and very rapidly decays via double autodetachment. The energy and width of the resonance were determined to be 8.8(5) eV and 1.4(5) eV, respectively, and the resonance lies 1.5(5) eV above the ground state of the neutral system. The experiment was conducted by merging monoenergetic electron and ion beams in the heavy ion storage ring CRYRING. The detachment channel was monitored by detecting neutral C-4 fragments.
It is shown that, contrary to the case of ordinary EXAFS measurements, EXAFS measured in the Raman mode is polarization sensitive for randomly oriented systems. This fact can be used to predict bond angles and gives an opportunity for a complete structural determination of gaseous or amorphous systems.
The evolutional optical behaviours (turn-on dynamics) of a four-level N-configuration atomic system are considered based on the transient solution to the equations of motion of atomic probability amplitudes. It is shown that the quantum interference between the signal and control fields can lead to the controllable absorption and transparency properties of the atomic vapour. One of the most remarkable properties of the present scheme is that the absorption (or transmittance) of the probe light in the atomic vapour depends on the intensity ratio of the signal field to the control field, and thus the tunable optical features (transparency or opaqueness to the probe light) can be realized by tuning the quantum interferences between the signal and control fields. The present mechanism can be applicable to designs of some new photonic and quantum optical devices such as logic and functional devices as well as optical switches. Two typical photonic logic gates (NOT and NOR gates) designed based on the tunable four-level optical responses are presented as illustrative examples.
We present a new second-order representation of the relativistic Hartree-Fock equation, which can be solved by the standard Hartree-Fock technique. An alternative reduction for the magnetic part of the Breit interaction is presented in an explicit expression. A corresponding program has been developed, which improves significantly the scaled linear mesh introduced by Herman and Skillman. The structures for a number of atoms and ions are calculated and the agreement of our results with those published is excellent. We evaluate the fine-structure intervals of nd(n = 3-40) Rydberg series for sodium. The inverted fine-structure splitting values are obtained directly as the differences of eigenvalues obtained from a self-consistent field procedure. Taking into account the Gaunt effect enables the accuracy of the calculation to be substantially improved. The complete treatments reproduce very well the inverted fine structures along the Rydberg series and the relative difference between the present results and the experiments does not exceed 4.4%.
Spectra from the Rydberg series 1s-np for the principal quantum numbers n greater than or equal to 8 of Cl16+ are observed on the JET tokamak. Individual lines up to n = 15 are resolved. The line intensity of n = 10 is enhanced, relative to the underlying 1/n(3) scaling, due to charge exchange collisions with neutral deuterium in the ground state. The observations are compared with predictions based on available partial charge exchange cross section data. There is generally good agreement, however, some details of the predicted n-shell distribution are different from those observed in the experiment.
We have studied the fragmentation of gas phase thymidine following valence and core ionization using synchrotron radiation, combined with electron energy and ion mass resolved detection in coincidence. To identify certain fragment masses C-13 labelled thymidine was also used. We find that in large part, the photofragmentation of thymidine can be described as separated thymine and 2-deoxy-D-ribose cations. However, also the intact thymidine radical cation, formation of intact base and sugar cations from glycosidic bond cleavage and several new thymidine-specific fragments are observed after valence ionization. Conversely, at the photoionization of C 1s electrons neither parent thymidine cations nor any fragments above 55 amu were detected, and only ion pairs with small masses survive core ionization, Auger decay and the subsequent Coulomb separation of the DNA sub-unit. This demonstrates the genotoxic nature of soft x-rays which in cells induce complex clustered damage similar to those yielded by heavy particles.
The intensities of hydrogen Lyman-alpha and Balmer series emission lines as a result of photoexcitation of free CH4 and NH3 molecules at the C 1s and N 1s edges have been measured. For methane, the total fluorescence yield in the visible region ( 300 - 650 nm) was also recorded. Excitation functions of the Balmer lines show relative intensity enhancement of Balmer-beta emission in comparison with Balmer-alpha at higher core- to- Rydberg excitations. The Lyman-alpha emission intensity, in general, follows the relations observed in the corresponding total ion yield measurements. Additionally, the Balmer-gamma and -delta yields were measured for ammonia molecules and they show intensity maxima at photon energies shifted closer to the N 1s threshold than Balmer-alpha and -beta. A quantum defect analysis is performed to find out which core excitations are responsible for this enhanced intensity. Dissociation pathways leading to the emission in H atoms are discussed.
Line intensity ratios of OV multiplet lines for the 2s3s(3)S(1)-2s3p(3)P(j) (J = 2,1,0) transitions are studied using a collisional radiative model and the results-are compared with measurements from the reversed field pinch experiments Extrap T1 and T2 at KTH. The measured line intensity ratios deviate from the predictions of the model and the possible causes for the discrepancy are discussed with regard to errors in rate coefficients and non-quasi-steady state.
We theoretically demonstrate the feasibility of x-ray lasing in the CO molecule by the core ionization of the C K- and O K-shell by x-ray free-electron laser sources. Our numerical simulations are based on the solution of generalized Maxwell–Bloch equations, accounting for the electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom. The amplified x-ray emission pulses have an extremely narrow linewidth of about 0.1 eV and a pulse duration shorter than 30 fs. We compare x-ray lasing transitions to the three lowest electronic states of singly ionized CO. The dependence of the lasing efficiency on the spectral width of the x-ray fluorescence band, value and orientation of the electronic transition dipole moment, lifetime of the core-excited state and the duration of the pump pulse is analysed. Using a pre-aligned molecular ensemble substantially increases the amplified emission. Moreover, by controlling the molecular alignment and thereby the alignment of the transition dipole moment polarization, the control of the emitted x-ray radiation is achievable. Preparing the initial vibrational quantum state, the x-ray emission frequency can be tuned within the fluorescence band. The present scheme is applicable to other diatomic systems, thereby extending the spectral range of coherent x-ray radiation sources based on stimulated x-ray emission on bound transitions.
Fluorescence emission at the N 1s edge of the N-2 molecule has been studied with synchrotron radiation excitation. The partial fluorescence yields in the ultraviolet (250-320 nm) and visible (300-650 nm) wavelengths were collected by scanning the photon energy across the core-to-Rydberg excitations and the N 1s ionization potential (IP). When compared to the total ion yield, both fluorescence yields are most enhanced at the excitations to high Rydberg orbitals. A discrete structure appears just below the N 1s IP only in the UV yield and is assigned to core-valence doubly excited states. Dispersed fluorescence spectra in selected wavelength windows were measured at several photon energies in order to find out which fragments are responsible for the enhancement of fluorescence emission just below the N 1s IP. The excitation functions determined and considerations on de-excitation pathways indicate that the main responsible is the N+ ion.
The intensity of fluorescence emission in the wavelength region of 250-320 nm has been measured across the N 1s -> pi* resonance of the N-2 molecule. It displays a narrower line shape than the total ion yield recorded simultaneously. We explain the finding by the particularities of the resonant Auger transitions from the N 1s(-1) pi* state to the D-2 Pi(g) state in N-2(+) and by the subsequent D-2 Pi(g) -> A(2)Pi(u) emission.
The fragmentation dynamics of the SF6 molecule following the excitations of S 2p electrons into unoccupied molecular orbitals has been studied using the energy-resolved electron-ion coincidence technique. Fragmentation patterns were found to depend on the particular excitation and on the electronic state of the molecular ion. The spectator resonant Auger decay at the 2p --> 6a(1g) resonance induces changes in the ion distributions as compared to direct photoionization. Furthermore, coincidence spectra related to the same Auger structure display different ion abundances at the 2t(2g) and 4e(g) shape resonances. Differences were also found in the Auger decay spectra. These findings give further support for the previously suggested many-electron character of the 4e(g) shape resonance.
Photon-induced fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to study the fragmentation of the water molecule at the O 1s is edge. Fluorescence emission has been observed from the neutral fragments H, O and OH as well as from the ionic fragments O+ and OH+. The extracted fluorescence yields of the H Lyman-alpha emission and O 2p(3)(S-4)3p(P-3) -> 2p(3)(S-4)3s(S-3) transitions show the same structures as the total ion yield spectrum but with different relative intensities. The most intense fluorescence emission is restricted to the region of the core excitations, while above the O 1s ionization limit the signal is much weaker (in the case of H) or below the detection limit (O, OH and OH+). The fluorescence emission is concluded to follow from the following general cascade: the core-excited states decay by resonant Auger transitions, the final states reached undergo dissociation into ionic and neutral fragments, and fluorescence occurs from excited fragments. In the case of the OH (A(2)Sigma(+) -> X-2 Pi) emission, the decay of core-excited states through soft x-ray emission may also be responsible for the observed fluorescence.
Methane and deuteromethane molecules were core ionized using synchrotron radiation, and the ionic fragments from the molecular dissociation were detected in coincidence with the Auger electrons. The electron - ion coincidence spectra are analysed in terms of partial ion yields and ion kinetic energy distributions, both as functions of electron kinetic energy. The dependence of the fragmentation patterns on the electronic character of the Auger final states as well as on the excess energy available for dissociating the molecule is studied. The analysis reveals marked differences in the dissociation of the 2a(1)(-2) and 2a(1)(-1) 1t(2)(-1) states, interpreted as an `excess- energy- dependent' concerted dissociation process for the 2a(1)(-2) state and an ` electronic- state- dependent' sequential process for the 2a(1)(-1) 1t(2)(-1) state.
Helium is widely used as a fuel or minority gas in laboratory fusion experiments, and will be present as ash in DT thermonuclear plasmas. It is therefore essential to have a good understanding of its atomic physics. To this end He II population modelling has been undertaken for the spectroscopic levels arising from shells with principal quantum number n = 1-5. This paper focuses on a collisional excitation model; ionisation and recombination will be considered in a subsequent article. Heavy particle collisional excitation rate coefficients have been generated to supplement the currently-available atomic data for He II, and are presented for proton, deuteron, triton and alpha-particle projectiles. The widely-used criterion for levels within an n shell being populated in proportion to their statistical weights is reassessed with the most recent atomic data, and found not to apply to the He II levels at tokamak densities (10(18)-10(21) m(-3)). Consequences of this and other likely sources of errors are quantified, as is the effect of differing electron and ion temperatures. Line intensity ratios, including the so-called 'branching ratios' and the fine-structure beta(1), beta(2), beta(3), and gamma ratios, are discussed, the latter with regard to their possible use as diagnostics.
The dynamics of populations of the vibrational states in a NO molecule ( one-photon absorption) and of the electronic states in a 4,4'-bis( dimethylamino) stilbene molecule ( two-photon absorption) is studied versus the frequency, intensity and shape of the laser pulse. We show that specially designed infrared laser pulses can build selective populations of certain vibrational states. A detuning of light frequency from the vibrational resonance qualitatively changes the dynamics of populations. It is found out that the populations of the nonresonant levels follow the pulse shape adiabatically if the detuning significantly exceeds the inverse characteristic time of the change of the pulse. Depopulation of the nonresonant vibrational states leads to a high population of the resonant state at the end of the pulse. Complete breakdown of the standard rotating wave approximation for a two-photon absorption process is observed even for a rather small intensity of the laser pulse. An analytical solution for the interaction of a pulse with a three-level system beyond the rotating wave approximation is obtained, and it is in close agreement with the strict numerical solution of the amplitude equations. Special attention is paid to the population dynamics of randomly oriented molecules. The orientational disorder as well as the vibrations limit the coherent population transfer. Calculations show the strong role of the anisotropy of photoexcitation in the coherent control of populations which can affect the anisotropy of photobleaching.
The core-level photoelectron spectra of N-2 molecules are observed at high energy resolution, resolving the 1 sigma(g) and 1 sigma(u) components as well as the vibrational components in the extended energy region from the threshold up to 1 keV. The sigma(g)/sigma(u) cross section ratios display modulation as a function of photoelectron momentum due to the two-centre interference, analogous to the classical Young's double-slit experiment, as predicted by Cohen and Fano a long time ago. The Cohen-Fano interference modulations display different phases depending on the vibrational excitations in the core-ionized state. Extensive ab initio calculations have been performed within the Hartree-Fock and random phase approximations in prolate spheroidal coordinates. The dependence of photoionization amplitudes on the vibrational states was taken into account using the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. The ab initio results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. The theoretical analysis allows the modulation to be connected with the onset of transitions to the states of increasing orbital angular momentum which occurs at increasing photon energies. Deviation from the Cohen-Fano formula is found for both the experimental and the ab initio results and is attributed to electron scattering by the neighbouring atom. A new formula for the interference modulation is derived within the framework of the multiple scattering technique. It differs from the classical Cohen-Fano formula by the addition of twice the scattering phase of the photoelectron by the neighbouring atom. We demonstrate that one can measure directly the scattering phase by fitting our formula to the experimental results.
Radiative recombination of a free electron into an excited state of a bare, high-Z ion is studied, together with its subsequent decay, within the framework of the density matrix theory and Dirac's relativistic equation. Special attention is paid to the polarization and angular correlations between the recombination and the decay photons. In order to perform a systematic analysis of these correlations the general expression for the double-differential recombination cross section is obtained by making use of the resonance approximation. Based on this expression, detailed computations for the linear polarization of x-ray photons emitted in the (e, 2 gamma) two-step recombination of uranium ions U92+ are carried out for a wide range of projectile energies.
Photodissociation of molecular hydrogen has been investigated by means of fluorescence spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. Balmer-alpha emission from atomic hydrogen photofragments was collected in the 20-55 eV excitation energy range. Experimental data are interpreted in terms of excitation and fragmentation of neutral doubly excited states and excited ionic states with the aid of recent theoretical model calculation.
The optical limiting properties of a series of peripherally substituted phthalocyanines with different central metals and axial chloride ligand for nanosecond pulses have been studied by solving numerically the two-dimensional paraxial field equation together with the rate equations using the Crank-Nicholson method. It is shown that all of these compounds exhibit good optical limiting behaviour, and phthalocyanines with heavier central metals have better optical limiting performance due to the faster intersystem crossing caused by the enhanced spin-orbit coupling. The major mechanism of optical limiting for long pulses is the sequential (singlet-singlet)x( triplet-triplet) nonlinear absorption. Dynamics of populations is characterized mainly by the effective transfer time of the population from the ground state to the lowest triplet state. The long lifetime of the triplet state is important but not determinant. In addition, the performance of optical limiting strongly depends on the thickness and concentration of the absorber.
The photoabsorption spectra of Ba IV-Ba VI have been recorded using the dual laser plasma technique. Discrete structure due to 4d → 5p transitions has been observed in the 75-85 eV region and identified using Hartree-Fock with configuration interaction calculations. The excited states decay by autoionization involving ejection of 5s or 5p electrons and rates for the different processes and resulting linewidths were also calculated. From these calculations, synthetic spectra were produced and show excellent agreement with the experimental data.
The W45+ and W46+ 3p-4d inner shell excitation lines in addition to Mo32+ 2p-3s lines have been identified from the spectrum taken by an upgraded high-resolution x-ray spectrometer. It is found from analysis of the absolute intensities of the W46+ and Mo32+ lines that W and Mo concentrations are in the range of similar to 10(-5) and similar to 10(-6), respectively, with a ratio of similar to 5% in JET with the ITER-like wall configuration for ELMy H-mode plasmas with a plasma current of 2.0-2.5 MA, a toroidal magnetic field of 2.7 T and a neutral beam injection power of 14-18 MW. For the purpose of checking self-consistency, it is confirmed that the W concentration determined from the W45+ line is in agreement with that from the W46+ line within 20% and that the plasma effective charge determined from the continuum of the first order reflection spectrum is also in agreement with that from the second order within 50%. Further, the determined plasma effective charge is in agreement with that determined from a visible spectroscopy, confirming that the sensitivity of the x-ray spectrometer is valid and that the W and the Mo concentrations are also likely to be valid.
The dissociative recombination and excitation of CF+ have been measured at the ASTRID and CRYRING storage rings. Though examination of the available potential energy curves would suggest that the recombination rate would be large for this ion, in fact a rate constant of 5.2 +/- 1.0 x 10(-8) (T-e/300)(-0.8) cm(3) s(-1) was found. The recombination cross section at low energies falls off to a minimum at 0.5 eV centre-of-mass collision energy but exhibits resonances at energies above this. The dissociative excitation cross section leading to C+ + F was also measured and this displays an onset beginning at about 7 eV.
This paper presents new theoretical lifetimes of metastable levels in singly ionized titanium, Ti II. Along with the lifetimes, transition probabilities for several decay channels from these metastable levels are presented. The calculations are supported by experimental lifetime determinations of the 3d(3) b D-2(5)/2 and 3d(2)(P-3)4s b P-2(3)/2 levels along with revised values of the previously published lifetimes of the 3d(2)(P-3)4s b P-4(5)/2 and 3d(2)(P-3)4s b P-2(1)/2 levels originating partly from a reanalysis utilizing a recently developed method applied on the previously recorded data and partly from new measurements. The presented theoretical investigation of lifetimes of metastable levels in Ti II shows that the HFR calculations are in general compatible with measurements performed using the ion storage ring CRYRING of Stockholm University. The transition probabilities of forbidden lines derived from the new lifetime values will be useful for the diagnostics of low density laboratory or astrophysical plasmas, particularly those encountered in the strontium filament found in the ejecta of eta Carinae.
We report the observation of the unusually weak decay of the N 1s --> pi* core-excited N-2 molecule to the (B) over tilde (2)Sigma(u)(+) final state of N-2(+), which is only detectable in an experiment with high sensitivity. The resonant Auger spectra exhibit an unexpected dependence on the selected vibrational level of the intermediate state. Theoretical calculations show that the interference between direct and resonant photoemission as well as a strong geometry dependence of the decay probability on the bond distance give rise to the observed features.
Properties of bosonic atoms in small systems with a periodic quasi-one-dimensional circular toroidal lattice potential subjected to rotation are examined by performing the exact diagonalization in a truncated many-body space. The expansion of the many-body Hamiltonian is considered in terms of the first-band Bloch functions, and no assumption regarding restriction to nearest neighbour hopping (tight-binding approximation) is involved. A finite size version of the zero temperature phase diagrams of Fisher et al (1989 Phys. Rev. B 40 546570) is obtained and the results, in remarkable quantitative correspondence with the results available for larger systems, discussed. Ground-state properties relating to superfluidity are examined in the context of two-fluid phenomenology. The basic tool, consisting of the intrinsic inertia associated with small rotation angular velocities in the lab frame, is used to obtain the ground state 'superfluid fractions' numerically. They are analytically associated with one-body, uniform solenoidal currents in the case of the adopted geometry. These currents are in general incoherent superpositions of contributions from each eigenstates of the associated reduced one-body densities, with the corresponding occupation numbers as weights. Full coherence occurs therefore only when only one eigenstate is occupied by all bosons. The obtained numerical values for the superfluid fractions remain small throughout the parameter region corresponding to the 'Mott insulator to superfluid' transition, and saturate at unity only as the lattice is completely smoothed out.
Temporal oscillations of amplified spontaneous emission of molecules are studied theoretically. From the proposed theory and numerical simulations, it is found that the self-pulsations originate in an interplay between stimulated emission and saturable absorption. A stability analysis demonstrates the crucial role of the photoabsorption in this process, which can be regulated by a proper choice of buffer molecules. Variations in the saturable absorption mediate a transition from damped oscillations to self-sustained pulsations. The role of propagation effects as well as of the interaction of co- and counter-propagating pulses is also investigated. Numerical simulations, demonstrating the theoretical findings, are performed for a model 3-level system and for an organic chromophore; 4-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-(methyl)amino phenyl]-4'-(6-hydroxyhexyl sulphonyl) stilbene.
High-quality spectra of hydrogen-like Ar(17+) have been obtained from Alcator C-Mod tokamak plasmas using a spatially imaging high-resolution x-ray spectrometer system in an extensive study of the underlying high-n satellite lines. The ratio of Ly(alpha 2) (1S(1/2)-2P(1/2)) to Ly(alpha 1) (1S(1/2)-2P(3/2)) was found to be similar to 0.52 regardless of plasma parameters, which is somewhat greater than the ratio of the statistical weights of the upper n = 2 levels, 0.5. This difference is mainly due to the effects of collisional excitation of fine-structure sub-levels. For the observations presented here, electron densities were in an extended range from 3 x 10(19) to 4 x 10(20) m(-3) with electron and ion temperatures between 1 and 4 keV. Experimental results are compared to calculations from COLRAD, a collisional-radiative modelling code, and good agreement is shown.
Electronic coupling of two or more resonances via the electron scattering continuum is investigated. The effect of this coupling as a function of the resonance curves and autoionization widths is investigated, and the conditions for the maximum effect are determined. The theory is applied to two physical problems, the product state distribution produced by the dissociative recombination of electrons with HeH+ and a one-dimensional model for ion-pair production resulting from electron collisions with H-3(+). It is found that the coupling does not affect the product state distribution in HeH+ but produces a significant effect in the H-3(+) model.
The ratios of photoionization cross sections of the 1 sigma(g) and 1 sigma(u) shells of the N-2 molecule for the vibrational transitions to the nu' = 0 and nu' = 1 core-ionized states in the photon energy region between 440 and 550 eV have been measured. The calculations in the random phase approximation well reproduce the experimental data. The variation of the ratio with photon energy is attributed to the interference modulation that is caused by coherent photoemission from the two atoms, as an analogue of the Young's double-slit experiment. The calculations extended up to 1.8 keV allow connecting the modulation with the onset of transitions to the states of increasing orbital angular momentum which occurs at increasing photon energies and demonstrate that the main contribution to these modulations comes from the alpha continuum states.
The upgraded x-ray crystal spectrometer KX1 on the Joint European Torus (JET) can now measure the M x-ray lines from tungsten with sufficiently high resolution to evaluate how much tungsten may sputter from the plasma-facing tungsten wall planned for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). However, a test run on JET found that the L x-ray lines of a molybdenum impurity, which happen to occur in the targeted wavelength region of 5.00-5.35 angstrom, must be taken into account together with the radiation from the M x-ray lines of tungsten to match the high-resolution spectra. Such detailed radiation modeling is expected to be needed for ASDEX Upgrade tokamak, and for other tokamaks such as ITER and tungsten (W) Environment in Steady-state Tokamak (WEST), which will implement tungsten plasma-facing components and a high-resolution spectrometer to keep track of with a similar x-ray diagnostics.
The Jaynes-Cummings model is approached as a single-mode case of the solvable Lee model. This model can be treated for all mode numbers up to the continuum limit, which encompasses various adiabatic processes, finite renormalization and the emergence of irreversible time evolution.
We study self-seeded stimulated resonant x-ray Raman scattering and show a 20-fold compression of the strong XFEL pulse propagating through the resonant medium of atomic argon with the frequency (244.3 eV) tuned to the 2p(3/2)-4s resonance. The strong x-ray pulse inverts the medium and produces an extensive ringing tail which widens the power spectrum. Newly created seed field triggers the Stokes channel 3s-2p(3/2) of amplified spontaneous emission. The population inversions are quenched for longer propagation distances where lasing without inversion enhances the Stokes component. The pump pulse also generates weaker Stokes and anti-Stokes fields caused by four-wave mixing. The group velocity is decreased up to 78% of the speed of light in vacuum.
We study the Auger effect in the presence of strong x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) propagating through resonant argon vapors by solving the Maxwell-Bloch equations numerically. The simulations are based on the three-level system with the carrier frequency tuned in the 2p(3/2)-4s resonance. It is shown that the Auger branching is sensitive to the pulse area and duration. The relative Auger yield can be suppressed in the course of pulse propagation due to the interplay between the Auger decay and stimulated emission. Further suppression can be achieved by chirping the initial pulse, which is more effective for the long-pulse case. In addition, the sign and magnitude of the chirp rate play important roles in pulse reshaping and Auger emission.
Resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering spectra excited at the dissociative 1 sigma(g) -> 3 sigma(u) resonance in gas-phase O(2) are presented and discussed in terms of state-of-the-art molecular theory. A new selection rule due to internal spin coupling is established, facilitating a deep analysis of the valence excited final states. Furthermore, it is found that a commonly accepted symmetry selection rule due to orbital parity breaks down, as the core hole and excited electron swap parity, thereby opening the symmetry forbidden 3 sigma(g) decay channel.
Solitons are ubiquitous phenomena that appear, among others, in the description of tsunami waves, fiber-optic communication and ultracold atomic gases. The latter systems turned out to be an excellent playground for investigations of matter-wave solitons in a quantum world. This tutorial provides a general overview of the ultracold contact interacting Bose and Fermi systems in a one-dimensional space that can be described by the renowned Lieb-Liniger and Yang-Gaudin models. Both the quantum many-body systems are exactly solvable by means of the Bethe ansatz technique, granting us a possibility for investigations of quantum nature of solitonic excitations. We discuss in details a specific class of quantum many-body excited eigenstates called yrast states and show that they are strictly related to quantum dark solitons in the both considered Bose and Fermi systems.
The coherence properties of a three-level Lambda-system influenced by a Markovian environment are analysed. A coherence vector formalism is used and a vector form of the Lindblad equation is derived. Together with decay channels from the upper state, open-system channels acting on the subspace of the two lower states are investigated, i.e. depolarization, dephasing and amplitude damping channels. We derive an analytic expression for the coherence vector and the concomitant optical susceptibility, and analyse how the different channels influence the optical response. This response depends non-trivially on the type of open-system interaction present, and even gain can be obtained. We also present a geometrical visualization of the coherence vector as an aid to understand the system response.
The extended Bose-Hubbard model in a quadratic trap potential is studied using a finite-size density-matrix renormalization group method (DMRG). We compute the boson density profiles, the local compressibility and the hopping correlation functions. We observe the phase separation induced by the trap in all the quantities studied and conclude that the local density approximation is valid in the extended Bose-Hubbard model. From the plateaus obtained in the local compressibility it was possible to obtain the phase diagram of the homogeneous system which is in agreement with previous results.
The np sigma 1 Sigma(u)(+) and np pi (1)Pi(u) states in D-2 have been selectively excited using monoenergetic synchrotron light in the range of 13.97-15.84 eV and the subsequent dispersed emission to the EF (1)Sigma(g)(+) state was observed using a grating spectrometer. In total, 18 emission bands from the levels n = 3-6 were studied and rotationally analysed. The intensities of the P and R branches relative to the Q branch were found to vary strongly in the np pi (1)Pi(u)(+)-EF(1)Sigma(g)(+) bands indicating the existence of predissociations of np pi (1)Pi(u)(+) levels above the dissociation limit D(1s) + D(2l).
We study a two-colour pump–probe scheme of x-ray absorption accompanied by core-hole hopping in the field of a strong IR laser. The process is exemplified for fixed-in-space and randomly oriented homonuclear diatomic molecules N2 near the 1σu → 1πg x-ray absorption transition. The laser field mixes the core holes of opposite parities and causes Rabi splitting of the core-excited states. The IR field results in spectral broadening and shifts of the x-ray resonances as well as decrease of x-ray photoabsorption. The Stark broadening of the x-ray absorption spectrum depends on the orientation of the molecule and the angle between the polarization vectors of the x-ray and IR fields. The spectral changes caused by the IR field are weaker for randomly oriented molecules in comparison with fixed-in-space molecules.
The dynamic behaviour of ultrashort (femtosecond) laser pulses in a molecular medium is studied by solving the full Maxwell-Bloch equations beyond the limits of the slowly varying envelope approximation and the rotating-wave approximation under the resonant and the non-resonant conditions. A one-dimensional asymmetric charge-transfer molecule, para-nitroaniline, is used as a model molecule whose electronic properties are calculated with the time-dependent hybrid density functional theory. Under the one-photon resonant condition, 4 pi pulse is separated into two sub-pulses. The weight of the second-harmonic component mainly contributed by the two-photon excitation becomes stronger with longer propagation time. Under the two-photon resonant condition, the separation of 4 pi pulse is not induced and many higher-order spectral components beyond the second-harmonic generation occur. Interestingly, when the pulse propagates for long enough, the carrier modification becomes so significant that a continuous spectrum is generated. The Fourier transform of the high-harmonic spectrum demonstrates that an even shorter laser pulse can be produced in both resonant and non-resonant propagations. The effects of permanent dipole moments on the pulse evolution are discussed.
The propagation of ultrashort pulses in a generalized two- level system, consisting of permanent dipole moments, is simulated by solving the full Maxwell - Bloch equations. Special attention has been paid to the supercontinuum generation of spectra and the formation of attosecond ( as) pulses. It is found that the supercontinuum generation is strongly modulated by both area and width of the pulse, resulting from the interference between the splitting pulses in the time domain and the implication of the time - energy uncertainty relation. The effect of the permanent dipole moment on the supercontinuum generation is discussed in detail. Calculations show that a well- shaped 132 as pulse can be generated from a 2 fs incoming pulse under the condition where the permanent dipole moment difference between two levels is equal to the transition dipole moment between them. Influences of carrier- envelope phase and time- dependent ionization on the spectral and temporal evolution of the ultrashort pulses are also discussed at length.
The dynamical two-photon absorption (TPA) cross section as well as optical limiting of a 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino) stilbene (BDMAS) molecular medium for the nanosecond and femtosecond laser pulses is studied. This molecular medium can be described by a cascade three-level model in the visible light regime. Our numerical results show that the BDMAS molecular medium exhibits a strong optical limiting behaviour. The saturation TPA in the femtosecond time domain can be observed, and materials with larger nonlinear absorption cross sections would be much easier to saturate. Due to the contribution of the two-step TPA, the dynamical TPA cross section of BDMAS for nanosecond pulses is about three orders of magnitude larger than that for ultrashort femtosecond pulses. Special attention has been paid to the solvent effects on the optimal limiting performance. With an enhancement of the polarity of solvents, the dynamical optical limiting window becomes broader. In the origin of optical limiting, the dynamical TPA cross section of BDMAS decreases when the polarity of solvents increases, which is in good agreement with the experiment.
Neutral photodissociation of CO has been investigated using synchrotron light in the range 19-26 eV by observing dispersed fluorescence from excited neutral C atoms. Follow-up ab initio calculations support the observed neutral carbon excitation functions, which to a large extent are associated with the CO Rydberg - series converging to the CO+ C and D states.