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  • 1.
    Chen, Haorui
    et al.
    China Inst Water Resources & Hydropower Res, State Key Lab Simulat & Regulat Water Cycle River, Beijing, Peoples R China.;Natl Ctr Efficient Irrigat Engn & Technol Res Beij, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Wu, Mousong
    Nanjing Univ, Int Inst Earth Syst Sci, Nanjing, Peoples R China.;State Key Lab Frozen Soil Engn, Lanzhou, Peoples R China.;Nanjing Univ, Int Inst Earth Syst Sci, Nanjing 210023, Peoples R China..
    Duan, Zheng
    Lund Univ, Dept Phys Geog & Ecosyst Sci, Lund, Sweden..
    Zha, Yuanyuan
    Wuhan Univ, State Key Lab Water Resources & Hydropower Engn Sc, Wuhan, Peoples R China..
    Wang, Songhan
    Nanjing Agr Univ, Coll Agr, Nanjing, Peoples R China..
    Yang, Long
    Nanjing Univ, Sch Geog & Ocean Sci, Nanjing, Peoples R China..
    Zou, Liangchao
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering. Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys Geog, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Zheng, Minjie
    Lund Univ, Dept Geol, Lund, Sweden..
    Chen, Peng
    Hohai Univ, State Key Lab Hydrol Water Resources & Hydraul Eng, Nanjing, Peoples R China.;Hohai Univ, Sch Earth Sci & Engn, Nanjing, Peoples R China..
    Cao, Wei
    State Key Lab Frozen Soil Engn, Lanzhou, Peoples R China..
    Zhang, Wenxin
    Lund Univ, Dept Phys Geog & Ecosyst Sci, Lund, Sweden.;Univ Copenhagen, Ctr Permafrost CENPERM, Dept Geosci & Nat Resource Management, Copenhagen, Denmark.;Lund Univ, Dept Phys Geog & Ecosyst Sci, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden..
    Forecasting the human and climate impacts on groundwater resources in the irrigated agricultural region of North China Plain2023In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 37, no 3, article id e14853Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Climate change has caused significant impacts on water resource redistribution around the world and posed a great threat in the last several decades due to intensive human activities. The impacts of human water use and management on regional water resources remain unclear as they are intertwined with the impacts of climate change. In this study, we disentangled the impact of climate-induced human activities on groundwater resources in a typical region of the semi-arid North China Plain based on a process-oriented groundwater modelling approach accounting for climate-human-groundwater interactions. We found that the climate-induced human effect is amplified in water resources management ('amplifying effect') for our study region under future climate scenarios. We specifically derived a tipping point for annual precipitation of 350 mm, below which the climate-induced human activities on groundwater withdrawal will cause significant 'amplifying effect' on groundwater depletion. Furthermore, we explored the different pumping scenarios under various climate conditions and investigated the pumping thresholds, which the pumping amount should not exceed (4 x 10(7) m(3)) in order to control future groundwater level depletion. Our results highlight that it is critical to implement adaptive water use practices, such as water-saving irrigation technologies in the semi-arid regions, in order to mitigate the negative impacts of groundwater overexploitation, particularly when annual precipitation is anomalously low.

  • 2.
    Chen, Yuanying
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering. Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys Geog, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Destouni, Georgia
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys Geog, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Goldenberg, Romain
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys Geog, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Prieto, Carmen
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys Geog, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Nutrient source attribution: Quantitative typology distinction of active and legacy source contributions to waterborne loads2021In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 35, no 7, article id e14284Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Distinction between active and legacy sources of nutrients is needed for effective reduction of waterborne nutrient loads and associated eutrophication. This study quantifies main typological differences in nutrient load behaviour versus water discharge for active and legacy sources. This quantitative typology is used for source attribution based on monitoring data for water discharge and concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) from 37 catchments draining into the Baltic Sea along the coastline of Sweden over the period 2003-2013. Results indicate dominant legacy source contributions to the monitored loads of TN and TP in most (33 of the total 37) study catchments. Dominant active sources are indicated in 1 catchment for TN, and mixed sources are indicated in 3 catchments for TN, and 4 catchments for TP. The TN and TP concentration contributions are quantified to be overall higher from the legacy than the active sources. Legacy concentrations also correlate well with key indicators of human activity in the catchments, agricultural land share for TN (R-2 = 0.65) and population density for TP (R-2 = 0.56). Legacy-dominated nutrient concentrations also change more slowly than in catchments with dominant active or mixed sources. Various data-based results and indications converge in indicating legacy source contributions as largely dominant, mainly anthropogenic, and with near-zero average change trends in the present study of catchments draining into the Baltic Sea along the coastline of Sweden, as in other parts of the world. These convergent indications emphasize needs to identify and map the different types of sources in each catchment, and differentiate strategies and measures to target each source type for possible achievement of shorter- and longer-term goals of water quality improvement.

  • 3.
    Destouni, Georgia
    et al.
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys Geog, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Cantoni, Jacopo
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys Geog, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Kalantari, Zahra
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering. Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys Geog, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Distinguishing active and legacy source contributions to stream water quality: Comparative quantification for chloride and metals2021In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 35, no 7, article id e14280Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Hydrochemical constituents in streams may originate from currently active sources at the surface and/or legacy sources from earlier surface inputs, waste deposits and land contamination. Distinction and quantification of these source contributions are needed for improved interpretation of tracer data and effective reduction of waterborne environmental pollutants. This article develops a methodology that recognizes and quantifies some general mechanistic differences in stream concentration and load behavior versus discharge between such source contributions. The methodology is applied to comparative analysis of stream concentration data for chloride (Cl-), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn), and corresponding data for water discharge, measured over the period 1990-2018 in multiple hydrological catchments (19 for Cl-, 11 for Cu and Zn, 10 for Pb) around the major Lake Malaren in Sweden. For Cl-, the average load fraction of active sources is quantified to be 19%, and the average active and legacy concentration contributions as 2.9 and 11 mg/L, respectively. For the metals, the average active load fractions at outlets are 1%-3% over all catchments and 9%-14% in the relatively few catchments with mixed metal sources. Average active and legacy concentration contributions are 0.14 and 3.2 mu g/L for Cu, 0.05 and 1.5 mu g/L for Pb, and 1.4 and 12 mu g/L for Zn, respectively. This multi-catchment analysis thus indicates a widespread prevalence of legacy sources, with greater legacy than active concentration contributions for both Cl- and the metals, and active contributions playing a greater role for chloride than for the metals. The relatively simple first-order methodology developed and applied in the study can be used to screen commonly available stream monitoring data for possible distinction of active and legacy contributions of any hydrochemical constituent in and across various hydrological catchment settings.

  • 4.
    Fabian, Mark
    et al.
    SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Dept Environm Resources Engn, Baker Labs 423, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA.
    Endreny, Theodore
    SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Dept Environm Resources Engn, Baker Labs 423, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA.
    Bottacin-Busolin, Andrea
    Water & Environm Technol Engn Srl, I-31033 Treviso, Italy.
    Lautz, Laura
    Syracuse Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Heroy Geol Lab 204, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.
    Seasonal variation in cascade-driven hyporheic exchange, northern Honduras2011In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 25, no 10, p. 1630-1646Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A characterization of hyporheic exchange for dry and wet season baseflow, as well as partially dewatered discharge, was done in Prieta Creek, a first-order cascade in northern Honduras. The cascade had discharges from 1 to 15 1 s(-1), had average slopes of 12%, pool spacing of 3 m, and shallow substrate of sand and gravel. Tracer tests were conducted in a 15-m sub-reach, a length considered to be adequate for the experiment based on the DaI test, a ratio of exchange and transport processes. In the three tests, between 9 and 18% of tracer was not recovered, possibly due to entrainment in flowpaths passing beneath the downstream monitoring location. Tracer data were analysed by the one-dimensional transport with inflow and storage (OTIS) transient storage model (TSM) to derive standard exchange parameters, and by the solute transport in rivers (STIR) model to examine hyporheic residence time distributions (RTDs). The best fit of the observed tracer breakthrough curves was obtained by using the STIR model with a combination of two exponential RTDs to represent hyporheic retention. With increasing discharge, the OTIS model predicted increasing storage exchange fluxes and exchange coefficients and decreasing storage zone areas and transient storage times, which are trends supported by riparian and streambed piezometric head data. Riparian water levels rose during the transition from the dry to wet season, which could constrict the hyporheic storage zone. Thirteen of the 19 streambed piezometers recorded seasonal changes in hydraulic gradients and flux direction, with fewer yet stronger upwelling zones during higher discharges. The MODFLOW model missed the observed seasonal changes, possibly due to subtle changes in the seasonal change in water surface profiles. We conclude that partially dewatered dry season exchange, compared to wet season exchange, was initiated and terminated with smaller pressure gradients and, in different streambed locations, was smaller in volume, had longer residence times, and may connect with deeper and longer flow paths.

  • 5. Granlund, Nils
    et al.
    Lundberg, Angela
    Gustafsson, David
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Land and Water Resources Engineering.
    Laboratory study of the influence of salinity on the relationship between electrical conductivity and wetness of snow2010In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 24, no 14, p. 1981-1984Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Snow water equivalent of a snowpack can be estimated using ground-penetrating radar from the radar wave two-way travel time. However, such estimates often have low accuracy when the snowpack contains liquid water. If snow wetness is known, it is possible to take it into account in the estimates; it is therefore desirable to be able to determine snow wetness from already available radar data. Our approach is based on using radar wave attenuation, and it requires that the relationship between electrical conductivity and wetness of snow should be known. This relationship has been tentatively established in previous laboratory experiments, but only for a specific liquid water salinity and radar frequency. This article presents the results of new laboratory experiments conducted to investigate if and how this relationship is influenced by salinity. In each experiment, a certain amount of snow was melted and a known amount of salt (different for different experiments) was added to the water. Water salinity was measured, and the water was added step-wise to a one-meter thick snowpack, with radar measurements taken between additions of water. Our experiments have confirmed the earlier established linear relationship between electrical conductivity and wetness of snow, and they allow us to suggest that the influence of liquid water salinity on electrical conductivity is negligible when compared to the influence of liquid water content in snow.

  • 6.
    Gustafsson, David
    et al.
    KTH, Superseded Departments (pre-2005), Land and Water Resources Engineering.
    Waldner, Peter, A.
    Stähli, Manfred
    Factors governing the formation and persistance of layers in a sub-alpine snowpack2004In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 18, no 7, p. 1165-1183Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The layered structure of a snowpack has a great effect on several important physical processes, such as water movement, reflection of solar radiation or avalanche release. Our aim was to investigate what factors are most important with respect to the formation and persistence of distinct layers in a subalpine environment. We used a physically based numerical one-dimensional model to simulate the development of a snowpack on a subalpine meadow in central Switzerland during one winter season (1998-99). A thorough model validation was based on extensive measurement data including meteorological and snow physical parameters. The model simulated the snow water equivalent and the depth of the snowpack as well as the energy balance accurately. The observed strong layering of the snowpack, however, was not reproduced satisfactorily. In a sensitivity analysis, we tested different model options and parameter settings significant for the formation of snow layers. The neglection of effects of snow microstructure on the compaction rate, and the current description of the water redistribution inside the snowpack, which disregard capillary barrier effects, preferential flow and lateral water flow, were the major limitations for a more realistic simulation of the snowpack layering.

  • 7.
    Juston, John
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Land and Water Resources Engineering.
    Jansson, Per-Erik
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Land and Water Resources Engineering.
    Gustafsson, David
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Land and Water Resources Engineering.
    Rating curve uncertainty and change detection in discharge time series: Case study with 44-year historic data from the Nyangores River, Kenya2014In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 28, no 4, p. 2509-2523Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The intersection of the developing topic of rating curve and discharge series uncertainty with the topic of hydrological change detection (e.g., in response to land cover or climatic change) has not yet been well studied. The work herein explores this intersection, with consideration of a long-term discharge response (1964-2007) for a ~650-km2 headwater basin of the Mara River in west Kenya, starting with stream rating and daily gauge height data. A rating model was calibrated using Bayesian methods to quantify uncertainty intervals in model parameters and predictions. There was an unknown balance of random and systemic error in rating data scatter (a scenario not likely unique to this basin), which led to an unknown balance of noise and information in the calibrated statistical error model. This had implications on testing for hydrological change. Overall, indications were that shifts in basin's discharge response were rather subtle over the 44-year period. A null hypothesis for change using flow duration curves (FDCs) from four different 8-year data intervals could be either accepted or rejected over much of the net flow domain depending on different applications of the statistical error model (each with precedence in the literature). The only unambiguous indication of change in FDC comparisons appeared to be a reduction in lowest baseflow in recent years (flows with >98% exceedance probability). We defined a subjective uncertainty interval based on an intermediate balance of random and systematic error in the rating model that suggested a possibility of more prevalent impacts. These results have relevance to management in the Mara basin and to future studies that might establish linkages to historic land use and climatic factors. The concern about uncertain uncertainty intervals (uncertainty2) extends beyond the Mara and is relevant to testing change where non-random rating errors may be important and subtle responses are investigated.

  • 8.
    Juston, John M.
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Land and Water Resources Engineering.
    Kauffeldt, Anna
    Quesada Montano, Beatriz
    Seibert, Jan
    Beven, Keith J.
    Westerberg, Ida K.
    Smiling in the rain: Seven reasons to be positive about uncertainty in hydrological modelling2013In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 27, no 7, p. 1117-1122Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 9.
    Juston, John
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Land and Water Resources Engineering.
    Seibert, Jan
    Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Switzerland, Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Sweden.
    Johansson, Per-Olof
    Artesia Groundwater Consulting, Täby, Sweden.
    Temporal sampling strategies and uncertainty in calibrating a conceptual hydrological model for a small boreal catchment2009In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 23, no 21, p. 3093-3109Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    How much data is needed for calibration of a hydrological catchment model? In this paper we address this question by evaluating the information contained in different subsets of discharge and groundwater time series for multi-objective calibration of a conceptual hydrological model within the framework of an uncertainty analysis. The study site was a 5.6-km(2) catchment within the Forsmark research site in central Sweden along the Baltic coast. Daily time series data were available for discharge and several groundwater wells within the catchment for a continuous 1065-day period. The hydrological model was a site-specific modification of the Conceptual HBV model. The uncertainty analyses were based on a selective Monte Carlo procedure. Thirteen subsets of the complete time series data were investigated with the idea that these represent realistic intermittent sampling strategies. Data Subsets included split-samples and various combinations of weekly, monthly, and quarterly fixed interval subsets, as well as a 53-day 'informed observer' Subset that utilized once per month samples except during March and April-the months containing large and often dominant snow melt events-when sampling was once per week. Several of these subsets, including that of the informed observer, provided very similar constraints on model calibration and parameter identification as the full data record, ill terms of credibility bands on simulated time series, posterior parameter distributions, and performance indices calculated to the full dataset. This result Suggests that hydrological sampling designs can, at least in some cases, be optimized. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • 10. Lehning, Michael
    et al.
    Voelksch, Ingo
    Gustafsson, David
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Land and Water Resources Engineering, Environmental Geochemistry and Ecotechnology.
    Nguyen, Tuan Anh
    Staehli, Manfred
    Zappa, Massimiliano
    ALPINE3D: a detailed model of mountain surface processes and its application to snow hydrology2006In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 20, no 10, p. 2111-2128Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Current models of snow cover distribution, soil moisture. surface runoff and river discharge typically have very simple parameterizations of surface processes, such as degree-day factors or single-layer snow cover representation. For the purpose of reproducing catchment runoff, simple snowmelt routines have proven to be accurate, provided that they are carefully calibrated specifically for the catchment they are applied to. The use of more detailed models is, however. useful to understand and quantify the role of individual surface processes for catchment hydrology, snow cover status and soil moisture distribution. We introduce ALPINE3D, a model for the high-resolution simulation of alpine surface processes. in particular snow processes. The model can be driven by measurements from automatic weather stations or by meteorological model outputs. As a preprocessing alternative, specific high-resolution meteorological fields can be created by running a meteorological model. The core three-dimensional ALPINE3D modules consist of a radiation balance model (which uses a view-factor approach and includes shortwave scattering and Ion-wave emission from terrain and tall vegetation) and a drifting snow model solving a diffusion equation for suspended snow and a saltation transport equation. The processes in the atmosphere are thus treated in three dimensions and are coupled to a distributed (in the hydrological sense of having a spatial representation of the catchment properties) one-dimensional model of vegetation, snow and soil (SNOWPACK) using the assumption that lateral exchange is small in these media. The model is completed by a conceptual runoff module. The model can be run with a choice of modules, thus generating more or less detailed surface forcing data as input for runoff generation simulations. The model modules can be run in a parallel (distributed) mode using a GRID infrastructure to allow computationally demanding tasks. In a case study from the Dischma Valley in eastern Switzerland, we demonstrate that the model is able to simulate snow distribution as seen from a NOAA advanced very high-resolution radiometer image. We then analyse the sensitivity of simulated snow cover distribution and catchment runoff to the use of different surface process descriptions. We compare model runoff simulations with runoff data from 10 consecutive years. The quantitative analysis shows that terrain influence on the radiation processes has a significant influence on catchment hydrology dynamics. Neglecting the role of vegetation and the spatial variability of the soil, on the other hand, had a much smaller influence on the runoff generation dynamics. We conclude that ALPINE3D is a valuable tool to investigate surface dynamics in mountains. It is currently used to investigate snow cover dynamics for avalanche warning and permafrost development and vegetation changes under climate change scenarios. It could also serve to test the output of simpler soil - vegetation - atmosphere transfer schemes used in larger scale climate or meteorological models and to create accurate soil moisture assessments for meteorological and flood forecasting.

  • 11. Lundberg, Angela
    et al.
    Granlund, Nils
    Gustafsson, David
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Land and Water Resources Engineering.
    Towards automated 'Ground truth' snow measurements: a review of operational and new measurement methods for Sweden, Norway, and Finland2010In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 24, no 14, p. 1955-1970Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Manual snow measurements are becoming increasingly expensive and climate-change-imposed snow alterations are affecting run-off and frost patterns; snow observations are included in run-off modelling, making reliable snow observations of utmost importance. Multiple new and modified ground-based techniques for monitoring snow depth, density, snow water equivalent (SWE), wetness, and layering have been tested over the last decade, justifying a review of such methods. Techniques based on snow mass, electrical properties, attenuation of radioactivity, and other miscellaneous properties are reviewed. The following sensors seem suitable for registration of temporal variations: ultrasonic (depth) and terrestrial laser scanning (depth), several snow pillows at the same location (SWE), Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory/Natural Resources Conservation Service weighing sensor (SWE), Snowpower (depth, density, SWE, and wetness), active and passive (cosmic) gamma-ray attenuation (SWE), and adjusted time domain reflectometry probes (density and wetness). Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is, depending on the design and operation modes, suitable for different purposes; when arrays of antennas are pulled by a snowmobile, the technique is suitable for monitoring of spatial variations in depth, density, and SWE for dry snow. Techniques are under development, which will hopefully improve the accuracy for wet snow measurements. Frequency-modulated continuous wave GPRs seem fit for measurement of snow layering. Some suggested techniques are not operational yet. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • 12. McDonnell, J.J.
    et al.
    McGuire, K.
    Aggarwal, P.
    Beven, K.
    Biondi, D.
    Destouni, G.
    Dunn, S.
    James, A.
    Kirchner, J.
    Kraft, P.
    Lyon, S.
    Maloszewski, P.
    Newman, B.
    Pfister, L.
    Rinaldo, A.
    Rodhe, A.
    Sayama, T.
    Seibert, J.
    Solomon, K.
    Soulsby, C.
    Stewart, M.
    Tetzlaff, D.
    Tobin, C.
    Troch, P.
    Weiler, M.
    Western, A.
    Wörman, Anders
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Land and Water Resources Engineering, Hydraulic Engineering.
    Wrede, S.
    How old is streamwater?: Open questions in catchment transit time conceptualization, modelling and analysis2010In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 24, no 12, p. 1745-1754Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The time water spends travelling subsurface through a catchment to the stream network (i.e. the catchment water transit time) fundamentally describes the storage, flow pathway heterogeneity and sources of water in a catchment. The distribution of transit times reflects how catchments retain and release water and solutes that in turn set biogeochemical conditions and affect contamination release or persistence. Thus, quan- tifying the transit time distribution provides an important constraint on biogeochemical processes and catchment sensitivity to anthropogenic inputs, contamination and land-use change. Although the assumptions and limitations of past and present transit time modelling approaches have been recently reviewed (McGuire and McDonnell, 2006), there remain many fundamental research challenges for understanding how transit time can be used to quantify catchment flow processes and aid in the development and testing of rainfall–runoff models. In this Commen- tary study, we summarize what we think are the open research questions in transit time research. These thoughts come from a 3-day workshop in January 2009 at the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna. We attempt to lay out a roadmap for this work for the hydrological commu- nity over the next 10 years. We do this by first defining what we mean (qualitatively and quantitatively) by transit time and then organize our vision around needs in transit time theory, needs in field studies of tran- sit time and needs in rainfall – runoff modelling. Our goal in presenting this material is to encourage widespread use of transit time information in process studies to provide new insights to catchment function and to inform the structural development and testing of hydrologic models.

  • 13.
    Mekonnen, Muluneh Admass
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Land and Water Resources Engineering, Hydraulic Engineering.
    Wörman, Anders
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Land and Water Resources Engineering, Hydraulic Engineering.
    Dargahi, Bijan
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Land and Water Resources Engineering, Hydraulic Engineering.
    Gebeyehu, Admasu
    SWECO Environment AB.
    Hydrological modelling of Ethiopian catchments using limited data2009In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 23, no 23, p. 3401-3408Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The hydrological component of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is adapted for Ethiopian catchments based on primary knowledge of the coherence spectrum between dis-charge and runoff. The implication is that only periods longer than about 50 days can be reliably represented in the model based on the available data. An improved method reflecting soil water retention in terms of cumulative evapotranspiration, so that its value is less dependent on soil storage and more dependent on antecedent climate, is used. The improved method is attractive for Ethiopian conditions due to limited soil data availability and the fact that the time-scale of cumulative evaporation can be evaluated over periods longer than 50 days. The spectrum analysis was done on the available nearby climatic data in three watersheds in Ethiopia to analyze the effects of data limitation on the temporal and spatial scales suitable to account for in comparta-mentalized runoff models. The time scales of SWAT for the surface runoff and groundwater flow response were constrained so as to be consistent with the results of the spectrum analysis. The performance of the SWAT model to predict daily stream flow response was compared to the Seasonal Model (SM) and the Original Linear Purturbation Model (OLPM) both of which need previous seasonal behavior of the stream flow.

  • 14. Mellander, P. E.
    et al.
    Stahli, M.
    Gustafsson, David
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Land and Water Resources Engineering, Environmental Geochemistry and Ecotechnology.
    Bishop, K.
    Modelling the effect of low soil temperatures on transpiration by Scots pine2006In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 20, no 9, p. 1929-1944Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    For ecosystem modelling of the Boreal forest it is important to include processes associated with low soil temperature during spring-early summer, as these affect the tree water uptake. The COUP model, a physically based SVAT model, was tested with 2 years of soil and snow physical measurements and sap flow measurements in a 70-year-old Scots pine stand in the boreal zone of northern Sweden. During the first year the extent and duration of soil frost was manipulated in the field. The model was successful in reproducing the timing of the soil warming after the snowmelt and frost thaw. A delayed soil warming, into the growing season, severely reduced the transpiration. We demonstrated the potential for considerable overestimation of transpiration by the model if the reduction of the trees' capacity to transpire due to low soil temperatures is not taken into account. We also demonstrated that the accumulated effect of aboveground conditions could be included when simulating the relationship between soil temperature and tree water uptake. This improved the estimated transpiration for the control plot and when soil warming was delayed into the growing season. The study illustrates the need of including antecedent conditions on root growth in the model in order to catch these effects on transpiration. The COUP model is a promising tool for predicting transpiration in high-latitude stands.

  • 15. Rasmus, S.
    et al.
    Gustafsson, David
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Land and Water Resources Engineering.
    Koivusalo, H.
    Laurén, A.
    Grelle, A.
    Kauppinen, O. -K
    Lagnvall, O.
    Lindroth, A.
    Rasmus, K.
    Svensson, M.
    Weslien, P.
    Estimation of winter leaf area index and sky view fraction for snow modelling in boreal coniferous forests: Consequences on snow mass and energy balance2013In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 27, no 20, p. 2876-2891Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Leaf area index (LAI) and canopy coverage are important parameters when modelling snow process in coniferous forests, controlling interception and transmitting radiation. Estimates of LAI and sky view factor show large variability depending on the estimation method used, and it is not clear how this is reflected in the calculated snow processes beneath the canopy. In this study, the winter LAI and sky view fraction were estimated using different optical and biomass-based approximations in several boreal coniferous forest stands in Fennoscandia with different stand density, age and site latitude. The biomass-based estimate of LAI derived from forest inventory data was close to the values derived from the optical measurements at most sites, suggesting that forest inventory data can be used as input to snow hydrological modelling. Heterogeneity of tree species and site fertility, as well as edge effects between different forest compartments, caused differences in the LAI estimates at some sites. A snow energy and mass balance model (SNOWPACK) was applied to detect how the differences in the estimated values of the winter LAI and sky view fraction were reflected in simulated snow processes. In the simulations, an increase in LAI and a decrease in sky view fraction changed the snow surface energy balance by decreasing shortwave radiation input and increasing longwave radiation input. Changes in LAI and sky view fraction affected directly snow accumulation through altered throughfall fraction and indirectly snowmelt through the changed surface energy balance. Changes in LAI and sky view fraction had a greater impact on mean incoming radiation beneath the canopy than on other energy fluxes. Snowmelt was affected more than snow accumulation. The effect of canopy parameters on evaporation loss from intercepted snow was comparable with the effect of variation in governing meteorological variables such as precipitation intensity and air temperature.

  • 16.
    Setegn, Shimelis Gebriye
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Land and Water Resources Engineering, Hydraulic Engineering.
    Srinivasan, Ragahavan
    Dargahi, Bijan
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Land and Water Resources Engineering, Hydraulic Engineering.
    Melesse, Assefa M.
    Spatial delineation of soil erosion vulnerability in the Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia2009In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 23, no 26, p. 3738-3750Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The main objective of this study was to identify the most vulnerable areas to soil erosion in the Lake Tana Basin, Blue Nile, Ethiopia using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a physically based distributed hydrological model, and a Geographic Information System based decision support system that uses multi-criteria evaluation (NICE). The SWAT model was used to estimate the sediment yield within each sub-basin and identify the most sediment contributing areas in the basin. Using the NICE analysis, an attempt was made to combine a set of factors (land use, soil, slope and river layers) to make a decision according to the stated objective. On the basis of simulated SWAT, sediment yields greater than 30 tons/ha for each of the sub-basin area, 18.4% of the watershed was determined to be high erosion potential area. The NICE results indicated that 12-30.5% of the watershed is high erosion potential area. Both approaches show comparable watershed area with high soil erosion susceptibility. The output of this research can aid policy and decision makers in determining the soil erosion 'hot spots' and the relevant soil and water conservation measures. (C) Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • 17.
    Setegn, Shimelis Gebriye
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Land and Water Resources Engineering, Hydraulic Engineering.
    Srinivasan, Ragahavan
    Melesse, Assefa M
    Dargahi, Bijan
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Land and Water Resources Engineering, Hydraulic Engineering.
    SWAT model application and prediction uncertainty analysis in the Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia2010In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 24, no 3, p. 357-367Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Lake Tana Basin is of significant importance to Ethiopia concerning water resources aspects and the ecological balance of the area. Many years of mismanagement, wetland losses due to urban encroachment and population growth, and droughts are causing its rapid deterioration. The main objective of this study was to assess the performance and applicability of the soil water assessment tool (SWAT) model for prediction of streamflow in the Lake Tana Basin, so that the influence of topography, land use, soil and climatic condition on the hydrology of Lake Tana Basin can be well examined. The physically based SWAT model was calibrated and validated for four tributaries of Lake Tana. Sequential uncertainty fitting (SUFI-2), parameter solution (ParaSol) and generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) calibration and uncertainty analysis methods were compared and used for the set-up of the SWAT model. The model evaluation statistics for streamflows prediction shows that there is a good agreement between the measured and simulated flows that was verified by coefficients of determination and Nash Sutcliffe efficiency greater than 0.5. The hydrological water balance analysis of the basin indicated that baseflow is an important component of the total discharge within the study area that contributes more than the surface runoff. More than 60% of losses in the watershed are through evapotranspiration. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • 18. Staehli, Manfred
    et al.
    Jonas, Tobias
    Gustafsson, David
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Land and Water Resources Engineering, Environmental Geochemistry and Ecotechnology.
    The role of snow interception in winter-time radiation processes of a coniferous sub-alpine forest2009In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 23, no 17, p. 2498-2512Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The radiation balance in forests is modified by the presence of a (temporally snow-covered) canopy much more than it is in open areas. The primary effects of the forest canopy are absorption of incoming shortwave radiation, as well as absorption and emission of Ion-wave radiation. In this study, data from a mobile net radiation sensor moving along a 10-m bar in a coniferous sub-alpine stand of central Switzerland were analysed to assess the role of intercepted snow in comparison with other governing factors for winter-time radiation processes in a coniferous sub-alpine forest. The four winters investigated (2003-2007) covered a broad range of weather and snow conditions including several periods with intercepted snow lasting up to 19 days. For cloudless days, the data show that canopy albedo is elevated by the presence of intercepted snow. For transmissivity, the impact of intercepted snow is less distinct. Our analysis showed that the fraction of diffuse radiation and solar elevation are the main factors affecting shortwave transmissivity. Only after compensating for these effects, could intercepted snow be associated with increased transmissivities. Part of this analysis was carried out with the help of a physically based radiative transfer model. The model results suggest that multiple reflections are relevant to understanding the complex interactions between the factors affecting transmissivity. Finally, snow interception load can be derived reasonably well (R-2 = 0.65) from radiation measurements in this sub-alpine forest.

  • 19. Stahli, M.
    et al.
    Gustafsson, David
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Land and Water Resources Engineering, Environmental Geochemistry and Ecotechnology.
    Long-term investigations of the snow cover in a subalpine semi-forested catchment2006In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 20, no 2, p. 411-428Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To improve spring runoff forecasts from subalpine catchments, detailed spatial simulations of the snow cover in this landscape is obligatory. For more than 30 years, the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL has been conducting extensive snow cover observations in the subalpine watershed Alptal (central Switzerland). This paper summarizes the conclusions from past snow studies in the Alptal valley and presents an analysis of 14 snow courses located at different exposures and altitudes, partly in open areas and partly in forest. The long-term performance of a physically based numerical snow-vegetation-atmosphere model (COUP) was tested with these snow-course measurements. One single parameter set with meteorological input variables corrected to the prevailing local conditions resulted in a convincing snow water equivalent (SWE) simulation at most sites and for various winters with a wide range of snow conditions. The snow interception approach used in this study was able to explain the forest effect on the SWE as observed on paired snow courses. Finally, we demonstrated for a meadow and a forest site that a successful simulation of the snowpack yields appropriate melt rates.

  • 20. Stahli, M.
    et al.
    Nyberg, L.
    Mellander, P. E.
    Jansson, Per-Erik.
    KTH, Superseded Departments (pre-2005), Land and Water Resources Engineering.
    Bishop, K. H.
    Soil frost effects on soil water and runoff dynamics along a boreal transect: 2. Simulations2001In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 15, no 6, p. 927-941Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A physically based SVAT-model was rested with soil and snow physical measurements, as well as runoff data fr om an 8600 m(2) catchment in northern Sweden in order to quantify the influence of soil frost on spring snowmelt runoff in a moderately sloped, boreal forest. The model was run as an array of connected profiles cascading to the brook. For three winter seasons (1995-98) it was able to predict the onset and total accumulation of the runoff with satisfactory accuracy. Surface runoff was identified as only a minor fraction of the total runoff occurring during short periods in connection with ice blocking of the water-conducting pores. Little surface runoff, though, does not mean that soil frost is unimportant for spring runoff. Simulations without frost routines systematically underestimated the total accumulated runoff. The possibility of major frost effects appearing in response to specific combinations of weather conditions were also tested. Different scenarios of critical initial conditions for the winter, e.g, high water saturation and delayed snow accumulation leading to an increased frost penetration, were tested. These showed that under special circumstances there is potential for increased spring runoff due to soil frost.

  • 21.
    Wörman, Anders
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Land and Water Resources Engineering.
    Lindström, Göran
    Åkesson, Anna
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Land and Water Resources Engineering.
    Riml, Joakim
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Land and Water Resources Engineering.
    Drifting runoff periodicity during the 20th century due to changing surface water volume2010In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 24, no 26, p. 3772-3784Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fourier and wavelet analyses were used to reveal the dominant trends and coherence of a more than one-century-long time series of precipitation and discharge in several watersheds in Sweden, two of which were subjected to hydropower and intensive agriculture. During the 20th century, there was a gradual, significant drift of the dominant discharge periodicity in agricultural watersheds. This study shows that the steepness of the Fourier spectrum of runoff from the May to October period each year increased gradually during the century, which suggests a more predictable intra-annual runoff pattern (more apart from white-noise). In the agricultural watershed, the coherence spectrum of precipitation and runoff is generally high with a consistent white-noise relationship for precipitation during the 20th century, indicating that precipitation is not controlling the drift of the discharge spectrum. In the hydropower regulated watershed, there was a sudden decrease of the discharge spectrum slope when regulation commenced in the 1920s. This study develops a new theory in which the runoff spectrum is related to the hydraulic and hydro-morphological characteristics of the watershed. Using this theory, we explain the changes in runoff spectra in the two watersheds by the anthropogenic change in surface water volume and, hence, changes in kinematic wave celerity and water transit times. The reduced water volume in the agricultural watershed would also contribute to decreasing evaporation, which could explain a slightly increasing mean discharge during the 20th century despite the fact that precipitation was statistically constant in the area.

  • 22.
    Zarlenga, Antonio
    et al.
    Roma Tre Univ, Dept Engn, Via Vito Volterra 62, I-00146 Rome, Italy..
    Fiori, Aldo
    Roma Tre Univ, Dept Engn, Via Vito Volterra 62, I-00146 Rome, Italy..
    Cvetkovic, Vladimir
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Resources, Energy and Infrastructure.
    On the interplay between hillslope and drainage network flow dynamics in the catchment travel time distribution2022In: Hydrological Processes, ISSN 0885-6087, E-ISSN 1099-1085, Vol. 36, no 3, article id e14530Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Travel time is a robust measure of water transport dynamics in catchments. At a given control section along a drainage network, travel time distribution results from an interplay between two main processes: (i) the transport through the hillslopes and (ii) transport through the drainage network. The main scope of this work is to quantify this interplay, specifically we aim to identify the relative impact of hillslopes and channels on the travel time at the catchment scale. A theoretical framework is developed following a bottom-up modelling approach that combines a Boussinesq model for water flow and water travel time in hillslopes, with a geomorphological model for water transport in drainage network. Simple semi-analytical solutions are derived for the first two moments of the travel time distribution within a flow section. We provide some relevant examples based on synthetic rainfall data, exploring the relative impacts of hillslope and channel properties. As expected, the dynamics of the hillslopes control the travel time distribution at the catchment scale. The drainage network typically introduces a lag in the average travel time exiting the hillslopes and reduces the temporal fluctuations of the mean travel time and its variance. Our theoretical model provides meaningful insights on the investigation of the dominant dynamics taking place in catchments: results suggest that hillslopes and their features are the main driver of travel time in catchments. The temporal fluctuations of the travel time moments show a non-linear dependence with the recharge time-series and need to be considered as time-variant. Variability of water ages collected in a single water sample can be very large, the latter feature may have a significant effect on the water quality and on the tracer data analysis, largely governed by the contact times between water and catchment material.

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