Dagens industrier anpassar numera sin tillverkning för att kunna massproducera och dra ner på personal och kostnader. Detta innebär ökad automatisering med större och kraftigare maskiner, utrustning och verktyg. För att garantera säkerheten på arbetsplatsen är det därför viktigt att rätt skyddsanordning och myndighetskrav följs och används. I byggbranschen ställer arbetsmiljöverket krav på branschföretagen gällande arbetsmiljö och särskilda underlag för produktionsarbetet. Denna studie undersöker montageplanen som används vid industriellt byggande som innebär användning av tunga, prefabricerade, element vid husbyggnad.

Syftet är att studera hur en montageplan planeras, upprättas och implementeras. Studien utförs på uppdrag av In3prenör och omfattar 10 veckors arbete. Författarna har tillhandahållits information kring montageplanen för två projekt som studerats jämsides. Det ena, ett pågående projekt, är Allégården som är ett ROT-projekt av ett vård- och omsorgsboende och det andra, projekt Arlanda, är en nybyggnation av en servicebyggnad. Metoder som använts för att uppnå resultatet har varit en kombination av litteraturstudier, granskning av montageplaner, platsbesök och intervjuer.

Resultatet visar på att otydliga riktlinjer kring vad som ska inkluderas i montageplanen är det största skälet till att det blir fel på arbetsplatsen. Det har även från intervjuerna påpekats att på grund av den tidspressade situationen och målbilden att undgå förseningar kan det ske misstag som kan få allvarliga konsekvenser. För att förbättra kvaliteten i montageplanerna måste riktlinjer från arbetsmiljöverket och boverket bli tydligare gällande montageplanens innehåll. Det är också viktigt att kritiska moment som kan medföra ökade risker framgår i montageplanen, vidare kan montörer utbildas för att öka deras riskmedvetenhet.

The lack of fluent communication in the building industry has caught people’s attention because of

time-based costs appearing in 2D and 3D modelling and takeoffs. These costs emerge in construction

when miscommunication takes place between professionals in different projects.

A research study of the subject has revealed the reason behind the current days’ miscommunication

issues. The study shows that although the professionals tend to have an efficient way of working, the

result isn’t very beneficial for the next man. Therefore a conclusion of the issue creates a demand for a

mutual language in modelling and better softwares for takeoffs.

This report’s results, with regards to optimization of modeling, has brought to light the use for the

objectclassificationsystem BIP. These BIP-codes are used for branding objects in models of which the

branding consists of unique codes. The code of every individual object has the purpose of being

recognized by every project member and remain the same throughout the project.

The proposal for the optimization of takeoffs is a software called VICO Office. The software contains

well-advised methods for the import of models and close to automated takeoffs of these models.

In conclusion, the study implies that there is sufficient motive to question the old ways of working and

that light should be shed on new approaches. Technology and the industry face a constant change and

the efficiency of current methods are never far away.

Sinusitis, a common disease of the maxillary sinus, is initially managed with saline solution and medication, resulting in the resolution of symptoms within a few days in most cases. However, Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgeries are recommended if pharmacological treatments prove ineffective. This research aims to investigate the effects of maxillary sinus surgery on the airflow field, pressure distribution within the nasal cavity, and overall ventilation. This study utilized a three-dimensional realistic nasal cavity model constructed from CT images of a healthy adult. Virtual surgery including uncinectomy with Middle Meatal Antrostomy, two standard procedures performed during such surgeries, was performed on the model under the supervision of a clinical specialist. Two replicas representing pre- and post-operative cases were created using 3D printing for experimental purposes. Various breathing rates ranging from 3.8 to 42.6 L/min were examined through experimental and numerical simulations. To ensure the accuracy of the numerical simulations, the results were compared to measured pressure data, showing a reasonable agreement between the two. The findings demonstrate that uncinectomy and Middle Meatal Antrostomy significantly enhance the ventilation of the maxillary sinuses. Furthermore, increasing inspiratory rates leads to further improvements in ventilation. The static pressure distribution within the maxillary sinuses remains relatively uniform, except in regions close to the sinus ostium, even after surgical intervention.

Within the construction industry, there is a lot of discussion around BIM (Building InformationModelling). There is a need to move away from customized 2D-drawings and instead focus oninformative models which can be used throughout the whole cycle of construction. This developmenthas been ongoing within house construction, but this approach is harder to implement within thefacility sector.The difficulty in implementing a more BIM-oriented approach within construction is partly due tosoftware currently not being fully developed to create informative and reliable models of constructionswith complex geometries, such as bridges.Since Trafikverket, the largest construction developer within Sweden, has started to place a largerdemand on 3D there is a need for both technology and human resource to develop.The aim of this dissertation is to present a case study investigating the suitability of the software TeklaStructure and AutoCAD Civil 3D to perform a 3D-model of a double-curved bridge. The two pieces ofsoftware will be contrasted in a final comparison whereby both pros and cons will be presented.The study has made it clear that BIM is not just about creating an informative model, but it is alsoabout an approach which has the ability to completely change the construction sector to work morecollaboratively and effectively.The comparison between the two relevant software in this study shows that they both have strengthsand weaknesses and are suitable for our purpose. However, they differ in how detailed models theycan create and how well they have the ability to work with BIM to a greater extent.

This thesis has focused on the calculation of critical loads for lateral torsional buckling forthree selected wood-based composite beams with varying heights based on the availableMasonite Beams standard range. The main objective has been to investigate and compare ahand calculation model with the recommended method in Eurocode 5, as well as comparethem with results from finite element analysis.In this study, two instability phenomena have been addressed, namely lateral torsionalbuckling and flexural column buckling. The reason for addressing flexural columnbuckling is that the Eurocode method is based on a simplified flexural column bucklingmodel to facilitate the calculation of the moment carrying capacity regarding lateraltorsional buckling for I-beams subjected to bending.The hand calculation model used in this study is based on classical stability theory. Itis applied to a cross-section that differs moderately from the actual cross-section, whichin turn underestimates the load-bearing capacity. As lightweight beams are composed oftwo different wood-based materials, the cross-section has been transformed to a fictitiouscross-section to facilitate the hand calculation. In the pursuit of more realistic results, afinite element model has been established, and two analyses based on this model havebeen performed.The beams are assumed to be supported at the ends under forked conditions, which meansthat they are free to deflect vertically and laterally but the rotation about the beam axis isfixed. They have been examined for three load cases, namely constant bending moment,point load at the midpoint, and uniformly distributed load.By comparing the results obtained from the hand calculation and the Eurocode method,this study concludes that the Eurocode method significantly underestimates the momentcapacity and is applicable to braced beams. However, the hand calculation overestimatesthe moment capacity, as evident 

Steel bridges estimated service life is determined by the fatigue strength of the steel, since fatigue is one of the main reasons for limiting the service life. In Sweden there is a number of bridges that approach the end of their service life, while the need of increasing the capacity and demands on bridges grows. The majority of these bridges is in need of reparation. On the other hand, it is not possible either from a financial- or environmental perspective to replace all bridges, and therefore the bridges that are most critical needs priority. In the case of fatigue design calculation of steel bridges, the entire stress range is taken into account, regardless of whether the stresses are in tension or pressure. A crack propagates only at tensile stresses, which means that pressure should not really be considered in the design calculations. This means that some steel bridges could have a longer life span than the traditional design calculation gives. The stress intensity factor K is used within the fracture mechanism to predict the stress intensity near crack tip, and is applied to linear elastic materials. The finite element program Abaqus was used when the bridge detail was modeled and analyzed. The bridge detail represents a beam with a welded connection plate, which is exposed to traffic load at the bridge and a temperature load to simulate residual stresses. The detail represents the problem of fatigue in steel structural parts. The motive for this study is that no cracks have been found during inspections of similar details, despite the fact that some steel bridges theoretically have consumed their longevity. The study is conducted with a more advanced model than usually created for assessment of fatigue, with the purpose of modeling the reality more correctly. The results show how the residual stresses cause tensile stresses, which leads to crack propagation in the model. At a crack length of 9,5 mm, the stresses change from tension to compression, and then the crack growth ceases. The results also indicate that fatigue cracking can grow in steel structural parts that are mainly exposed to compressive nominal stresses, if tensile residual stresses appear at the connection plate.

At present, most bridges in Sweden are made with concrete or steel. These bridges are often associated with high costs, which often depend on maintenance and repair. FRP, which stands for Fiber Reinforced Polymer, is a relatively new material in load-bearing structures but is a well- established material in the context of reinforcement. In Europe and in particular the Netherlands, there are several bridges built in FRP. But due to a lack of norms and regulations to lean against, there is rarely any kind of FRP bridge construction in Sweden. The aim of this thesis is to examine existing norms and study how the material FRP is used in the reinforcement and construction of bridges. Furthermore, this thesis also aims to investigate the properties of FRP as building material and compare it with conventional materials such as steel and concrete. FRP, also called fiber-composite, is a composite material that can be assembled in several different ways. Through various materials that are combined and different manufacturing processes used, one can thus provide individual designs for the material. The benefits of FRP are many, but generally it has good strength, good durability while having a low weight. This results in that within bridge construction, it gives the structure a reduced self-weight, which in turn facilitates a variety of things. This thesis shows that FRP materials have advantageous properties and in some situations can be more favorable to use than steel or concrete. However, as previously pointed out, there are no specific Eurocodes for this material. However we are sure that the introduction of a new Eurocode and encouragement from authorities will undoubtedly increase the use of FRP in bridge construction.

De senaste åren har det funnits olika företag som har tillverkat avancerade mjukvaror inom byggbranschen. En del av mjukvaror är avsedd att skapa 2D ritningar och 3D modeller. Med hjälp av dessa verktyg har ingenjörer och arkitekter snabbt och enkelt skapat ritningar och modeller för projektering av konstruktioner. Utvecklingen inom detta område kallas BIM. Byggnadsinformationsmodellering, BIM, stödjer design av en byggnad genom alla faser och möjliggör bättre konstruktions-, tillverknings- och inköpsaktiviteter.

Andra mjukvaror är tilltänkt att förutse hur en struktur reagerar på verkliga laster, vibrationer, värme och andra fysiska effekter. För detta används finita elementmetod, där kommer strukturen analyseras i element för ett noggrannare resultat. En utveckling inom detta område har också skett. Företaget Strusoft AB utvecklar FE-verktyg för analys av struktur. Den senaste nyheten är modul för beräkning av samverkan mellan struktur, grundläggning och undergrunden i form av jord. Modulen kallas 3D-Soil och används enligt Strusoft för modellering och analys av geokonstruktioner.

I denna rapport redovisas modellering av en struktur och underliggande jord med finit elementanalysprogrammet, FEM-Design som är försett med den nya modulen 3D-Soil för geotekniska beräkningar.

Målet är att jämföra resultat för moment utifrån samverkanskrafter mellan jord och struktur i FEM-Design med ett annat FEM-program, Lusas. Till skillnad från FEM-Design appliceras jord- och vattentryck som utbredd last i Lusas.

Resultaten visar att det finns signifikanta skillnader mellan resultaten från analysprogrammen och det finns begränsningar i modelleringsverktyget som behöver utvecklas vidare.

In Sweden, 2010, approximately 907 million cubic meters of drinking water was withdrawn from municipalities. All of this water must be transported, which is done through water pipes. To dimension these it requires that we know how much water that is to be distributed and it varies among others depending on the time of the day, week and year that the withdrawals occur. In today’s approach of designing new water pipes, amongst other ways, we use typical examples of consumption variations during the day of a similar area. In addition, arbitrary and experiential values of ‘ratio of peak hour to average day’ and ‘ratio of peak hour to average hour’ are used.

Unfortunately today’s way of dimensioning water pipes has not been ensured due to inadequate detailed data on consumption quantity. The main purpose of this study is to confirm or refute today’s way of dimensioning water pipes.

To verify this we have with detailed data from Norrvatten been able to see consumption quantity on an hourly basis which helps us assess today’s dimensioning process. By measuring the flow into 13 municipalities and then comparing them against each other regarding population size, distribution over categories of users and more, we have been able to get different dimensioning factors.

In this report we can conclude that there is a need to update the factors regarding ‘ratio of peak hour to average day’ and ‘ratio of peak hour to average hour’. In order to further study the dimensioning factors, a system must be developed that can measure the precise consumer flow for different consumer categories on a more detailed level.

Climate impact is a dominant issue in today's society and the construction sector is considered to be one of the industries causing most carbon dioxide emissions. According to the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning, the construction and real estate sector accounted for 21% of Sweden's total greenhouse gases in 2018 and this corresponded to 11,8 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents.The choice of material plays a significant role in reducing the climate impact and creating sustainable development. In this study two different exterior wall materials are compared from an economic and environmental perspective. The materials that should be compared is a sandwich wall, which is made of green concrete, and a cross laminated timber, CLT wall. The purpose of the study is to find out which of the materials is most advantageous for exterior walls with regard to the environment and economy.

False curves are a common problem for older roads in Sweden in particular. A curve must beadapted to the skewness, speed, and radius to meet safety and requirements from the SwedishTransport Administration. Road 951 is one of Sweden's most dangerous roads, which according toSVT has several error-prone curves. The curving of the curves is not adapted to speed and radius,they are too narrow and often have poor visibility, which likely can lead to accidents.The purpose of the study is to study skew in different types of curves based on factors such asvelocity, radius, and cross slope. By proper assessment of skew and calculations, a suitable skewshall be proposed from the survey.The method is based on gathered information about skew and what requirements apply especially inSweden, but even in Norway and Denmark. This is done through a literature study and interviewswith road experts. Furthermore, data is collected from route 951 through PMSV3, Strada, field visitsand test runs. Data is analysed and used to build a system that can be used to investigate andcalculate other roads in Stockholm.If these roads were to be built today, they would have another skew that could reduce the risk ofaccidents. With that fact, it can be determined that the 3 curves on route 951 are wrongly dosednow and not safe according to VGU. Based on the results, recommendations are given to allow abank of 7%, increase the minimum bank to -1.5%, introduce north and South bank and carry outNordic co-operation.

The report begins with a brief description of some of the most common measures for energy savings in buildings with recess in the solar collectors and photovoltaic panels which lays a solid foundation for our study. Next comes the main part of the study consisting of detailed descriptions of three of the top streamlined Swedish buildings.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate some of the energy efficiency improvements done on the OKQ8’s gasoline station in Häggvik with a calculate part. Part of the task is to calculate how many photovoltaic cell panels should be installed in order to cover the whole buildings energy need. After that have we calculated the payback time and profitability of some of the installations at the petrol station. We have also studied other energy optimized buildings and compared their specific energy need with that of OKQ8.

Det här examensarbetet behandlar stambyten som passerar skyddsrum.Skyddsrum användas som skyddsutrymme för människor vid behov under nödsituationer. Deflesta skyddsrummen byggdes under 1951-1974 och de är i behov av underhåll ochrenovering.På grund av strikta lagar blir alla renoveringar som berör skyddsrum väldigt kostsamma förfastighetsägare.Studien undersöker fyra typfall av renoveringar och reder ut lagar. Förhoppningsvis blir deanvändbart för fastighetsägare för att förstå kostnaderna kring stambyten som berörskyddsrum.

Foundations are the cornerstone for construction projects from small houses to skyscrapers. This thesis is an interpretation to illuminate several issues that can limit the alternatives of foundation methods which can be used in small houses. This study aims to focus on slab foundation, suspended foundation and plinth-course foundation. There are many parameters which can govern the choice of foundation method, but we are going to focus on moisture damage, energy efficiency, ground frosting, budget, time and geotechnical survey. By interviewing with engineers working on several projects at Implenia, Skanska, Bygglovsverket and Bjerking we are going to conclude how those parameters can govern the choice among those foundation methods. Eventually finding a sustainable solution. Our result shows that applying those factors mentioned earlier have a gigantic impact on the foundations and effect of economy or human health, in conclusion those factors can govern the type of foundation method that should be used in small houses.

The construction industry is slowly approaching the middle of this century, but not enoughattention is being given to safety work. There are still far too many people who are injured attheir workplaces both in Sweden and abroad. At the same time, there is constantdevelopment in the technological world, and it becomes easier over time for many to be ableto live more comfortable lives.The purpose of this study is to report how new technology, in this case virtual reality, can beused as an alternative teaching method in security work. The report intends to explainprimarily how a saving on health can take place through the application of virtual reality insafety education.This study has relied on two methods. A literature study, which reports where safety work islacking today, what type of work accidents occur and how this technology can prevent them.As well as an interview study, which reports the construction industry's attitude to theapplication of new technology in the industry, as well as its potential in the prevention offuture work accidents.Virtual reality has a great potential to be used in safety training today, to be able to teachworkers about safety risks in a workplace. This is made possible through a realistic andinteractive 3D environment, which can imitate real workplaces and can recreate differentscenarios. Virtual reality thus becomes an effective teaching method, as it offers safetytraining that is risk-free. This means that an individual can practice their skills withoutworrying about making mistakes. By stimulating the different human senses such as touch,hearing and sight in a risk-free and interactive teaching environment, virtual reality is givenan opportunity as a technology to shine in safety training.Virtual reality has several uses in safety training, and its potential is enormous. However,there is a lack of a fair attitude towards this type of technology, which is based on ignoranceof the technology's potential but also that the technology lacks diverse innovation. However,there is no doubt that this technology will be part of future security training.

New methods for project designing in the building construction industry have been developed by introducing modern and powerful BIM tools. Several of today’s constructions are designed according to three-dimensional principles.Tekla Structures is a powerful BIM tool that is capable of managing both house and infrastructure constructions. Despite this, the program cannot handle bridges with a horizontal and vertical curvature efficiently. The designers must instead rely on several other applications to manage complex bridge constructions.In order to use the advantages of Tekla Structures, the software needs to be evolved or complimented by other third party softwares. This project aims to integrate new working technics and introduce a method based on parametric design in Tekla Structures. Such form of modeling enables the modification of parameters to a desired model for the user.A script is created through a visual programming extension that generates a parametric based bridge models. The bridge type in this project was designed, is an integral bridge.The project has proved that parametric based design is more effectively and a solution to manage bridges with horizontal and vertical curvature.

New, more efficient and complicated ventilation systems have led to higher demands onworking methods throughout the construction process, from design to management. Smartersystems together with an industry in an ongoing digitization phase require a workforce that canabsorb new technology and use it in the best way. Meanwhile stricter requirements for energyconsumption have been introduced and the importance of ventilation has rapidly increased froman energy point of view, which along with heating systems is what consumes the most energyin a property. Hence, focus have been shifting away from air quality and its impact on humanhealth.This study aims to identify how deficiencies arise in the installation work which in turn affectsair quality. Thereby, this study seeks to find out how these shortcomings can be remedied andimproved to achieve a better indoor air quality. Focus will be on finding possible changes withinthe industry and its way of working in order to enable improvements, however without the needto implement new or improved technical systems. Where do the shortcomings occur and howcan they be prevented?Something that is recurring throughout the literature study and the conducted interviews is thelack of control in air quality during both production and management of properties. There is norequirement to measure and control any air pollutants that may enter the property.Today, there are no clear approaches for how companies can work with controls in an efficientway that benefits both the work performed and the end product. A certain increase in knowledgeis also required for everyone in the industry to increase awareness of good air quality and whathealth effects a poorer climate can entail.

Stockholm City is currently well composed in the aspect of commercial and public service. A consequence to this is a desolated City during the late night. A requirement to accomplish a more living inner city is a satisfying combination of functions whereas people are in motion between the home, work and other social activities. The main function missing today in City is habitats. A problem with supplying more accommodations in City is however the limited asset of ground area due to exploitation.

In this thesis research is made whether it is possible to transform City into a mixed-function and thereby urban living area. With reference to the limited asset of ground area aswell as the opportunity to preserve the existing qualities that occupy these areas, a research is conducted for the purpose of more residential buildings with the method of expansion of existing buildings.

The result of this thesis is a proposition for residential buildings on roof tops in City and the requirements for such project are being analyzed. The additional building is added to a specific building and by its shaping reflects a good residential environment and a design appropriate to the surrounding built-up area. The proposal consists of a rooftop landscape with eight pairs of houses. To insert accommodations throughout expansion of existing buildings generally is applicable in City and therefore an adequate solution to the problem considering the problems in the area.

The literature and research is limited in the subject costumer value in partnering projects. This contributed to the interest to perform an empirical study on the topic. It has not been shown to be appropriate to implement this on a specific issue or problem, when the available information deals with the theory and applications of partnering, not customer value.

Given the above problem this papers purpose is to describe how the various contractors and clients, associated with partnering activities in Sweden, experiencing the work and factors that maximize customer value in a partnering project.

A qualitative method where six people were interviewed, related to partnering activities in Sweden. The interviews are semi-structured and adapted to each interviewee.

The most important conclusions that answer the purpose are:

 Understand the customers business

 Choose a form of compensation based on founded trust and project type

 All parties combined knowledge provides the right conditions for the customer to make the right decision

 Lack of common well-developed digital tools

 Make decisions at the right time

 Reference Surfaces and own final checks instead third party inspector

The construction industry in Sweden today are facing a major challenge in building society and following the pace of population growth. Rising material prices are today a fact, and at the same time there is a lack of capacity at the Swedish suppliers as they are bound up in supplier agreements for the coming years. The largest construction companies in Sweden have been working strategically with international suppliers for a long time to increase their margins and to secure their material needs.

BTH Bygg AB is today a company that builds, renovates and maintains real estate in Stockholm. The company has expanded in recent years and is committed to strong growth by 2020. Work on international purchasing has previously been limited to BTH Bygg, but this type of purchase is today seen as a necessity to continued growth and to be competitive in that part of Sweden where most is built.

The purpose of this study is to analyze BTH Bygg's existing purchasing process to further develop and propose improvements with international procurement as a starting point.

The study has been conducted with the help of interviews to get a complete picture of the issues of international purchasing. BTH Bygg AB has a strong organization with a lot of experience related to the subject area, and focus has been on compiling these in order to come up with suggestions and ideas on how to handle international purchases. Recommendations are focused on areas related to supplier assessment, communication, logistics and product selection.

Apartment buildings built between the years 1961-1975, also known as ”miljonprogrammet”, are in need of extensive renovations. The need for renovations stems from wear and tear, but it is also due to a lack of maintenance work. The renovations costs for these areas are often enormous. In addition to wear and tear, the need for renovations are due to the technical condition of the house, but also because of stricter governmental requirements, high energy consumption, social factors, higher demands and a need for modern apartments. The government has been clear with its intentions not to contribute financially to the renovations and improvements of miljonprogrammet. This means that decision makers in real estate companies will soon have to make a verdict concerning the need for renovations and make concrete decision on how the apartments are to be renovated. There are good opportunities for renovations of miljonprogrammet, but the opportunities are often limited by the property owners’ and the tenants’ economic capabilities, and building- and governmental requirements.

This study will highlight what needs, opportunities, and limitations are put on owners and managers of properties when it comes to renovations of miljonprogrammet.

Questions:

• What controls the owner’s decision concerning possible renovations?
• What controls the owner’s decision concerning extent of possible renovations?
• What is the owner’s view on the different forms of contracts between owner and entrepreneur concerning procurement of renovations contracts?

Open interviews with property owners have shown that property owners’ decisions concerning a possible renovation of miljonprogrammet are largely controlled by the properties technical condition. Prerequisites for renovation vary depending on property area and property market. This has significance in terms of opportunities for financing the need for renovation through raise in rent. Concerning the extent of renovations, the property owners want a reasonable economic cost with profit and returns in five to ten years. This is limited by governmental requirements, rules, and decisions that in certain cases can lead to the property owner being forced to reduce measures, demolish houses, sell the houses, or not put in an effort at all.

It seems normal for property owners to choose a form of contract with regards to the resources and knowledge found in the company. When choosing a form of contract, the property owners prefer to contract out the totality of the renovations when it concerns larger properties because there are many unforeseen moments in a renovation contract. The property owners also want to split up the renovations in several stages to promote continued cooperation with entrepreneurs and to force the entrepreneurs to do their best to go on to later stages of the renovations. The forms of compensation considered to be most suitable are either fixed price or fixed price with incentive. It is considered important to incentivize or give a carrot to the entrepreneur for committed work. The choice of entrepreneur is controlled by several factors because of the complexity of renovating a property.

Requirements put on entrepreneur:

• Committed organization
• Competent organization
• References of similar projects
• Economic strength
• Experience of work with tenants

To safely and effectively carry through within the construction industry, planning plays an important part. Work preparation is one form of planning. When using the model of work preparations, one analyzes the specific work preparation with the intent and goal to carry through the labor within the beforehand estimated time, budget and quality, while still maintaining satisfying work environment.The aim of this paper is to, from a perspective of work environment, map out how NCC: s work preparations function today. The goal is to provide suggestions for improvement. This can be done by performing interviews and surveys on the NCC employees.The results indicate that the staff of NCC see work preparation as a helping aid in improving work environment. However, there are also shortcomings in the way work preparations are done at NCC, and these could be improved. We therefore recommend NCC to make improvements in the planning, realization and the follow-up phase when setting up a work preparation. Our suggestions for improvement can be found under “recommendations”.

This degree project has been carried out in collaboration with the National Property Board of Sweden. The National Museum is currently undergoing renovation where the goal is to restore the building to its original glory. A new ventilation system is to be installed to facilitate a stable indoor climate for the conservation of museum artifacts. The building has been declared a historical monument which imposes limitations on permissible alterations to its architecture and construction. The degree project examines how to combine these limitations with the demands made on the ventilation system by answering the following question, "How can modern installations be integrated within a historical monument, without affecting the historical value?" To exemplify the complexity of this problem, a section of the building has been chosen and studied in more detail. A principle solution is then presented where the installations are integrated with the surrounding structures.

The air supply to the exhibition halls on the fourth floor constitutes one of the more complex problems in the building. The installations that service these halls are to be contained within the floor structure above. It is this floor structure that has been studied in more detail. The museum climate and its effects on the artifacts, building construction and installations are studied in depth. Currently the museum environment is a heated topic of discussion where prescribed guidelines are challenged and an international standard is sought. The desired indoor climate determines the scope of the ventilation system. Therefore this report concludes a discussion on the climate requirements presented by the National Museum and how these can be accommodated.

Our conclusion is that a sustainable integration of architecture and installations can be achieved when the solution is based on the limitations of the building as opposed to the demands of the occupants.

This report investigates the possibilities of using residual products as sound insulation in apartment

separating timber floors with a span of 6 m. One step towards meeting the Swedish construction

industry's zero vision for carbon dioxide emissions is to build more using timber and to reuse/recycle

residual products. The Swedish building contractor Skanska has at its quarries a surplus of material in

the form of crushed rock of the 0 - 0.2 mm fraction and crushed residual concrete. In this report, a

prototype of a timber floor has been produced with influences of construction technology from the

turn of the 19

th century regarding the use of heavy filling as sound insulation in timber floors.

The developed floor prototype complies with the requirements set in BBR after dimensioning

according the Eurocodes regarding fire safety, strength, sagging and deflection. According to a

simulation in SEAWood, a tool for acoustic simulation which is under development at RISE Research

Institutes of Sweden the requirements for sound insulation are also met, which is supported by

analyzes made by comparing with data on similar timber floors. The high mass of the filling material

implies that the prototype is a low frequency floor, this in conjunction with the simulation only being

an indication of sound insulation properties, it will require practical tests to determine the prototypes

sound insulating and dynamic properties.

The developed floor prototype is suitable for prefabrication thanks to a design with few components.

Prefabrication of the floor has in addition to the economic benefits it brings great benefits from a

working environment perspective and is also beneficial from a moisture point of view.

To estimate the environmental impact of the timber flooring, a simple comparison was made with a

prefabricated concrete floor which showed that carbon dioxide emissions up to the using phase were

more than twice that of the concrete floor than for the prototype floor.

In society today, the focus is on sustainability, which places high demands on the designer when designing the structural frame for apartment buildings. A large part of the CO2 emissions in the construction process can be traced to the choice of material, where the combustion of lime in the cement industry and the production of steel from iron ore are among the main factors for the emissions.

This report intends to provide answers to the differences and similarities between two frame systems with different floors slabs; a version in cross-laminated wood, hereinafter referred to as KL-trä (CLTwood), and a version in hollow core slabs. The two objects have been given identical conditions, with a reservation for flooring material, with a steel frame with varying cross-sectional profiles.

Data for CO2 equivalents and price of each frame material have been examined and compiled in tabular form where the two buildings are evaluated and results are discussed in the analysis part. The result provides an answer as to which element performs best for an office building with two floors with regard to cost and CO2 equivalents for individual profiles compiled for the two buildings.

Dimensioning of beams has been carried out with regard to bending moment capacity, columns with respect to buckling of concentric pressure force and flat bending buckling with elements of wind load and normal force against columns. Tekla Structures has been used to visualize the frame and FEM-Design20 has been used to verify load counts.

The financial part of the report refers to costs of the two buildings, which are reported in tabular form with cost per steel and floor profile. The lump sum for each case has been compiled and in the discussion section of this report explanations and conclusions are given to the financial part.

There are currently several software programs on the market that are used to calculate plumbingmaterials and the three most widely used software utilise the same methodology. Measured pipelengths are imported from building-documents and depending on the laying and joint methods, apercentage of the costs are added to the software. The calculated percentage must cover all theconnections and pipe fittings needed to carry out the installation. The industry relies on thecalculation method to function properly, but the method used in these types of software havebeen criticised for being outdated, resulting in calculated costs being significantly higher thanactual costs.The purpose of this report is to scrutinise the calculation methodology applied and assess if thesoftware produces accurate costs estimations. Furthermore, an analysis is made on how theestimations are affected by different types of material and joint methods.By comparing material calculations performed in calculation software with calculationsperformed by manual quantity collection, the results show deviations where the calculationprograms report higher as well as lower costs than the corresponding calculations performed bymanual quantity collection. In some cases, the difference is as high as 50 percent.

This is a study on the climate impacts associated with the construction of railway bridges in order to develop key performance indicators such as operation, material and amounts to effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The basis of the study has been work in Trafikverkets tool klimatkalkyl 2.0. It has been reviewed on the basis of ease of use and accuracy of input data and emission conversion factors. That’s because we wanted to see the difference between the model and a unique project. What was different and why?

This study has concluded that without some care and work in klimatkalkyl 2.0 is a risk of incorrect results. In addition the study demonstrated questionable defaults for significant items. In addition to these results the study found that the most significant parts of the unique projects emissions is reducing the amount of steel and concrete and to find suppliers who can demonstrate low emission factors. With relatively simple measures could the unique projects total carbon emissions be reduced by almost 20%

Sverige har länge använt beläggningsytor av asfalt på grund av dess flexibla

egenskaper som är lämpliga för det svenska klimatet. Historiskt sett har Sverige

haft låg trafikmängd vilket inte gett utrymme för utvecklingen av betong som

beläggning i vägar.

Trafikmängden har sedan ett par år tillbaka ökat markant och det kan därför hända

att det kommer att byggas betongvägar i huvudleder. Emellertid är erfarenheten i

Sverige så pass låg att utveckling av nuvarande metoder fordras. USA har länge

brukat betongvägar i stor skala och har betydligt större mängd betongvägar i

motsats till Sverige, som har mindre än 1 %. Den ökade trafikmängden speglas

även på flygplatser.

I den här studien jämförs den svenska dimensioneringsmetoden för

betongbeläggning på flygfält (Strand, 2016) med den amerikanska

dimensioneringsmetoden i syfte att optimera den svenska metoden.

Den svenska dimensioneringsmetoden (Strand, 2016) som denna studie behandlar

är förenklad och baserad på gamla teorier. Metoden framställs genom äldre

litteraturstudier men kombineras även med aktuell litteratur. Den amerikanska

metoden används genom dess egna datorprogram kallad FAARFIELD där alla

beräkningar görs med hänsyn till dess normer och krav.

Dimensioneringen sker för lasten från Airbus A380 med 365 avgångar per år

enligt Swedavias förväntningar. Oarmerade betongplattor med 350 till 450 mm

tjocklek med betongkvaliteten C35/45 klarar inte av utmattningskriteriet. Däremot

klarar likadana plattor med betongkvalitén C60/75 utmattningskraven och

fungerar utmärkt som beläggning på uppställningsplatser och rullbana. Vid

dimensionering enligt den amerikanska metoden visar resultaten att plattorna blir

både tjockare och tunnare än den svenska metoden beroende på vilken

betongkvalite som används.

Den svenska metoden förutsätter en del förenklingar vid dimensionering av

betongbeläggningar och därför blir inte beräkningen helt korrekt. Resultaten som

denna studie visar är därför preliminära. Optimering av den svenska

beräkningsgången är ett steg i rätt riktning men det praktiska utförandet av arbetet

och erfarenheten av detta är något som måste byggas ut för en fulländad och

fungerande metod i praktiken.

This study focuses on carbonation of underground concrete pipes and its results. Carbonation is a natural process in which concrete absorbs carbon dioxide from the air and reacts with calcium hydroxide to form calcium carbonate. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors influencing the carbonation process and to calculate the total CO2 of underground concrete pipes.

The method for theoretical understanding and analysis of carbonation equations is to study academic papers and reports such as Google Scholar and DiVa. The main formulas were derived with the help of Heidelberg Materials and KTH. The construction and specifications of concrete pipes were examined and numerical solutions were used to calculate the CO2 uptake of pipes both above and below the groundwater level.

To gain a deeper understanding of concrete carbonation, it is important to understand the various factors that affect its performance, such as environmental conditions and concrete structure. By calculating the total amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by a concrete pipe over its lifetime, the climate impact can be estimated. 

The results show the carbonation of 500 mm and 800 mm diameter concrete pipes both below and above the groundwater level. Carbonation decreases as the water level rises in the pipe, and is lower in pipes below the groundwater level. For 500 mm pipes under water, the uptake varies between 6,4 and 5,6 kg per meter pipe depending on the water level, and for pipes above water, it varies between 7,3 and 6,5 kg per meter pipe. For 800 mm pipes under water, the uptake varies between 10,2 and 8,9 kg per meter pipe, and above water, between 11,7 and 10,4 kg per meter pipe. The carbonation of these pipes is generally lower than corresponding one of concrete block pavers and flags due to the reduced contact with air and the inhibitory effect of water covering the concrete surface.

As the construction industry shifts to digital information modeling of its projects, the need to coordinate and improve the efficiency of the management of this information increases. A common language in the form of an industry-wide classification system could lead to billions in savings annually. In the calculation, it is important that the correct information management is included in order to provide the most accurate calculation possible.

The aim of this study is to examine how the three different systems, BSAB 83, BSAB 96 and CoClass, differ and stand in contrast to each other to highlight and demonstrate such differences. The purpose of the study is that it should be used as a basis for how ÅF can create classified calculations with CoClass.

To achieve the aim of the report and answer the research questions, the examination consisted of literature studies, interviews, a comparative study and a case study. These methods contributed to the following result: ÅF could effectively transfer to the CoClass system. When comparing the systems, it has been shown that CoClass is a more extensive and comprehensive system structured in a different way as opposed to the previous classification systems.

Based on the results of the study, a calculation structure according to CoClass can be implemented in ÅF's current working methods, where ready-made recipe for building components can still be used. The recommendation is to consider the component table as equivalent to the production result in the calculation work with CoClass structure in the MAP. In the long run, this would have been an efficient strategy, both economically and primarily less time-consuming.

One of Sweden´s most trafficated railway section stretches between Stockholm Central to the Stockholm South Station. Getingmidjan is the name of the renovation work that is taking place in the central part of Stockholm. The Swedish Transport Administration acts as a client and needs to ensure the long-term durability of the Söderströms Bridge (part of Getingmidjan project). To do so they initiated a sub-project to handle the sea transport of the steel bridge that will replace the old Söderströms bridge. This thesis puts its focus on the maritime transport. The sub-project is responsible for shipping logistics of the three bridge sections between Tallinn to Riddarfjärden. This report aims to identify and visualize potential routes by mapping the cargo transportation in lake Mälaren, Stockholm. The transfer will firstly pass by Västerås before it arrives in Riddarfjärden. The writers look into alternative ports to Västerås – where the two bridge sections SS1 and SS2 are welded together. The shipping configuration consists of; pusher, tugboat, barge and bridge. Where the analyze will consider; width, length, depth below and height above the water surface in the mapping process. Results from the study has shown that the quay length is the bottleneck and delimits the possibility for bridge section SS1 and SS2 to be welded together. There are two ports that satisfy the requirements, the port of Köping and Västerås. This empirical study intends to find a visualization tool that improves communication and can be implemented at the Swedish Transport Administration. The research uses observations, interviews and a questionnaire survey for applicants at the coordination meeting. Our findings suggest that the initiation phase in general was problematic, furthermore there are some difficulties in having an open discussion between partners. It was clear that leadership played a key role for the team in these situations. The results from the survey indicates that there is substantial room for improvements. In general participant at the meeting mainly listens to their own agendas and not to others. This may cause misunderstandings and irritation in the group. All the group members also found that a weekly meeting was enough. Empirical data supports that the protocol of the meeting need to be modernized. Both small and large-scale project uses same project management tools regardless of the size of the project. An analysis was therefore made in accordance to these aspects to find an appropriate lean solution. It turned out that the visual planning was a great tool to use in the coordination meetings. The writers came to the conclusion that the Swedish Transport Administration should take a further look at Kanban and Peab´s project management model to modernize their team leading. This report is not intended to produce waterproof solutions. This piece of work will provide materials and useful information for communication and sea transportation. The writers decided to look over a future possibility for shipping. Underås, Enhörna was found to be ideal for transports through Södertälje. It is centrally located in Mälaren and may result in lead time reduction for large configurations. Furthermore, the interview will present how third parties may be affected by the project, especially public transportation, shipping and roads nearby. As well as risks that have occurred and may occur in the construction, sea transportation and lastly in the planned traffic shutdown.

Production of new construction projects is a complicated and extensive process. Project managers, supervisors, professionals, materials, deliveries and finances must be coordinated and jointly create an end product that meets the customer's requirements for finances, quality and especially time. The timeplan is a management tool that plays a leading role in the project. It communicates what, when and how activities are to be performed. With the help of the timeplan, the project's performance and finances are reconciled, purchases and deliveries are also coordinated with the timeplan as a basis. The production, follow-up and control of the timeplan are important elements that convey how the project is to be implemented. A well-executed timeplan gives the production phase the conditions to meet the project's requirements and goals. The purpose of the report is to investigate which methods are used in the development, follow-up and management of the timeplan. In addition, the report must identify differences in the timeplans of residence and office projects. Another aspect that is investigated is how the timeplan affects the individual's work environment. The aim of this work is to draw attention to the methods and routines, with the intention that Veidekke and others in the industry will have the opportunity for development and improvement in time planning work for future projects. Also identify areas for improvement that should be implemented in various projects to promote better sustainability development. Finally, the result should prevent the possible problems that the timeplan entails in production. Which means methods and tools that facilitate the production of timeplans, measures in the event of deviations and production control. In the end, the report must contribute to the elements that affect the finances being managed and clarified, and that the project's end times are kept. The implementation approach of the work is mainly qualitative interviews with various employees at Veidekke, and a quantitative survey was also conducted to examine how the timeplan affects the work environment. The production process of the timeplan is divided into seven steps, where different timeplans are created and used in specific situations. For the identification and time determination of activities, the planner's experience is essential. The fact that planners share experiences with each other contributes to better timeplans in the future. Commitment and involvement are important aspects that facilitate everyday work and create a healthy project. Keywords: Timeplanning, main time schedule, production time schedule, management, follow-up. 

The report aims to investigate possible moisture problems that may arise when an olderdetached house replaces the traditional heating source. The oil boiler was the main heatingsource used in detached houses until the 1970s. Other methods of heating later began to beconsidered due to the increase in the price of oil as a result of the so-called oil crisis. Manyolder detached houses have undergone these renovations where the heating source has beenchanged and positive and negative effects have occurred.Through interviews with moisture experts and literature studies, an investigation is carried outwith the aim of finding solutions that can be applied to prevent moisture damage in buildingsthat have undergone these renovations. Furthermore, illustrations are created in the result thatdemonstrate problems and measures respectively in relation to this moisture investigation.The question to be answered:What possible moisture problems/damages can occur in older small houses when the buildingtransitions from a heat source in the form of combustion to another type of heat source?

The ame of this examination thesis is to evaluate the operation system at the company Projektgaranti AB and find different approaches and solutions on how to streamline the construction process. The purpose of evaluating the operational system is to get an understanding of Projektgaranti ABs way to work and investigate the use of the system.To carry out this study, we determined three different methods of evaluation that must be done in order to get a broad perspective at the opportunities that the system has to develop. This took the form of sample survey based on five selected projects from the company server. After that a questionnaire was sent out to all employees of the company in Stockholm and Gothenburg. Based on the answers we received we selected two employees from each office to be interviewed.The evaluation result shows the employees' opinions about the system, various improvement and development.To make the construction process more efficient is based on various research techniques. The one which we found to be most profitable for the company's development was the Lean Production, which includes showing different types of waste that can be avoided, how to create value and better planning. If you do it visually and include teamwork and commitment it will lead to a more efficient construction.

This report is a compilation of the planning of a 5-storey residential building. The building in question has been designed to be built entirely in a wooden frame mainly consisting of a modular building system. Modules also referred to as prefabricated volume elements are room units that have been constructed through industrial means. These room units can be developed enough to be delivered with complete facades or even fixtures. Since the planning of the residential building has been made based on a modular building system, adaptations to the project has had to been made as to accommodate necessary requirements. A practical example of this is how the apartment plan has been affected based on laws concerning the maximum amount of allowed width/height during transportation on public roads. These laws control the size of how big volume elements can become and as a result the apartment layout.

The report consists of a study into the area of industrial wood construction, but foremost it treats the practical challenges and possibilities that have surfaced as a consequence of planning residential housing based on a modular basis.

The housing shortage has been a current problem for many years and several counties in Sweden have reported a lack of housing each year. Between the years 1961 and 1975 about 1.4 million homes were built in order to meet the housing shortage, it was later named the “Million programme”. The purpose of this thesis is to study the qualities of the million program and develop proposals for improvement based on a necessity analysis of areas where densification is needed in sparsely built areas.The million programme had received quick criticism about the large-scale concrete buildings. Today the million program areas have a bad reputation and suffer from exclusion from the rest of the society, weak socio-economic conditions and segregation gaps between different people.Sustainability development is considered in the thesis in order to propose suggestions for improvements. Sustainability development is studied from a social, economic and ecological perspective. Social and ecological aspects are similar in some ways, whichconsider people's well-being, feeling of security and improving quality of life, but also environmental issues. Economic aspect imply that homes can be built with reasonable costs. The result of the thesis is based on the survey, interviews and previous studies that were shaped from the necessity analysis. Recommendations were developed from the necessity analysis.Due to densification, certain problems arise, such as the need for parking, which should be handled with smart solutions. In order to solve the shortage of housing, the construction production needs to increase and the process needs to be streamlined.Our recommendation is designing buildings in varying styles with different functionsin addition to taking greenery into account, which results in better environments for human well-being.

Nuförtiden står byggbranschen framför en stor utmaning att minska utsläpp och uppfylla FN:s mål för hållbarhetsutveckling. År 2018 producerade branschen cirka 11,8 miljoner ton koldioxidekvivalenter, vilket motsvarar 21% av Sveriges totala utsläpp av växthusgaser. En stor andel av denna mängd kommer i och med uppvärmning av bostäder. Därför är det viktigt att energieffektivisera byggnader.Minskning av energiförbrukning prövades genom att tilläggsisolera ytterväggar och vindsbjälklaget och byta eller renovera fönster. Minimering av köldbryggors effekt prövades genom att använda två ersättande isoleringsmaterial som är aerogel och vakuumisoleringspaneler som har höga värmeisoleringsförmågan. Beräkningen av respektive köldbryggans värden utförs med hjälp av programvaran COMSOL. Sedan matas resultaten från COMSOL in i IDA-ICE för att beräkna husets totala energiförbrukning både före och efter förbättrings åtgärdsförslagen.Resultatet visade att de största köldbryggorna uppkomer i fönsteranslutningen och köldbryggor andel utgör 17% av total transmissionsförluster i huset innan effektiviseringsåtgärder. Det visade också att energibesparing kan bli cirka 32,7 kwh/m^2 genom att utföra ovanstående förbättringsåtgärder..

There is a housing shortage in Stockholm and the most vulnerable group are young people who are tryingto establish themselves on the housing market. The lack of housing opportunities is forcing students towait for many years before they get a chance to rent a home and thus contributes to withdrawal fromstudies. The establishment of new student-housing is growing but there is still much progress to bemade until the needs are fully satisfied. At the same time office spaces are left vacant with no tenantswaiting to move in. Stockholm is growing at an increasingly high pace and establishing new housing is aninescapable truth. Furthermore, tearing down existing buildings can cause a strain on the environmentwhereas preserving existing buildings can contribute with cultural value and befriend sustainability.Although the intended use of a building isn’t always suitable for its layout. In this instance, changing thepurpose can contribute to the preservation of a building and at the same time fulfil the needs originatingfrom the shortage of housing.This degree project within the Bachelor programme in Construction Engineering at the Royal Institute ofTechnology in Stockholm, has been performed at Ahlsénarkitekterna during 10 weeks. This thesis treatsthe subject of the adaptive reuse of existing office buildings into student housing.

The biggest challenge construction companies are facing at the moment is reducing the unnecessary costs and labor as well as to streamline the work. This is a matter and an investigation that has been done multiple times in recent years because this is a major problem in most construction companies. This report is commissioned by Peab for the purpose of identifying wastes and critical disorders, then drafting action proposals to reduce waste of time and costs.

Four different, completed construction projects have been investigated, commissioned by Peab, and are located in Stockholm. These projects include the reconstruction of a roadway intersection and new construction of pedestrian and cycle tracks. These four projects vary in scale, giving a more varied result compared to four very similar projects

The gathering of information for this work has mostly included

lean construction with the various waste in the work industry, as well as the different principles and methods of lean construction, such as Just-In-Time. Other studies on the construction process have also been made, more specifically the production phase, the planning of the work. The difference between value creation time and non-value creation time has been dealt with, as well as risk management and how to conduct a risk analysis.

Interviews have also been conducted with the aim of identifying the most critical wastes and interferences.

The gathering of facts from the interviews has been reported in the results.

It emerged that the four most critical wastes were defects/rework, waiting, transportation and extra processing. In summary, action proposals using lean construction, interviews and the knowledge from this report have been developed to reduce these disturbances and wastages with help of for example Jidoka and PDCA to increase time and cost efficiency in the production process.

In short, the concept of waste and disturbance can be defined differently. Waste is an activity that does not contribute anything to the business, and a disturbance is a matter of disturbing the work.

The general mode of operation within the building and construction sector in the present days are classified as outdated with plenty of room for improvement. Fortunately, this has been picked up by more organizations and has enabled them to spot the future of the work procedures in digitalisation. This has now been put on the agenda of implementation within the organisations as it has proven to be more efficient not to mention profitable.

BIM (Building Information Modeling) is today frequently used within projection but the main question remains, the question on “how to implement BIM to the production”. The evolutionary curve within projection is exponentially increasing and at the same time, the vision of a more digital driven production process within the building sector is becoming more of a reality.

This report is mainly based on field studies in which the building sector often touches the underlying factors on the implementation of digital tools. The focus area lies within the production stage of which many studies show that there is in fact an existence of good knowledge of digitalisation and resources within the branch to apply it to the steamline in order to achieve increased efficiency. However, the process of advancement is being pulled back by the human factor in terms of the individual ́s limited knowledge of digitalisation, the willingness and fear of change and also the generation gap.

The Final result is based on fact collection, surveys, construction exhibitions and interviews with experienced workers in the targeted field. Study visit has been arranged to SWECO Civil AB and other companies with the similar qualifications. The advantages of implementing digital tools to the day- to-day work are considered to be many. Performing work tasks using for example an ipad will result in a simplified workday in the terms that one will be able to navigate and store required data much more efficiently than before. The process will become less time consuming and with the focus now directed to what is more important, it will result in an improvement of the overall quality. In the long term the aboves mentioned measure is equivalent to a more competitive and profitable organisation.

The premise of this thesis is a comparison study of which prefabricated bathroom modules are compared to on-site built bathrooms from an economic, time and quality standpoint. This work is done in collaboration with Gunnar Prefab AB where a survey is carried out based on 300 fictitious bathrooms.

The main objective of this work is to develop a cost estimate, a timeline and the quality aspects for each method. The purpose is to provide guidance when choosing what production method is the most optimal choice when producing bathrooms. The comparison is based on a self-made quantity list and the bathrooms are examined under arbitrary conditions in new production. The survey has also been limited to one contractor and one specific architectural plan.

The thesis starts off with a theoretical reference framework which is considered as the foundation of this report. In this chapter, an explanation is carried out on how the production of a bathroom is constructed for each method and the theory behind the production of a cost estimate. Lastly, an explanation is given on how the timeline and the quality aspects are developed throughout the project. The following subheading presents the approach of calculating direct and common costs and the implementation of the comparison in time and quality.

It proved difficulties to make a cost comparison based on a project as large as 300 bathrooms do to that literature in this subject showed different figures revolving the cost issue. The result of collected quotes and cost calculations gives a total of 17 533 544 kronor for the prefabricated bathroom modules and 18 290 691 kronor for the built on-site bathrooms. To compare the quality and its advantages, disadvantages and quality- and management systems were examined from a quality point of view. The results concluded that the quality of the prefabricated modules was slightly better due to the fact that they were manufactured under a controlled environment. The main difference between said construction methods was the construction time. For the prefabricated bathrooms it took 34 weeks to produce and for the built on-site bathroom it took 102 weeks.

The conclusion of this thesis is that the prefabricated bathroom could be the cheaper option only if the project would be of a larger scale and could be a better choice from a time-saving perspective. One recommendation when selecting this method is that the contractor needs to be involved from an early stage in order to reduce construction time and lower the costs. For projects with several different type of bathrooms where they have different layouts, it is recommended to combine the prefabricated method with the built on-site, as modules can’t be implemented for plans with smaller WC.

Due to the high pressure on the market, it can be difficult to obtain materials and labour, which can lead to consequences for the end result. In projects where time and cost is of essence, the prefabricated modules may be preferable when produced in a factory that runs by the assembly line principle.

Steel halls are exposed to tough and varying temperatures during one day as well as over theyear, which can give rise to movements in the individual material or between differentbuilding parts. This places demands on dimensioning and design of connection details andyet, there is no complete description in designing and prevention of thermal motions in steelstructures.Blixthuset Stålhallar AB manufactures and assembles steel halls and has previously notedaesthetic defects in facilities where the exterior wall has separated from the casted jointagainst the internal floor slab due to lateral movements. The solution was to attach the facadeelements to the floor slab by bolts. The company has requested an examination of themovements that have arisen between the outer wall and slab in a given project.The purpose of this work was to examine the factors that affect the separation that occurs dueto deformations and to contribute to more knowledge about temperature changes in steelstructures, and also to present the risk of faulty design in connections subjected to thermalmovements.The result shows that high surface temperatures can contribute to deflections leading toseparation between the floor and the sandwich panels. The conclusion of the study is that thec/c distance, the air temperature, the solar radiation's angle and the color of the panel are themost important factors to consider in determining a potential deflection in a facade element. 

In today's society, humans spend about 90 percent of their time indoors, in an artificial indoor climate. As people tend to be indoors more and more, it is important that the ventilation work as well and efficiently as possible, and that the indoor climate is pleasing for our well-being at the workplace. Previous studies show that almost half of Swedes are dissatisfied with the ventilation in their work environment (offices).

A good indoor climate in offices increases employee satisfaction, increases productivity, and reduces absenteeism. This causes the organization / company to save money in the end, as staff work more efficiently and have less sick leave.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the climate in office environment, focusing on thermal comfort and to see how ventilation systems affect the indoor climate. Furthermore, the relationships between these will be analyzed. The aim is to investigate how the comfort in the office affects human health, productivity and well-being. The goal is also to identify if there is insufficient ventilation to the offices that will be investigated and to eventually present possible improvements.

In this report a study of six offices on Brinellvägen 23 was carried out. In the study, a number of flow measurements are carried out for each office's supply and exhaust air, carbon dioxide measurements, temperature and the relative humidity for four hours in four of the offices, with open and closed doors. While in two of the offices, the measurements continued for a whole working day, 6-8h.

In addition to these measurements, surveys were distributed to the staff in the offices in order to share subjective opinions about the environment in the offices.

The results from the measurements and the survey showed that the overall climate was not satisfactory, and discomfort was experienced by the people working there. Only one office met the projected supply airflow, while the remaining offices neither met the projected flows nor BBR requirements for the amount of flow in office environments. The carbon dioxide levels in the offices with one person was acceptable, they did not pass the limit of 1000 ppm. However, the offices were projected for two persons and when two persons worked in the offices, the carbon dioxide levels exceeded about 1200 ppm. When the carbon dioxide level exceeds 1000 ppm, it is recommended that the ventilation be checked, as needed in this case.

This thesis examines the mechanical behavior and performance of plywood connections withmechanical connectors and adhesive bonding to glulam. The aim is to provide insights into thecapacity and characteristics of these connections for well-founded design decisions in timberstructures.Through a comprehensive literature review, the existing knowledge on plywood-glulamconnections and mechanical connectors is explored. Joint configurations, material properties,and testing methods are analyzed to establish a foundation for the experimental investigation.Experimental tests are conducted on plywood specimens connected with mechanical dowels atdifferent angles to the face grain. The net-tension capacity of birch plywood is evaluated byvarying specimen width. The results reveal a capacity plateau at specific widths, indicatingoptimal connection performance. However, further tests are needed to determine the precisecharacteristics of the plateau, especially for wider widths uncommon in practical applications.Analytical predictions are also employed to estimate connection performance. A spreading angleof 11 degrees yields the closest match to experimental results, showcasing the effectiveness ofthe analytical approach. However, deviations are observed, attributed to factors like local fiberdeviations and potential human error. Further investigations are recommended to enhance thereliability of the analytical model.The thesis also investigates the connection between plywood and glulam via adhesive, tests atdifferent angles yield intriguing results, including a sudden capacity drop at a specific width forzero-degree connections. Surprising phenomena are observed, such as the contrasting behaviorof narrower and wider widths in 0-degree and 22.5-degree specimens. Further research iswarranted to understand these phenomena and design plywood gusset plates with consistentcapacity across all angles.Analytical predictions for adhesive-bonded connections are limited due to the absence of acapacity plateau. Nonetheless, a spreading angle of 5 degrees is identified as the closestprediction to test results, demonstrating the potential of the analytical approach. Deviationsbetween predicted and observed capacities are acknowledged, underscoring the need for furtherinvestigations and consideration of parameters like adhesive types, plywood properties, andalternative joint configurations.In conclusion, this thesis provides valuable insights into the behavior and performance ofplywood connections with mechanical connectors and adhesive bonding to glulam. Theexperimental and analytical findings contribute to the existing knowledge base and offerpractical implications for the design and implementation of these connections in timberstructures. Future research can build upon these findings to advance the understanding anddesign of plywood-glulam connections.

Slender elements in framed structures may undergo large displacement and experience highly nonlinear behavior. This paper presents a two-node co-rotational flexible beam with generalized elasto-plastic hinges at the beam ends. A Condensation procedure is used to remove the internal degrees of freedom so that the formulation is easily incorporated with the standard co-rotational approach. A family of asymmetric and convex yield surfaces of super-elliptic shape is considered for the plastic behavior of the hinges. By varying the roundness factor, an infinite number of yield surfaces are obtained making it possible to select the yield function that best fit experimental data of any type of cross-section and material. The nonlinear response of bolted connections subjected to both bending and axial forces are conveniently modeled with such a yield surface. Discrete constitutive equations for the hinge plastic deformations are derived using the implicit scheme for both smooth and non-smooth cases. Numerical examples demonstrate the accuracy of the model in predicting the large displacement inelastic response of framed structures. Effect of the roundness factor on the ultimate load strongly depends on the structure typology. It was observed that cyclic loading produces pinching effect, cyclic softening and ductile behavior. Those effects are more pronounced with anisotropic yield criteria.