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  • 1.
    Aas, Steffen
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Hillestad, Thomas
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Verdivurdering av næringseiendom - hva brukes av aktørene i markedet?: - Er det behov for en verdivurderingsstandard i det norske markedet? 2015Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
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  • 2.
    Abaris, Nedas
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Sjönoce, Firass
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Investors and valuers: Similarities and differences from a behavioural perspective2014Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis is an explorative analysis of the commercial real estate actors. The behavioral theory has revealed many flaws in the neo classical assumptions. This includes models of rationality and prescribed behaviors. Research suggests both appraisers and investor act in ways that can be seen as irrational. Appraisers amongst other things anchor to figures that are not part of the valuation theory and investor invest on bases that are not fundamentally sound. Both also exhibit biases, such as confirmation bias and loss aversion. If valuation does not reflect the way market participants behave then they fail to give us a correct market value. We use interviews to try and understand how appraisers try to reflect the market and to understand how investors and other market actors value properties by comparing their use of the DCF-method. Our results suggest that there are many technical differences between how methods are used by different actors and that appraisers have a too close connection with the market actors.

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  • 3.
    Abdi, Abdirahman
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Construction and Facilities Management.
    Ali, Sara
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Construction and Facilities Management.
    Digitaliseringens inverkan på byggsektorn: En empirisk undersökning av användarupplevelser och värdeskapande genom implementering av en digitalstrategi2023Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract

    This study examines users' experiences of a digital strategy and the values that users perceiveto be created by a digital strategy at an international construction company in Sweden. Additionally, the study investigates how a digital strategy contributes to sustainableconstruction.

    Semi-structured interviews were used as the primary research method to gather data. Employees involved in the production phase at Skanska, the selected company, were chosen toobtain knowledge and insights about their digital strategy. This was done to gain anunderstanding of users' experiences in using the digital tools and the values they see the toolscreating. The choice of semi-structured interviews was made to allow flexibility in askingfollow-up questions and to achieve a deeper understanding of specific aspects.

    The results of the study showed that a digital strategy at an international construction companycan, based on users' experiences, contribute significant added value by reducing costs,increasing efficiency, and improving quality. To maximize the value of digital tools, it iscrucial to involve employees, provide adequate support and training, and create userfriendlytools. Furthermore, according to the respondents' experiences, a digital strategy can promotesustainable construction by integrating environmental aspects into digital tools and programs. To further advance sustainable construction, a clear connection should be established betweenthe environment and digital tools, while promoting efficient resource management and the useof renewable energy. In this way, digitalization can contribute to making production energyefficientand achieving net-zero emissions.

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  • 4.
    Abdi, Adel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science.
    Lind, Hans
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Birgisson, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science.
    Designing appropriate contracts for achieving efficient winter road and railway maintenance with high performance quality: A survey of the state of practice in Sweden2014In: International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, ISSN 1756-669X, E-ISSN 1756-6703, Vol. 6, no 4, p. 399-415Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose - For a long time, the winter maintenance of the Swedish road and railway network had been performed in-house by Swedish Transport Administration, Swedish local authorities i.e. municipalities and Stockholm public transport. During the last 15 years the winter operation and maintenance of these state infrastructures have been performed by public procurement and contracting from independent contractors, where in practice the lowest price is the dominating selection criteria. The aim of this paper is to investigate and identify how these contracts are designed and how satisfied the parties are with the contract and the quality of the performed work during the winter and point our directions for improvement. Design/methodology/approach - The study was conducted by a literature review and followed by semi-structured interviews and electronic questionnaire. Findings - The results of the study which are based on the interviews and the online questionnaire show that there is widespread dissatisfaction with the contracts among both clients and contractors. Practical implications - The article prepares a basis showing how a contract affects the quality of the performed winter road and railway maintenance services. Originality/value - The findings lead to a number of suggestions about how to improve the contracts, e.g. having a separate winter maintenance contract to increase the quality of performed winter maintenance measures, a more partnering-like structure where consultations and adjustment can be made during the contract period. A partnering structure also makes it less important to get all the details right in the contract.

  • 5.
    Abdi, Adel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Lind, Hans
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Building and Real Estate Economics.
    Birgisson, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Effective Winter Highway Maintenance through Applicationof Partnering Concept2013In: International Journal of Engineering Management and Economics (IJEME), ISSN 1756-5154, E-ISSN 1756-5162, Vol. 3, no 3, p. 112-125Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Inmany countries winter road maintenance is outsourced to private contractors. Selecting appropriate contract for performance of winter highway maintenance and implementing it in an efficient way is then very important for both results and costs. Writing contracts concerning winter road maintenance is however difficult as weather conditions are hard to describe in an exact way and as what is rational to do in a certain situation, depends on expected future conditions. Problems during recent harsh winters in Sweden have clearly illustrated this. The study argues, with reference both to theoretical and empirical studies, that a partnering concept can improve efficiency in outsourced winter road maintenance. A detailed model of how partnering can be implemented is presented for winter road maintenance contracts together with systems for information supply such as International Roughness Index –surface unevenness measurement and Road Weather Information System.

  • 6.
    Abdi, Adel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Lind, Hans
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Building and Real Estate Economics.
    Birgisson, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Payment mechanisms for winter road maintenance services2013In: Australasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building, ISSN 1835-6354, Vol. 13, no 4, p. 18-31Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In countries with severe winters, a major portion of the annual budget for road maintenance is allocated to winter road maintenance. Thus it is important to identify an appropriate basis for the remuneration of the entrepreneurs who carry out the maintenance tasks, one that minimises or eliminates disputes and that satisfies both client organisations and contractors. The objective of this study is to investigate and evaluate the payment models applied in Sweden for winter road maintenance services and suggest possible improvements. Inadequate reimbursement models lead either to unnecessary cost overruns that affect the client's annual budget or cause cash flow problems for the contractor, which can result in safety issues. To solve the problems associated with paying for just-in-time road maintenance, cold region countries such as Sweden have developed various remuneration models, including some based on what is known as the Weather Index. The study uses a domestic questionnaire survey, analysis of a number of current contract documents, a series of meetings with project managers followed by an international benchmarking investigation. The study identified four winter maintenance remuneration models of which one is based on weather data. The study reveals that the payment model based on weather data statistics is applied only to roads with higher traffic flow and generates the most uncertainty about costs. Possible improvements should include more reliable weather data obtained from weather stations and bonuses related to customer satisfaction.

  • 7.
    Abdi, Adel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Lind, Hans
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Building and Real Estate Economics.
    Birgisson, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Public Procurement of Winter Road Maintenance Services Based on EU Procurement Directive: Lessons from Sweden2013In: Journal of Investment and Management, ISSN 2328-7721, Vol. 2, no 4, p. 70-86Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Public procurement of road maintenance services, particularly in cold regions is not an easy task in order to satisfy road-users during winter. Road-users’ dissatisfaction, complaint and pressure can usually be considered as major factors for having more accessible and safe roads during winter. These pressures have contributed and led to an increasing critical approach focusing on public procurement of these services after some harsh winters in the recent years in Sweden with traffic disruption and delay as consequence i.e. an increasing focus on the way in which the Swedish state authorities and local governments procure winter road maintenance services. The present study which is part of a larger research project investigating efficient winter road maintenance through procurement, tendering and contract aimed at extending this knowledge base with regard to procurement and socioeconomic factors with focus on the winter maintenance of the Swedish road network. The study reveals that even the Swedish winter road maintenance services are procured and outsourced in accordance with EU directive and public procurement rules transposed into the Swedish act on public procurement, the act has been interpreted in a manner that all the process has led to great dissatisfaction of end-users during winter due to improper bundling of winter related services. The lack of economic motivation in current contracts concerning winter road maintenance in the form of incentives has led to an inefficient performance of winter road measures. The study suggests a number of proposals in order to make forthcoming contracts more effective through proper bundling of winter services and create incentives for contractors to improve the performance of winter road maintenance services.

  • 8.
    Abdi, Adel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Lind, Hans
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Building and Real Estate Economics.
    Birgisson, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Transport Science, Highway and Railway Engineering.
    Use of Road Weather Information System (RWIS) as Assistive Tool for Effective Winter Road Maintenance: Technical andContractual Interactions2012In: International Journal of Engineering and Technolgy, ISSN 2049-3444, Vol. 2, no 12, p. 2002-2012Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Winter highway operation and maintenance in the northern periphery is a challenge, a broad and complex area. Understanding about this area and its effect on winter traffic performance is far from complete. During the last forty years since Swedish Transport Administration (former Swedish National Road Administration) began attempting of the use of Road Weather Information System -RWIS on the Swedish road network, the repair and maintenance methods of this assistive tool has dramatically changed. Changing of the methods have been due to the progress and development of the technology within this area i.e. from simple stations that could be connected via telephone network for icy road warning to amore sophisticated and modern internet based technology. The main objective of this study was to investigate and find the importance and effectiveness of using weather data collected from RWIS by road agencies as an assistive tool for effective performance of winter road maintenance, and how these tools are currently maintained without influencing the delay of winter road maintenance.The study also attempts to find possible interactions between technical and contractual issues that may affect winter road maintenance. The method of the study was partly based on a theoretical study by reviewing some internationally published articles and reports in this area and furthermore a domestic questionnaire survey, an internationalbenchmarking and a follow-up study within a selected region in Sweden. The results of the study reveal that even if the weather stations are normally placed on roads where the risk of icy roads is greatest, there are indirect factors which influence the planned maintenance of these tools which subsequenly cause delay of winter road maintenance.

  • 9.
    Abdi, Brittemira
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Is Bitcoin here to stay?- A case study on cryptocurrency, Bitcoin2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The concept of money has been around since we started using goods and commodities

    as means of payment. So for thousands of years people have been used to trading goods

    and services for money. The evolution of money as a tool for exchange started out with

    people using cocoa seeds, shells and other precious objects, that progressed into the use

    of precious metals, such as gold and silver. In recent centuries we have found ourselves

    using fiat currency and now, with the evolution of the Internet, we might be on the

    verge of the next step in the evolution cycle of money.

    Enter Bitcoin, which is the first decentralised digital currency that uses cryptography.

    The purpose of this thesis is to explore the positive and negative aspects of Bitcoin so

    far, and will investigate what the future might hold for the invention of this

    cryptocurrency.

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  • 10.
    Abdirahman Elmi, Mohamed
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Construction and Facilities Management.
    Hagi Omar, Hassan
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Construction and Facilities Management.
    Interkulturell kommunikation i byggprojekt: En studie om kommunikationssvårigheter i projekt2023Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The society is in constant development and the construction industry has, as a result of the increased proportion of foreign labor in the construction sector, become increasingly diverse and multicultural, which has resulted in an increased interest in problems and possibilities for effective communication.  

    The purpose of this study is to investigate communication in construction projects, especially with a focus on communication problems that arise. A literature study was conducted to collect information from previous studies on communication difficulties. The results of the literature study show that both language and culture create problems in projects. 

    The theoretical framework of this study was based on Spitzberg’s model of intercultural communication competence which states that factors of achieving communicative competence are motivation, knowledge, and skills. The method is qualitative and is based on literature studies and interviews. The respondents all have leading roles in construction projects and the questions were about different situations they encountered in different projects. 

    The results show that insufficient language skills contribute to misinterpretations and cultural clashes. Examples of methods highlighted by the respondents are translation tools, visualization, and common language. The results show that the methods are often individual and that there is usually a lack of systematic methods for handling language problems in construction projects. This means that the individual's competence is an important factor in achieving well-functioning communication in construction projects.

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  • 11.
    Abedini, Pegah
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Lag 2010:879 om allmännyttiga kommunala bostadsaktiebolag: Hur den implementerats av aktörerna2012Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Bakgrund:

    Den första januari 2011 trädde lagen om allmännyttiga kommunala bostadsaktiebolag i kraft. Dess ändamål var att jämställa konkurrensen sinsemellan de privata fastighetsägarna och de allmännyttiga kommunala bostadaktiebolagen. Lagen yrkade främst på att de allmännyttiga kommunala bostadsaktiebolagen skulle agera mer affärsmässigt för att konkurrensen inte skulle snedvridas. Kommunen som ägare var bland annat tvungen att ställa tydligare krav på bolagen genom att ta ut marknadsmässiga borgensavgifter och låneräntor samt ställa marknadsmässiga avkastningskrav.

    Frågan är nu hur de allmännyttiga kommunala bostadsaktiebolagen agerat utifrån dessa nya förutsättningar sedan lagen trädde i kraft den 1 januari 2011. Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka hur den nya lagen om allmännyttiga kommunala bostadsaktiebolag har implementerats av aktörerna på bostadshyresmarknaden. Målet med uppsatsen är att klarlägga konsekvenserna av lagen för aktörerna på bostadshyresmarknaden, tydliggöra dess implikationer för beslutsfattare i de kommunala bostadsaktiebolagen samt kunna ge kommunerna bättre underlag i besluten rörande sina bolag.

    Metod:

    Enkätstudie där vd:ar från allmännyttiga kommunala bostadsaktiebolag har tillfrågats angående bolagets och kommunens agerande och inställning sedan lagen ikraftträdde.

    Avgränsning:

    Enkätstudien har avgränsats till att omfatta vd:ar på kommunala bostadsaktiebolag i Sverige, rörande händelser som inträffat sedan den 1 januari 2011. Vd:ar på bolag belägna i Stockholms Län, Uppsala län, Södermanlands Län, Östergötlands Län, Jönköpings Län samt Västra Götalands Län har medverkat i enkäten.

    Resultat och slutsats:

    De kommunala allmännyttiga bostadsaktiebolagen instämmer allmänt i att de agerar mer affärsmässigt sedan den nya lagen introducerades. Avkastningskraven i ägardirektiven har setts över, och de kommunala borgens– och ränteavgifterna har generellt sett ökat sedan lagen trädde i kraft.

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  • 12.
    Abela,, Eric
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Davidsson, Rasmus
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Flexibility in the Office Market – A casestudy of the serviced office space ofGarnisonen2014Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The market for serviced office space has gone from previously solely consisting of premises in poor

    locations and of poor standards to presently consisting of a wide spectrum of properties ranging in

    location, standard and level of service. As the demand for flexibility increases in society, the serviced

    office space has become an increasingly greater part of the total office market and an important

    complement to the ordinary office market, in order to stimulate growth for smaller companies.

    The aim of this thesis is to investigate how the demand for serviced office space in B-locations in

    Stockholm is shaped and how important different factors are for businesses when choosing serviced

    office space. With this in mind we will then form a recommendation for how the serviced office space

    “Garnisonen” should be positioned on the market.

    To answer these questions a case study of Garnisonen serviced office space was conducted. Data has

    been collected through interviews, surveys and a literature review.

    Through our work we found that tenants that chose serviced office spaces in B-locations in Stockholm

    put the highest value in flexibility, simplicity, and the possibility to lease a fully functional office with

    only a few places.

    The physical environment isn’t the primary factor for success of serviced office space in B-locations in

    Stockholm. One of the most important factors for success, and to achieve tenant satisfaction, of serviced

    office space is to create a platform for networking between different companies and to create a social

    place where the companies can meet, which furthers their collective growth.

  • 13.
    Abela, Eric
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Qattan, Nessrin
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Transaktioner på den kommersiella fastighetsmarknaden 2011: Trender och fallstudier2012Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Syftet med detta examensarbete är att kartlägga några av de största transaktionerna på den svenska fastighetsmarknaden under 2011. Detta år har kännetecknats av lägre transaktionsvolym än föregående år, bland annat på grund av ett osäkrare ekonomiskt läge.

    Teorin har sin utgångspunkt i vilka aktörer som finns på marknaden och vilken roll konsulten, utländska investerare och banker spelar samt hur utvecklingen av fastighetstransaktions marknaden i Sverige sett ut fram tills idag. Kartläggningen har gjorts på sätt att försöka få med de flesta typer av aktörer och utreda varje transaktion för sig samt ge en närmare analys av dessa.

    Kartläggningen visar att de största transaktionerna i Sverige under 2011 gjordes av både noterade och onoterade fastighetsbolag på köpsidan, samt onoterade fastighetsbolag på säljsidan.

    Att döma av fjolårets utveckling marknadsmässigt pekar en hel del på att den kraftiga tillväxten i Sverige kommer att leda till mer arbetstillfällen, med fallande vakanser och stigande hyror som konsekvens på den svenska fastighetsmarknaden.

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  • 14.
    Abrahmsén, Axel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Westerberg, Clas
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Effektivisering av kommunal exploateringsverksamhet genom blockchainteknik2020Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Den kommunala exploateringsverksamheten driver en suboptimerad hantering av dataoch information, vilket leder till ineffektiva exploateringsprocesser. Vid genomgång avrevisionsrapporter från kommunal exploateringsverksamhet framgår brister hänförligatill data- och informationshantering. Denna interdisciplinära studie syftar till att belysahanteringen i exploateringsprocessen från initiering till genomförande. Genom att byggapå tekniska framsteg inom blockchainteknik ställs frågan om vilka effekter nämnd teknikkan möjliggöra i kommunal exploateringsverksamhet. I denna kontext är det av frågavilka förutsättningar tekniken har med utgångspunkt i gällande författning och befintligexploateringsprocess, samt vilka ekonomiska effekter detta betingar.

    Med grund i en förstudie om blockchainteknikens kärnattribut i kombination med enlitteraturstudie om kommunal exploateringsverksamhet och offentlig infrastruktur, utfördeskvalitativa intervjuer. Intervjuobjekt var chefer för kommunala exploateringskontoroch myndigheten för digital förvaltning. En litteraturstudie om blockchainteknikenstillämpning utfördes parallellt med en rättsdogmatisk undersökning om nämnda tekniskaförutsättningar i kommunal exploateringsverksamhet. En analys av intervjuernapåvisar revisionsrapporternas iakttagna brister. Blockchaintekniken visar potential i atttillhandahålla en distribuerad databas som är transparent, tillförlitlig och säker. Detföreligger inga juridiska hinder för att tillämpa blockchainteknik. Resultatet indikeraratt kommunal exploateringsverksamhet bearbetar flera parallella uppsättningar av dataoch information kontinuerligt. Härvid kan blockchainteknik användas för att byggaen gemensam offentlig infrastruktur som tillgodoser data- och informationsförsörjninggenom exploateringsprocessen. Upprättandet av sådan infrastruktur är möjlig, men kräveren långsiktig juridisk lösning för att utse datavärdskap, ansvar, samt fördelningenav kostnader för anläggande och drift. Ett sådant arkitekurramverk med färre osäkerheter,bättre indexering och mer effektiv handläggning ger överblickbarhet, insyn ochmöjlighet att mäta förvaltningsresultat vilket kan öka värdet av kommunala exploateringstillgångar.

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  • 15.
    Abrahmsén, Axel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Westerberg, Clas
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Segmentering av kontorshotell i Stockholm2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The market for shared workplaces has seen a rapid growth in recent years. This can partly be explained due to the considerable growth of information technologies. These have in some ways changed how we live, but fundamentally changed how and where we wish to work. For the oÿce market this has resulted in a demand for increased flexibility.The purpose was to investigate which operators o˙er shared oÿce spaces through oÿce hotels, where they have chosen to locate their oÿce hotels and what tenants they have. Secondly, this project has investigated the market segmentation at various oÿce hotels, as well as the correlation between business area and digital representation. In addition, discussions have been held around what types of companies that would benefit from localization in oÿce hotels in favor of traditional oÿces. Research has shown that there are many operators within the market for oÿce hotels in Stockholm. Five of which were chosen to be studied in more detail. These operators have located the vast majority of their oÿce hotels within Stockholm CBD and have a great variety of tenants. The research of market segmentation and digital representation was done by analyzing a dataset with information from about 500 of these tenants.Results showed a market segmentation in which similar businesses formed clusters in some of the oÿce hotels e.g clusters in finance, public relations, media, etc. This can be explained by the fact that each oÿce hotel addresses di˙erent market segments, but also because similar businesses form clusters thru agglomerative benefits. In the case of digital representation, the result clearly shows that certain businesses are overrepresented. This is primarily the case with those who emphasize a clear profile, such as companies in digital innovation, media or communication. Digital representation also tends to be more important for activities with a larger clientele and thus take a more prominent role in clusters. Smaller activities that work in the interests of individual clients have a lower representation, which can be explained by the benefits of social infrastructure and agglomeration. These results show that companies in need of networking with other companies in the same area of business can benefit from localization in oÿce hotels.

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  • 16. Abrehdary, M.
    et al.
    Sjoberg, Lars E.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Geodesy and Satellite Positioning.
    Sampietro, D.
    Contribution of satellite altimetry in modelling Moho density contrast in oceanic areas2019In: Journal of Applied Geodesy, ISSN 1862-9016, E-ISSN 1862-9024, Vol. 13, no 1, p. 33-40Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The determination of the oceanic Moho (or crust-mantle) density contrast derived from seismic acquisitions suffers from severe lack of data in large parts of the oceans, where have not yet been sufficiently covered by such data. In order to overcome this limitation, gravitational field models obtained by means of satellite altimetry missions can be proficiently exploited, as they provide global uniform information with a sufficient accuracy and resolution for such a task. In this article, we estimate a new Moho density contrast model named MDC2018, using the marine gravity field from satellite altimetry in combination with a seismic-based crustal model and Earth's topographic/bathymetric data. The solution is based on the theory leading to Vening Meinesz-Moritz's isostatic model. The study results in a high-accuracy Moho density contrast model with a resolution of 1° × 1° in oceanic areas. The numerical investigations show that the estimated density contrast ranges from 14.2 to 599.7 kg/m 3 with a global average of 293 kg/m 3 . In order to evaluate the accuracy of the MDC2018 model, the result was compared with some published global models, revealing that our altimetric model is able to image rather reliable information in most of the oceanic areas. However, the differences between this model and the published results are most notable along the coastal and polar zones, which are most likely due to that the quality and coverage of the satellite altimetry data are worsened in these regions.

  • 17. Abrehdary, M.
    et al.
    Sjöberg, Lars
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Geodesy and Satellite Positioning.
    A New Moho Depth Model for Fennoscandia with Special Correction for the Glacial Isostatic Effect2021In: Pure and Applied Geophysics, ISSN 0033-4553, E-ISSN 1420-9136, Vol. 178, no 3, p. 877-888Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study, we present a new Moho depth model in Fennoscandia and its surroundings. The model is tailored from data sets of XGM2019e gravitationl field, Earth2014 topography and seismic crustal model CRUST1.0 using the Vening Meinesz-Moritz model based on isostatic theory to a resolution of 1° × 1°. To that end, the refined Bouguer gravity disturbance is determined by reducing the observed field for gravity effect of topography, density heterogeneities related to bathymetry, ice, sediments, and other crustal components. Moreover, stripping of non-isostatic effects of gravity signals from mass anomalies below the crust due to crustal thickening/thinning, thermal expansion of the mantle, Delayed Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (DGIA), i.e., the effect of future GIA, and plate flexure has also been performed. As Fennoscandia is a key area for GIA research, we particularly investigate the DGIA effect on the gravity disturbance and gravimetric Moho depth determination in this area. One may ask whether the DGIA effect is sufficiently well removed in the application of the general non-isostatic effects in such an area, and to answer this question, the Moho depth is determined both with and without specific removal of the DGIA effect prior to non-isostatic effect and Moho depth determinations. The numerical results yield that the RMS difference of the Moho depth from our model HVMD19 vs. the seismic CRUST19 and GRAD09 models are 3.8/4.2 km and 3.7/4.0 km when the above strategy for removing the DGIA effect is/is not applied, respectively, and the mean value differences are 1.2/1.4 km and 0.98/1.4 km, respectively. Hence, our study shows that the specific correction for the DGIA effect on gravity disturbance is slightly significant, resulting in individual changes in the gravimetric Moho depth up to − 1.3 km towards the seismic results. On the other hand, our study shows large discrepancies between gravimetric and seismic Moho models along the Norwegian coastline, which might be due to uncompensated non-isostatic effects caused by tectonic motions.

  • 18.
    Abrehdary, M.
    et al.
    Univ West HV, Div Math Comp & Surveying Engn, SE-46186 Trollhättan, Sweden..
    Sjöberg, Lars
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Geodesy and Satellite Positioning. Univ West HV, Div Math Comp & Surveying Engn, SE-46186 Trollhättan, Sweden.;Royal Inst Technol KTH, Div Geodesy & Satellite Positioning, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Moho density contrast in Antarctica determined by satellite gravity and seismic models2021In: Geophysical Journal International, ISSN 0956-540X, E-ISSN 1365-246X, Vol. 225, no 3, p. 1952-1962Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    As recovering the crust-mantle/Moho density contrast (MDC) significantly depends on the properties of the Earth's crust and upper mantle, varying from place to place, it is an oversimplification to define a constant standard value for it. It is especially challenging in Antarctica, where almost all the bedrock is covered with a thick layer of ice, and seismic data cannot provide a sufficient spatial resolution for geological and geophysical applications. As an alternative, we determine the MDC in Antarctica and its surrounding seas with a resolution of 1 degrees x 1 degrees by the Vening Meinesz-Moritz gravimetric-isostatic technique using the XGM2019e Earth Gravitational Model and Earth2014 topographic/bathymetric information along with CRUST1.0 and CRUST19 seismic crustal models. The numerical results show that our model, named HVMDC20, varies from 81 kg m(-3) in the Pacific Antarctic mid-oceanic ridge to 579 kg m(-3) in the Gamburtsev Mountain Range in the central continent with a general average of 403 kg m(-3). To assess our computations, we compare our estimates with those of some other gravimetric as well as seismic models (KTH11, GEMMA12C, KTH15C and CRUST1.0), illustrating that our estimates agree fairly well with KTH15C and CRUST1.0 but rather poor with the other models. In addition, we compare the geological signatures with HVMDC20, showing how the main geological structures contribute to the MDC. Finally, we study the remaining glacial isostatic adjustment effect on gravity to figure out how much it affects the MDC recovery, yielding a correlation of the optimum spectral window (7 <= n <= 12) between XGM2019e and W12a GIA models of the order of similar to 0.6 contributing within a negligible +/- 14 kg m(-3) to the MDC.

  • 19.
    Abrehdary, M.
    et al.
    Univ West HV, Div Math Comp & Surveying Engn, SE-46186 Trollhättan, Sweden..
    Sjöberg, Lars
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Geodesy and Satellite Positioning. Univ West HV, Div Math Comp & Surveying Engn, SE-46186 Trollhättan, Sweden..
    Recovering Moho constituents from satellite altimetry and gravimetric data for Europe and surroundings2019In: Journal of Applied Geodesy, ISSN 1862-9016, E-ISSN 1862-9024, Vol. 13, no 4, p. 291-303Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this research, we present a local Moho model, named MOHV19, including Moho depth and Moho density contrast (or shortly Moho constituents) with corresponding uncertainties, which are mapped from altimetric and gravimetric data (DSNSC08) in addition to seismic tomographic (CRUST1.0) and Earth topographic data (Earth2014) to a resolution of 1 degrees x 1 degrees based on a solution of Vening Meinesz-Moritz' theory of isostasy. The MOHV19 model covers the area of entire European plate along with the surrounding oceans, bounded by latitudes (30 degrees N-82 degrees N) and longitudes (40 degrees W-70 degrees E). The article aims to interpret the Moho model resulted via altimetric and gravimetric information from the geological and geophysical perspectives along with investigating the relation between the Moho depth and Moho density contrast. Our numerical results show that estimated Moho depths range from 7.5 to 57.9 km with continental and oceanic averages of 41.3 +/- 4.9 km and 21.6 +/- 9.2 km, respectively, and an overall average of 30.9 +/- 12.3 km. The estimated Moho density contrast ranges from 60.2 to 565.8 kg/m(3), with averages of 421.8 +/- 57.9 and 284.4 +/- 62.9 kg/m(3) for continental and oceanic regions, respectively, with a total average of 350.3 +/- 91.5 kg/m(3). In most areas, estimated uncertainties in the Moho constituents are less than 3 km and 40 kg/m(3), respectively, but they reach to much more significant values under Iceland, parts of Gulf of Bothnia and along the Kvitoya Island. Comparing the Moho depths estimated by MOHV19 and those derived by CRUST1.0, MDN07, GRAD09 and MD19 models shows that MOHV19 agree fairly well with CRUST1.0 but rather poor with other models. The RMS difference between the Moho density contrasts estimated by MOHV19 and CRUST1.0 models is 49.45 kg/m(3).

  • 20.
    Abrehdary, M.
    et al.
    Uppsala Univ UU, Dept Earth Sci, Div Geophys, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden..
    Sjöberg, Lars
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Geodesy and Satellite Positioning. Uppsala Univ UU, Dept Earth Sci, Div Geophys, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden..
    Remaining non-isostatic effects in isostatic-gravimetric Moho determination-is it needed?2023In: Geophysical Journal International, ISSN 0956-540X, E-ISSN 1365-246X, Vol. 234, no 3, p. 2066-2074Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    For long time the study of the Moho discontinuity (or Moho) has been a crucial topic in inferring the dynamics of the Earth's interior, and with profitable result it is mapped by seismic data, but due to the heterogeneous distribution of such data the quality varies over the world. Nevertheless, with the advent of satellite gravity missions, it is today possible to recover the Moho constituents (i.e. Moho depth; MD and Moho density contrast; MDC) via gravity observations based on isostatic models. Prior to using gravity observations for this application it must be stripped due to the gravitational contributions of known anomalous crustal density structures, mainly density variations of oceans, glacial ice sheets and sediment basins (i.e. stripping gravity corrections). In addition, the gravity signals related mainly with masses below the crust must also be removed. The main purpose of this study is to estimate the significance of removing also remaining non-isostatic effects (RNIEs) on gravity, that is, gravity effects that remain after the stripping corrections. This is carried out by using CRUST19 seismic crustal model and employing Vening Meinesz-Moritz (VMM) gravimetric-isostatic model in recovering the Moho constituents on a global scale to a resolution of 1 degrees x 1 degrees. To reach this goal, we present a new model, named MHUU22, formed by the SGGUGM2 gravitational field, Earth2014 topography, CRUST1.0 and CRUST19 seismic crustal models. Particularly, this study has its main emphasis on the RNIEs on gravity and Moho constituents to find out if we can modify the stripping gravity corrections by a specific correction of the RNIEs. The numerical results illustrate that the RMS differences between MHUU22 MD and the seismic model CRUST1.0 and least-squares combined model MOHV21 are reduced by 33 and 41 per cent by applying the NIEs, and the RMS differences between MHUU22 MDC and the seismic model CRUST1.0 and least-squares combined model MDC21 are reduced by 41 and 23 per cent when the above strategy for removing the RNIEs is applied. Hence, our study demonstrates that the specific correction for the RNIEs on gravity disturbance is significant, resulting in remarkable improvements in MHUU22, which more clearly visualize several crustal structures.

  • 21.
    Abrehdary, M.
    et al.
    Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering, University West (HV), SE-461 86, Trollhättan, Sweden.
    Sjöberg, Lars E.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Geodesy and Satellite Positioning. Division of Mathematics, Computer and Surveying Engineering, University West (HV), SE-461 86, Trollhättan, Sweden.
    Estimating a combined Moho model for marine areas via satellite altimetric - gravity and seismic crustal models2019In: Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, ISSN 0039-3169, E-ISSN 1573-1626Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Isostasy is a key concept in geoscience in interpreting the state of mass balance between the Earth’s lithosphere and viscous asthenosphere. A more satisfactory test of isostasy is to determine the depth to and density contrast between crust and mantle at the Moho discontinuity (Moho). Generally, the Moho can be mapped by seismic information, but the limited coverage of such data over large portions of the world (in particular at seas) and economic considerations make a combined gravimetric-seismic method a more realistic approach. The determination of a high-resolution of the Moho constituents for marine areas requires the combination of gravimetric and seismic data to diminish substantially the seismic data gaps. In this study, we estimate the Moho constituents globally for ocean regions to a resolution of 1° × 1° by applying the Vening Meinesz-Moritz method from gravimetric data and combine it with estimates derived from seismic data in a new model named COMHV19. The data files of GMG14 satellite altimetry-derived marine gravity field, the Earth2014 Earth topographic/bathymetric model, CRUST1.0 and CRUST19 crustal seismic models are used in a least-squares procedure. The numerical computations show that the Moho depths range from 7.3 km (in Kolbeinsey Ridge) to 52.6 km (in the Gulf of Bothnia) with a global average of 16.4 km and standard deviation of the order of 7.5 km. Estimated Moho density contrasts vary between 20 kg m-3 (north of Iceland) to 570 kg m-3 (in Baltic Sea), with a global average of 313.7 kg m-3 and standard deviation of the order of 77.4 kg m-3. When comparing the computed Moho depths with current knowledge of crustal structure, they are generally found to be in good agreement with other crustal models. However, in certain regions, such as oceanic spreading ridges and hot spots, we generally obtain thinner crust than proposed by other models, which is likely the result of improvements in the new model. We also see evidence for thickening of oceanic crust with increasing age. Hence, the new combined Moho model is able to image rather reliable information in most of the oceanic areas, in particular in ocean ridges, which are important features in ocean basins.

  • 22.
    Adam, Achamyeleh Gashu
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Real Estate Planning and Land Law. Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia .
    Informal settlements in the peri-urban areas of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia: An institutional analysis2014In: Habitat International, ISSN 0197-3975, E-ISSN 1873-5428, Vol. 43, p. 90-97Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Peri-urban land which has been used predominantly for agricultural purposes and held by local farmers is a target area for informal settlements in Ethiopia. An increasing number of people try to solve their housing needs by getting a plot of land informally in the transitional peri-urban areas. The purpose of this study is to explore the principal actors involved in the informal conversion of peri-urban agricultural land into urban built-up property. This study is also aimed at demonstrating the role of non-state institutions in facilitating informal acquisition and development of peri-urban plots. Both questionnaire and document analysis were the main sources of data for this study. The result of this study indicated that traditional social institutions played a significant role in processing peri-urban informal settlements and stabilizing land related conflicts by social sanction measures. The study has also found out that the process of acquiring a plot of land from peri-urban areas passes through its own stages which mainly start with identifying a plot for sale and ends with the confirmation of traditional letter of agreement signed by transacting parties without legal ground to do so.

  • 23.
    Adam, Achamyeleh Gashu
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management. Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia .
    Land readjustment as an alternative land development tool for peri-urban areas of Ethiopia2015In: Property Management, ISSN 0263-7472, E-ISSN 1758-731X, Vol. 33, no 1, p. 36-58Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose – The rapid urban population growth in Ethiopia is causing an increasing demand for urban land, which primarily tends to be supplied by expropriation of peri-urban land. The process of urban development in Ethiopia is largely criticized for forced displacement and disruption of the peri-urban local community. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to introduce how Ethiopia’s urban development system could be built on the participatory and inclusive approaches of land acquisition. Design/methodology/approach – The study has employed questionnaire survey results, focus group discussion with panel of experts and previous research reports to examine the peri-urban situations and then to show why an alternative land development approach is needed to be introduced in the urban land development system of Ethiopia. Desk review on land readjustment was also made to explore best lessons from other countries applicable to the peri-urban contexts of Ethiopia. Findings – This study has explored that land readjustment is potentially an appropriate land development tool to alleviate peri-urban land development limitations in Ethiopia. Practical implications – Researchers, policy makers and government bodies that are interested in peri-urban land would appreciate and consider implementing the adapted land readjustment model as an alternative land development tool. Consequently, the local peri-urban landholders’ rights would be protected and maintained in the process of urbanization. Originality/value – Although land readjustment has the potential to achieve participatory peri-urban land development, awareness of the method in the Ethiopian urban land development system is inadequate. This study contributes to fill this gap and create an insight into the basic conditions for the adaption of the tool.

  • 24.
    Aden, Ayub
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Uzun, Serhat
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Fler, mindre och billigare bostäder: En opinionsundersökning på om SBUF:s förslag med avsteg från regler kan leda tillAffordable Housing2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The fact that the Swedish housing market is experiencing a housing crisis is widely known. Inparticular, there is a limited range of tenancies, as many of these are converted intocondominiums. This development mainly affects the resource-poor households, as the socialgap in the country has increased, as a result of the change in income distribution in Sweden.The gap between the rich and the resource-poor has increased, but households in Swedenhave also changed from large to smaller households. Thus, there is a need for accommodationthat meets the most basic requirements for a resource-poor individual, which is alsoreasonable to rent from an economic perspective. This has led to a demand for a housingsystem that can meet the needs of these resource-poor groups. In other countries this system iscalled Affordable Housing, but is not etablished in Sweden to the same extent. With this inmind, the purpose of this report is to investigate how SBUF proposes alternative housingsolutions, with the exception of building rules, can lead to such a housing system.As housing concerns people, an opinion poll has been made based on SBUF's proposalthrough a survey. In order to further complete this survey, interviews with subject expertshave been made. The result indicates that there is a market for the housing solutions such asthose SBUF presented, as the respondents in the survey responded positively to the proposal.More specifically, those groups that have low incomes and insecure housing forms as secondhandcontracts and lodger. The result also shows that this proposal could potentially havelowered construction costs through more flexible housing construction. In the end, it is aboutwhether this system is motivated from a socio-economic perspective, and how it should beintroduced in the best possible way into the Swedish housing system. The experts in the fieldclaims that such a system should be implemented in a way that counter segregation.Providing housing with alternative housing solutions to resource-poor households can lead toa controversial discussion of lower housing standards for these groups, but a discussion thatneeds to be taken. The conclusion that can be drawn is that the SBUF's proposal can be a wayof setting up a system such as Affordable Housing, and that it can potentially address the needfor housing that exists within these resource-poor households.

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  • 25.
    Adler, Isabella
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Jarallah, Anna-Mona
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Inclusionary housing: –an analysis of a potential affordable housing tool in Cape Town, South Africa2020Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Cape Town is a city with a complex housing problem due to the apartheid planning and the design of the current housing programs. Apartheid planning has segregated the city, leading to a more divided and spread out city. With the current affordable housing programs, most houses are being built in poorly located areas, resulting in inhabitants feeling more separated and isolated from the city center. To develop a more integrated society, the concept of Inclusionary housing has had a growing appeal in South Africa.

    The purpose of the study was to examine the concept of inclusionary housing and how it can be implemented in Cape Town to fight segregation and housing inequalities. Interviews were conducted with various stakeholders from the private sector, public sector, NGO’s and academics with the aim to provide their perspectives on inclusionary housing and to answer the question if inclusionary housing is the right tool to help Cape Town become a more integrated city. A closer investigation was made on a specific development project in Sea Point where an inclusionary housing pilot project was going to be implemented.

    The majority of stakeholders agree that getting an inclusionary housing policy in place in Cape Town is a step in the right direction towards a more integrated and affordable city. 

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  • 26.
    Adler, Isabella
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Martinsson, Klara
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Är det långsiktigt ekonomiskt gynnsamt att rusta upp närområden i miljonprogram?2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In this bachelor thesis, we have investigated if it is economically beneficial to restore thesurrounding areas in the Million Programme based on factors of social sustainability. Aqualitative analysis has been made based on interviews with property owners, constructioncompanies, previous studies and selected factors of various theoretical concepts. To answerour question, the factors were divided into different categories. The categories were selectedfrom Östgötamodellen, with some minor adjustments. The last category of Östgötamodellen,“Gender, Age and Heritage”, was replaced by “Transparency and Participation”. The factorswithout a particular assigned category were set as “unallocated”After categorising the factors of social sustainability, similarities and differences in focuswere analysed. In the comparison between theoretical concepts, interviews and previousstudies, a gap between property owners and the decisions that are made within theconstruction companies were highlighted. That might be a reason why social sustainabilityhas not been prioritised before. This could merely be a matter of speculations and thereforeneeds to be evaluated further.In order to get companies to invest in social initiatives and restore the surrounding areaswithin the Million Programme; the long-term economic benefits must be proven. If this canbe achieved, there may be a change in how the decisions are made when evaluating whether aproject should be implemented or not. Due to the fact that a lot of the projects are relativelynew and have not been evaluated yet, it is difficult to prove if these projects can generateeconomic benefits in the future.

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  • 27.
    Adolfsson, Angelica
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Köpcentrumförvaltning -Mjuka värdens påverkan på avkastningen2015Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
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  • 28.
    Adolfsson, Elias
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Jansson, Jesper
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Prioritering av mjuka faktorer vid fastighetsvärdering: en kvantitativ analys av Miljöbyggnads-certifierade fastigheter2021Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The climate crisis is today a major societal issue that affects sustainable development in the world and Sweden. Housing and services account for 40% of Sweden’s final total energy use.In recent times, it has become more common to certify buildings environmentally, where the certification Miljöbyggnad is the most common. In Sweden, the total market value of the property portfolio is approximately SEK 10,804 billion. A significant size if we were to compare with Sweden's GDP in 2017 of approximately SEK 4,600 billion. It has emerged from previous studies that environmentally certified buildings have a higher market value compared to conventional buildings. In other words, valuers have a great responsibility to appraise properties correctly where several previous studies have been done on the underlying hard factors such as rent level, vacancy, operating costs, risk premium, and their impact on market value. Furthermore, some studies indicate that soft factors such as indoor climate, the pursuit of reduced climate impact, health, aesthetics, social status, quality of building, brand and safety have an impact on the market value. What has not yet been investigated is how these factors are prioritized by the property valuers.

    This study aims to examine those soft values with an impact on the valuation of Miljöbyggnad certified properties and how property valuers prioritize these in a valuation. By first reviewing previous studies an understanding of the soft factors and their links to valuation was created. Subsequently the study consisted of a survey that was answered by property valuers from banks and various real estate and consulting companies. Where the valuers had to score the priority of the various soft factors. The survey results were then compared through average scores and correlation to get a general idea of the property valuers attitude and the similarities between the prioritization of the soft factors.

    The result of the survey shows that the average property appraiser prioritizes the soft factors as follows: 1) quality of building, 2) brand, 3) aesthetics, 4) safety, 5) the pursuit of reduced climate impact, 6) social status, 7) light quality, air quality and thermal quality (shared priority) and finally 8) health.

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  • 29.
    Adolfsson, Elias
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Real Estate Business and Financial Systems.
    Jansson, Jesper
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Real Estate Business and Financial Systems.
    The Impact of Risk Premium Factors on Cap Rates in Sweden’s Office Market2023Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This study examines the impact of risk premium factors on cap rates within Sweden's largest office markets. The research questions address the significance of various micro- and macroeconomic variables on cap rates, as well as the extent of this impact and how it varies across different locations. The study employed a quantitative approach, specifically regression analyses, to examine three different localizations from the years 2003 to 2022. The dataset used included information from JLL and large institutions. The study found that the top three optimized models could explain 80-90% of the fluctuations in office cap rates in the CBD of Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö. To sum up, the 10-year treasury bill and the spread between Baa and Aaa corporate bond yields are the main variables that have the largest impact on cap rates across all locations. The 10-year treasury bill serves as a proxy for the risk-free rate. Nonetheless, the risk-free rate had a relatively lower impact in Malmö compared to Stockholm and Gothenburg's CBD.

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  • 30.
    af Klintberg, Tord
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sustainable Buildings.
    Högberg, Lovisa
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Building and Real Estate Economics.
    Brick, Karolina
    Riksbyggen.
    Björk, Folke
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering.
    Kristoffersson, Jan
    Sustainable innovation.
    Riksbyggens renoveringsverkstad 2: Energieffektivisering i samband med renovering hos bostadsrättsföreningar2012Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The results of this project show that the main barrier is financial. It is difficult to justify measures such as additional insulation of facades or heat recovery from ventilation air, If you do not count with any real rising in energy prices. The individual cases can of course differ and it is important to examine the profitability of investments in connection with the planning of major maintenance and refurbishment. Ongoing technology development may also contribute to make this kind of measures more interesting in the future. The result from the previous project that optimizing measures (eg adjustment of the heating system) often are very profitable is also confirmed in this project. The economy would naturally be affected by introduction of policy instruments and incentives. However, it is quite doubtful to prioritize instruments for reducing heat used in apartment buildings, since this to a large extent is produced from renewable energy sources (compared to eg traffic).

    The project has also studied how the banking and insurance sectors could contribute to more energy efficiency in housing cooperatives. The conclusion is that these industries have a rather marginal ability to influence. However, there may be a possible "trigger effect” if there are special offers on the market for associations, actively working with their energy efficiency. The work continues to explore different possibilities in that area.

    The project has studied Riksbyggen’s current range of energy related services and has several suggestions for additional services and processes. This applies both to the long-term financial planning, which is an important factor for the cooperatives to be properly prepared for larger investments, and the more short-term / operational planning when the cooperatives are approaching decisions on major maintenance measures. Related to this, various forms of training, especially for the boards of the cooperatives, is of great importance. The project proposes a broad educational effort, based on role-playing. Riksbyggen may also develop the role as a competent discussions partner to the cooperatives and also encourage networking among housing cooperatives for facilitating dissemination of information and perhaps even coordination of efforts.

     

    This project is a direct continuation of the Riksbyggen’s renovation workshop. That project has analysed barriers to more extensive energy saving processes and how these can be bridged, based on housing cooperatives and the environment they are a part of. The project Riksbyggen’s renovation workshop was conducted as a joint project of Riksbyggen, KTH and Sustainable Innovation in 2010-2012 with the aim to highlight good examples of renovation efforts of housing cooperatives ,that can help reduce energy consumption. The project showed that there are good economic potential for energy savings, mainly through operational optimization and other less extensive measures.

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    Riksbyggens renoveringsverkstad 2
  • 31.
    af Klintberg, Tord
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering.
    Lind, Hans
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Building and Real Estate Economics.
    Krav på tillgänglighetsanpassning vid renovering: Ett diskussionsinlägg2016Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
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  • 32.
    Agha Karimi, Armin
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Geodesy and Satellite Positioning.
    Internal Variability Role on Estimating Sea Level Acceleration in Fremantle Tide Gauge Station2021In: Frontiers in Earth Science, E-ISSN 2296-6463, Vol. 9, article id 664947Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Low frequency internal signals bring challenges to signify the role of anthropogenic factors in sea level rise and to attain a certain accuracy in trend and acceleration estimations. Due to both spatially and temporally poor coverage of the relevant data sets, identification of internal variability patterns is not straightforward. In this study, the identification and the role of low frequency internal variability (decadal and multidecadal) in sea level change of Fremantle tide gauge station is analyzed using two climate indices, Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Tripole Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (TPI). It is shown that the multidecadal sea level variability is anticorrelated with corresponding components of climate indices in the Pacific Ocean, with correlation coefficients of -0.9 and -0.76 for TPI and PDO, respectively. The correlations are comparatively low on decadal time scale, -0.5 for both indices. This shows that internal variability on decadal and multidecadal scales affects the sea level variation in Fremantle unequally and thus, separate terms are required in trajectory models. To estimate trend and acceleration in Fremantle, three trajectory models are tested. The first model is a simple second-degree polynomial comprising trend and acceleration terms. Low passed PDO, representing decadal and interdecadal variabilities in Pacific Ocean, added to the first model to form the second model. For the third model, decomposed signals of decadal and multidecadal variability of TPI are added to the first model. In overall, TPI represents the low frequency internal variability slightly better than PDO for sea level variation in Fremantle. Although the estimated trends do not change significantly, the estimated accelerations varies for the three models. The accelerations estimated from the first and second models are statistically insignificant, 0.006 +/- 0.012 mm yr(-2) and 0.01 +/- 0.01 mm yr(-2), respectively, while this figure for the third model is 0.018 +/- 0.011 mm yr(-2). The outcome exemplifies the importance of modelling low frequency internal variability in acceleration estimations for sea level rise in regional scale.

  • 33.
    Agha Karimi, Armin
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Geodesy and Satellite Positioning.
    Bagherbandi, Mohammad
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Geodesy and Satellite Positioning. Univ Gävle, Fac Engn & Sustainable Dev, Gävle, Sweden..
    Horemuz, Milan
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Geodesy and Satellite Positioning.
    Multidecadal Sea Level Variability in the Baltic Sea and Its Impact on Acceleration Estimations2021In: Frontiers in Marine Science, E-ISSN 2296-7745, Vol. 8Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Multidecadal sea level variation in the Baltic Sea is investigated from 1900 to 2020 deploying satellite and in situ datasets. As a part of this investigation, nearly 30 years of satellite altimetry data are used to compare with tide gauge data in terms of linear trend. This, in turn, leads to validation of the regional uplift model developed for the Fennoscandia. The role of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in multidecadal variations of the Baltic Sea is also analyzed. Although NAO impacts the Baltic Sea level on seasonal to decadal time scales according to previous studies, it is not a pronounced factor in the multidecadal variations. The acceleration in the sea level rise of the basin is reported as statistically insignificant in recent studies or even decelerating in an investigation of the early 1990s. It is shown that the reason for these results relates to the global warming hiatus in the 1950s-1970s, which can be seen in all eight tide gauges used for this study. To account for the slowdown period, the acceleration in the basin is investigated by fitting linear trends to time spans of six to seven decades, which include the hiatus. These results imply that the sea level rise is accelerated in the Baltic Sea during the period 1900-2020.

  • 34.
    Agha Karimi, Armin
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Geodesy and Satellite Positioning.
    Ghobadi-Far, Khosro
    Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
    Passaro, Marcello
    Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.
    Barystatic and steric sea level variations in the Baltic Sea and implications of water exchange with the North Sea in the satellite era2022In: Frontiers in Marine Science, E-ISSN 2296-7745, Vol. 9, article id 963564Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Satellite altimetry, satellite gravimetry, and in-situ subsurface salinity and temperature profiles are used to investigate the total, barystatic, and steric sea level variations in the Baltic Sea, respectively. To estimate the steric sea level, the density variations are weighted in deeper layers to prevent overestimation of their contribution. We show that the sum of barystatic and steric components exhibits excellent cross correlation (0.9) with satellite altimetry sea level variations and also explains up to 84% of total signal variability from 2002 to 2019. Considering the dominance of barystatic sea level variations in the basin and the limitation of satellite gravimetry in resolving the mass change in water-land transition zones (known as the leakage problem), the mismatch is likely attributed to the inadequate accuracy of the barystatic datasets. The total sea level and its contributors are further decomposed into seasonal, interannual, and decadal temporal components. It is shown that despite its insignificant contributions to seasonal and interannual changes, the steric sea level plays an important role in decadal variations. Additionally, we show that the interannual variations of the barystatic sea level are governed by the North Atlantic Oscillation in the basin. The sea level variation in the North Sea is also examined to deduce the water exchange patterns on different time scales. A drop in the North Sea level can be seen from 2005 to 2011 which is followed by the Baltic Sea level with a ~3-year lag, implying the outflow from the Baltic Sea to the North Sea.

  • 35.
    Agholme, Alexandra
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Hammar, Caroline
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    The Effect of Attefall-houses – Can Attefall-houses assist to solve the housing shortage?2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In Stockholm, there is a great shortage of supply on the housing market and many newly

    established on the market find it hard to find a home. During 2014 the Planning and building

    act was changed, allowing for a new kind of small buildings, so called Attefall-houses, of up to 25 sqm to be built without building permit on single family housing units. This thesis evaluates the impact that Attefall-houses have on the housing shortage in Stockholm and how these houses could be property tax assessed.

    As a part of this, the profitability when those are let out have been calculated and whether they have a potential to become more popular has been investigated. Comparisons with foreign renting markets with a more widespread secondary market have furthermore been carried out.

    The thesis is limited towards Attefall-houses classified as residential. Few Attefall-houses have been built and are available for rent. Since the number of transactions pertaining to single family housing units with Attefall-houses was insufficient, market values have been estimated by studying the attitude of market actors, by an income based approach and by a cost approach. In order to get a more perspicuous view of the profitability, repayment times on those let out have been calculated.

    The value an Attefall-house entails on a single family housing unit has been estimated to

    between 200 000 SEK and 300 000 SEK. The repayment times when the Attefall-houses are

    let out and then are sold at this value vary between 5 and 12 years with the current  egislation, depending on financing and municipality. If all rental income had been tax-free, the repayment times would vary between 4 and 7 years instead. If the Attefall-house, on the other hand, is reformed into a tenant ownership unit, the sales prices vary between 1 500 000 and 2 100 000 SEK. According to this, Attefall-houses have the potential to be a profitable investment. A couple of problems and misleading incentives when building and renting them have, however, been found.

    A property with an Attefall-house will get two property tax assessment fees after 15 years. In

    addition, the rental income is taxable, which creates trouble for the property owner but also for the taxation authorities. It is also more economically profitable to re-form the Attefall-houses into tenant-ownership units rather than to keep them as complementary buildings. If the house is re-formed into a tenant ownership unit it is less of a clear alternative for newly established on the market hence not as good complement to the exiting property market as if the owners rent out the dwelling. The process when the houses are built is, furthermore, not as easy as it sounds since the municipality requires detailed documents and the buildings have to meet tough building standards to be allowed to be let out. The processing time before starting decision can be given also varies a lot between different municipalities.

    There are also a lot of ambiguities and grey areas that have been found. It is not clear when

    letting of Attefall-houses should be classified as a business rather than a private activity and it is also not clear on which market value maximum rent and property tax assessment should be based.

    Possibilities for a good investment and economic benefits exist but to make the Attefall-houses more popular, misleading incentives should be removed and incentives for renting should instead be created. The legislation should also be clarified to lower the risk for property owners.

    At the end, time is needed for Attefall-houses to become an established alternative on the

    residential market.

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  • 36.
    Agrest, Inna
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Skatt på finansiella transaktioner - En studie över hur Sverige kan komma att påverkas av skatt2013Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The idea of taxing markets have been around for decades and the goals today are the same as they were 80 years ago, to

     Harmonize existing legislation by reducing the amount of different national taxation methods,

     Stabilize markets thru decreased volatility

     Collect tax revenue

    The tax revenue will later be used to finance something that the society wants to finance.

    This thesis examines the possible effects that the financial transaction tax might have on Sweden and will present the effects that the tax might have not only inside the 11 countries in the European Union that will implement the tax from January 2014 but also on those outside, who will face higher costs even though they are not planning on implementing the tax. Sweden faces a risk with decreased pension’s funds a change in how we invest and where we invest.

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    Inna Agrest
  • 37.
    Ahlberg, Johan
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Jansson, Anton
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Corporate Hybrid Bonds2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Hybrid securities do not constitute a new phenomenon in the Swedish capital markets. Most commonly, hybrids issued by Swedish real estate companies in recent years are preference shares. Corporate hybrid bonds on the other hand may be considered as somewhat of a new-born child in the family of hybrid instruments. These do, as all other hybrid securities, share some equity-like and some debt-like characteristics. Nevertheless, since 2013 the interest for the instrument has grown rapidly and has become a well-accepted, as well as a fairly standardized, source of financing for many well-established corporations around the world. Yet, we have seen very few issues in Sweden and no issues by Swedish real estate companies.

    Corporate hybrid bonds could in a rather simplified manner be explained as a subordinated bond with some equity characteristics. Examples of such equity characteristics are perpetual maturity (or at least very long), coupon deferability and the fact that it due to its subordination provides significant loss absorption. Yet, it also holds typical debt-like characteristics such as regular coupon payments and seniority to equity.

    The outcome of this research has shown that issuing corporate hybrid bonds could be beneficial to a firm. Coupon payments are, unlike dividend payments to holders of preference shares but alike interest payments on a standard bank loan, tax deductible. Other probable advantages with corporate hybrid bonds are; a stronger credit profile (which potentially could improve the (shadow)credit-rating and thus also the terms of other sources of finance), a diversified investment base as well as diversification from a capital structure perspective.

    However, despite the many advantages, numerous obstacles remain. The main shortcoming highlighted among potential issuers is the high pricing of the instrument in relation to other alternatives. Moreover, the lack of Swedish investors investing in hybrid bonds, the assumingly poor liquidity of the product along with the high denomination (piece price) due to regulatory legislations make up for topics of concern among both potential investors and issuers. Although, considering the many benefits, we believe that the weaknesses can be overseen and that there is a potential future use for the product in event of further expansion and acquisition or if the access to capital markets is limited. After all, all good things take time.

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  • 38.
    Ahlbäck, Moa
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Integrerade arbetsmetoder med Virtual Design and Construction2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) was introduced early in the 21st century in order to encourage work with computer based models and construction planning in the design phase. VDC is a concept that has been embraced by several construction and consulting companies in order to develop their work with Building Information Model (BIM), innovations and cooperation within construction projects. VDC is a concept that keeps evolving and is being redefined by individuals and companies. This has contributed to a conceptual confusion within the construction sector about the definition of VDC. Furthermore, construction projects tend to be fragmented with project members that are working in silos and primarily focusing on their own discipline. In order to decrease the fragmentation within construction projects integrated working methods can be applied. Therefor the purpose of this master thesis is to explore the concept VDC and how it can stimulate integrated working methods.  The study is examined using qualitative methods based on scientific literature and an interview study. The scientific literature is defining VDC conceptually and two integrated working methods Integrated Concurrent Engineering (ICE) and Integrated Project Delivery (IPD). Furthermore, the interview study includes respondents from the construction industry whose reflections and thoughts about the subject are being presented. The study is geographically limited to Sweden.  The result shows the current ambiguity of how VDC is defined. In order to avoid a conceptual confusion a common definition should be formulated with national guidelines that describe how work with VDC should be conducted. Furthermore, VDC can stimulate an integrated approach through increased cohesion within construction projects, including common objectives within the project and joint problem solving between project members.

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  • 39.
    Ahlenius, Martin
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Real Estate Business and Financial Systems.
    The impact of motivation and person-job fit on employee turnover among Swedish real estate brokers: A mixed method approach2022Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Residential real estate is a vital part of the economy, and homes are important for individuals for both financial and emotional reasons. Residential homes change owners for numerous reasons, and there is a need for these transactions to be secure and efficient from both the economic and individual perspective. The general idea of residential real estate brokerage is to facilitate these transactions securely and efficiently. Real estate brokerage has therefore captured both media as well as scholarly interest. Some scholars even argue that brokerage is a relevant research and literature field of its own. Like other occupations within sales, the brokerage industry suffers from problems connected to recruiting and retaining employees, as put forth by several spokespersons within the industry and scholars alike. Prior studies argue that there is a need for further studies that describe the occupational life cycle of brokers and employee turnover antecedents, such as intrinsic motivation. Hence, the overarching purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyze occupational turnover and its antecedents among Swedish real estate brokers. This thesis sprung out of a firsthand occupational experience of Swedish brokerage, curiosity, and an abductive stance toward knowledge creation. It is primarily explorative, and the embedded articles consist of different types of methodologic approaches and therefore also different ways of gathering data such as interviews, surveys, and registered data. All data solely involves Swedish real estate brokers. Results of the four articles show that the occupational life cycle of brokers is significantly longer than expected and that Swedish brokers display high levels of work-related intrinsic motivation, occasionally rooted in affective commitment towards customers and gained trust from sellers. Furthermore, being driven by gained trust and customer relations has a positive effect on person-job fit which in turn reduces turnover intentions. A majority of the results within the four articles are not in line with prior studies, which is interesting and prompts speculation. The service landscape of brokerage, and particularly Swedish brokerage due to the broker’s intermediary role and personal responsibility for the entire transaction, arguably drives intrinsic motivation and reduces turnover. This is enhanced by the high educational threshold for becoming a broker in Sweden. This thesis contributes to the literature field of brokerage by providing insights about what motivates brokers and the theoretical field of person-job fit by suggesting ways of improving the operationalization and the validity of person-job fit.

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  • 40. Ahlenius, Martin
    et al.
    Berggren, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Real Estate Business and Financial Systems.
    Gerdemark, Tommy
    Kågström, Jonas
    Åge, Lars-Johan
    The occupational life cycle of real estate brokers: a cohort study2022In: Journal of European Real Estate Research, ISSN 1753-9269, E-ISSN 1753-9277, Vol. 15, no 3, p. 351-367Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose The purpose of this article is to describe and analyze the occupational life cycle of Swedish real estate brokers. Design/methodology/approach Voluntary turnover among real estate brokers could lead to occupational turnover and/or employee turnover and has been described as problematic by both practitioners and researchers alike. Most previous studies focusing on this issue have explored connections between real estate brokers' personality, economic and market conditions and turnover. Employee turnover involves shifting jobs within the profession (real estate brokerage), whereas occupational turnover concerns movement to a job not related to the real estate brokerage profession. Both perspectives on turnover are however lacking data about the average time spent as a broker. This study fills this gap by exploring real estate brokers' life cycle through data analysis using a cohort study consisting of a sample of 5,304 real estate brokers registered and/or deregistered over a ten-year period from 2010 to 2019. Findings The analysis show that the decline is almost linear, resulting in 50% of the newly registered real estate brokers remain in the occupation eight years after registration. These findings are not in line with previous assumptions as the real estate brokers' life cycle is substantially longer. The results also reveal that there are differences in life cycles due to gender and year of registration. Originality/value The analysis of longitudinal, aggregated data on the life cycle of real estate brokers is highly relevant as it serves as a point of reference for future longitudinal studies analyzing the motives for leaving the occupation.

  • 41.
    Ahlenius, Martin
    et al.
    Department of Business and Economics Studies, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden.
    Berggren, Björn
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Real Estate Business and Financial Systems.
    Kågström, Jonas
    Department of Business and Economics Studies, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden.
    Exploring Motivational Factors Among High Performing Real Estate Brokers: The Swedish Case2021In: Journal of Real Estate Practice and Education, ISSN 1521-4842, Vol. 23, no 1, p. 20-37Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this exploratory case study is to analyze the role of relational motivation for high-performing real estate brokers in Sweden. The concept of relational motivation, or relatedness, is explored through both affective and calculative commitment. The data in this study come from in-depth interviews with real estate brokers. The results show that the brokers are committed to their clients, in an affective and a calculative way. All of the participants expressed signs of being emotionally involved in their customer relations, often in terms of genuine interest in, and caring for, their clients. The existence of relatedness toward customers in a brokerage context contributes to the discussion on what motivates high-performing real estate brokers. By viewing relatedness as a trigger to engage in more customer relationships, the intrinsic motivation can be seen as a strong antecedent to individual performance. 

  • 42.
    Ahlgren, Lukas
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Forsberg, Max
    Certifiering av smarta byggnader: En studie om vad i smarta byggnader som går att certifiera med dagens certifieringssystem2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    During the last decade, many if not all building certification systems have been formed for the certification of environmental aspects only. The purpose of this study was therefore to examine to what extent environmental certifications take smart solutions into consideration and to see if there was room for a new certification system for smart buildings. Furthermore, the possible need for another certification system for smart buildings was evaluated. The study compared previous research in smart buildings and green buildings in relation with four existing certification systems. An interview was conducted to investigate the possible need for a certification system for smart buildings. The study found that it is possible to certify smart buildings today but primarily in an environmental aspect which leads to a loss of information about the buildings that never reach the market. Additionally, the study concluded that the challenge in smart certifications is to find appropriate measurements and how the implementation itself should be conducted.

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  • 43.
    Ahlgren, Max
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Goldmann, Jacob
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    The Internationalization of Swedish SMEs: how does internationalization affect individual firm’s capital and credit risk structure?2012Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In this master thesis we examine how the level of internationalization, i.e. a firm’s relative exposure to foreign sales, affects individual SMEs in Sweden. Since it is conducted using a data sample with Swedish SMEs its applicability in other countries may vary. The aspects concerned in which the internationalization affects the firm’s structure is limited to the areas of capital structure, credit risk and the factors affecting credit risk. Altman’s Z-score model is employed to approximate a firm’s credit risk and the debt ratio represents the firm’s capital structure. The purpose of the thesis is to increase the knowledge and provide insights on how internationalization affects SMEs in general and in Sweden in particular. Knowledge on how internationalization affects firms is scarce and by this thesis we have extended the known area of the topic and shed light on this relatively unexplored SME aspect. Our hope is that by highlighting differences (and similarities) in credit risk attributes of high and low internationalized firms SMEs this will improve their financial transparency and ease their attracting and access to external sources of capital. To examine the effects of internationalization on Swedish SMEs we have employed statistical techniques, most importantly regression analysis.

    Our study has not only implications for academics, but for all parts that has any interest in efficient credit scoring models and to understand credit risk characteristics and how internationalization affects SMEs. Banks, policy makers and credit rating agencies are constantly pursuing improvements in the efficiency and accuracy of quantifying credit risk by developing credit-scoring models. Banks because they want to minimize credit losses and maximize profitability and policy makers to secure a viable business environment for companies to nurture economic growth, employment, innovation and the country’s competitiveness. The SME segment has received extra attention lately due to the financing barriers they are facing.

    Our results are contradictory to some earlier research in the area and in line with other. This implies that the characteristics and relationship of SMEs credit risk and internationalization changes over time and/or differs between countries, perhaps even between regions within national borders. For example we arrived at the conclusion that our basic model indicates a positive relationship between internationalization and credit risk, in line with both Rugman (2009) and Caves (2007). Our analysis shows no significant difference in the firm’s capital structure depending on the internationalization, although younger companies tended to have a higher level of internationalization. This finding is contradictory to the research conducted by Burgman (2009) and the reports carried out by the European Commission whose report reaches the conclusion that older firms had a higher level of international exposure. 

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  • 44.
    Ahlinder, William
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Grass, Emil
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Construction Management: Risker och möjligheter för byggherrar2017Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Traditional and well established project delivery methods have during an extended time been used in the construction sector. During the last decades, usage of alternative process methods and organizational structures has increased within the Swedish construction sector. Thus, the process of choosing a project delivery method is getting more complex. Clients are benefitted from having good knowledge about different ways of operating construction projects. Clients’ aim for construction projects with low level of risk, at the same time the project should be efficient in terms of costs, time and quality. The outcome of a project is highly dependent on decisions being taken early in the process, though the possibility of risk-minimization and changes decreases over time. Therefore, one of the most important decisions for clients is the choice of project delivery method. Construction Management (CM) is one of the alternative project delivery methods that have increased in usage within the Swedish construction and real estate market. Consequently, clients have one additional project delivery method to evaluate in aspects of what risks and possibilities it would entail to the project. This study evaluates what risks and possibilities CM-projects have in relation to other methods and identifies when the project delivery method is most suitable to use. Further, the study examines the level of knowledge concerning CM among different actors within the Swedish construction sector. The purpose of this study is to increase the knowledge of the project delivery method and to suggest possible changes in the way CM is used.The study comprises a qualitative interview based method where a wide spread of actors from the Swedish construction and real estate market are participating. The result is founded upon the perceptions, experiences and reflections the participating actors have expressed. The result of this study shows that CM can be used in all types of projects, where the benefits of the delivery method are best used in complex projects with high levels of risk and uncertainty. The use of CM could lead to shorter project time, lower price and give the client possibilities of cost effective changes. However, the project risk and responsibility is to a greater extent held by the client. The respondents expressed a difference about the contractual risk levels and the levels based upon experience from project results, which makes it hard to evaluate if CM relates to a higher or lower degree of risk in comparison to the traditional delivery methods.    A lot of possible changes could be implemented in the way CM-projects are executed to adapt more to the clients’ needs and thereby increase the demand of the project delivery method. These changes contain modified contracts between consultants and clients to move parts of the risk to the CM-organization that holds the project management. Further changes in how the consultant fees are charged and how the warranties are handled could decrease the clients´ concerns with CM-projects.

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  • 45.
    Ahlvar, Mathias
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Berg, Fredrik
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.
    Investment companies as an investment – Could a person without experience from investments bee helped by the active ownership of investment companies?2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In this essay we have been studying the development of investment companies that is traded at

    Mid Cap and Large Cap at the Stockholm stock market. We took out five investment companies at random from the mentioned markets above. We used these companies as benchmarking for the study. To measure the development we looked at the change in the stock price and the total yield over the given time period, we then compared these to three random portfolios of 8 stocks each and the index called Six-Return index. All the companies in the random portfolios have another type of owner structure and lack Investment Company as a big owner. Those companies have a more divided ownership. In the essay we also look at the yield with consideration to the

    risk that is taken in the given investment in forms of Sharpe ratio and standard deviation for each portfolio. To get some extra insight we have interviewed Investor AB and Investment AB

    Latour. Both companies are leading investment companies in Sweden. The time period for the essay is 10 years and is stretching from 2004-01-01 until 2014-01-01.

    The results from the paper are that investment companies in general had a higher yield then the index and portfolios that was used as comparison. The results for the investment companies are better in terms of change in stock price and in yield but also with the consideration of the risk. The explanation of the results lies in several variables where the active ownership of the investment companies is the major part of the explanation and net asset discount together with the high dividend is another part. With these result investment companies is supposedly a very good investment for t

    hose that can’t beat the market, which would mean a great deal of all

    investors.

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  • 46.
    Ahmadi, Zahra
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Building and Real Estate Economics.
    Market orientation and public housing companies in the Swedish declining market2016Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The licentiate thesis consists of three papers with the particular topic in public housing. They discuss how the public housing companies manage the transition to higher economic demands meeting increased customer and market requirements. These studies focus specifically on how the public housing company deal with market challenges associated with the decision to demolish, maintain and/or new construction. Market-oriented perspective can be a tool for the public housing companies to achieve better customer value and enhance economic development. Although the market orientation concept has contributed to valuable improvements in research, the thesis assumes that it is necessary to distinguish between that the public housing companies operate market-oriented to meet customer requirements and their focus on innovation.

    Paper I develops market/innovation types and then investigates how public housing companies adapt to these types. It was found that economic conditions in the municipality have a major impact on the housing companies, causing them to act innovatively and create superior customer value by innovations. The study confirms that the implementation of market and innovation orientation contributes to competitive advantages in growing markets, while weak economic conditions impair implementation in declining markets.

    Paper II addresses how public housing companies in declining markets act based on the concept of market intelligence. This study suggested and tested whether there is a positive link between collecting customer information, disseminating it in the organization, and responding to customer needs, and whether this link has an impact on strategic performance. The result shows that weak links exist in the process; the efficiency of intelligence distribution in public housing companies is affected mainly by their responsiveness to customer needs.

    Paper III also addresses the public housing companies’ market strategies in declining markets. This study, based on a market-strategic perspective, compares how public housing companies act in relation to customer wants compared to the private housing market. The result shows that public housing companies are more engaged in carrying out new construction, renovation, and reconstruction, as well as taking more social responsibility compared to the private sector. In particular, their concern for the customers’ social needs is evident.

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    Thesis
  • 47.
    Ahmadi, Zahra
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Building and Real Estate Economics.
    Moderating effects on market orientation and strategic performance: A study of public housing companies in Sweden2018In: Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 48.
    Ahmadi, Zahra
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Building and Real Estate Economics. Högskolan i Gävle.
    The role of market orientation in public housing companies:: A study of MO’s effect on construction strategies2018Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The development of public housing companies in Sweden is strongly influenced by legal, economic, and demographic changes. The companies long tradition of taking responsibility for customer welfare in living have recently been criticized for excessive dominance over price setting, which is claimed to give them competitive advantages in the housing market. New legislation in 2011 requires financial return on investment, implying increased competition with radical changes for the companies. Because of the law, they find themselves transitioning from the role of being responsible for living conditions in Sweden to having to work in a businesslike manner with increased competition.The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze how the public housing companies’ deal with market orientation constructs and what their impact is on construction strategy choices. Theoretically, the market orientation concept is seen as a tool for companies to create superior value for the customers and influence strategic performance, which is a relationship tested and analyzed in this dissertation.The research was conducted through data collection stages using qualitative and quantitative methods. In the first stage, a qualitative pilot study was conducted with interviews of 15 managers in 11 public housing companies in central Sweden. In the second stage, two quantitative comparative studies of public and private housing companies in declining markets in central Sweden were conducted, collecting data from 23 (22 survey respondents) public and 37 private housing companies (16 respondents). In the third and final stage, two quantitative studies were conducted, collecting data from all 289 public housing companies (165 respondents) in Sweden.Results of the five studies show, firstly, that economic condition in the municipality have a major impact on the housing companies’ construction strategies, causing them to act innovatively in order to create superior customer value. Secondly, market orientation efforts contribute to competitive advantages in growing markets, while weak economic conditions limit the companies’ construction strategy choices in declining markets. After analyzing the link between market orientation constructs and construction strategy in declining markets, results showed that the public housing companies demonstrate higher responsiveness to customer demands compared to the private sector, but these have no effects on construction strategy. Thirdly, the analysis of moderating (external) and mediating (corporate social responsibility) effects on the market orientation and construction strategy relationship confirms that economic conditions in society influence construction strategy planning and decisions. The results of the mediating effects of CSR indicate that environmental and social issues have a positive influence on the market orientation and construction strategy relationship.

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  • 49.
    Ahmadi, Zahra
    et al.
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Building and Real Estate Economics. University of Gävle, Sweden.
    Lind, Hans
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Building and Real Estate Economics.
    Strategies in decling housing markets: a comparison of public and private housing companiesManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 50.
    Ahmadi, Zahra
    et al.
    Gävle.
    Lind, Hans
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Building and Real Estate Economics.
    Sustainable strategies in a declining housing market: a comparative study2018In: International Journal of Management Practice, ISSN 1477-9064, E-ISSN 1741-8143, Vol. 11, no 4, p. 400-421Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study is first to examine and compare sustainable strategies within public and private housing companies in declining markets in central Sweden. Then, the study evaluates the impact of new legislation that requires public housing companies to act in a ‘businesslike’ way, in the same way as a long-term private company. A quantitative study was conducted based on a survey sent to 72 housing companies. The results show that public housing companies are more strategy oriented than private housing companies. The results can be viewed as an on-going interaction process, where a company’s strategies affect its profit. The study aims toincrease the understanding of activities within housing companies in adeclining market that engage the companies in sustainable strategies to improve their market knowledge and profit.

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