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  • 1.
    Abebe, Henok Girma
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och historia, Filosofi.
    Hansson, Sven Ove
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Can Cost Benefit Analysis and Vision Zero be Reconciled?Manuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and Vision Zero are often considered to be incompatible approaches to road traffic safety. The discord between the two can be traced back to basic incompatibilities between utilitarian and deontological modes of moral thinking. However, both have something to contribute. CBA is an expression of the reasonable principle that the resources available for improving traffic safety should be used as efficiently as possible, and Vision Zero expresses the equally reasonable principle that deaths and serious injuries in road traffic are always unacceptable. The two can be reconciled, if due attention is paid to the fact that Vision Zero accepts temporary compromises, albeit not end-goal compromises, and the efficiency analysis of CBA is disassociated from claims of optimality. We propose two ways to reconcile the two approaches. First, the results of a CBA can be presented not only for the currently used life-value but also for alternative, higher life-values. Secondly, essentially the same information can be presented in the form of cost-effectiveness safety analysis (CESA), which reports the economic costs per life saved. We propose that a CESA should be performed for all road traffic projects, not only those that have safety improvement as their main objective. In this way, an economically informed total overview of the impact of Vision Zero in traffic safety can be obtained.

  • 2.
    Agerstrand, Marlene
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Kuester, A.
    Bachmann, J.
    Breitholtz, M.
    Ebert, I.
    Rechenberg, B.
    Ruden, Christina
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Reporting and evaluation criteria as means towards a transparent use of ecotoxicity data for environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals2011Ingår i: Environmental Pollution, ISSN 0269-7491, E-ISSN 1873-6424, Vol. 159, nr 10, s. 2487-2492Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Ecotoxicity data with high reliability and relevance are needed to guarantee the scientific quality of environmental risk assessments of pharmaceuticals. The main advantages of a more structured approach to data evaluation include increased transparency and predictability of the risk assessment process, and the possibility to use non-standard data. In this collaboration, between the research project MistraPharma and the German Federal Environment Agency, a new set of reporting and evaluation criteria is presented and discussed. The new criteria are based on the approaches in the literature and the OECD reporting requirements, and have been further developed to include both reliability and relevance of test data. Intended users are risk assessors and researchers performing ecotoxicological experiments, but the criteria can also be used for education purposes and in the peer-review process for scientific papers. This approach intends to bridge the gap between the regulator and the scientist's needs and way of work.

  • 3.
    Ahlin, Jesper
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Reflective Equilibrium DefendedManuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Reflective equilibrium is a method of justification in ethics. In this essay, I account for an argument against reflective equilibrium put forth by Theo van Willigenburg from a position of (weak) foundationalism. I attempt to demonstrate why it is flawed and how reflective equilibrium as a method of justification can withstand the foundationalist critique.

  • 4.
    Ahlin, Jesper
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Toward an Agent-Centered Theory of VoluntarinessManuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    The concept of voluntariness is central to informed consent and personal autonomy, yet it has been underexplored by bioethicists. There are various theories intended to explain voluntary choice and action. None is fully agent-centered, in the sense that the conceptualization of voluntariness takes into account the agent’s views of her decisions and actions. An agent-centered theory of voluntariness would promote analytical precision, and foster autonomy in healthcare and research practices. According to the most influential bioethical theory of voluntariness, here called the Voluntariness as Control theory, an action is non-voluntary if the agent is controlled by external influences. The theory is critically discussed from an agent-centered perspective, and a new conceptualization of voluntariness is proposed.

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  • 5.
    Ahlin Marceta, Jesper
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Nine Cases of Possible Inauthenticity in Biomedical Contexts and What They Require from BioethicistsManuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Respect for autonomy is a main moral principle in bioethics. It is sometimes argued that authenticity, i.e., being "real," "genuine," "true to oneself," or similar, is crucial to a person's autonomy. This article collects nine cases in which the notion of authenticity has been or could be invoked in biomedical contexts. One recently developed theory aiming to provide normative guidance with regard to authenticity-related problems is applied when it is possible, while it is explained in detail why the theory is inept or impractical in the remaining cases. The article thus provides an overview of authenticity-related problems which may be helpful for autonomy theorists. Furthermore, it is argued that there is no universal problem of authenticity, but many problems, and that they may require various particular solutions rather than one universal solution. Among other things, it is suggested that bioethicists should explore non-ideal methodological approaches to authenticity-related problems to provide action-guidance with regard to them.

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  • 6. Andersson, C
    et al.
    Authén, S
    Holmberg, Jan-Erik
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Increased user-friendliness and transparency in PSA models: Phase 1. Pre-study2010Rapport (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 7.
    Angere, Staffan
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    The defeasible nature of coherentist justification2007Ingår i: Synthese, ISSN 0039-7857, E-ISSN 1573-0964, Vol. 157, nr 3, s. 321-335Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The impossibility results of Bovens and Hartmann (2003, Bayesian epistemology. Oxford: Clarendon Press) and Olsson (2005, Against coherence: Truth, probability and justification. Oxford: Oxford University Press.) show that the link between coherence and probability is not as strong as some have supposed. This paper is an attempt to bring out a way in which coherence reasoning nevertheless can be justified, based on the idea that, even if it does not provide an infallible guide to probability, it can give us an indication thereof. It is further shown that this actually is the case, for several of the coherence measures discussed in the literature so far. We also discuss how this affects the possibility to use coherence as a means of epistemic justification.

  • 8. Authén, S.
    et al.
    Björkman, K.
    Holmberg, Jan-Erik
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Larsson, J.
    Guidelines for reliability analysis of digital systems in PSA context: Phase 1, Status Report2010Rapport (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 9.
    Baard, Patrik
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Mill, miljö och hållbarhet2011Ingår i: Tidskrift för politisk filosofi, ISSN 1402-2710, E-ISSN 2002-3383, nr 3, s. 29-36Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
  • 10.
    Baard, Patrik
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    New Beginnings?Manuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 11.
    Baard, Patrik
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    The Shape of Order at the Edge of Chaos2011Ingår i: Ephemera : Theory and Politics in Organization, ISSN 2052-1499, E-ISSN 1473-2866, Vol. 11, nr 4, s. 116-123Artikel, recension (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 12.
    Baard, Patrik
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Vredin Johansson, Maria
    Carlsen, Henrik
    Edvardsson Björnberg, Karin
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Scenarios and sustainability: tools for alleviating the gap between municipal means and responsibilities in adaptation planning2012Ingår i: Local Environment: the International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, ISSN 1354-9839, E-ISSN 1469-6711, Vol. 17, nr 6-7, s. 641-662Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Adaptation to climate change often involves long-time frames and uncertainties over the consequences of chosen adaptation measures. In this study, two tools designed for assisting local decision-makers in adaptation planning were tested: socio-economic scenarios and sustainability analysis. The objective was to study whether these tools could be of practical relevance to Swedish municipalities and facilitate local-level climate change adaptation. We found that the municipal planners who participated in the testing generally considered the tools useful and of high relevance, but that more time was needed to use the tools than was provided during the test process.

  • 13.
    Barton, Adrien
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    How Tobacco Health Warnings Can Foster Autonomy2013Ingår i: Public Health Ethics, ISSN 1754-9973, E-ISSN 1754-9981, Vol. 6, nr 2, s. 207-219Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    I investigate whether tobacco health warnings' interference with autonomy is ethically justifiable in order to deter people from smoking. I dissociate first the informational role and the persuasive role of tobacco health warnings and show that both roles enable typical addicted smokers to better rule themselves, fostering their autonomy. The fact that some messages address people's non-deliberative faculties is therefore compensated by a larger positive influence on their autonomy. However, misleading messages are not ethically justified and should be avoided. Tobacco health warnings' effect on autonomy highlights an important difference between libertarian paternalism and classical paternalism.

  • 14.
    Barton, Adrien
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Burgun, A.
    Duvauferrier, R.
    Probability assignments to dispositions in ontologies2012Ingår i: Front. Artif. Intell. Appl., 2012, s. 3-14Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate how probabilities can be assigned to dispositions in ontologies, building on Popper's propensity approach. We show that if D is a disposition universal associated with a trigger T and a realization R, and d is an instance of D, then one can assign a probability to the triplets (d,T,R) and (D,T,R). These probabilities measure the causal power of dispositions, which can be defined as limits of relative frequencies of possible instances of T triggering an instance of R over a hypothetical infinite random sequence of possible instances of T satisfying certain conditions. Adopting a fallibilist methodology, these probability values can be estimated by relative frequencies in actual finite sequences.

  • 15.
    Belfrage, Sara
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Exploitative,irresistible and coercive offers.: Why research participants should be paid well or not at all.Manuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper starts with the assumption that it ismorally problematic when people in need are offered money in exchange forresearch participation if the amount offered is unfair. Such offers are called“coercive”, and the degree of coerciveness is said to be determined by theoffer’s potential to cause exploitation and its irresistibility. Depending onwhat view we take on the possibility to compensate for the sacrifices made byresearch participants, a wish to avoid “coercive offers” leads to policyrecommendations concerning payment for participation. For sacrifices consideredcompensable we ought to offer either no payment or payment at a level deemedfair, while for sacrifices deemed incompensable we always ought to offer nopayment.

  • 16.
    Belfrage, Sara
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Without informed consent2013Ingår i: Moral, Ethical, and Social Dilemmas in the Age of Technology: Theories and Practice, IGI Global, 2013, s. 291-305Kapitel i bok, del av antologi (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    The requirement of always obtaining participants' informed consent in research with human subjects cannot always be met, for a variety of reasons. This paper describes and categorises research situations where informed consent is unobtainable. Some of these kinds of situations, common in biomedicine and psychology, have been previously discussed, whereas others, for example, those more prevalent in infrastructure research, introduce new perspectives. The advancement of new technology may lead to an increase in research of these kinds. The paper also provides a review of methods intended to compensate for lack of consent, and their applicability and usefulness for the different categories of situations are discussed. The aim of this is to provide insights into one important aspect of the question of permitting research without informed consent, namely, how well that which informed consent is meant to safeguard can be achieved by other means.

  • 17.
    Belfrage, Sara
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Without Informed Consent2011Ingår i: International Journal of Technoethics, ISSN 1947-3451, Vol. 2, nr 3, s. 48-61Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The requirement of always obtaining participants’ informed consent in research with human subjects cannot always be met, for a variety of reasons. This paper describes and categorises research situations where informed consent is unobtainable. Some of these kinds of situations, common in biomedicine and psychology, have been previously discussed, whereas others, for example, those more prevalent in infrastructure research, introduce new perspectives. The advancement of new technology may lead to an increase in research of these kinds. The paper also provides a review of methods intended to compensate for lack of consent, and their applicability and usefulness for the different categories of situations are discussed. The aim of this is to provide insights into one important aspect of the question of permitting research without informed consent, namely, how well that which informed consent is meant to safeguard can be achieved by other means.

  • 18.
    Belfrage, Sara
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Hansson, Sven Ove
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Ethical problems in traffic research2006Ingår i: TRA - TRANSPORT RESEARCH ARENA EUROPE 2006: GREENER, SAFER AND SMARTER ROAD TRANSPORT FOR EUROPE. PROCEEDINGS, 2006Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Traffic research gives rise to many types of ethical issues. In this paper we focus on ethical issues that arise when human beings are directly affected in the performance of research, by comparing traffic research to the ethical requirements imposed on biomedical research. After introducing the basic ethical requirements on biomedical research, each of the major requirements is discussed in relation to traffic research. We identify the main areas where biomedical research and traffic research differ, and where the ethical requirements from the former cannot easily be transferred to the latter. Finally, we argue that there is a need for systematic studies of the ethics of traffic research and point to some of the issues that need to be addressed (A). For the covering abstract of the conference see ITRD E212343

  • 19. Bengtsson, Lisa
    et al.
    Holmberg, Jan-Erik
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Rossi, Jukka
    Knochenhauer, Michael
    Probabilistic Safety Goals for Nuclear Power Plants; Phases 2-4: Final Report2011Rapport (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Safety goals are defined in different ways in different countries and also used differently. Many countries are presently developing them in connection to the transfer to risk-informed regulation of both operating nuclear power plants (NPP) and new designs. However, it is far from self-evident how probabilistic safety criteria should be defined and used. On one hand, experience indicates that safety goals are valuable tools for the interpretation of results from a probabilistic safety assessment (PSA), and they tend to enhance the realism of a risk assessment. On the other hand, strict use of probabilistic criteria is usually avoided. A major problem is the large number of different uncertainties in a PSA model, which makes it difficult to demonstrate the compliance with a probabilistic criterion. Further, it has been seen that PSA results can change a lot over time due to scope extensions, revised operating experience data, method development, changes in system requirements, or increases of level of detail, mostly leading to an increase of the frequency of the calculated risk. This can cause a problem of consistency in the judgments.

    This report presents the results from the second, third and fourth phases of the project (2007–2009), which have dealt with providing guidance related to the resolution of some specific problems, such as the problem of consistency in judgement, comparability of safety goals used in different industries, the relationship between criteria on different levels, and relations between criteria for level 2 and 3 PSA. In parallel, additional context information has been provided. This was achieved by extending the international overview by contributing to and benefiting from a survey on PSA safety criteria which was initiated in 2006 within the OECD/NEA Working Group Risk.

    The results from the project can be used as a platform for discussions at the utilities on how to define and use quantitative safety goals. The results can also be used by safety authorities as a reference for risk-informed regulation. The outcome can have an impact on the requirements on PSA, e.g., regarding quality, scope, level of detail, and documen¬tation. Finally, the results can be expected to support on-going activities concerning risk-informed applications.

    The project provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art description and has contributed to clarifying the history of safety goals both nationally and internationally, the concepts involved in defining and applying probabilistic safety criteria, and the international status and trends in general. It has identified critical issues and the main problem areas. Finally, the project provides useful recommendations and guidance on the definition and application of criteria.

    Furthermore, the project makes it possible to define criteria stringently, improving the possibilities of argumentation on safety. Generally, this supports efficient use of criteria, yielding more useful PSA results. In this connection, the introduction of ALARP type criteria is judged to provide a very useful way of balancing stringency with the necessary flexibility. There is a possibility of making more active use of lower level criteria. This makes the connection to defence in depth more evident, and opens the perspective of increased control of defence in depth by use of probabilistic methods, including the use as design tools. There is an opportunity for comparison of risk of different NPPs, as well as of comparison of NPP risk with other risks in society. This is judged to provide an opportunity for improved communication on risks with non-PSA experts and with the public in general. However, a necessary condition for meaningful comparisons is to agree on the scope of PSA and methods applied.

    Obviously, there will also be challenges in the future definition and application of probabilistic safety criteria. These include very general aspects, such as the interpretation of the probability, quality aspects of PSA, and the definition of meaningful and consistent risk criteria for different usages. The need and usefulness of subsidiary criteria has been stressed in the project, but there is obviously also a challenge in defining a relevant set of criteria on different levels. Defining criteria for L(E)RF is complex, especially if release criteria are defined as subsidiary for societal and individual risk. Finally, it will be a challenge to develop coherent application procedures relative to the criteria defined.

  • 20. Bengtsson, Lisa
    et al.
    Holmberg, Jan-Erik
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Rossi, Jukka
    Knochenhauer, Michael
    Probabilistic Safety Goals for Nuclear Power Plants; Phases 2-4: Final Report.2010Rapport (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 21.
    Bergman, Åke
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet.
    Hansson, Sven Ove
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Jakobsson,, Kristina
    Universitetssjukhuset Lund.
    Källén, Erland
    Stockholms universitet.
    Rudén, Christina
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Giftfritt – en nyttig utopi2009Ingår i: Chemicalnet.seArtikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 22. Beronius, A.
    et al.
    Hanberg, A.
    Rudén, Christina
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Background paper on the risk assessment of Bisphenol A: Overview of previous risk assessments2010Ingår i: The joint FAO/WHO expert meeting to review toxicological and health aspects of bisphenol A, 2010Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 23. Beronius, A.
    et al.
    Rudén, Christina
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Hanberg, A.
    Improving the transparency of data evaluation in risk assessment of endocrine disrupting compounds-Implications from the bisphenol A case study2011Ingår i: Toxicology Letters, ISSN 0378-4274, E-ISSN 1879-3169, Vol. 205, s. S256-S256Artikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    The complex biology and toxicology of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) makes toxicity testing as well as evaluation of data for risk assessment difficult. Standardized test guidelines have previously been questioned as to their applicability for evaluating EDC toxicity. However, several guidelines have been updated and enhanced in an effort to better cover EDCs. Also, EDC toxicity is a very active research field and a lot of toxicological data are generated in research studies NOT conducted according to standardized guidelines. Our previous work indicates that differences in how the reliability and relevance of toxicity studies are judged may vary greatly between risk assessments of the same compound and may result in different conclusions about the size and nature of health risks. Further, the process of data evaluation is in many cases in-transparent. The purpose of this on-going study is to contribute to making health risk assessments of EDCs more transparent, systematic, and predictable. The investigation is conducted as a literature study using the EDC bisphenol A (BPA) for a case study. We scrutinize and compare the strengths and weaknesses of both guideline and non-guideline studies evaluating developmental neurotoxicity of BPA. One goal is to further assess the applicability of standardized guidelines in this case. Another aim is to propose improvements in the process of data reporting of non-guideline studies and recommend criteria for the evaluation of data in order to facilitate risk assessment of EDCs.

  • 24. Beronius, A.
    et al.
    Rudén, Christina
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Hanberg, A.
    Garai, J.
    Håkansson, H.
    Assessing the risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals2009Ingår i: Endocrine disrupting chemicals in food / [ed] Ian Shaw, Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2009, s. 356-380Kapitel i bok, del av antologi (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    In this chapter, four European regulatory frameworks are compared concerning how they cope with identifying and risk assessing endocrine-disrupting chemicals. This comparison is performed by using four example chemicals, bisphenol A, dioxins, ethinyl estradiol and vinclozolin, representing four different regulatory categories. It is concluded that within these regulations, there are no general test requirements that specifically enable identification of endocrine disruptors, and there seem to be little conformity in the risk assessment processes even though the route of exposure and the mode of toxicity are similar. Further development of risk assessment guidance for endocrine disruptors requires continued cooperation between experimental scientists, risk assessors, regulators and industry.

  • 25. Beronius, Anna
    et al.
    Rudén, Christina
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Hanberg, Annika
    Håkansson, Helen
    Health risk assessment procedures for endocrine disrupting compounds within different regulatory frameworks in the European Union2009Ingår i: Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology, ISSN 0273-2300, E-ISSN 1096-0295, Vol. 55, nr 2, s. 111-122Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study we have investigated how different regulatory frameworks in Europe cope with identification and risk assessment of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Four regulatory groups were selected for the investigation: existing industrial chemicals, environmental pollutants in food, pharmaceuticals and plant protection products. The legislation and guidelines for each of these groups were scrutinized and compared in detail. In addition, one recent European risk assessment document each for three identified EDCs, i.e. bisphenol A, dioxins and vinclozolin, were reviewed and compared. We found that the requirements for toxicity testing and availability and scope of risk assessment guidelines varied between the four regulatory frameworks. Also, the general principles regarding the human relevance of the mode of action identified in animal tests differed in the different risk assessments. In conclusion, there is little conformity in the risk assessment processes between these groups of chemicals. Because of the complicated nature of endocrine disruption, test methods, principles and criteria for data interpretation traditionally used might not be directly applicable to EDCs and further development of a transparent and reliable risk assessment process for this type of substances is needed.

  • 26. Beronius, Anna
    et al.
    Rudén, Christina
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Håkansson, Helen
    Hanberg, Annika
    Risk to all or none? A comparative analysis of controversies in the health risk assessment of Bisphenol A2010Ingår i: Reproductive Toxicology, ISSN 0890-6238, E-ISSN 1873-1708, Vol. 29, nr 2, s. 132-146Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor for which health risk assessment has proven controversial. Conclusions regarding health risks of BPA vary between assessments from "there is no risk to any part of the population" to "there is risk to the entire population". We have carried out a literature study investigating what might be the scientific and/or policy-related reasons for these differences. Ten risk assessments for BPA were scrutinized and several factors were compared between assessments, including estimations of exposure levels, identification of critical study and NOAEL, assessment factors and significance attributed to reports of low-dose effects. Differences in conclusions were mainly influenced by the evaluation of low-dose effects and the uncertainties surrounding the significance of these data for health risk assessment. The results illustrate the impact of differences in risk assessment policy and expert judgment on the risk assessment process and highlight the importance of transparency in this process.

  • 27.
    Beronius, Anna
    et al.
    Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Willighagen, Egon
    Maastricht Univ, Maastricht, Netherlands .
    Rudén, Christina
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Hanberg, Annika
    Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Factors influencing developmental neurotoxicity study outcome in the bisphenol A case2012Ingår i: Toxicology Letters, ISSN 0378-4274, E-ISSN 1879-3169, Vol. 211, s. S128-S129Artikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 28. Björkdahl, Christina
    et al.
    Wester, Misse
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Hansson, Sven Ove
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Effects of workplace inspection of the Swedish noise campaign2008Ingår i: Policy and Practice in Health and Safety, ISSN 1477-3996, E-ISSN 1477-4003, Vol. 6, nr 1, s. 55-63Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
  • 29.
    Björkdahl, Christina
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Wester, Misse
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Hansson, Sven Ove
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Evaluation of the Work Environment Authority 2005 campaign: STOP THAT NOISE!2006Rapport (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 30.
    Björkdahl, Christina
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Wester, Misse
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Hansson, Sven Ove
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Utvärdering av Arbetsmiljöverkets kampanj 2005: BORT MED BULLRET!2006Rapport (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 31.
    Björkman, Barbro
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Different Types, Different Rights: Distinguishing Between Different Perspectives on Ownership of Biological Material2007Ingår i: Science and Engineering Ethics, ISSN 1353-3452, E-ISSN 1471-5546, Vol. 13, nr 2, s. 221-233Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Drawing on a social construction theory of ownership in biological material this paper discusses which differences in biological material might motivate differences in treatment and ownership rights. The analysis covers both the perspective of the person from whom the material originates and that of the potential recipient. Seven components of bundles of rights, drawing on the analytical tradition of Tony Honore, and their relationship to various types of biological material are investigated. To exemplify these categories the cases of a heart, a kidney, stem cells and hair are used.

  • 32.
    Björkman, Barbro
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Etiska aspekter på samhällets riskhantering2005Ingår i: Filosofins Nya Möten / [ed] K. Edvardsson, S.O. Hansson & J. Nihlén Fahlquist, Hedemora: Gidlunds Förlag , 2005, s. 103-111Kapitel i bok, del av antologi (Refereegranskat)
  • 33.
    Björkman, Barbro
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    How agencies inspect: A comparative study of inspectionpolicies in eight Swedish government agencies2003Rapport (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 34.
    Björkman, Barbro
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    On the Necessary Self-regarding Aspects of Other-regarding VirtuesArtikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 35.
    Björkman, Barbro
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Virtue Ethics, Bioethics, and the Ownership of Biological Material2008Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    The overall aim of this thesis is to show how some ideas in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics can be interpreted and used as a productive way to approach a number of pressing issues in bioethics. Articles I-II introduce, and endorse, a social constructivist perspective on rights (as opposed to the more traditional natural rights idea). It is investigated if the existence of property-like rights to biological material would include the moral right to commodification and even commercialisation. Articles III-V discuss similar questions and more specifically champion the application of an Aristotelian virtue ethics perspective. The articles are preceded by an introductory essay on some of the central themes in the Nicomachean Ethics. This section also includes a very brief account of what the connection between virtue ethics and a theory of social construction, including rights, could look like. The thesis seeks to show that if read somewhat creatively many of the ideas in the Nicomachean Ethics make for a highly useful approach to modern moral problems. It should be noted, however, that this thesis in no way claims to be an exegetic, or a complete, study of the Nicomachean Ethics.

    Article I deals with ownership of biological material from a philosophical, as opposed to a legal, perspective. It is argued that a strand in liberal political theory that treats property relations as socially constructed bundles of rights, as developed by e.g. Felix Cohen and Tony Honoré, is well suited for discussions on ownership of biological material.

    Article II investigates which differences in biological material might motivate differences in treatment and ownership rights. The article draws on the social constructivist theory of ownership which was developed in Article I.

    Article III employs virtue ethics to explain why it is morally permissible to donate but not to sell organs such as kidneys. It is suggested that the former action will bring the agent closer to a state of human flourishing.

    Article IV argues that virtues like philia, justice, beneficence and generosity — traditionally all seen as other-regarding — contain strong self-regarding aspects. The central claim is that these self-regarding aspects of the other-regarding virtues are necessary components of complete virtue and thus that the fully virtuous agent has to act virtuously both in her dealings with herself and others.

    Article V applies the ideas that were developed in Article IV to the case of living organ donations to next of kin. It is proposed that such an act, although noble and fine, is supererogatory, rather than obligatory, as the donor is morally entitled to be partial to herself. This argument is made against the backdrop of a discussion on some Aristotelian ideas on philia and partiality.

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  • 36.
    Björkman, Barbro
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Why Organ Donation from the Living is a Supererogatory Act: A Discussion on Philia and the Moral Right to Favour OneselfArtikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 37.
    Björkman, Barbro
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Why We are Not Allowed to Sell that Which We are Encouraged to Donate2006Ingår i: Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, ISSN 0963-1801, E-ISSN 1469-2147, Vol. 15, nr 1, s. 60-70Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
  • 38.
    Björkman, Barbro
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Hansson, Sven Ove
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Bodily Rights and Property Rights2006Ingår i: Journal of Medical Ethics, ISSN 0306-6800, E-ISSN 1473-4257, Vol. 32, nr 4, s. 209-214Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Whereas previous discussions on ownership of biological material have been much informed by the natural rights tradition, insufficient attention has been paid to the strand in liberal political theory represented by Felix Cohen, Tony Honore, and others, which treats property relations as socially constructed bundles of rights. In accordance with that tradition, we propose that the primary normative issue is what combination of rights a person should have to a particular item of biological material. Whether that bundle qualifies to be called `` property'' or `` ownership'' is a secondary, terminological issue. We suggest five principles of bodily rights and show how they can be applied to the construction of ethically appropriate bundles of rights to biological material.

  • 39. Bladh, Kent
    et al.
    Holmberg, Jan-Erik
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Oxstrand, Johanna
    Chalmers.
    Pyy, Pekka
    Enhanced Bayesian THERP: Experience from HRA method evaluation2010Ingår i: Proceedings of  European Safety and Reliability, ESREL 2010, London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2010Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    The Enhanced Bayesian THERP (Technique for Human Reliability Analysis) method uses as its basis the time-reliability curve introduced in the Swain’s human reliability analysis (HRA) handbook. It differs from the Swain's Handbook via a transparent adjustment of the time-dependent human error probabilities by use of five performance shaping factors (PSFs): (1) support from procedures, (2) support from training, (3) feedback from process, (4) need for co-ordination and communication, (5) mental load, decision burden. In order to better know the characteristics of the Enhanced Bayesian THERP from a more international perspective, the method has been subject to evaluation within the framework of the international “HRA Methods Empirical Study Using Simulator Data”. Without knowledge of the crews’ performances, several HRA analysis teams from different countries, using different methods, performed predictive analyses of four scenarios. This paper gives an overview of the method with major findings from the benchmarking. The empirical comparison gives confidence that the time reliability curve is a feasible and cost effective method to estimate human error probabilities when the time window is well defined and relatively short. The comparison of empirical observations with predictions was found as an useful exercise to identify areas of improvements in the HRA method.

  • 40. Breitholtz, M.
    et al.
    Rudén, Christina
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Hansson, Sven Ove
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Bengtsson, B. E.
    Ten challenges for improved ecotoxicological testing in environmental risk assessment2006Ingår i: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, ISSN 0147-6513, E-ISSN 1090-2414, Vol. 63, nr 2, s. 324-335Artikel, forskningsöversikt (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    New regulations, in particular the new European chemicals legislation (REACH), will increase the demands on environmental risk assessment (ERA). The requirements on efficient ecotoxicological testing systems are summarized, and 10 major issues for the improvement of ERA practices are discussed, namely: (1) the choice of representative test species, (2) the development of test systems that are relevant for ecosystems in different parts of the world, (3) the inclusion of sensitive life stages in test systems, (4) the inclusion of endpoints on genetic variation in populations, (5) using mechanistic understanding of toxic effects to develop more informative and efficient test systems, (6) studying disruption in invertebrate endocrine mechanisms, that may differ radically from those we know from vertebrates, (7) developing standardized methodologies for testing of poorly water-soluble substances, (8) taking ethical considerations into account, in particular by reducing the use of vertebrates in ecotoxico logical tests, (9) using a systematic (statistical) approach in combination with mechanistic knowledge to combine tests efficiently into testing systems, and (10) developing ERA so that it provides the information needed for precautionary decision-making.

  • 41. Breitholtz, Magnus
    et al.
    Eriksson, Johan
    Green, Nicholas
    Rudén, Christina
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Testing and risk assessment of persistent and bioaccumulating chemical substances - Improvements within REACH?2006Ingår i: Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, ISSN 1080-7039, E-ISSN 1549-7860, Vol. 12, nr 4, s. 782-805Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    In the proposed new European chemicals regulations - the REACH system - the improved control of persistent and bioaccumulating substances is stated as one of the tasks being of particular importance. In this article, the reliability and validity of the scientific basis for identification of persistent ( P), bioaccumulating ( B), and toxic ( T) substances, and for assessing the risks that these substances may pose, are discussed. We have used the European Union risk assessment of pentabromodiphenyl ether, PentaBDE ( CAS 32534-81-9) as a study case in the analysis. It is concluded that for PBT substances there is room for development both with regard to test methodology and with regard to risk assessment procedures.

  • 42.
    Bülow, William
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Nothing to Hide: The False Tradeoff between Privacy and Security by Daniel J. Solove2012Ingår i: Tidskrift för politisk filosofi, ISSN 1402-2710, E-ISSN 2002-3383Artikel, recension (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 43.
    Bülow, William
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Ö̈ga för öga? Om retributivism och dödsstraff2013Ingår i: Tidskrift för politisk filosofi, ISSN 1402-2710, E-ISSN 2002-3383, nr 2, s. 19-26Artikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 44.
    Bülow, William
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Wester, Misse
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Genmodifierade organismer – hur rädda är vi?2011Ingår i: Genteknik som tar skruv / [ed] Förare, Jonas, Stockholm: Formas , 2011Kapitel i bok, del av antologi (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 45.
    Bülow, William
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Wester, Misse
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Privacy issues and Paternalism in the context of Social Networking Sites2011Ingår i: The Social Impact of Social Computing / [ed] Bisset, A., Bynum, T. W., Light, A., Lauener, A., Rogerson, S., 2011, s. 88-93Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
  • 46.
    Bülow, William
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Wester, Misse
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    The Right to Privacy and the Protection of personal data in a Digital Era and the Age of InformationManuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 47.
    Cantwell, John
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    A Formal Model of Multi-Agent Belief-Interaction2006Ingår i: Journal of Logic, Language and Information, ISSN 0925-8531, E-ISSN 1572-9583, Vol. 15, nr 4, s. 303-329Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A semantics is presented for belief revision in the face of common announcements to a group of agents that have beliefs about each other's beliefs. The semantics is based on the idea that possible worlds can be viewed as having an internal-structure, representing the belief independent features of the world, and the respective belief states of the agents in a modular fashion. Modularity guarantees that changing one aspect of the world (a belief independent feature or a belief state) has no effect on any other aspect of the world. This allows us to employ an AGM-style selection function to represent revision. The semantics is given a complete axiomatisation (identical to the axiomatisation found by Gerbrandy and Groeneveld for a semantics based on non-wellfounded set theory) for the special case of expansion.

  • 48.
    Cantwell, John
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    A model for updates in a multi-agent setting2007Ingår i: Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics, ISSN 1166-3081, E-ISSN 1958-5780, Vol. 17, nr 2, s. 183-196Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
  • 49.
    Cantwell, John
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Changing the modal context2008Ingår i: Theoria, ISSN 0040-5825, E-ISSN 1755-2567, Vol. 74, nr 4, s. 331-351Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Conditionals that contain a modality in the consequent give rise to a particular semantic phenomenon whereby the antecedent of the conditional blocks possibilities when interpreting the modality in the consequent. This explains the puzzling logical behaviour of constructions like "If you don't buy a lottery ticket, you can't win", "If you eat that poison, it is unlikely that you will survive the day" and "If you kill Harry, you ought to kill him gently". In this paper it is argued that a semantic version of the Ramsey Test provides a key in the analysis of such constructions. The logic for this semantics is axiomatized and some examples are studied, among them a well-known puzzle for contrary-to-duty obligations.

  • 50.
    Cantwell, John
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Filosofi.
    Conditionals in causal decision theory2013Ingår i: Synthese, ISSN 0039-7857, E-ISSN 1573-0964, Vol. 190, nr 4, s. 661-679Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper explores the possibility that causal decision theory can be formulated in terms of probabilities of conditionals. It is argued that a generalized Stalnaker semantics in combination with an underlying branching time structure not only provides the basis for a plausible account of the semantics of indicative conditionals, but also that the resulting conditionals have properties that make them well-suited as a basis for formulating causal decision theory. Decision theory (at least if we omit the frills) is not an esoteric science, however unfamiliar it may seem to an outsider. Rather it is a systematic exposition of the consequences of certain well-chosen platitudes about belief, desire, preference and choice. It is the very core of our common-sense theory of persons, dissected out and elegantly systematized. (David Lewis, Synthese 23:331-344, 1974, p. 337). A small distortion in the analysis of the conditional may create spurious problems with the analysis of other concepts. So if the facts about usage favor one among a number of subtly different theories, it may be important to determine which one it is.

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