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  • 1.
    Abhijeet, Kumar
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Governing water pollution effectively: A comparative study of legal frameworks & their implementation in India & Sweden.2013Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    Case studies from India have shown that the legal regime governing water pollution control in India has miserably failed. Sectoral approach to water management is quite evident. On the other hand Sweden has shown a remarkable change with regard to environment management. The poor management of a resource makes the resource further poor. Thus effective management of the resources becomes crucial. Good governance has been vital in conservation of a resource. But the issue is what constitutes good governance with respect to water? Law has always played a steering role in governance aspect. But despite having pollution control laws the effective governance of water pollution has not been attainable in India. Are the pollution control laws fundamentally wrong or some other factors prevail which is beyond the reach of law to control the pollution problem. The thesis which is a comparative study of legal framework and their implementation in India and Sweden attempts to explore how control of water pollution has been effectively governed in Sweden and what needs to been done in India.

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  • 2. Admass, M.
    et al.
    Dargahi, Bijan
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Vattendragsteknik.
    3D numerical modelling of flow and sediment transport in rivers2007Ingår i: International Journal of Sediment Research, ISSN 1001-6279, Vol. 22, nr 2, s. 168-174Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
  • 3.
    Admass, Muluneh
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    3-D numerical modeling of flow and sediment transport in rivers2005Licentiatavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    The fully integrated 3-D, time dependant, hydrodynamic and sediment transport numerical model ECOMSED was used to simulate flow and sediment transport in rivers. ECOMSED was originally developed for large water bodies such as lakes and oceans and solves the primitive equations of RANS along with a second order turbulence model in an orthogonal curvilinear σ- coordinate system. The availability of the model as an open FORTRAN source code made modifications and addition of new models possible. A new bed load transport model was implemented in the code as well as improvements in treatment of river roughness parameterization, bed form effects, and automatic update of flow depth due to bed evolution. The model was applied to 1- km long reach of the River Klarälven, Sweden, where it bifurcates into two west and east channels. The water surface and the flow division in the channels were made in agreement with field data by spatially varying the roughness. However, the spatial distribution of the bed shear stress was not realistic. Improvements were made in the bottom boundary condition to represent the variable effects of bed forms on roughness depending on the flow regime and the flow depth. The improved model realistically reproduced the flow field as well as the sediment transport processes in the river Klarälven.

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  • 4.
    Ahlberg, Jesper
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Biogeofysik.
    Gustafsson, David
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Biogeofysik.
    Distributed snow modelling integrating ground penetrating radar data for improved runoff predictions in a Swedish mountain basin2009Ingår i: EGU General Assembly 2009, 2009Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Operational forecasts of snow melt runoff in Sweden are currently running with precipitation and temperature as the main input variables and calibrated with runoff data, and there is an interest to make better use of new measurement systems for distributed snow data. At the same time, various data assimilation techniques are becoming more frequently used in hydrological modeling, in order to reduce uncertainties related to both model structure errors and errors in input and calibration data. Thus, it is important to address not only what type of snow data that can be used to improve the model predictions, but also what type of input data and model structures that are optimal in relation to the available snow data. The objective of this study is to investigate to what extent the runoff predictions can be improved by assimilation of temporal and spatially distributed snow data, and if the improvements depend on the choice of model structures, for instance the use of energy balance or day-degree snow models. In order to achieve these objectives a new distributed snow model has been implemented into the hydrological modeling framework HYSS/HYPE. This model can easily be setup with either an energy balance model or a day-degree model for the snow pack calculations, and it is easy to run the model with different spatial resolutions. In the fully distributed case, snow drift processes are implicitly included in the model through a precipitation distribution model, based on topographical information and wind direction. The model was applied to a mountain basin in northern Sweden used for hydropower production, where extensive snow measurements were taken during the last two winters 2007-2009. A climate station is located at the outlet of the regulation lake, including automated point measurements of snow depth, snow mass (snow pillow), snow wetness and snow temperature. Distributed snow cover data was sampled using ground-penetrating radar from snow mobiles. Measurements were taken at the time of the maximum snow cover, providing a data set with snow depth, snow density, snow water equivalent along 20 km long transects in representative areas of the basin. The precipitation distribution model was calibrated using the distributed SWE data from the GPR measurements. Application of the calibrated model to previous years without available snow data show that the runoff predictions was improved compared to calibrations without the distributed snow data, however the improvements were larger for the energy balance compared to the day-degree model. Further developments will include assimilation of the temporal and spatial snow data to adjust the distribution of various input variables, for instance air temperature and wind speed.

  • 5.
    Ahlberg, Jesper
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Biogeofysik.
    Gustafsson, David
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Biogeofysik.
    Snow melt runoff simulations using ensemble Kalman filter assimilation of distributed snow data2010Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 6. Ahmed, K. M.
    et al.
    Bhattacharya, Prosun
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljögeokemi och ekoteknik.
    Hasan, M. A.
    Rahman, M
    von Brömssen, Mattias
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljögeokemi och ekoteknik.
    Jacks, Gunnar
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljögeokemi och ekoteknik.
    Hossain, Mohammed
    Islam, M. Mainul
    Rahman, Marina
    Rashid, S.M.A.
    Sustainable Arsenic Mitigation (SASMIT) in Bangladesh: The Matlab strategy2010Ingår i: Abstracts with programs (Geological Society of America), ISSN 0016-7592, Vol. 42, nr 5, s. 652-Artikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 7. Ahmed, K. M.
    et al.
    Sultana, S.
    Hasan, M. A.
    Bhattacharya, Prosun
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljögeokemi och ekoteknik.
    Hasan, M. K.
    Burgess, W. K.
    Hoque, M. A.
    Groundwater quality contrasts between Upper and Lower Dupi Tila Aquifers in Megacity Dhaka, Bangladesh2011Ingår i: Groundwater quality contrasts between Upper and Lower Dupi Tila Aquifers in Megacity Dhaka, Bangladesh: Proc. 7th International Groundwater Quality Conference, 2011, s. 71-74Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Dhaka is one of the fastest growing megacities of the world and is set to become the third largest by 2025. Currently about 86% of the municipal water supply comes from over 500 wells drilled in the Dupi Tila aquifers underlying the city. The Upper Dupi Tila aquifer (UDTA) is overexploited and a large part has been dewatered; abstractions from the lower Dupi Tila started only recently. Results of water analysis and EC surveys have been used to decipher the variations in groundwater quality in the UDTA and LDTA. EC surveys reveal a systematic deterioration of water quality in the vicinity of the Buriganga River in southeast Dhaka. The UDTA is more widely affected by anthropogenic processes than the LDTA, which still largely exhibits its intrinsic water quality characteristics. Regular monitoring and proper management practices are essential to protect the quality of this precarious resource.

  • 8.
    Al-Ajmi, Adel
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Wellbore stability analysis based on a new true-triaxial failure criterion2006Doktorsavhandling, monografi (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    A main aspect of wellbore stability analysis is the selection of an appropriate rock failure criterion. The most commonly used criterion for brittle failure of rocks is the Mohr-Coulomb criterion. This criterion involves only the maximum and minimum principal stresses, s1 and s3, and therefore assumes that the intermediate stress s2 has no influence on rock strength. When the Mohr-Coulomb criterion had been developed, it was justified by experimental evidence from conventional triaxial tests (s1>s2=s3). Based on triaxial failure mechanics, the Mohr-Coulomb criterion has been extensively used to represent rock failure under the polyaxial stress state (s1>s2>s3).

    In contrast to the predictions of Mohr-Coulomb criterion, much evidence has been accumulating to suggest that s2 does indeed have a strengthening effect. In this research, I have shown that Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion only represents the triaxial stress state (s2=s3 or s2=s1), which is a special case that will only occasionally be encountered in situ. Accordingly, I then developed a new true-triaxial failure criterion called the Mogi-Coulomb criterion. This failure criterion is a linear failure envelope in the Mogi domain (toct-sm,2 space) which can be directly related to the Coulomb strength parameters, cohesion and friction angle. This linear failure criterion has been justified by experimental evidence from triaxial tests as well as polyaxial tests. It is a natural extension of the classical Coulomb criterion into three dimensions.

    As the Mohr-Coulomb criterion only represents rock failure under triaxial stress states, it is expected to be too conservative in predicting wellbore instability. To overcome this problem, I have developed a new 3D analytical model to estimate the mud pressure required to avoid shear failure at the wall of vertical, horizontal and deviated boreholes. This has been achieved by using linear elasticity theory to calculate the stresses, and the fully-polyaxial Mogi-Coulomb criterion to predict failure. The solution is achieved in closed-form for vertical wellbores, for all stress regimes. For deviated or horizontal wellbores, Mathcad programs have been written to evaluate the solution. These solutions have been applied to several field cases available in the literature, and the new model in each case seems to be consistent with the field experience.

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  • 9.
    Al-Ajmi, Adel M.
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Teknisk geologi och geofysik. Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Oman .
    Zimmerman, Robert W.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Teknisk geologi och geofysik.
    A new 3D stability model for the design of non-vertical wellbores2006Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion is known to be too conservative in estimating the critical mud pressure required to maintain wellbore stability, due to ignoring the strengthening effect of the intermediate principal stress. To eliminate this deficiency, we have developed a new analytical model to estimate the mud pressure required to avoid shear failure at the wall of non-vertical boreholes (i.e., the collapse pressure). This has been achieved by using a linear elastic and isotropic constitutive model for the stresses, and the Mogi-Coulomb criterion to predict failure. For comparison, the stability analysis has been also carried out using Mohr-Coulomb, the modified Lade criterion, and the Drucker-Prager criterion. We have found that implementing the Mogi-Coulomb law instead of Mohr-Coulomb does indeed lessen the conservative nature of the wellbore stability analysis. In general, the Mogi-Coulomb criterion gives an estimate of the collapse pressure that is similar to that given by the modified Lade criterion in polyaxial stress states, and similar to Mohr-Coulomb in triaxial stress states. By comparison, the Drucker-Prager criterion always underestimates the required mud weight. The developed 3D stability model has been applied in a field case study.

  • 10.
    Al-Ajmi, Adel M.
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Teknisk geologi och geofysik.
    Zimmerman, Robert W.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Teknisk geologi och geofysik.
    Stability analysis of vertical boreholes using the Mogi-Coulomb failure criterion2006Ingår i: International Journal of Rock Mechanics And Mining Sciences, ISSN 1365-1609, E-ISSN 1873-4545, Vol. 43, nr 8, s. 1200-1211Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A main aspect of wellbore stability analysis is the selection of an appropriate rock failure criterion. The most commonly used criterion for brittle failure of rocks is the Mohr-Coulomb criterion. This criterion involves only the maximum and minimum principal stresses, a, and sigma(3), and therefore assumes that the intermediate stress 92 has no influence on rock strength. As the Mohr-Coulomb criterion ignores the strengthening effect of the intermediate stress, it is expected to be too conservative in estimating the critical mud weight required to maintain wellbore stability. Recently, Al-Ajmi and Zimmerman [Relationship between the parameters of the Mogi and Coulomb failure criterion. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 2005;42(3):431-39.] developed the Mogi-Coulomb failure criterion, and showed that it is reasonably accurate in modelling polyaxial failure data from a variety of rocks. We then develop a model for the stability of vertical boreholes, using linear elasticity theory to calculate the stresses, and the fully-polyaxial Mogi-Coulomb criterion to predict failure. Our model leads to easily computed expressions for the critical mud weight required to maintain wellbore stability.

  • 11. Al-ajmi, A.M
    et al.
    Zimmerman, Robert W
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Relation between the Mogi and the Coulomb failure criteria2005Ingår i: International Journal of Rock Mechanics And Mining Sciences, ISSN 1365-1609, E-ISSN 1873-4545, Vol. 42, nr 3, s. 431-439Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    We have shown that linear Mogi criterion does a good job in representing rock failureunder polyaxial stress states. When σ2 = σ3 the linear version of Mogi's triaxial failurecriterion reduces exactly to the Coulomb criterion. Hence, the linear Mogi criterion can be thought of as a natural extension of the Coulomb criterion into three dimensions (i.e., polyaxial stress space). As Mohr's extension of the Coulomb criterion into three dimensions is often referred to as the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, we propose that the linear version of the Mogi criterion be known as the "Mogi-Coulomb" failure criterion. The classical Coulomb failure criterion can therefore be thought of as a special case, which applies only when σ2 = σ3 of the more general linear Mogi failure criterion. Furthermore, we found that the numerical values of the parameters that appear in the Mogi-Coulombcriterion can be estimated from conventional triaxial test data. Thus, this polyaxial failurecriterion can be applied even in the absence of polyaxial (true triaxial) data. This offers a great advantage, as most laboratories are equipped to conduct only traditional σ2 = σ3tests. Finally, we showed that if the linear form of the Mogi criterion is used, the parameters that appear in it can be unambiguously related to the traditional parameters appearing in the Coulomb failure law. The lack of such a relationship for the parameters appearing in the power-law Mogi criterion has been cited in [8] as a major drawback to the use of that model. 

  • 12.
    Alam, M.S.
    et al.
    Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada.
    Ahmed, Kazi Matin
    University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
    Hasan, M.A.
    University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
    Hossain, Muhammed
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljögeokemi och ekoteknik.
    Bhattacharya, Prosun
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljögeokemi och ekoteknik.
    Controls of sedimentary facies on arsenic mobilization in shallow aquifers of the Matlab North Upazila, southeastern Bangladesh2013Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Groundwater extracted from shallow (<100 m bgl) Holocene alluvial aquifers, is the primary source of drinking water in Matlab North Upazila, Southeast Bangladesh. The distribution of lithofacies and its relation to hydrochemistry in such heterogeneous deposits are of fundamental importance for the analysis of groundwater quality. Aquifer sediment samples were collected from 48 locations throughout the study area. Lithofacies distribution was characterized using grain size and sediment colors. Channel fills (sandy) and over bank (silt-clay) deposits the two main lithofacies groups, were identified. These sandy deposits represent an active meandering river or channel fills sediment sequence, which are usually capped by silts and clays of an over bank sediment sequence. All the collected sediments samples were generalized and subdivided based on four distinct color variations, such as Black, White, Off-white, and Red according to Munsell color chart and water-well drillers’ perception.

    Mineral compositions showed variability with the sediment color and grain size. Red and off-white sediments contain fewer amounts of metastable minerals (hornblende, actinolite, kyanite and pyroxenes etc.) than that of black sediments, whereas black sediments contain higher amount of biotite. The relatively high content of biotite and other dark colored ferromagnesian minerals are responsible for the black and grayish color of these sediments. Ferruginous coating on silicates, particularly on quartz grains, gives the red and off-white coloration. Based on the available information regarding sediment colors of aquifers in which tubewell screens were placed, 44 domestic hand pumped tubewells (HTWs) were selected for water sampling. The groundwater abstracted from black sediments of shallow aquifer showed higher concentrations in DOC (median: 5.81 mg/L), dissolved NH

    4+ (median: 3.47 mg/L), PO43- (median: 1.36 mg/L), Fe (median: 4.87 mg/L), As (median: 252.53 μg/L) and relatively low Mn (median: 0.54 mg/L) and SO42-(median: 0.59 mg/L) concentrations, whereas groundwater abstracted from off-white and red sediments of shallow aquifer showed lower concentrations in DOC (median: 1.95 and 1.71 mg/L, respectively), dissolved NH4+ (median: 0), PO43- (median: 0.14 and 0.04 mg/L, respectively), Fe (median: 2.25 and 0.63 mg/L, respectively), As (median: 17.36 and 15.05 μg/L, respectively) and relatively high Mn+2 (median: 1.12 and 1.15 mg/L, respectively) and SO42- (median: 0.79 and 0.78 mg/L, respectively) concentrations. The water samples collected from black sediments (median Eh: 211 mV) indicated most reducing environment, followed by white (median Eh: 227 mV), whereas off-white and red sediments (median Eh: 268 and 274 mV) signified less reducing environment. The study supports that the sediment colors in shallow aquifer can be a reliable indicator of high and low-As concentrations and can be a useful tool for local drillers to target arsenic safe aquifers.

  • 13.
    Aldekoa, Joana
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Modelling the emerging pollutant di-clofenac with the GREAT-ER model: application to the Llobregat River Basin.2013Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    Water from the Llobregat is used to supply a significant part of the city of Barcelona. At the same time, 60 wastewater treatment plants discharge into this basin. Two field campaigns conducted in the Llobregat Catchment detected more than 80 pharmaceu-ticals in the water. Therefore, it is clear that water quality in Llobregat is a potential concern. A GIS hydrology water quality model has been applied in order to predict the concentrations of one of the pharmaceuticals, diclofenac, in the catchment. Con-sumption, excretion, and degradation data has been studied to calibrate the model. This exercise proves that it is relatively straightforward to predict the concentrations of new and emerging contaminants at basin scale. Nonetheless, the limited and inac-curate available data was a relevant obstacle in this modelling process.

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  • 14.
    Alderman, Carin
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Vattendragsteknik.
    Andersson, Sophia
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Vattendragsteknik.
    Cavitation assessment of the Baihetan discharge tunnel – Using Computational Fluid Dynamics2012Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    Recently it has become more common in the construction of large dams to reuse diversion tunnels as flood discharge tunnels in the final structure. These tunnels handle large flows with the characteristics of open channel flow. When such large hydrological forces act upon a structure there are several problems to be expected. One of these is the occurrence of cavitation, which could have potential hazardous erosion as a consequence. Cavitation is the formation and collapse of bubbles that create a shockwave strong enough to erode the underlying material.

    The Baihetan dam is one of the largest hydro power projects in China at present. It has three discharge tunnels that all run the risk of developing cavitation damages. By modelling one of the tunnels using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) it is possible to investigate where in the tunnel structure cavitation is likely to occur.

    This degree project assesses the risk of cavitation erosion in the Baihetan tunnel using the static pressure distribution, the velocity distribution and modern cavitation theory. Several modifications of the tunnel – including alterations in the gradient and construction parameters – are simulated in order to investigate if changes in the design can mitigate the cavitation problem. None of the analysed modifications completely eliminate the problem and aeration is recommended to counteract the problem. This study indicates where cavitation might be a problem in the Baihetan tunnel and can be used as a basis for further research.

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  • 15.
    Alemu, Gulilat
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljöbedömning och -förvaltning.
    GIS based and analytical network process based multi criteria decision aid for sustainable urban form selection of the Stockholm region.2011Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    Decision making processes of natural resources for sustainable development are very complex processes that contain large amounts of contradicting criteria and alternatives and/or objectives. Hence efficiency of planning and decision making is highly dependent on the structure of the decision problems. In this re-spect Multi Criteria Decision Aid (MCDA) is the most widely used method. Particularly GIS-based MCDA using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a well-known method in this respect. However, there are interrelationships and interdependences among problems of the real world. As a result, many spatial problems cannot be structured hierarchally because the importance of the criteria determines the importance of the alternatives, and the importance of the alternatives also determines the importance of the criteria. Analytical Network Process (ANP) based MCDA is a new planning and decision making ap-proach that allows the decision problem to be modeled considering feedbacks and interdependence among criteria. This study critically reviews GIS-based MCDA using the AHP method and the ANP based MCDA method and forwarded recommendations for future works. To attain this, practical decision making processes were used of urban form selection for a sustainable development of the Stockholm region. For this purpose literature was reviewed, separate methodologies were developed, criteria were formulated to be analyzed using GIS and SuperDecision software‟s, and finally reasonable results were achieved and separately presented to critically evaluate both the methods and the outcome. This study showed that GIS has the potential to be an important decision aid tool, that the ANP seems to give more realistic results than the GIS-based MCDA method, and that a compact scenario that over time follows already established polycentric pattern would be the best alternative urban form for a sustainable develop-ment of Greater Stockholm.

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  • 16.
    Allen, J.
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Cars, Göran
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Samhällsplanering och miljö, Urbana och regionala studier.
    Multiculturalism and governing neighbourhoods2001Ingår i: Urban Studies, ISSN 0042-0980, E-ISSN 1360-063X, Vol. 38, nr 12, s. 2195-2209Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Parekh's theory of multiculturalism offers a number of insights which are useful in analysing the role of neighbourhood governance in promoting social cohesion within culturally diverse small areas. The problems of neighbourhood governance are rooted in disjointed structural change across Europe over the past 25 years. In this context, the formation of a multicultural European polity risks creating a white European ethnicity which will institutionalise specific forms of racism within distressed neighbourhoods. At the same time, the shift from government to governance as a way to address the problems of governability in structurally reconstituted societies is associated with the top-down imposition of specific forms of neighbourhood governance which can then, unwittingly, become part of the institutionalisation of racism. Using Parekh's theory to construct a critique yields a set of principles which illuminate a number of key strategic elements which can be used practically in designing neighbourhood governance mechanisms and which illuminate the pre-occupations in the existing literature.

  • 17.
    Almer, Anna-Klara
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Integrating remotely sensed hydrologic parameters into an index of sediment connectivity2017Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [sv]

    De förväntade ökningarna i nederbörd och temperatur i Skandinavien, och speciellt extrem korttidsnederbörd, kommer att öka frekvensen av översvämningar. Urbana områden är de mest sårbara, och speciellt väginfrastrukturen. Ackumuleringen av stora volymer av vatten och sediment där väg och vattendrag möts leder till allvarliga konsekvenser för dräneringskonstruktionerna. Behovet av ett verktyg för att identifiera egenskaper som påverkar förekomsten av översvämningar, och för att förutsäga framtida händelser är väsentligt.

    Studien integrerar markfuktighet både rumsligt och tidsmässigt i forskningen om metoder för översvämningsrisker. Markfuktighetsdata är inkluderat från fjärranalysteknik, med fokus på de specifika satelliterna för markfuktighet, ASCAT och SMOS. Vidare är flertalet faktorer (PCDs) inkluderade för att identifiera egenskaper i avrinningsområden som är benägna till översvämning samt en inventering av nuvarande vägdräneringskonstruktioner. Slutligen är ett index med sediment connectivity (Cavalli et al., 2013) implementerat för att se flödet av vatten och sediment inom avrinningsområdet. En fallstudie med två områden i Sverige, Västra Götaland och Värmland, som drabbades av allvarliga översvämningar i augusti 2014 är inkluderat.

    Resultaten visar att metoden att använda markfuktighet från satellitdata är lovande för inkludering i uppskattningar av översvämningsrisk och i indexet med sediment connectivity.

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  • 18.
    Alsuleimanagha, Zaid
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Liang, Jing
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Dynamic analysis of the Baozhusi dam using FEM.2012Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    High magnitude earthquakes have devastating effects that leads to severe human and material losses; when affecting concrete gravity dams, seisms devastate the surrounding habitat through sudden release of reservoir. Dam safety is therefore a significant issue to be accounted in order to prevent the failure of dams located in seismic regions.

    The Baozhusi dam, the case study of this thesis, was exposed to 8.0 Ms (at the Mercalli scale) Wenchuan earthquake 2008 with intensity of (0.148 g) at the dam site. The earthquake intensity exceeded the design level of the dam (0.1 g); yet, the Baozhusi dam was not severely damaged as showed by tests.

    The present study case is a modeling and analyzing of the dynamical behavior of the Baozhusi dam during the earthquake duration.

    The results show that the horizontal component of the ground motion predominate the dynamic response of the dam. It is confirmed that the horizontal component of the ground motion crossed the dam at its axis and therefore minimizing the damages on the concrete gravity dam.

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  • 19. Amofah, Lea Rastas
    et al.
    Maurice, Christian
    Bhattacharya, Prosun
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Extraction of Arsenic from Soils Contaminated with Wood Preservation Chemicals2010Ingår i: Soil & sediment contamination, ISSN 1532-0383, E-ISSN 1549-7887, Vol. 19, nr 2, s. 142-159Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Three soil samples contaminated by chromated zinc arsenate (CZA) or chromated copper arsenate (CCA) were investigated in a laboratory scale to study As mobilization and to identify a chemical agent that could be used in soil washing to extract arsenic. Besides high As extraction, the cost, occupational health issues and technical aspects were considered when selecting the chemical. Arsenic is strongly bound to CZA/CCA soils; only similar to 50% of the tot-As was removed from water-washed soils. High Fe or Al mobilization is not necessarily indicative of high As removal from CZA/CCA soils. A high Cu/As-ratio and a large amount of soluble Ca in the soil hampered As extraction. The high ratio can be an indication of stable Cu-arsenates in soil. Calcium can react with the extraction agent or with As during extraction. Sodium hydroxide, dithionite with citrate (and oxalate) (dithionite solutions), and oxalate with citrate were the most efficient chemicals for removing As from the soils. The disadvantages of using these strong chemicals are: a high cost (oxalate with citrate); damage to equipment (dithionite solutions); an adverse impact on occupational health (dithionite solutions); or a deterioration in soil quality after extraction (NaOH and dithionite solutons). Phosphate, solutions based on NH2OH center dot HCl, or citrate were not efficient in mobilizing As from the soils.

  • 20. Amofah, Lea Rastas
    et al.
    Maurice, Christian
    Kumpiene, Jurate
    Bhattacharya, Prosun
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    The influence of temperature, pH/molarity and extractant on the removal of arsenic, chromium and zinc from contaminated soil2011Ingår i: Journal of Soils and Sediments, ISSN 1439-0108, E-ISSN 1614-7480, Vol. 11, nr 8, s. 1334-1344Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose Normal soil washing leave high residual pollutant content in soil. The remediation could be improved by targeting the extraction to coarser fractions. Further, a low/high extraction pH and higher temperature enhance the pollutant removal, but these measures are costly. In this study, the utility of NaOH, oxalate-citrate (OC) and dithionite-citrate-oxalate (DCO) solutions for extracting of arsenic, chromium and zinc from contaminated soil were assessed and compared. In addition the effects of NaOH concentration and temperature on NaOH extractions, and those of temperature and pH on OC and DCO extractions, were evaluated. Materials and methods A two-level, full-factorial design with a centre point was implemented. Two factors, concentration and temperature,were evaluated in NaOH extractions, and pH and temperature for OC and DCO solutions. In all cases, the extraction temperature was 20A degrees C, 30A degrees C and 40A degrees C. The studied NaOH concentrations were 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1 M. The pH in OC solutions was 3, 5 and 7, and in DCO solutions, 4.7, 6.3 and 6.7. Water-washed and medium coarse soil fraction of arsenic, chromium and zinc contaminated soil was agitated for 15 min with the extraction solution. Results and discussion In NaOH extractions, the temperature and (less strongly) NaOH concentration significantly affected As and Cr mobilisation, but only the latter affected Zn mobilisation. Both pH and temperature significantly (and similarly) influenced As and Cr mobilisation in OC extractions, while only the pH influenced Zn mobilisation. In contrast, the extraction temperature (but not pH) influenced As, Cr and Zn mobilisation in DCO extractions. Conclusions For all extractants, mobilisation was most efficient at elevated temperature (40A degrees C). None of the extractants reduced the soil's As content to below the Swedish EPA's guideline value. Use of DCO is not recommended because dithionite has a short lifetime and residual arsenic contents in DCO-extracted soil are relatively high. Instead, sequential extraction with NaOH followed by OC solutions (affording significant reductions in As, Cr and Zn levels in the soil with short extraction times) at 40A degrees C is recommended.

  • 21.
    Amri, Hilfi
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Investigating Inundation Impacts Caused by Extreme Sea Level Rise at Nacka Municipality2017Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [sv]

    Flera områden i Nacka Kommun ligger vid Östersjöns kust och inom dessa kustnära områden finns infrastruktur som tjänar en värdefull funktion för samhället. Det finns en växande oro att dessa platser kommer hotas av förändrade havsnivåer, både på kort och på lång sikt. Denna studie kommer att undersöka effekten av översvämningar på kustområden i Nacka genom att titta på kanalen från Ekorren till Solsunda tillsammans med en djupgående diskussion om Fisksätra och Tollare. Som en försiktighetsåtgärd föreslår Länsstyrelsen i Stockholm en anpassningsåtgärd att värdefull infrastruktur byggs över 2,7 meter. En uppskattning av tröskelvärdet bör också diskuteras ytterligare.

    Havsnivåförändringar bör uppfattas som händelser som innefattar flera scenarier och som inte går att fullständigt hantera med paradigmet "förutse sen agera". För att ta itu med detta har en modell utformats för att bedöma två uppsättningar villkor som står i kontrast med varandra och som kommer att fungera som ett intervall, det låga och det extrema, samt två tidsramar: år 2100 och år 2150. Ett lågt scenario bedömer den låga förändringen av havsnivån i kombination med extrema värden för vattennivån och en vindhastighet som motsvarar 100 års returperiod. I motsats hanterar det extrema scenariot den extrema förändringen av havsnivån samt en 1000 års returperiod med extrem havsnivå och vindhastighet. När det extrema vindhastighetselementet bortses, kommer de framtida vattennivåer som kommer att användas vara följande: 1,70 m för låg 2100; 3,63 m för extrem-2100; 2,15 m för låg 2150; Och 6,35 m för extrem-2150.

    Hastigheten för havsnivåförändringen är tagen från den globala genomsnittliga havsnivåförändringen som har anpassats till lokal havsnivåförändring specifikt för Stockholm. Lokala fysiska attribut ingår också, t.ex. vertikal markrörelse, havsnivå, vind- och bäddmotstånd från markskyddet. För att kunna bearbeta alla dessa ingångsvärden använder studien MIKE 21 Flexible Mesh Hydrodynamic modul skapad av DHI.

    Sammantaget påverkas de kustområden som ligger inom ramen för studien mindre av kustöversvämningar. Detta beror på den branta terrängen nära kanalen. Det finns dock flera undantag, speciellt vid extrema scenarier och värst på längre sikt, såsom delområdena Saltängen, Saltsjö-Duvnäs, Lännersta och Ekorren. Anledningen att de är känsliga för förändring beror på den relativt plana terrängen nära kanalen. De drabbade byggnaderna i dessa scenarier är bostäder, affärsbyggnader och flera skolor. För de två mer berörda områdena i denna studie är Tollare mindre påverkad av kustöversvämningar i alla scenarier jämfört med Fisksätra.

    Länsstyrelsens förslag att bygga över tröskelvärdet på 2,7 meter visar sig vara tillräckliga vid låga scenarier. I vissa andra fall föreslog översvämningsmodellen att dessa regler och begränsningar är otillräckliga, i synnerhet i samband med extrema scenarier och långsiktiga händelser. Vidare måste anpassningsåtgärder på längre sikt omprövas för att kunna hantera eventuella framtida händelser.

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  • 22. Andersson, J. C.
    et al.
    Feng, X.
    Pan, P.
    Koyama, T.
    Kwon, S.
    Lee, C. S.
    Rinne, M.
    Shen, B.
    Lan, H.
    Martin, C. D.
    Chen, Y.
    Zhou, C.
    Blaheta, R.
    Kohut, R.
    Jing, Lanru
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Modeling the Äspö Pillar stability experiment2010Ingår i: Rock Mechanics in Civil and Environmental Engineering - Proceedings of the European Rock Mechanics Symposium, EUROCK 2010, 2010, s. 787-790Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents results of the 1st stages ofTaskAof the Decovalex 2011 project, the numerical modeling of the Äspö Pillar Stability experiment performed by the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory of the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB). The objective is to perform back calculation of the Äspö pillar behavior using state of the art numerical modeling techniques for the material behavior. The work is divided into three stages and it is the first stage of thework that will be presented in this paper. Seven international teams from six different countries participated in the task and contributed to the results presented in this paper, concerning back calculation of uniaxial and triaxial compressive core testing and elastic back calculation of the stress path for excavation-induced stresses. The results are useful for understanding the occurrence of spalling in the upper part of the pillar during excavation and the stress path modeling gives the first approximation of the yielding strength of the pillar. The calculated results agree well with observations measured during experiment.

  • 23. Annadotter, Helene
    et al.
    Rosborg, Ingegerd
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Forssblad, Johan
    Brown lakes: causes, effects and remedial measures2012Ingår i: Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water: 4th International Conference on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water (METEAU), LONDON: IWA PUBLISHING , 2012, s. 171-171Kapitel i bok, del av antologi (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 24.
    Annaduzzaman, Md
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Effectiveness of Tubewell platform color as screening tool for arsenic and manganese in drinking water wells: An assessment from Matlab region Southeastern Bangladesh.2012Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    Arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater is a severe and adverse water quality issue for drinking purposes, particularly in Southeast Asia, where groundwater is the main drinking water source. Bangladesh is one of the countries where arsenic poisoning in groundwater is massive and it is essential to find out a reliable alternative safe drinking water source. In this process, it is very much needed to identify As-rich wells to avoid drinking water from them and to assess the extent of contamination as well. This study attempts to evaluate the potentiality of tube-well (TW) platform color as low-cost quick screening tool for As and Mn as well in drinking water wells (n=272). The result shows strong association of red color platform with As-rich water in the corresponding wells compared to WHO guideline value of 10 μg/L (98.7% certainty) and regional (Bangladesh/India) standard of 50 μg/L (98.3% certainty). The sensitivity and efficiency of red color platforms to screen high As water in TW for 10 μg/L are 98% and 97%. Similarly, for 50 μg/L, it is 98% for both sensitivity and efficiency. However, because of a very low number (n=4) of TW platform stained with black color, it is not possible to make any conclusion on the potentiality of black color as a screening tool for Mn. This study suggests that red colored platform can be potentially used for primary identification of TWs with elevated As concentration and to prioritise sustainable As mitigation management. However, this study does not discard the concept of black colored platform as a screening tool for Mn-rich water. Further study is recommended to evaluate the efficiency of black color as a screening tool for Mn.

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  • 25.
    Annaduzzaman, Md.
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljögeokemi och ekoteknik.
    Biswas, Ashis
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljögeokemi och ekoteknik.
    Hossain, Mohammad
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljögeokemi och ekoteknik.
    Bhattacharya, Prosun
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljögeokemi och ekoteknik.
    Jacks, Gunnar
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljögeokemi och ekoteknik.
    Ahmed, Kazi Matin
    University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
    Tubewell platform color: A low-cost and rapid screening tool for arsenic and manganese in drinking water2013Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Presence of high level of geogenic arsenic (As) in groundwater is one of the major and adverse drinking water quality problem all over the world, especially in Southeast Asia, where groundwater is the prominent drinking water source. Bangladesh is already considered as one of the most As affected territories, where As contamination in the groundwater is key environmental disasters. Recently besides As, presence of high level of manganese (Mn) in drinking water has also got attention due to its neurological effect on children. It becomes very essential to formulate a reliable safe drinking water management policy to reduce the health threat caused by drinking As and Mn contained groundwater. The development of a simple low cost technique for the determination of As and Mn in drinking water wells is an important step to formulate this policy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potentiality of tubewell platform color as low-cost, quick and convenient screening tool for As and Mn in drinking water wells (n=272) in a highly arsenic affected area on Matlab, Southeastern Bangladesh.

    The result shows strong correlation between the development of red color stain on tubewell platform and As enrichment in the corresponding tubewell water compared to WHO drinking water guideline (10 μg/L) as well as Bangladesh drinking water standard (BDWS) (50 μg/L), with certainty values of 98.7% and 98.3% respectively. The sensitivity and efficiency of red colored platforms to screen high As water in tubewells are 98% and 97% respectively at 10 μg/L, whereas at cut-off level of 50μg/L both sensitivity and efficiency values are 98%. This study suggests that red colored platform could be potentially used for primary identification of tubewells with elevated level of As and thus could prioritise sustainable As mitigation management in developing countries. Due to lack of tubewells with black colored platform in the study area, the use of platform color concept for screening of Mn enriched water in the wells have not been tested significantly, which requires further study.

    Acknowledgements: This study was carried out with support from the Liuuaeus-Palme Academic Exchange Programme supported by International Programs Office (IPK) and the KTH led joint collaborative action research project on Sustainable Arsenic Mitigation- SASMIT (Sid Contribution 750000854).

  • 26.
    Apul, Defne S.
    et al.
    Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toledo.
    Diaz, Maria E.
    Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo.
    Gustafsson, Jon Petter
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljögeokemi och ekoteknik.
    Hundal, Lakhwinder S.
    Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, Research and Development Department, Section 123.
    Geochemical Modeling of Trace Element Release from Biosolids2010Ingår i: Environmental Engineering Science, ISSN 1092-8758, E-ISSN 1557-9018, Vol. 27, nr 9, s. 743-755Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Biosolids-borne trace elements may be released to the environment when biosolids are used as fertilizers in farm land. Trace element leachate concentrations from biosolids are known to be limited by both organic and inorganic sorbent surfaces; this experimental evidence has not been previously verified with geochemical modeling of sorption reactions. In this study, pH-dependent leaching experiments and sorption isotherm experiments were coupled with a multisurface geochemical modeling approach. Biosolids samples were obtained from Toledo and Chicago wastewater treatment plants; their sorbent surfaces were defined and modeled as a combination of organic matter (OM) and Fe-, Al-, and Mn-oxides. The multisurface geochemical modeling approach was partially successful in predicting the pH-dependent leachate concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, and Zn. Both modeled and experimental data indicated that As and Mo in biosolids were bound to Fe- oxides; Cd, Cr, and Cu were bound mainly to OM; and as pH increased the fractions of Cd and Cu bound to Fe- oxides in the biosolids matrix increased. Ni and Zn were distributed between OM and Fe- oxides, and the percentage of each fraction depended on the pH. This study showed that the multisurface geochemical model could be used to generate As (and to a lesser extent Cd) Freundlich isotherm parameters for biosolids. However, the composition and reactivity of solid and dissolved OM was identified as a source of uncertainty in the modeling results. Therefore, more detailed studies focusing on the reactivity of isolated biosolids OM fractions with regard to proton and metal binding are needed to improve the capability of geochemical models to predict the fate of biosolids-borne trace metals in the environment.

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  • 27.
    Aronsson, Per
    et al.
    SLU.
    Hannrup, Björn
    Skogforsk.
    Hansson, Per-Anders
    SLU.
    Jönsson, Mari
    SLU.
    Larsolle, Anders
    SLU.
    Lindholm, E.-L.
    SLU.
    Möller, J.
    Skogforsk.
    Mörtberg, Ulla
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljöbedömning och -förvaltning.
    Nordström, Maria
    Skogforsk.
    Olsson, Bengt
    SLU.
    Rudolphi, Jörgen
    SLU.
    Strömgren, M.
    SLU.
    An operational decision support tool for stump harvest2011Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    A multi-criteria decision support tool was developed to optimise stump harvesting for energy in Sweden. The decision tool takes account of multiple, sometimes conflicting, criteria relating to stump harvest; energy and climate, economics, biodiversity, and soil and water. Data on harvested stems are used as primary input data in the tool. Such data are routinely collected in harvester computers. The tool effectively deals with mixed sets of data; quantitative harvest data are re-calculated to metric (e.g. stump biomass), and qualitative data (e.g. biodiversity implications) are incorporated. A digital terrain map derived from air-borne laser scanning provides basic data for estimating soil wetness, while digital maps of water courses, key habitats and protected areas, or other sensitive habitats, are used to identify potentially and practically harvestable stumps.

    In four sub-models, an index from 0 to 10 is calculated for each stump, with 0 representing ‘Not at all suitable’ and 10 ‘Highly suitable for extraction’. Through this, a stump of high value for wood-living species is assigned a low index in the biodiversity sub-model and a large, easily accessible stump is assigned a high index in the economic sub-model. When calculating the net index, the sub-indices can be weighted according to the preferences of the end-user.

    An energy and climate sub-model incorporates greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from forest operations and the effect of advancing GHG emissions when stump biomass is incinerated instead of being left to decompose. In the economic sub-model the potential monetary return from each stump is calculated based on estimated revenue from harvested stump biomass and the costs of stump harvesting and forwarding operations (based on cost functions and GI

    S calculations of transport distances).

    The biodiversity sub-model considers four types of wood-dependent organisms (lichens, mosses, insects and fungi) in terms of their habitat requirements, vulnerability, sun exposure preferences, locality, etc. A panel of external experts has drawn up a grading scale of stump values for the different taxonomic groups. The proximity to key habitats and exposure to sunlight are derived from a spatial model.

    Soil and water issues are handled within a sub-model estimating the consequences for long-term soil fertility (nutrient cycling and soil compaction) and water (leaching of plant nutrients and mercury, and particle transport due to soil damage by heavy machinery).

    The tool offers the end-user possibilities to prioritise and plan for cost-effective stump harvesting, while minimising negative environmental impacts.

  • 28.
    Arque Armengol, Anna
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Comparison between preinvestigations and detailed geotechnical site characterization of City Link, Stockholm.2012Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    A statistical comparison between the pre-investigations and the detailed site characterization while tunneling was performed in three areas of different rock quality in the Södermalm’s Tunnel. An overview of the site investigations performed prior to the construction works and the consequences in the tunneling method are also presented in this study.

    The statistical analyses in this study showed low correlation within the results obtained from the geotechnical investigations performed prior and while tunneling. The correlation diminishes as the rock mass quality decreases; however, in areas where the rock mass quality is high, the correlation is not as elevated as expected. The low association within those results may be due to diverse factors: the concentration of the pre-investigations in mostly three areas along the trace of the tunnel, and the extension of those results to the rest of the tunnel; the inappropriate utilization of the investigation techniques; and the lack of geotechnical data in the regional areas of Stockholm.

    The inaccurate geological characterization given by the pre-investigations leaded to great challenges in the most fractured and altered areas of the tunnel. A collapse occurred where the glaciofluvial sediments were in contact with the rock. The excavation had to be stopped and additional rock reinforcement had to be applied. Therefore, an increase of the expenses in terms of time and budget were the major consequences of the inaccurate predictions.

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  • 29.
    Arvidsson, Mimmi
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Dahlin, T.
    Fernlund, Joanne
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Teknisk geologi och geofysik.
    Geoelectrical imaging for aggregate quality investigations2008Ingår i: Near Surface 2008 - 14th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers, 2008Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    In the aggregate industry the use of geophysical measuring is rare. The aim of this project is to investigate how geophysical instruments can be a tool in prospecting for rock quarries, and also how they can be a help in which direction they should expand in. To have control over the quality of the aggregates is important and therefore to know when the rock mass is changing is of interest for the production. Three quarries, with different properties, were investigated with different geophysical methods, of which only the result from the resistivity and IP measurement is presented here. The fracture frequency was measured as well for comparison. The depth to the bedrock is visible in the inverted resistivity sections for the three sites, and an estimation of the quantity of the till is possible to make from the 3D-inversions. It is also shown that the fracture frequency affects the resistivity of the bulk mass. The results also show that the resistivity imaging is well suited for detecting anomalies in the rock mass, which might affect the production. This is especially clear in one of the quarries where a dolerite dyke is clearly visible in the combined resistivity and IP results.

  • 30.
    Ask, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Teknisk geologi och geofysik.
    Measurement-related uncertainties in overcoring data at the Aspo HRL, Sweden. Part 2: Biaxial tests of CSIRO HI overcore samples2006Ingår i: International Journal of Rock Mechanics And Mining Sciences, ISSN 1365-1609, E-ISSN 1873-4545, Vol. 43, nr 1, s. 127-138Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper is the second dealing with measurement-related uncertainties of overcoring data undertaken at the Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory and focuses on the biaxial test data from CSIRO HI overcore samples. The first paper dealt with measurement-related uncertainties in connection with the overcoring phase [1]. The uncertainties identified in connection to biaxial tests of CSIRO HI overcore samples include too large applied pressures and poor sampling frequency. At the Aspo HRL, the results yield that most overcore samples fractured during biaxial testing, meaning that a significant part, 56%, of available strain gauge combinations were removed from calculations of the elastic parameters. Remaining strain gauge combinations indicate average values of 62 +/- 5 GPa for Young's modulus and 0.25 +/- 0.01 for Poisson's ratio, which are considerably lower than previously published values [2-5], and are in good agreement with results from biaxial tests on Borre Probe overcore samples [6-10]. The stress calculations were obtained from re-analyzed elastic parameters and strains, and show primarily a reduction in stress magnitudes. Overall, the stress field obtained with different stress measurement methods and its variation with depth is now quite well resolved. The overcoring data suggest that the principal stresses are inclined with a vertical component dipping about 65 degrees from the horizontal over the investigated rock volume (140-420 m depth). This is interpreted as a result of influence from the sub-vertical NE-2 Fracture Zone that divides the stress data into two stress domains [11], although it may also be an artefact because the sigma(2)- and sigma(3)-magnitudes are of the same order of magnitude.

  • 31.
    Ask, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Teknisk geologi och geofysik.
    New developments in the Integrated Stress Determination Method and their application to rock stress data at the Aspo HRL, Sweden2006Ingår i: International Journal of Rock Mechanics And Mining Sciences, ISSN 1365-1609, E-ISSN 1873-4545, Vol. 43, nr 1, s. 107-126Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The Integrated Stress Determination Method (ISDM) is a powerful tool for estimating the regional stress tensor from in-situ measurements of local stress tensors using a wide variety of stress measuring techniques. This study presents new developments of the ISDM: The stress field may be described with up to 12 model parameters; and is applicable to data from CSIR- and CSIRO HI-type of overcoring devices, hydraulic fracturing, hydraulic tests of pre-existing fractures (HTPF), as well as to combined data sets. Furthermore, in combined data sets, the hydraulic fracturing and/or HTPF data may be used to constrain the average elastic parameters, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. The new ISDM developments were applied to the extensive and recently re-analysed rock stress data at the Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory. The results reveal a good fit of the re-analysed data. Overall, the re-analysis indicates that the stress field at Aspo HRL is relatively well constrained and consistent with depth. The NE-2 Fracture Zone influences the stresses, and dividing the regional stress field into a NW and a SE stress domain. When the hydraulic fracturing data were used to constrain the average elastic parameters, Young's modulus, E, and Poisson's ratio, v, quite similar results were obtained (E = 50.8 GPa and v = 0.33) compared with results from biaxial tests of overcore samples (E = 61.6 MPa and v = 0.26).

  • 32.
    Aullón Alcaine, Anna
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljögeokemi och ekoteknik.
    Bhattacharya, Prosun
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljögeokemi och ekoteknik.
    Jacks, Gunnar
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljögeokemi och ekoteknik.
    Schulz, C.
    Universidad Nacional de la Pampa, Argentina.
    Bundschuh, Jochen
    University of Southern Queensland, Australia.
    Thunvik, Roger
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Biogeofysik.
    Mörth, Carl-Magnus
    Stockholms Universitet, Institutionen för geologiska vetenskaper.
    Geogenic arsenic and fluoride in shallow aquifers of northeastern La Pampa, Argentina: mobility constraints2013Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    High concentrations of geogenic arsenic (As) and fluoride (F-) in groundwater have been reported at elevated concentrations in different parts of the Chaco-Pampean Plain, in Argentina, where more than 2 million people may be exposed to high levels of these toxic elements through drinking water. Groundwater from the shallow aquifer is far exceeding the permissible WHO Standard limits of 10 μg/L for As and 1.5 mg/L for fluoride, as well as the Argentinean Standard limit of 50 μg/L for As. Geogenic As results due to the weathering of ash originated by volcanic eruptions from the Andean Cordillera and transported by wind and deposited along with the sediments and also as discrete layers and lenses over large geographical area containing around 90% of rhyolitic glass. Groundwater is hosted in a sandy silty interconnected system of aquifers and aquitards within the The Pampean aquifer. A total of 44 groundwater samples were collected from the shallow aquifers in NE of La Pampa province. Two rural areas covering an area of 600km2 in Quemú Quemú (QQ) and 300km2 in Intendente Alvear (IA) were investigated in the present study. Groundwater was circum-neutral to alkaline (pH 7.43-9.18), predominantly oxidizing (Eh ~0.24 V) with widely variable EC range (456-11,400 μS/cm). The major cation dissolved in groundwater was Na+, while the predominant anions were HCO3-, Cl- and SO42-, respectively. Water type in QQ was mostly Na-HCO3- while in IA, the composition differed between Na-HCO3- and Na-Cl-SO42- water types. Groundwater composition showed high degree of mineralization and high salinity evidenced by high EC. In discharge areas, high evaporation rates result in high salinity of shallow groundwater and visible salts incrustations on the surface of the lakes. Elevated concentrations of NO3- and PO43- observed in some wells indicated possible anthropogenic contamination. Total As concentration in groundwater from QQ ranged from 5.58 to 535 μg/L, where 94% of the wells exceeded the WHO standard limit for safe drinking water of 10 μg/L, and 56% of the wells exceeded the old Argentine standard limit of 50 μg/L. F- concentrations revealed heterogeneity and high concentrations in some wells (0.5-14.2 mg/L), 78% of samples in QQ study area exceeded the WHO standard limit of 1.5 mg/L. Under oxidizing conditions and neutral to alkaline pH, arsenate (AsV) species predominated, mainly in HAsO42- forms. As "hotspots" indicated locally contamination and correlated positively with F-, HCO3-, B and V and showed negative correlation with salinity, dissolved Fe, Al and Mn. The mechanisms involved in the mobilization of As in the shallow aquifers are controlled by the rise of pH, variations in Eh conditions and the presence of competitor ions (HCO3-, PO43-, Si, V oxyanions). Geochemical processes like adsorption/desorption, precipitation/dissolution and redox reactions may trigger to As mobilization in the shallow aquifers of La Pampa region.

  • 33.
    Aullón Alcaine, Anna
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Sandhi, Arifin
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Bhattacharya, Prosun
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Jacks, Gunnar
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Bundschuh, Jochen
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Thunvik, Roger
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Schulz, C.
    Mörth, C. M.
    Distribution and mobility of geogenic arsenic in the shallow aquifers of the northeast of La Pampa, Argentina2012Ingår i: Understanding the Geological and Medical Interface of Arsenic, As 2012 - 4th International Congress: Arsenic in the Environment, 2012, s. 132-134Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Groundwater contamination with elevated Arsenic (As) and other toxic trace elements has been studied in the central part of the vast Chaco-Pampean Plain, in the city of Quemú Quemú, northeastern La Pampa, Argentina. The groundwater samples were mostly alkaline with pH ranging up to 9.18, oxidizing and characterized by high EC. The concentration of total As (5.58-535 μg/L) and fluoride (0.5-14.2 mg/L) in some samples exceeded the recommended WHO drinking water guideline and the Argentine national drinking water standard. Arsenic was positively correlated with bicarbonate (HCO 3 -), Boron (B), Fluoride (F) and Vanadium (V). Long-term consumption of the groundwater could pose a severe health threat for the local community.

  • 34.
    Aullón, Anna
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Distribution and Mobility of Arsenic in the Shallow Aquifers of Northeastern of La Pampa Province, Argentine.2013Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    More than two million people in the Chaco-Pampean plain in central Argentina are affected by high As levels in groundwater. The concentrations of As are far exceeding the WHO standard limit for safe drinking water of 0.1 μg/L and the provisional Argentinean limit of 0.5 μg/L. The NE of La Pampa province is one of the areas affected with geogenic As in shallow aquifers within the Chaco-Pampean plain. These aquifers are in closed basins and they are only available water resource of the region for drinking and agriculture purposes. The Pampean aquifer is composed of a multi-layered system of Quaternary loess deposits covered by aeolian sands and also containing layers of rhyolitic volcanic ash, which is considered the primary source of As. Volcanic ash layers can be visible in the shallow sediments or intermixed in the loess. During the weathering of volcanic ash sediments As is dissolved to the aqueous phase and can be quickly adsorbed or co-precipitated on secondary Fe, Al and Mn oxy-hydroxides under favourable conditions. Also, previous more arid climatic conditions have led to the formation of carbonate "calcrete" layers in the top sequences of the loess and this has affected the geochemistry of the aquifer. Two sites were investigated in the NE of La Pampa province in order to assess (i) the quality of groundwater for drinking water use, (ii) the distribution of As and other trace elements in shallow aquifers and (iii) to understand better the factors controlling its mobility in groundwater. The results showed that groundwater was circum-neutral to alkaline and under moderate oxidizing conditions. The predominant groundwater composition was of Na-HCO3 for fresh water and Na-Cl-SO42- for brackish water types. High salinity levels are evidenced by the high Electrical Conductivity and might be explained by to the high evaporation rates. Groundwater sampled in both areas was enriched with As, F and other trace elements at different ranges of concentration. From the total As concentrations, arsenate As(V) predominated over arsenite As(III) species. Shallow groundwater is also enriched with fluoride exceeding the WHO standard limit of 1.5 mg/L and placed in the same As hotspots. One possible factor controlling the mobility of As is the high pH of groundwater, which is controlled by the carbonates equilibrium. Under this high pH conditions As is less strongly bind to Fe, Al and Mn oxy-hydroxides and can be easily mobilized to groundwater when other competing ions are getting adsorbed on the surface sites of binding minerals.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 35.
    Axelsson, Johan
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Vattendragsteknik.
    Knutsson, Roger
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Vattendragsteknik.
    Numerical modeling of a slotted flip bucket spillway system – The Shibuya Hydropower Project. 2011Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    CFD is today a big part of the design process in hydraulic engineering and is more economical and time efficient than traditional scale models. But, there are still issues concerning the agreement with scale models in large and complex geometries.

    In this degree project a high head, five channeled, slotted flip bucket spillway system is analyzed with the CFD software FLUENT and compared with existing scale model results.

    The sought hydraulic parameters in each channel were the discharge capacity, the pressure distribution and the throw distance from the flip buckets.

    The discharge capacity and pressure distribution was practically equal for all five channels and only the throw distance from Channel 1 deviated from the others. The agreement with data from the scale model is quite low.

    The biggest error sources behind the bad agreement may depend on the lack of computational power which led to bad choice of cell size, model delimitations and simplifications.

    CFD models can easily be built up by people without experience in hydraulics which can lead to fatal errors when building up the model and interpreting results. Hence, long experience in CFD or verification of the numerical results with several different hydraulic parameters is the only way to guarantee qualitative results from CFD modeling.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 36.
    Azcarate, Juan
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljöbedömning och -förvaltning.
    Fostering Participation and Dialogue Using Strategic Environmental Assessment2011Licentiatavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Various international conventions and several theories and approaches from the planning and environment fields of study have focused on enhancing the public’s access to information and its participation in strategic decision making. However, it seems that it is challenging to encourage a meaningful public participation in decision making processes, since it is difficult to engage civil society in strategic discussions, it is complex to institutionalise participative processes, and it is demanding to include traditionally marginalised groups in current debates on development. Despite this, it appears that deciding how participative approaches should be designed and when these approaches should be applied is of crucial importance to secure appropriate forums for dialogue. To study these claims and foster participation and dialogue, a study was carried out to examine the development of flexible, adaptable and participative strategic environmental assessment processes. Even though designing the processes demanded time and constant adaptation, it is argued that adequately conceptualising and implementing flexible, adaptable and participative approaches to strategic environmental assessment can lead to inclusive, legitimate and anchored outputs that can significantly influence decision making processes.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 37.
    Azcarate, Juan
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljöbedömning och -förvaltning.
    Andersson, Kim
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljöbedömning och -förvaltning.
    Strategic Environmental Assessment Pre-study of Sonso Lagoon, Colombia.2005Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    Since the beginning of the 1990s, a discussion has been going on in most western countries about the introduction of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in planning systems. As a result, SEA has been incorporated in national legislation for the assessment of government plans and programs. Additionally, developing nations have started to consider strategic environmental issues and SEA due to the stimulus that has been given by international environmental conventions like the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. However, until now few investigations have been carried out to assess how the current SEA framework suits developing nations. That is why an SEA pre-study that applies the current SEA process together with Ramsar specifications was developed in a case study for the Sonso Lagoon in Colombia. In this study an account of both the positive and negative experiences that resulted from applying the SEA/Ramsar framework is given, the importance of stakeholder participation throughout the SEA process is stressed, stakeholder inequalities created by social differences in developing nations are discussed, the importance of an interdisciplinary working approach is highlighted, and finally a strategic working methodology is proposed for the Sonso Lagoon.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    MSc thesis Juan Azcarate
  • 38.
    Azcarate, Juan
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljöbedömning och -förvaltning.
    Balfors, Berit
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljöbedömning och -förvaltning.
    Museums, communities and societal development2011Ingår i: Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings, No. 62, Current Issues in European Culture, Linköping University Electronic Press, 2011, s. 243-246Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    In an effort to counterbalance the inequalities and unequal power relationships that have resulted of globalisation, and to include varying perspectives of development in decision-making, non governmental organisations (NGOs) are increasingly acting as forums for marginalised and vulnerable communities. Through networks, NGOs have also enhanced the exchange of ideas, skills and knowledge between a wider sector of society. However, NGOs have been criticised by failing to effectively use their resources and capacities to significantly influence debates and decision making. To reach effectiveness, NGOs need to develop certain capacities and better understand their relationships. For this, planning and decision making support processes like strategic environmental assessment can be useful. In this paper the experiences that were gained by the museum members and communities of Samp Intercontinental Museum Network, a Swedish registered NGO, are presented. The results were participant engagement, process ownership, capacity mobilisation, and the identification of key issues to better understand the work of the network. It is argued that participative, adaptable and flexible strategic environmental assessment processes can support cultural network organisations to make their higher level guiding concepts operable, to share and develop capacities across borders and to reach long term transformations in society.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    Museums communities and societal development
  • 39.
    Azcarate, Juan
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljöbedömning och -förvaltning.
    Balfors, Berit
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljöbedömning och -förvaltning.
    Network Strategic Assessment Approach for Capacity Development and Dialogue in NGOs2013Ingår i: International NGO Journal, E-ISSN 1993-8225, Vol. 8, nr 3, s. 68-79Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    As platforms for dialogue non-governmental organizations play an important role in facilitating the inclusion of a diversity of views in the debates and decisions that shape society. However, to successfully influence societal development non-governmental organizations need to develop and mobilize their capacities. This paper argues that organizational capacities can be developed and mobilized with strategic dialogues, which can be enabled and fostered with network strategic assessment approaches. Through a case study, research was carried out to draw experiences from designing a network strategic assessment approach in the context of a network-based non-governmental organization that aims to strengthen the development of its members and communities. Even though conceptualizing the network strategic assessment approach was challenging, research results were participant engagement, process ownership and strategic dialogues. It is argued that by fostering strategic dialogues network strategic assessment approaches allow networks to synchronize and mainstream their strategic elements in the daily activities of their member organizations. Moreover, it is claimed that such approaches contribute to integrate aspects of capacity development with network planning and decision making, enhancing organizational understanding and performance.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    Network strategic assessment
  • 40.
    Azcarate, Juan
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljöbedömning och -förvaltning.
    Balfors, Berit
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Network Strategic Environmental Assessment for Capacity Development and Dialogue2012Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Non-governmental organisations are playing an increasingly important role in facilitating the inclusion of a diversity of perspectives in the debates and decisions that shape society by acting as platforms for dialogue. However, to enable and maintain dialogues that influence decision making it is acknowledged that these organisations need to focus on developing their key capacities and design appropriate approaches. For these purposes, planning and decision making support processes like strategic environmental assessment can be useful. This paper suggests a network approach for capacity development and dialogue generation for network based non-governmental organisations through the design of a network strategic environmental assessment process. Experiences are drawn from developing the network strategic environmental assessment in Samp Intercontinental Museum Network, a Swedish non-governmental organisation working with the development of museums and their communities. The results were process ownership, participant engagement and iterative dialogues. Even though it is challenging to develop network strategic environmental assessments, it is argued that these processes can benefit network organisations by setting the bases for their capacity development programmes and by operationalising and mainstreaming their higher level concepts, allowing these organisations to reach their goals and contribute to long lasting transformations in society.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    Network SEA presentation
  • 41.
    Azcarate, Juan
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljöbedömning och -förvaltning.
    Balfors, Berit
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljöbedömning och -förvaltning.
    Participative SEA Approach for Data Collection and Objective Formulation2009Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, ISSN 1464-3332, E-ISSN 1757-5605, Vol. 11, nr 2, s. 189-211Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper analyses the interaction between data needs and objective formulation in Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). This topic is discussed from the experiences that were gained by designing and applying a participative SEA pre-study process in the developing region of the Sonso Lagoon, Colombia. Data collection and issue identification are described, as are the different purposes and similarities with objective-led and baselineled SEAs. It is argued that the participative framework used in Sonso can be applied in similar developing country contexts where there is a lack of environmental data and clear development goals. Finally, it is stressed that the participative SEA pre-study process can be implemented in situations where different sector objectives conflict or in circumstances where there is a need to formulate regional or municipal development objectives.

  • 42.
    Azcarate, Juan
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljöbedömning och -förvaltning.
    Balfors, Berit
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljöbedömning och -förvaltning.
    Destouni, Georgia
    Stockholm Univeristy.
    Bring, Arvid
    Stockholm University.
    Shaping a Sustainability Strategy for the Arctic2011Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The development of the Arctic is shaped by the opportunities and constraints brought by climate change and technological advances. In the Arctic, warmer climate is expected to affect ecosystems, local communities and infrastructure due to a combination of effects like reduced sea ice and glaciers, thawing permafrost and increased frequency of floods. Less ice and new technologies mean openings to exploit natural resources in the Arctic. Fishing, mining, hydrocarbon extraction and vessel transport activities are likely to increase together with supporting infrastructures. An escalation of economic activities in the Arctic is expected to generate employment opportunities and migration, lead to increasing urbanization and affect the socio-economic structures of indigenous cultures. To address these issues, there is a need for strategic dialogues on the development of the Arctic. Establishment and foci of such dialogues can be facilitated and formalized through a transboundary strategic environmental assessment, which brings together different visions, objectives and projected development scenarios. Visions and objectives set the scope of environmental policy, management and related human activities, while scenarios outline future development options, and assessments of the scenarios allow for relevant governance, adaptation and monitoring measures. This paper argues for the need of a transboundary strategic environmental assessment process to identify and link critical development issues, enhance participation and capacity among stakeholders, address transboundary concerns, and project and assess relevant development scenarios to reach consensus on a sustainability strategy for the Arctic.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    Shaping a Sustainability Strategy for the Arctic
  • 43.
    Baghbanan, Alireza
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Teknisk geologi och geofysik.
    Scale and Stress Effects on Hydro-Mechanical Properties of Fractured Rock Masses2008Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    In this thesis, the effects of size and stress on permeability, deformability and strength of fractured rock masses are investigated. A comparison study was carried out to examine the effects of considering, or not considering, the correlation between distributions of fracture apertures and fracture trace lengths on the hydro-mechanical behavior of fractured rocks. The basic concepts used are the fundamental principles of the general theory of elasticity, Representative Elementary Volume (REV), the tensor of equivalent permeability, and the strength criteria of the fractured rocks.

    Due to the size and stress dependence of the hydro-mechanical properties of rock fractures, the overall effective (or equivalent) hydro-mechanical properties of the fractured rocks are also size and stress-dependent. However, such dependence cannot be readily investigated in laboratory using small samples, and so numerical modeling becomes a necessary tool for estimating their impacts. In this study, a closed-form relation is established for representing the correlation between a truncated lognormal distribution of fracture apertures and a truncated power law distribution of trace lengths, as obtained from field mapping. Furthermore, a new nonlinear algorithm is developed for predicting the relationship between normal stress and normal displacement of fractures, based on the Bandis model and the correlation between aperture and length.

    A large number of stochastic Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) models of varying sizes were extracted from some generated large-sized parent realizations based on a realistic fracture system description from a site investigation programme at Sellafield, UK, for calculating the REV of hydro-mechanical properties of fractured rocks. Rotated DFN models were also generated and used for evaluation of the distributions of directional permeabilities, such that tensors of equivalent permeability could be established based on stochastically established REVs. The stress-dependence of the permeability and the stress-displacement behaviour were then investigated using models of REV sizes. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) was used for numerical simulation of the fluid flow, deformability properties and mechanical strength behavior of fractured rocks.

    The results show significant scale-dependency of rock permeability, deformability and strength, and its variation when the correlation between aperture and trace length of fractures are concerned, with the overall permeability and deformability more controlled by dominating fractures with larger apertures and higher transmissivity and deformability, compared with fracture network models having uniform aperture. As the second moment of aperture distribution increases, a fractured rock mass shows more discrete behavior and an REV is established in smaller value of second moment with much larger model size, compared with the models with uniform fracture aperture. When the fracture aperture pattern is more scattered, the overall permeability, Young’s modulus and mechanical strength change significantly.

    The effect of stress on permeability and fluid flow patterns in fractured rock is significant and can lead to the existence or non-existence of a permeability tensor. Stress changes the fluid flow patterns and can cause significant channeling and the permeability tensor, and REV may be destroyed or re-established at different applied stress conditions. With an increase in the confining stress on the DEM models, the strength is increased. Compared with the Hoek-Brown criterion, the Mohr-Coulomb strength envelope provides a better fit to the results of numerical biaxial compression tests, with significant changes of the strength characteristic parameters occurring when the second moment of the aperture distribution is increased.

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    FULLTEXT01
  • 44.
    Baghbanan, Alireza
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Teknisk geologi och geofysik.
    Jing, Lanru
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Teknisk geologi och geofysik.
    Effects of size and stress on deformability and strength of fractured rocks with correlated fracture aperture and length2008Ingår i: International Journal of Rock Mechanics And Mining Sciences, ISSN 1365-1609, E-ISSN 1873-4545Artikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 45.
    Baghbanan, Alireza
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Teknisk geologi och geofysik.
    Jing, Lanru
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Teknisk geologi och geofysik.
    Hydraulic properties of fractured rock masses with correlated fracture length and aperture2007Ingår i: International Journal of Rock Mechanics And Mining Sciences, ISSN 1365-1609, E-ISSN 1873-4545, Vol. 44, nr 5, s. 704-719Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Permeability of fractured rocks is investigated considering the correlation between distributed fracture aperture and trace length, based on a newly developed correlation equation. The influence of the second moment of the lognormal distribution of apertures on the existence of representative elementary volume (REV), and the possibility of equivalent permeability tensor of the fractured rock mass, is examined by simulating flow through a large number of stochastic discrete fracture network (DFN) models of varying sizes and varying fracture properties.

    The REV size of the DFN models increases with the increase of the second moment of the lognormal distribution, for both the correlated and uncorrelated cases. The variation of overall permeability between different stochastic realizations is an order of magnitude larger when the aperture and length are correlated than when they are uncorrelated. The mean square error of the directional permeability increases with increasing value of the second moment of the lognormal distribution function, and good fitting to an ellipsis of permeability tensor can only be reached with very large sizes of DFN models, compared with the case of constant fracture aperture, regardless of fracture trace length.

  • 46.
    Baghbanan, Alireza
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Teknisk geologi och geofysik.
    Jing, Lanru
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Teknisk geologi och geofysik.
    Scale and stress effects on permeability tensor of fractured rocks with correlated fracture length and aperture2008Ingår i: Thermo-Hydromechanical and chemical coupling in geomaterials and applications: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium GeoProc’2008 / [ed] Nicolas Burlion, Jian-Fu Shao, 2008, s. 439-446Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The effect of stress on permeability tensor and Representative Elementary Voliume (REV) of fractured rock masses is studied using a Discrete Element Approach (DEM). A new nonlinear model of rock fractures is developed for prediction of normal stress-normal displacement behavior of fractures based on the correlation between fracture aperture and length distributions. The results show that at small differential stress ratios K (=horizontal/vertical stresses) the overall permeability of fracture networks is generally decreased. However contribution from a few large fractures of higher hydraulic conductivity prevents drastic reduction of the overall permeability, compare with DFN models of constant fracture apertures regardless of fracture trace length. With large values of differential stress ratios, the overall permeability of the DFN models is controlled by a combination of highly conductive larger fractures and fractures with shear slipping and dilation. With increasing differential stress ratios (K=1,3,4 and 5) the REV of a fractured rock may exist at much larger model sizes comparing with the model without stress (K=0).

  • 47.
    Baghbanan, Alireza
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Teknisk geologi och geofysik.
    Jing, Lanru
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Teknisk geologi och geofysik.
    Stress effects on permeability in fractured rock mass with correlated fracture length and aperture2008Ingår i: International Journal of Rock Mechanics And Mining Sciences, ISSN 1365-1609, E-ISSN 1873-4545, Vol. 45, nr 8, s. 1320-1334Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The effect of stress on permeability and fluid flow patterns in fractured rock masses is studied when distributed fracture aperture is correlated with fracture trace length, using a discrete element method (DEM). The basic assumptions are that the rock matrix is impermeable and linearly elastic, and that the fluid flows only in fractures. A new nonlinear algorithm is developed for prediction of normal stress-normal displacement behavior of fractures based on the Bandis model and the correlation between aperture and length. The results show that when small stress ratios (K = horizontal/vertical stress) are applied at the model boundaries, the overall permeability of the fracture network is generally decreased. However, contribution from a few large fractures of higher hydraulic conductivity prevents drastic reduction of the overall permeability, compared with models that assume uniform fracture apertures. With large values of the stress ratio, both the overall permeability and flow patterns are controlled by a combination of highly conductive larger fractures and fractures with shear slipping and dilation, with much increased overall permeability and shear-induced flow channeling. With increasing stress ratios, it becomes more and more difficult to establish an equivalent permeability tensor and representative elementary volume (REV) of a fractured rock, compared with the unstressed model. These results show significant difference between correlated and non-correlated aperture and fracture length distributions, and highlight more significant scale and stress dependence of hydro-mechanical behavior of fractures rocks when geometric parameters of rock fractures are correlated.

  • 48.
    Bagheri, Mehdi
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Byggvetenskap.
    Baghbanan, Alireza
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Stille, Håkan
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Byggvetenskap.
    Some aspects on model uncertainty in the calculation of block stability using Kinematics Limit Equilibrium2008Ingår i: 42nd U.S. Rock Mechanics - 2nd U.S.-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium, American Rock Mechanics Association , 2008Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Kinematics Limit Equilibrium (KLE) is one of the most commonly used approaches for evaluating block stability around underground openings. Model uncertainty in using (probabilistic) KLE has been assessed by comparing block stability results with the results of the Discrete Fracture Network-Distinct Element Method (DFN-DEM) approach. The KLE analysis has been performed based on Monte Carlo random generation for fracture orientations and lengths (probabilistic KLE). The results show that the probabilistic KLE underestimates the unstable block volume. The calculated mean value of unstable block volumes using probabilistic KLE is much smaller than DFN-DEM simulation results, which provide a closer representation of reality.

  • 49. Baken, S.
    et al.
    Larsson, M. A.
    Gustafsson, Jon Petter
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik.
    Cubadda, F.
    Smolders, E.
    Ageing of vanadium in soils and consequences for bioavailability2012Ingår i: European Journal of Soil Science, ISSN 1351-0754, E-ISSN 1365-2389, Vol. 63, nr 6, s. 839-847Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Total vanadium (V) concentrations in soils commonly range from 20 to 120 mg kg-1. Vanadium added directly to soils is more soluble than geogenic V and can be phytotoxic at doses within this range of background concentrations. However, it is unknown how slow sorption reactions change the fate and effect of added V in soils. This study addresses the changes in V solubility, toxicity and bioavailability in soils over time. Four soils were amended with pentavalent V in the form of a soluble vanadate salt, and extractable V concentrations were monitored over 100 days. The toxicity to barley and tomato plants was evaluated in freshly spiked soils and in the corresponding aged soils that were equilibrated for up to 330 days after spiking. The V concentrations in 0.01 m CaCl2 soil extracts decreased approximately two-fold between 14 and 100 days after soil spiking, and the reaction kinetics were similar for all soils. The phytotoxicity of added V decreased on average two-fold between freshly spiked and aged soils. The reduced toxicity was associated with a corresponding decrease in V concentrations in the isolated soil solutions and in the shoots. The V speciation in the soil solution of the aged soils was dominated by V(V); less than 8% was present as V(IV). Oxalate extractions suggest that the V(V) added to soils is predominantly sorbed onto poorly crystalline oxyhydroxides. It is concluded that the toxicity of V measured in freshly spiked soils may not be representative of soils subject to a long-term V contamination in the field.

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  • 50.
    Baken, Stijn
    et al.
    KU Leuven, Belgium.
    Gustafsson, Jon Petter
    KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), Mark- och vattenteknik, Miljögeokemi och ekoteknik.
    Smolders, Erik
    KU Leuven, Belgium.
    The association between iron and carbon in freshwater colloids2013Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Iron and carbon are important constituents of natural colloids, which intimately links the fate of these two elements in riverine systems. Iron may strongly affect the binding of trace metals by organic matter, e.g. through competition for binding sites, which highlights the importance of a correct appreciation of the Fe speciation in surface waters. However, the chemistry of Fe and C in natural colloids is complex and depend on many factors including the pH, the Fe:C ratio, and the redox speciation of Fe [1-3]. Two areas with a contrasting Fe chemistry were studied: a lowland area with widespread seepage of iron-rich groundwater, and an upland peat area. Samples of ten oxic, well-mixed streams were subjected to cascade filtration using conventional filtration (1.2 µm, 0.45 µm, 0.1 µm) and cross-flow ultrafiltration (CFF; 5 kDa). The colloidal fraction, here operationally defined as between 0.45 µm and 5 kDa, was isolated by CFF and subsequently freeze-dried. The speciation of colloidal Fe was determined by EXAFS spectroscopy at the Fe K-edge (MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden). In the rivers draining upland peat, Fe and C were predominantly recovered in the fraction between 5 kDa and 0.1 µm. Conversely, in the rivers draining the lowland with extensive seepage of iron-rich groundwater, Fe was most abundant in the > 0.1 µm fraction, whereas C was predominantly present < 0.1 µm. The EXAFS data reveal that colloidal Fe speciation is different in both study areas. It exists as mononuclear Fe complexed by dissolved organic matter, as colloidal hydrous ferric oxides (likely stabilized by adsorbed organic matter), or as a mixture of these. The colloidal Fe concentrations show considerable seasonal variability. Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of colloidal Fe speciation and of its interaction with organic C.

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