The Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. (EDM) is the power utility in Mozambique, responsible to generate, transport and distribute electricity all over the country. The company has three gas turbines installed at Maputo Power Plant. All units burn diesel oil and are used only for back up. Currently only the unit #2 is available for operation.

The main constraint that EDM faces is the high operation costs due to diesel price. Hence the company is considering converting units #2 and #3 to burn natural gas, resource available locally. The country is currently exporting natural gas to the neighbouring Republic of South Africa.

This MSc thesis project calculates the power output of all gas turbines when burning natural gas and optimizes the power plant capacity by proposing modifications of the current power turbine cycles to allow sustainable operation

Composite electrodes of Cu0.16Ni0.27Zn0.37Ce0.16Gd0.04 (CNZGC) oxides have been successfully synthesized by solid state reaction method as anode material for low temperature solid oxide fuel cell (LTSOFC). These electrodes are characterized by XRD followed by sintering at various time periods and temperatures. Particle size of optimized composition was calculated 40-85 nm and sintered at 800 degrees C for 4 hours. Electrical conductivity of 4.14 S/cm was obtained at a temperature of 550 degrees C by the 4-prob DC method. The activation energy was calculated 4 x 10(-2) eV at 550 degrees C. Hydrogen was used as fuel and air as oxidant at anode and cathode sides respectively. I-V/I-P curves were obtained in the temperature range of 400-550 degrees C. The maximum power density was achieved for 570 mW/cm(2) at 550 degrees C.

The entire world's challenge is to find out the renewable energy sources due to rapid depletion of fossil fuels because of their high consumption. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are believed to be the best alternative source which converts chemical energy into electricity without combustion. Nanostructured study is required to develop highly ionic conductive electrolyte for SOFCs. In this work, the calcium doped ceria (Ce0.8Ca0.2O 1.9) coated with 20% molar ratio of two alkali carbonates (CDC-M: MCO3, where M= Na and K) electrolyte was prepared by co-precipitation method in this study. Ni based electrode was used to fabricate the cell by dry pressing technique. The crystal structure and surface morphology was characterized by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). The particle size was calculated in the range of 10-20nm by Scherrer's formula and compared with SEM and TEM results. The ionic conductivity was measured by using AC Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) method. The activation energy was also evaluated. The performance of the cell was measured 0.567W/cm2 at temperature 550°C with hydrogen as a fuel.

The entire world's challenge is to find out the renewable energy sources due to rapid depletion of fossil fuels because of their high consumption. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are believed to be the best alternative source, which converts chemical energy into electricity without combustion. Nanostructure study is required to develop highly ionic conductive electrolytes for SOFCs. In this work, the calcium doped ceria (Ce0.8Ca0.2O1.9) coated with 20% molar ratio of two alkali carbonates (CDC-M: MCO3, where M = Na and K) electrolyte was prepared by coprecipitation method. Ni based electrode was used to fabricate the cell by dry pressing technique. The crystal structure and surface morphology were characterized by an X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The particle size was calculated in the range 10-20 nm by Scherer's formula and compared with SEM and TEM results. The ionic conductivity was measured by using ac electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method. The activation energy was also evaluated. The performance of the cell was measured 0.567 W/cm(2) at temperature 550 degrees C with hydrogen as a fuel.

Solid oxide fuel cells have much capability to become an economical alternative energy conversion technology having appropriate materials that can be operated at comparatively low temperature in the range of 400-600 degrees C. The nano-scale engineering has been incorporated to improve the catalytic activity of anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells. Nanostructured Al0.10NixZn0.90-xO oxides were prepared by solid state reaction, which were then mixed with the prepared Gadolinium doped Ceria GDC electrolyte. The crystal structure and surface morphology were characterized by XRD and SEM. The particle size was evaluated by XRD data and found in the range of 20-50 nm, which was then ensured by SEM pictures. The pellets of 13 mm diameter were pressed by dry press technique and electrical conductivities (DC and AC) were determined by four probe techniques and the values have been found to be 10.84 and 4.88 S/cm, respectively at hydrogen atmosphere in the temperature range of 300-600 degrees C. The Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) analysis exhibits the pure electronic behavior at hydrogen atmosphere. The maximum power density of ANZ-GDC composite anode based solid oxide fuel cell has been achieved 705 mW/cm(2) at 550 degrees C.

This paper investigates the effect of vertical fins, as an enhancement technique, on the heat transfer rate and energy density of a latent heat thermal energy storage system. This contributes with knowledge on the interaction of heat transfer surface with the storage material for optimizing storage capacity (energy) and power (heat transfer rate). For the assessment, numerical modeling is employed to study the melting process in a two-dimensional rectangular cavity. The cavity is considered heated isothermally from the bottom with surface temperatures of 55 degrees C, 60 degrees C or 70 degrees C, while the other surfaces are insulated from the surrounding. Aluminum and lauric acid are considered as fin/enclosure material and phase change material, respectively. Vertical fins attached to the bottom surface are employed to enhance the charging rate, and a parametric study is carried out by varying the fin length and number of fins. Thus, a broad range of data is provided to analyze the influence of fin configurations on contributing natural convection patterns, as well as the effects on melting time, enhanced heat transfer rate and accumulated energy. The results show that in addition to increasing the heat transfer surface area, the installation of vertically oriented fins does not suppress the natural convection mechanism. This is as opposed to horizontal fins which in previous studies have shown tendencies to reduce the impact of natural convection. This paper also highlights how using longer fins offers a higher rate of heat transfer and a better overall heat transfer coefficient rather than increasing the number of fins. Also, fins do not only enhance the heat transfer performance in the corresponding melting time, but also maintain similar total amount of stored energy as compared to the no-fin case. This paper discusses how this is the result of the enhanced heat transfer allowing a larger portion of sensible heat to be recovered. For example, in the case with long fins, the relative mean power enhancement is about 200% with merely 6% capacity reduction, even though the amount of PCM in the cavity has been reduced by 12% as compared to the no-fin case. Although the basis for these results stems from the principles of thermodynamics, this paper is bringing it forward with design consideration. This is because despite its importance for making appropriate comparisons among heat transfer enhancement techniques in latent heat thermal energy storage, it has not been previously discussed in the literature. In the end, the aim is to accomplish robust storage systems in terms of power and energy density.

This study aimed at evaluating and demonstrating the feasibility of using Concentrated Solar Thermal technology combined with biomass energy technology as a hybrid renewable energy system to supply the process heat requirements in small scale industries in Sri Lanka. Particularly, the focus was to apply the concept to the expanding hotel industry, for covering the thermal energy demand of a medium scale hotel.

Solar modules utilize the rooftop area of the building to a valuable application. Linear Fresnel type of solar concentrator is selected considering the requirement of the application and the simplicity of fabrication and installation compared to other technologies. Subsequently, a wood-fired boiler is deployed as the steam generator as well as the balancing power source to recover the effects due to the seasonal variations in solar energy. Bioenergy, so far being the largest primary energy supply in the country, has a good potential for further growth in industrial applications like small hotels. 

When a hotel with about 200-guests capacity and annual average occupancy of 65% is considered, the total annual CO₂ saving is accounted as 207 tons compared with an entirely fossil fuel (diesel) fired boiler system. The annual operational cost saving is around $ 40,000 and the simple payback period is within 3-4 years. The proposed hybrid system can generate additional 26 employment opportunities in the proximity of the site location area.  

This solar-biomass hybrid concept mitigates the weaknesses associated with these renewable technologies when employed separately. The system has been designed in such a way that the total heat demand of hot water and process steam supply is managed by renewable energy alone. It is thus a self-sustainable, non-conventional, renewable energy system. This concept can be stretched to other critical medium temperature applications like for example absorption refrigeration. The system is applicable to many other industries in the country where space requirement is available, solar irradiance is rich and a solid biomass supply is assured.

Remote mode study programs at master degree level are becoming more popular than undergraduate level programs. Students after graduation with Bachelors degree very often are employed and the most appropriate mode for them to pursue higher studies is the remote mode. Postgraduate programs with one or two year duration mostly focus on specific areas of research based industrial application. Traditional remote education is thought to be more centered on web based on-line programs with a little opportunity for teacher student interaction and interaction with peers. In such programs motivation for studies has been a problem and as a result many students drop off and also those remain in the program for prolonged periods do not show good performance. One of the reasons for failures of students in remote studies is the isolation leading to discouragement for the completion studies. A remote mode Master Degree Program in Environomical Pathways for Sustainable Energy Systems (MSc-SELECT), consisting of a number of innovative features aimed at improved student engagement, motivation, exposure to experiences in multi-national setting and team work, was developed and implemented by the Master School of the EIT-InnoEnergy, as a pilot project. The program was offered, collaboratively and simultaneously to students in three locations, Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya in Spain and the Open University of Sri Lanka. The students in Sweden and Spain each followed 50% of the courses on-campus and 50% in remote mode depending upon the university they registered with. The students in Sri Lanka followed the entire 1st year fully remotely. All the students (from KTH, OUSL and UPC) will spend the 2nd year on-campus at another university in the consortium. This paper discusses, from the perspective of the fully remote site, the remote program with its innovative aspects, student performance and experience together with future tasks for making the program viable and beneficial to all partner countries.

Open Distance Learning is gaining popularity as a successful alternative for on-campus higher education especially with the emergence of web based platforms which enable the online delivery of courses worldwide. This emerging educational pedagogy can successfully be employed as means of capacity building of the people living in the less fortunate parts of the world where higher education especially at master level are scarce. This paper presents a two-year collaborative master study programme in sustainable energy engineering offered in synchronous with an on-campus study programme conducted by the KTH Royal Institute of Technology of Sweden, to students of Sri Lanka, which was facilitated by the Open University of Sri Lanka. The paper describes the need of such a programme, the format of course delivery and assessment thereof, plus the benefits gained. This programme has produced 72 post graduates in Sri Lanka alone and more than 200 distant postgraduates worldwide in the field of sustainable energy engineering during last 10 years period. In terms of capacity building in the energy sector in Sri Lanka this is considered a great achievement. The experience gained by the local staff in the role of local facilitators who engaged in some of the academic related activities such as evaluation of students' presentation and co-supervision of thesis projects have been greatly appreciated as being additional benefits to the staff in terms of their own academic development and capacity building. Finally, conclusions are made on how remote programmes of study could successfully be delivered to places where such know-how is scarce by adapting appropriate technologies in training personnel at postgraduate level to meet the needs of the industry.

Renewable energy applications require sound design and optimization of life cycle costs because they need upfront investments and as long as possible operating lifetimes are expected. Using modern tools for optimizing designs of grid-tied and autonomous plants allows investors to deploy these technologies while keeping risks within acceptable limits.

Nevertheless in Lebanon, the grid is intermittent and the most adapted solutions are dual-mode plants that can operate autonomously and with grid-tie. There are no existent simulation models particularly adapted to optimize these applications for such a situation. The objective of this research is to suggest and test a model adapted from commercially available software that can simulate the particular conditions of Lebanon. The studied solution has a PV generator associated with a PV charge controller, lead acid battery, a dual mode inverter, and transfer switchgear and protections. The research successfully met the objective of finding a setup in HOMER 2.68beta for simulating and optimizing a PV-Battery AC plant for an intermittent grid with scheduled blackouts.

The setup and adaptation in HOMER is made to replicate an existing reference PV-Battery plant at a public school. The measured data from this public school is used to validate the results obtained from the adapted HOMER simulation. The grid is supplied for an average of 12 hours per day at the reference site with a tariff of USD 0.1/kWh.

After the validation process, a sensitivity analysis is performed to simulate this plant under

1. Different grid supply hours, 12 and 18 hours of supply daily
2. Different grid electricity prices, USD 0.1 and 0.1375 /kWh
3. Simulation of PV plants to meet other load profiles typical of community and municipality building centers

All the simulations cross matched 20 different PV generator sizes to 7 different battery sizes for 5 different total setups.

The levelized cost of electricity, COE, is the main parameter used to find the optimum setups, whereas options that shortened the battery life to less than 12 years or couldn’t meet at least 90% of the required yearly load were filtered out. The COE is calculated manually since several corrections related to grid and net-metering limitations are not obtained directly from HOMER.

The simulated results can serve as a good indicator on how the systems would perform for typical public institutions in Lebanon, given the current conditions, and knowing that the range of this study is limited to small scale institutions with consumption levels less than 30 kWh/day. Storage capacity should also be limited to 100 kWh/day of useful storage, since batteries are not the best option to use for storage capacities higher than the mentioned limit.

The setup has a great potential for advancement and acts as a first step for Lebanon to have a specialized tool for simulating the performance of PV-battery AC plants optimized for the conditions existing in the country. Future steps could be made to improve and diversify the software to include:

• irradiation data that come from actual data logging data from other PV sites which are installed around the whole country, almost a 100
• financial analysis for offsetting private generation with fossil fueled gensets, which is the main backup for electricity blackouts
• wind turbine simulations, several installations are provisioned to be completed by the end of 2012, and it would be possible to carry out a similar validation process for small wind turbines
• pollution and other environmental costs
• value of lost load, “VOLL”, to compare different options in parallel with COE.

Vindkraftverk med olika magnetiseringsmetoder (elektromagneter eller permanentmagneter) och maskindriftstyper (direktdrift eller växellådsdrift) undersöks i denna rapport, gällande användningen av jordartsmetaller i dessa. I första delen av rapporten studeras miljö- och hälsopåverkan från jordartsmetallindustrin i den kinesiska provinsen Baotou. Detta då Baotou står för en stor del av försörjningen av jordartsmetaller till vindkraftverksindustrin. I den andra delen av rapporten undersöks skillnaderna i livscykelkostnader mellan vindkraftverk med olika generator- och maskindriftsystem. Rapporten innehåller informationssökningar om olika aspekter som berör dessa teman såsom exempelvis olika typer av vindkraftverksgeneratorer på marknaden, miljöpåverkan från olika ämnen i jordartsmineraler, återvinning av jordartsmetaller och processen från jordartsmineral till permanent-magnet. Informationen är främst inhämtad från vindkraftverkstillverkare, tekniska rapporter och artiklar.

I miljö- och hälsoanalysen blev slutsatsen att den negativa påverkan från jordartsmetallindustrin i Kina var för omfattande för att användningen av jordartsmetaller skulle rättfärdigas ur ett etiskt och miljömässigt perspektiv. Gruvdriften och bearbetningen av jordartsmetaller har lett till stora utsläpp av skadliga ämnen, såsom exempelvis tungmetaller och radioaktivt avfall, i provinsen Baotou. Dessa har gett allvarliga negativa konsekvenser för djur, människor och växtlighet.

Livscykelkostnaderna för vindkraftverk med olika generatorsystem beräknades med hjälp av LCC-metoden. Slutsatsen blev att det i dagsläget inte skiljde så mycket kostnadsmässigt i valet av maskindrifttyp eller magnetiseringsmetod. Enligt beräkningar ledde användningen av permanent-magneter inte till några ekonomiska fördelar. Istället var det kostnadsförhandlingar och osäkerhet i indata som gav de största kostnadsskillnaderna. Drift och underhållskostnaderna stod för de definitivt största utgifterna och investeringskostnaderna till generatorsystemen för de näststörsta utgifterna.

The project under discussion is the FPSO Ichthys. The FPSO is a ship comprising the offshore production facility for an oil&gas field, financed by INPEX/Total. An oil platform extracts the product received via the flexible risers and separates it into gas and condensate. The condensate is transferred to the FPSO, which processes it, and separates it between natural gas and oil. The oil is stored in the FPSO and then exported via a tanker. The gas is transferred via a pipeline.

An FPSO is a complex installation in many respects. It is a condensate treatment factory, installed on a 450-metre-long ship. It should have the capacity to store one week’s condensate production. The FPSO is self-sufficient in terms of energy production (electricity, heating and cooling). Owing to the proximity of the hazardous production area to the living quarters, strict safety regulations are applied. For instance, all equipment has to be designed with redundancy (2x50% or 3x33% for critical equipment); the heating and cooling systems are managed with the help of emergency logic diagrams. These enable vital functions to be maintained even in cases of extreme failure.

Despite its complexity, the FPSO has to be constructed within a short period of time. However, safety issues are important, and maintenance of defective equipment is expensive since the ship will be located 300km away from the coast. This is the reason why the constructor contracted Actemium, a part of VINCI Energies. Actemium commissions the FPSO. The commissioning mission has to prove that the systems function in accordance with the designs. Commissioning occurs right after the pre-commissioning (de-energized verifications). Commissioning is divided into three main activities: functional tests (which prove that individual pieces of equipment work in accordance with the designs); operational tests (which prove that all subsystems work in accordance with the designs of different modes); and piping and vessels pressurization (which prove that there is no leak).

This master thesis describes the requirements of such projects and focuses on the operational tests. A description of the installation is detailed. Secondly, the subcontractor for the commissioning of the project, Actemium, and the method used for the commissioning are presented thereafter. Finally, the operational test procedures of the cooling and heating systems are examined in detail.

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is considered as an attractive candidate for energy conversion within the fuel cell (FC) family due to several advantages including environment friendly, use of non-noble materials and fuel flexibility. However, due to high working temperatures, conventional SOFC faces many challenges relating to high operational and capital costs besides the limited selection of the FC materials and their compatibility issues. Recent SOFC research is focused on how to reduce its operational temperature to 700 ºC or lower. Investigation of new electrolytes and electrode materials, which can perform well at low temperatures, is a comprehensive route to lowering the working temperature of SOFC. Meanwhile, semiconductor-ionic materials based on semiconductors (perovskite/composite) and ionic materials (e.g. ceria based ion conductors) have been identified as potential candidates to operate in low temperature range with adequate SOFC power outputs.

This investigation focuses on the development of semiconductor-ionic materials for low temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and electrolyte-layer free fuel cell (EFFC). The content of this work is divided into four parts:

First part of the thesis consists of the work on conventional SOFC to build knowledge and bridge from conventional SOFC to the new EFFC. Novel composite electrode (semiconductor) materials are synthesized and studied using established electrochemical and analytical methods such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The phase structure, morphology and microstructure of the composite electrodes are studied using XRD and SEM, and the weight loss is determined using TGA. An electrical conductivity of up to 143 S/cm of as-prepared material is measured using DC 4 probe method at 550 ºC. An electrolyte, samarium doped ceria (SDC) is synthesized to fabricate a conventional three component SOFC device. The maximum power density of 325 mW/cm² achieved from the conventional device at 550 ºC.

In the second part of the thesis, semiconductor-ionic materials based on perovskite and composite materials are prepared for low temperature SOFC and EFFC devices. Semiconductor-ionic materials are prepared via nanocomposite approach based on two-phase semiconductor electrode and ionic electrolyte. This semiconductor-ionic functional component was shown to integrate all fuel cell components anode, electrolyte and cathode functions into a single component, i.e. “three in one”, resulting in enhanced catalytic activity and improved SOFC performance.

The third part of the thesis addresses the development and optimization of the EFFC technologies by studying the Schottky junction mechanism in such semiconductor-ionic type devices. Perovskite and functional nanocomposites (semiconductor-ionic materials) are developed for EFFC devices. Materials characterizations are performed using a number of standard experimental and analytical techniques. Maximum power densities from 600 mW/cm² up to 800 mW/cm² have been achieved at 600 ºC.

Fourth part of the thesis describes the theoretical simulation of EFFCs. In this work, an updated numerical model is applied in order to study the EFFC device, which introduces some modifications to the existing relations for traditional fuel cell models. The simulated V-I and P-I curves have been compared with experimental curves, and both types of curves show a good consistency.

A fuel cell based on a functional layer of perovskite Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-delta (BSCF) composited samarium doped ceria (SDC) has been developed. The device achieves a peak power density of 640.4 mW cm(-2) with an open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.04 Vat 560 degrees C using hydrogen and air as the fuel and oxidant, respectively. A numerical model is applied to fit the experimental cell voltage. The kinetics of anodic and cathodic reactions are modeled based on the measurements obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Modeling results are in well agreement with the experimental data. Mechanical stability of the cell is also examined by using analysis with field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) associated with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) after testing the cell performance.

Perovskite Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-delta (BSCF) is synthesized via a chemical co-precipitation technique for a low temperature solid oxide fuel cell (LTSOFC) (300-600 degrees C) and electrolyte-layer free fuel cell (EFFC) in a comprehensive study. The EFFC with a homogeneous mixture of samarium doped ceria (SDC): BSCF (60%:40% by weight) which is rather similar to the cathode (SDC: BSCF in 50%:50% by weight) used for a three layer SOFC demonstrates peak power densities up to 655 mW/cm(2), while a three layer (anode/ electrolyte/cathode) SOFC has reached only 425 mW/cm(2) at 550 degrees C. Chemical phase, crystal structure and morphology of the as-prepared sample are characterized by X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The electrochemical performances of 3-layer SOFC and EFFC are studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). As-prepared BSCF has exhibited a maximum conductivity above 300 S/cm at 550 degrees C. High performance of the EFFC device corresponds to a balanced combination between ionic and electronic (holes) conduction characteristic. The Schottky barrier prevents the EFFC from the electronic short circuiting problem which also enhances power output. The results provide a new way to produce highly effective cathode materials for LTSOFC and semiconductor designs for EFFC functions using a semiconducting-ionic material.

We present here a new perovskite oxide with low lanthanum content doped in calcium manganite, La0.1Ca0.9MnO3 (LCM) as a functional material for low temperature solid oxide fuel cell (LTSOFC) and electrolyte-layer free fuel cell (EFFC). The LCM introduces an intrinsic mixed-ion and electron conduction. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis shows high oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity with an extremely low activation energy which enables an excellent cathode activity. Fuel cells using LCM as cathode with oxide ion conducting electrolyte samarium doped ceria (SDC) and NCAL as an anode, demonstrate a maximum power density of 650 mW cm(-2) at 550 degrees C, which is higher than most of the cathode materials reported for SOFC at this temperature. For EFFC, maximum power density of 750 mW cm(-2) is achieved using LCM as a semiconductor material with SDC ion conducting material. The present work highlights the development of new active air electrode especially for developing low temperature solid oxide fuel cells.

Sudden change on earth’s climate, which is a result of an increase in CO2 in the atmosphere, is mainlycaused by burning of fossil fuels for various energy services. However, for the energy services to befavourable to the environment, there should be a balance with the environmental protection, and we cancall that “Sustainable Innovative Development”.

“EXPLORE Polygeneration” initiative will serve as an important tool to promote the application ofrenewable technologies extending to the future sustainable energy engineering field. This paper is intendedin investigating a suitable fuel supply for the microturbine based micro CHP system available at theDivision of Heat and Power Technology, KTH, Sweden; for a site called “Alema Farm PLC”, Bishoftu,Ethiopia.

Though there is a large biomass energy resource and a huge potential to produce hydroelectric power inEthiopia, the modern energy sector is very small and the energy system is mainly characterized by biomassfuel supplies and household energy consumption. The nation’s limited biomass energy resource is believedto have been depleting at an increasingly faster rate.

Of the many and surplus amount of renewable energy resources available in and around Alema FarmPLC, poultry litter and pig’s manure are selected to be the two main energy sources for the CHP systemavailable in the lab, after passing through different conversion techniques. However, after consideringsome basic properties like: Energy content and Bulk Density of the fuel, Moisture content , Ashcharacteristic, Tar content, Fuel logistics, Local storage, Fuel feeder system, and Magnitude of GHGReduction; poultry litter is found to be the most convenient to produce a syngas with a Downdraftatmospheric gasifier available in the HPT lab.

Finally, For the problems caused by the nature of the poultry litter by itself and the methods used in theconversion process, the 40 TRIZ principles of TRIZ inventive principles is used and some major pointsare recommended.

The thesis work aims at devising analytical thermodynamic model and numerical modeling of the compressor of a small gas turbine to be operated on producer gas with lower heating contents. The turbine will serve as a component of “EXPLORE-Biomass Based Polygeneration” project to meet the internal electrical power requirements of 2-5 KW. The gas turbine engine is of radial type (one stage radial compressor, one stage radial turbine). Small gas turbines give less electrical efficiencies especially when operated with lower heating contents fuels like producer gas. This necessitates for optimum designing of components of the entire machine.

Detailed analytical thermodynamic modeling of the engine has been analyzed for both internally and externally fired gas turbine cycles. Efforts are put on optimum utilization of energy available in the cycle and to enhance the efficiency thereby including various components.

Numerical modeling of compressor using CFX has been performed for both steady and unsteady states. First different mesh sizes have been investigated followed by study of RMS residual targets on the results. Compressor performance has been studied for various speed lines. Thereafter, detailed steady state and unsteady simulations are performed for various cases including compressor single blade passage, 360 degree complete compressor, compressor connected with straight inlet pipe and for the compressor connected with 90 degree bended pipe.

The operating point of the entire engine is analyzed. The numerical results are compared with each other and then to the ones from the 1D modeling. A good agreement has been found between the numerical results. Compared to 1D modeling, CFD presents higher performance at higher mass flow rates. However, for lower mass flow rates both 1D model and CFD present a similar performance.  

Against a backdrop of our world’s changing climate solar thermal power generation shows great potential to move global energy production away from fossil fuels to non-polluting sources. The Department of Energy Technology at the Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm is contributing to the development and research of solar thermal power by building a solar driven small scale polygeneration unit based on an externally fired micro gas turbine.

This project focused on the design, analysis and verification of a high temperature solar receiver for integration into this planned solar polygeneration unit. Mean irradiance levels at the focal spot of the solar receiver of 5.5 MW/m² and peak levels of 14 MW/m² were identified as major design challenges. A preliminary heat transfer analysis found volumetric receivers to be the only applicable receiver type capable of withstanding these expected high irradiance levels.

With volumetric receivers selected as the receiver type, a basic volumetric receiver model was evaluated using a multi-objective optimization tool based on advanced evolutionist algorithms and a numerical heat transfer model. The results were a set of Pareto-optimal solutions showing a tradeoff between a pressure drop in the receiver and material temperature especially at the window of the receiver.

A parameter study was conducted based on the previous analysis to improve specific aspects of the initial design using a value of benefit analysis to evaluate the different designs. Of all the investigated receiver parameters, the absorber properties and shape had the biggest positive influence on material temperature and thermal stresses without significantly increasing the pressure drop. External cooling of the receiver window with ambient air was found to beneficial influence the window temperature without greatly decreasing the thermal efficiency. For non-uniform high irradiance levels ceramic absorber materials were found to be most suitable. Furthermore, mechanically decoupling the window and the absorber from their surrounding parts was found to be very important; enabling them to expand more or less independently with changing temperature minimizing thermal stresses.

It can be concluded, when properly designed, volumetric solar receivers for small scale solar polygeneration units are feasible as designs with material temperature, thermal stresses and pressure drop below acceptable limit were found within this work.

Small-scale concentrating solar power plants such as micro gas-turbine based solar dish systems have the potential to harness solar energy in an effective way and supply electricity to customers in remote areas. In such systems, the solar receiver transfers the power of concentrated solar radiation to the working fluid of the power conversion cycle. It is one of the key components as it needs to operate at high temperatures to ensure a high power cycle efficiency and under high flux densities to ensure a high receiver efficiency. In order to address these challenges and to ensure efficient and reliable operation innovative designs are needed.

This research work focuses on the complete development of a novel solar receiver applying a new systematic design and analysis methodology. Therefore, a comprehensive receiver design and experimental evaluation process were developed and implemented. The design process includes the identification of technical specifications and requirements, the development of receiver design tools of different investigation levels coupled with multi-objective optimization tools, the evaluation of scaling effects between tests in the KTH high-flux solar simulator and the full-scale solar dish system. As a result of the design process a representative final receiver was established with material temperatures and stresses below critical limits while respecting the design specification.

The experimental evaluation includes the enhancement of the KTH high-flux solar simulator to provide stable and reliable operating conditions, the precise characterization of the radiative boundary conditions, the design of a receiver test bed recreating the operating behavior of a gas-turbine, and the final receiver testing for multiple operating points. It was shown that the prototype reaches an efficiency of 69.3% for an air outlet temperature of 800°C and a mass flow of 29.5 g/s. For a larger mass flow of 38.4 g/s a receiver efficiency of 84.8% was achieved with an air outlet temperature of 749°C.

The measurement results obtained were then used for a multi-point validation of the receiver design tools, resulting in a high level of confidence in the accuracy of the tools. The validated models were then harnessed to calculate the performance of a full-scale solar receiver integrated into the OMSoP solar dish system. It was shown that a solar receiver can be designed, which delivers air at 800°C with a receiver efficiency of 82.2%.

Finally, the economic potential of micro gas-turbine based solar systems was investigated and it was shown that they are ideally suited for small-scale stand-alone and off-grid applications.

The results of the receiver development highlight the feasibility of using volumetric solar receivers to provide heat input to micro gas-turbine based solar dish systems and no major hurdles were found.

This paper presents the performance improvements implemented in the KTH high-flux solar simulator to deliver a total power on target closer to the working conditions of real CSP systems. Therefore, additional rectifiers were installed in the power conversion unit of the high-power lamps as well as the back reflector was coated providing more favorable spectral reflectance properties. The results of a single lamp/lens-combination show that the power on target in an aperture of 280mm in diameter was increased from 831W to 1446W while the peak flux was increased from 675kW/m² to 905kW/m².

Laboratory-scale component testing in dedicated high-flux solar simulators is a crucial step in the developmentand scale-up of concentrating solar power plants. Due to different radiative boundary conditions available inhigh-flux solar simulators and full-scale power plants the temperature and stress profiles inside the investigatedreceivers differ between these two testing platforms. The main objective of this work is to present a systematicscaling methodology for solar receivers to guarantee that experiments performed in the controlled environmentof high-flux solar simulators yield representative results when compared to full-scale tests. In this work theeffects of scaling a solar air receiver from the integration into the OMSoP full-scale micro gas-turbine based solardish system to the KTH high-flux solar simulator are investigated. Therefore, Monte Carlo ray-tracing routines ofthe solar dish concentrator and the solar simulator are developed and validated against experimental characterizationresults. The thermo-mechanical analysis of the solar receiver is based around a coupled CFD/FEManalysislinked with stochastic heat source calculations in combination with ray-tracing routines. A geneticmulti-objective optimization is performed to identify suitable receiver configurations for testing in the solarsimulator which yield representative results compared to full-scale tests. The scaling quality is evaluated using aset of performance and scaling indicators. Based on the results a suitable receiver configuration is selected forfurther investigation and experimental evaluation in the KTH high-flux solar simulator.

The solar receiver is one of the key components of hybrid solar micro gas-turbine systems, which would seem to present a number of advantages when compared with Stirling engine based systems and photovoltaic panels. In this study a solar receiver meeting the specific requirements for integration into a small-scale (10 kW_el) dish-mounted hybrid solar micro gas-turbine system has been designed with a special focus on the trade-offs between efficiency, pressure drop, material utilization and economic design. A situation analysis, performed using a multi-objective optimizer, has shown that a pressurized configuration, where the solar receiver is placed before the turbine, is superior to an atmospheric configuration with the solar receiver placed after the turbine. Based on these initial design results, coupled CFD/FEM simulations have been performed, allowing detailed analysis of the designs under the expected operating conditions. The results show that the use of volumetric solar receivers to provide heat input to micro gas-turbine based solar dish systems appears to be a promising solution; with material temperatures and material stresses well below permissible limits.

Small scale micro gas-turbine based hybrid solar power plants are a promising technology for supplying multiple energy services in a controllable and sustainable manner using polygeneration technologies. Compared to a conventional diesel generator based system where electricity is used as the main energy carrier, these systems show great potential to reduce costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Depending on the design, carbon dioxide emissions are reduced by around 9% and equivalent annual costs are reduced by 21% - 26%, as compared to a base polygeneration configuration where cooling services are provided centrally by an absorption chiller without integrating a solar micro gas-turbine. Compared to the system where electricity is used as the main energy carrier a reduction of equivalent annual costs of up to 20% and a reduction of carbon dioxide emissions of up to 33.5% was achieved.

A novel solar power plant concept is presented, based on the use of a coupled network of hybrid solar-dish micro gas-turbines, driving a centralized heat recovery steam generator and steam-cycle, thereby seeking to combine the high efficiency of the solar dish collector with a combined-cycle power block. A 150 MW_e solar power plant was designed based on this concept and compared with both a conventional combined-cycle power plant and a hybrid solar-tower combined-cycle. The solar dish combined-cycle power plant could reach higher levels of solar integration than other concepts but was shown to be more expensive with current technology; solar electricity costs are double those of the hybrid solar-tower combined cycle.

Hybrid solar micro gas-turbines are a promising technology for supplying controllable low-carbon electricity in off-grid regions. A thermoeconomic model of three different hybrid micro gas-turbine power plant layouts has been developed, allowing their environmental and economic performance to be analyzed. In terms of receiver design, it was shown that the pressure drop is a key criterion. However, for recuperated layouts the combined pressure drop of the recuperator and receiver is more important. The internally-fired recuperated micro gas-turbine was shown to be the most promising solution of the three configurations evaluated, in terms of both electricity costs and carbon emissions. Compared to competing diesel generators, the electricity costs from hybrid solar units are between 10% and 43% lower, while specific CO2 emissions are reduced by 20 – 35%.

Hybrid solar micro gas-turbines are a promising technology for supplying controllable low-carbon electricity in off-grid regions. A thermoeconomic model of three different hybrid micro gas-turbine power plant layouts has been developed, allowing their environmental and economic performance to be analyzed. In terms of receiver design, it was shown that the pressure drop is a key criterion. However, for recuperated layouts, the combined pressure drop of the recuperator and receiver is more important. In terms of both electricity costs and carbon emissions, the internally-fired recuperated micro gas-turbine was shown to be the most promising solution of the three configurations evaluated. Compared to competing diesel generators, the electricity costs from hybrid solar units are between 10% and 43% lower, while specific CO₂ emissions are reduced by 20–35%.

The solar receiver is one of the key components of hybrid solar micro gas turbine systems which would seem to present a number of advantages when compared with Stirling engine systems. A solar receiver meeting the specific requirements for integration into the power conversion system of the solar laboratory of the Royal Institute of Technology - which will emulate a solar dish system and is currently under construction - was designed. The simulations that have been performed utilize a heat transfer and pressure drop model coupled with a multi-objective optimizer as well as a coupled-CFD/FEM tool, allowing determination of the ideal receiver design for the expected conditions. The analysis has shown that the use of volumetric solar receivers to provide heat input to micro gas turbine based solar dish systems appears to be a promising solution; with pressurized receiver configurations as the preferred choice due to significant lower pressure drops as compared to atmospheric configurations.

This work presents the experimental evaluation of a novel pressurized high-temperature solar air receiver for the integration into a micro gas-turbine solar dish system reaching an air outlet temperature of 800°C. The experiments are conducted in the controlled environment of the KTH high-flux solar simulator with well-defined radiative boundary conditions. Special focus is placed on providing detailed information to enable the validation of numerical models. The solar receiver performance is evaluated for a range of operating points and monitored using multiple point measurements. The porous absorber front surface temperature is measured continuously as it is one of the most critical components for the receiver performance and model validation. Additionally, pyrometer line measurements of the absorber and glass window are taken for each operating point. The experiments highlight the feasibility of volumetric solar receivers for micro gas-turbine based solar dish systems and no major hurdles were found. A receiver efficiency of 84.8% was reached for an air outlet temperature of 749°C. When using a lower mass flow, an air outlet temperature of 800°C is achieved with a receiver efficiency of 69.3%. At the same time, all material temperatures remain below permissible limits and no deterioration of the porous absorber is found.

A measurement system for the experimental determination of the flux distribution at the focal plane of the KTH high-flux solar simulator was designed and implemented. It is based on a water-cooled Lambertian target and a thermopile flux sensor placed close to the focal point of the solar simulator. Correction factors to account for systematic effects were determined and an uncertainty analysis was performed. The measurement system was successfully used to evaluate the flux distribution of a single lamp/lens-arrangement with a peak flux of 675kW/m².

Operating at temperatures well above their melting point, gas turbines' components are subject to terribly high thermal stresses. In order to keep them intact and performing, different cooling techniques are implemented. One of these methods is film cooling. Film cooling implementation in vane cascades has a potential loss expense. Proper assessment of its impact on the vane performance has to be conducted. The CFD approach of modeling each hole and cooling tube autonomously is very computationally expensive. In the current work an assessment of a new, more computationally efficient CFD approach for modelling film cooling was conducted on a vane cascade operating in the transonic regime (M =0.89). The film cooling holes were represented by orifice boundary condition at the vane surface, omitting the need to model internal coolant plenum and cooling tubes mesh, resulting in 180% reduction in grid size and attributed computational cost interpreted in 300% saving in computation time. Uncooled, and film cooled with different configurations and at different blowing ratios (BR) simulations were performed and compared to experimental measurements. A good agreement was obtained for the exit flow angles, vorticity and aerodynamic loss for all the cases (uncooled and cooled). Pitch-averaged exit flow angle outside endwalls regions remains unchanged for all cooling configurations and blowing ratios. The aerodynamic loss was found to be more sensitive to increasing the blowing ratio on the suction side than on the pressure side. The proposed approach of coolant injection modeling is shown to yield reliable results, within the uncertainty of the measurements in most cases. Along with lower computational cost compared to conventional film cooling modeling approach, the new approach is recommended for further analysis for aero and thermal vane cascade flows.

This paper discusses the conditions to develop a micro-cogeneration plant based on biomass-fuelled rotary steam engine (RSE). The use of RSE in micro-cogeneration is justifiable due to relatively high electrical efficiency, capability of applying versatile thermal sources and low operational temperatures and pressures. At steam temperatures 200…300ºC, the electrical efficiency of 20 % may be obtained with the electrical power varying between 1…20 kW_e. The other advantages of an RSE are that it is lubricant free and the noise level is low. In residential applications, an RSE may be considered an alternative for Stirling Engines and internal combustion engines, when integrated into a hydronic heating system and electrical grid. Another promising adaptation is desalination. A solar-powered RSE micro-cogeneration system would provide an inexpensive option to supply fresh water and electricity for the rural areas in developing countries that have access to sea water. A 10 kW_e RSE plant combined with a once-through multi-stage flash (MSF) distillation plant is estimated to have potential of producing pure water from 180 to 800 kg/h.

A rotary steam engine (RSE) is a simple, small, quiet and lubricant-free option for micro-cogeneration. It is capable of exploiting versatile thermal sources and steam temperatures of 150 to 180 ºC, which allow operational pressures less than 10 bar for electrical power ranges of 1 to 20 kW_e. An RSE can be easily integrated in commercially available biomass-fired household boilers. In this paper, we characterize the boiler-integrated RSE micro-cogeneration system and specify a two-control-volume thermodynamic model to conduct performance analyses in residential applications. Our computational analysis suggests that an RSE integrated with a 17 kW_th pellet-fuelled boiler can obtain an electrical output of 1.925 kW_e, in the design temperature of 150 ºC, the electrical efficiency being 9% (LHV) and the thermal efficiency 77% (LHV). In a single-family house inFinland, the above system would operate up to 1274 h/a, meeting 31% of the house’s electrical demand. The amount of electricity delivered into the grid is 989 kWh/a. An economic analysis suggests that incremental costs not exceeding € 1,500 are justifiable at payback periods less than five years, when compared to standard boilers.

Gas supplying process for consumers needs sufficient share of energy for upstream, midstream and downstream purposes. In spite of a huge amount of great investments into the industry it is still available to improve the efficiency of energy usage inside the industry. The biggest share of energy consumption is within transportation sector. Optimization of operating conditions of gas pipeline is a one of the cheapest ways for reducing energy consumption. Optimization doesn’t need any investments into the industry. It works only within operating parameters. Adjustable operating parameters of a gas pipeline are operative pressure, rotation speed of compressors, amount of operating units, gas temperature after a compressor station and others. The energy consumption depends on the combination of the parameters which determine an appropriate operation mode to provide the particular gas flow through a pipeline, the maximum capacity, the minimum energy consumption and others. From energy saving point of view it is possible to reduce energy demand in the gas industry due to optimization of the operation mode. A few approaches to achieving energy reduction through optimization are investigated in this work and presented in this article, such as saving energy through changing of loading between compressor stations, varying the depth of gas cooling and changing the loading of gas pumping units. The results of analyzing inside the study model reflect the possibility for improving efficiency of gas trunk pipelines.

In this study, an innovative solution is examined for transmission problems and frequency control for wind Turbines. Power electronics and the gear boxes are the parts which are responsible of a significant amount of failures and they are increasing the operation and maintenance cost of wind turbines. Continuously transmission (CVT) systems are investigated as an alternative for conventional gear box technologies for wind turbines in terms of frequency control and power production efficiency. Even though, it has being used in the car industry and is proven to be efficient, there are very limited amount of studies on the CVT implementation on wind turbines. Therefore, this study has also an assertion on being a useful mechanical analyse on that topic. After observing several different types of possibly suitable CVT systems for wind turbines; a blade element momentum code is written in order to calculate the torque, rotational speed and power production values of a wind turbine by using aerodynamic blade properties. Following to this, a dynamic model is created by using the values founded by the help of the blade element momentum theory code, for the wind turbine drive train both including and excluding the CVT system. Comparison of these two dynamic models is done, and possible advantages and disadvantages of using CVT systems for wind turbines are highlighted. The wind speed values, which are simulated according to measured wind speed data, are used in order to create the dynamic models, and Matlab is chosen as the software environment for modelling and calculation processes. Promising results are taken out of the simulations for both in terms of energy efficiency and frequency control. The wind turbine model, which is using the CVT system, is observed to have slightly higher energy production and more importantly, no need for power electronics for frequency control. As an outcome of this study, it is possible to say that the CVT system is a candidate of being a research topic for future developments of the wind turbine technology.

A flexible generic model has been developed at the Chair of Heat and Power Technology in order to perform fatter experiments in a more fundamental fashion. It is made of engineered flexible material and oscillate in a controlled way at non-uniform amplitude and variable frequencies. Time-resolved measurements of the unsteady surface pressures, the instantaneous model geometry as well as unsteady Schlieren visualizations are performed in order to study the shock wave motion and the aerodynamic load acting over this flexible generic bump. The model oscillates at reduced frequencies from 0.015 to 0.294 at transonic flow condition. The mode shapes of such a flexible bump strongly depends on the excitation frequency of the generic model. Schlieren pictures are obtained for an operating point characterized by an inlet Mach number of 0.63. Moreover, the presented results demonstrate that the phase of shock wave movement towards bump local motion shows a decreasing trend for the third bending mode shapes at reduced frequency higher than k=0.074. At the pressure taps located after the shock wave formation, the phase of pressure fluctuations towards bump local motion presents the same decreasing trend.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the conditions and opportunities to produce biogas at Utö, an island in the Stockholm archipelago. The intention was that the sludge from the local sewage treatment plant could be used as a resource. The Master Thesis was conducted as part of the EU-funded project Green Islands, where the Archipelago Foundation in Stockholm County is Lead Partner.

In addition to the sludge, other possible substrates were investigated. Food waste from Utö Inn and slaughterhouse waste from a small slaughterhouse were determined best suited. An estimate of the amounts of substrate gave that a suitable size of a biogas reactor would be about 50 m³. Local uses of produced gas and the digestate were investigated. Several small scale biogas digesters were investigated. The closest examined digesters are the research reactor Renowaste at Henriksdalsberget, MR120 which is developed by Energiutvecklarna and an ordinary, small scale digester constructed by concrete segments. The microbiology of the biogas process has also been studied and potential difficulties were analyzed. Practical, economic and environmental aspects were examined.

If CHP were to be applied, electricity and heat could be utilized at the waste water treatment plant. No suitable usage of the nutrient-rich digestate was found. The nearby organic farm could not use the digestate since human sludge cannot be spread on organic farming land.

The report states that the construction of a biogas plant in Gruvbyn on Utö cannot be economically justified. Several practical problems were also noted, where mainly the small scale and the uneven flows of substrates are expected to contribute. The low carbon/nitrogen ratio of the substrates, about 8, could also pose difficulties in obtaining a stable process.Environmental and climatic benefits deemed relatively small, mainly due to that upgrading of biogas to vehicle fuel, thus replacing fossil fuels, cannot be seen as a realistic possibility.

A number of possible improvements that are considered more realistically feasible are suggested, like local treatment of sludge in a bed of reed, making the heating system of the waste water plant more efficient and local composting of the inn’s food waste.

When the wind passes through the wind turbine, it losses a part of its energy and as a result a low momentum region creates behind the wind turbine that refers to the wake.  This effect is more significant in a wind farm, where a group of wind turbines are located close to each other in a specific region. Since the wind speed slows down after passing the first row of the turbine, the other rows at the downstream experience lower wind velocity and consequently they can capture less energy in the wind. Wake effect influences the annual power production of a wind farm, not only because of the reduction in the wind velocity but also because of creating  turbulence in the flow and generating more vibration loads on the rotors which can reduce the lifetime of the turbines and increase fatigue on the blades.  Also when the Angle Of Attack (AOA) changes the shape of the wake varies which influence the annual power production and turbulence intensity of a wind farm. 

The main purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of changing the AOA on the annual power production and the turbulence intensity of Hexicon platform. For this aim, different AOA between zero and 15 degrees are considered in the simulations.

ANSYS CFX is applied to model the wind turbine configuration and simulate the fluid flow in different wind direction using unstructured meshing method. In addition wind characteristics profiles such as mean wind velocity, turbulence intensity and length scale at different height are imposed at the inlet of the domain to present the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL). RNG k-ε model is implemented for turbulence modeling. In addition roughness modification is utilized in simulation to get more accurate results in terms of turbulence intensity. 

Idénergie develops the first domestic hydrokinetic turbine for rivers. Itaims at producing about 100W in a 1.4m/s river to power up remote locations.Idénergie’s turbine has two main advantages: a completely watertight shaftlessgenerator and an integrated smart converter. The first turbines are planned tobe sold in June 2014.To be able to test the embedded intelligence in the lab, Idénergie’s testbench must be able to reproduce river conditions. Measurements have beenperformed in a river and provide the torque developed by the river at differentspeeds. On the test bench controlled by a LabView program, the rotationalspeed is measured and the corresponding torque computed. This torque is setas the new command and makes the test bench behave as if it was driven by aturbine in a river.Idénergie’s generator contains a rotor made of permanent magnets.These magnets are provided by a supplier and their quality needs to bechecked. For this purpose, a magnetometer is designed and built. It contains 5Hall effect sensors which move at a constant speed above a magnet andmeasure its magnetic field. The magnetometer is able to compare magnets to areference and to detect the faulty ones. The sensors are also used to measurethe magnetic field of the rotor and show that the custom-made shape of themagnets has no influence on the sinusoidal field.The converter transforms the three-phase current to direct current andcontrols the rotational speed. This is done thanks to an embedded electroniccard, which is about to be working properly. The Maximum Power PointTracking algorithm ensures that the rotational speed is optimum in order toproduce the maximum power output. The code loaded on this card is written inits main part but needs to be tested on the test bench once the card will beoperational.

Catalytic combustion of synthetic gasified biomass was conducted in a high-pressure facility at pressures ranging from 5 to 16 bars. The catalytic combustor design considered was a hybrid monolith (400 cpsi, diameter 3.5 cm, length 3.6 cm and every other channel coated). The active phase consisted of 1 wt.% Pt/gamma-Al2O3 With wash coat loading of total monolith 15 wt.%. In the interpretation of the experiments, a twodimensional boundary layer model was applied successfully to model a single channel of the monolith. At constant inlet velocity to the monolith the combustion efficiency decreased with increasing pressure. A multi-step surface mechanism predicted that the flux of carbon dioxide and water from the surface increased with pressure. However, as the pressure (i.e. the Reynolds number) was increased, unreacted gas near the center of the channel penetrated significantly longer into the channel compared to lower pressures. For the conditions studied (lambda = 46, T-in = 218-257 degrees C and residence time similar to 5 ms), conversion of hydrogen and carbon monoxide were diffusion limited after ignition, while methane never ignited and was kinetically controlled. According to the kinetic model surface coverage of major species changed from CO, H and CO2 before ignition to O, OH, CO2 and free surface sites after ignition. The model predicted further that for constant mass flow combustion efficiency increased with pressure, and was more pronounced at lower pressures (2.5-10 bar) than at higher pressures (> 10 bar).

In this study the vibration properties of a deforming test object are presented. The test object is bump shaped and is integrated into the wall of a transonic wind tunnel. The purpose for using such a test object is to study, in a generic manner, the unsteady aerodynamic phenomena occurring due to the presence of a vibrating structure in the flow. The setup is part of an ongoing study to address the phenomena of fluid-structure interaction and shock-boundary layer interaction. The design objective for the test object is to assimilate a IF vibration mode at a given section of atypical compressor blade. Finite element (FE) analyses have been used to predict the frequency response of the test object prior to manufacturing. The design objectives have been verified experimentally by time-resolved laser measurements. It has been found that the FE predictions are in good agreement with experimental data. Furthermore it has been shown that the present test object allows for the achievement of the targeted vibration properties up to a frequency of 250Hz, corresponding to a reduced frequency above 0.8.

An experimental study on post-dryout heat transfer was conducted in the High-pressure WAter Test (HWAT) loop at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. The objective of the experiments was to investigate the influence of flow obstacles on the post-dryout heat transfer. The investigated operational conditions include mass flux equal to 500 kg/m² s, inlet sub-cooling 10 K and system pressure 5 and 7 MPa. The experiments were performed in annuli in which the central rod was supported with five pin spacers. Two additional types of flow obstacles were placed in the exit part of the test section: a cylinder supported on the central rod only and a typical BWR grid spacer cell. The measurements indicate that flow obstacles improve heat transfer in the boiling channel. It has been observed that the dryout power is higher when additional obstacles are present. In addition the wall temperature in post-dryout heat transfer regime is reduced due to increased turbulence and drop deposition. The present data can be used for validation of computational models of post-dryout heat transfer in channels with flow obstacles.

Experimental investigation of the post-dryout heat transfer in annulus test section has been performed in the high-pressure two-phase loop at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). The test section has an annular geometry with 10 mm rod outer diameter and 22.1 mm tube inner diameter. Seven spacers are located along the test section to keep the rod and the tube equidistant along the test section. Both the tube and the rod are manufactured of Inconel 600 to withstand high temperatures. Several thermocouples have been installed on the tube and the rod surface to measure the local temperature.The measurements have been performed for a wide range of the inlet mass flow rate, keeping the inlet subcooling equal to 10 K and the pressure to 70 bars. Uniform axial power distributions have been applied on the rod and tube walls, however, several different ratios between the heat fluxes on the two surfaces have been applied. Both steady-state and transient measurements have been performed in which axial distribution of wall temperatures have been registered.The experiments indicate a very strong influence of spacers on post-dryout heat transfer. In particular, for several cases with relatively low local quality the dryout spot is limited to a direct proximity of spacers, stretching from approximately 10 cm upstream of the spacer to 5 cm downstream of the spacer. Only for relatively high powers the dryout patch could cover the whole distance between two neighboring spacers.

This master thesis focuses on the review of the thermochemical energy storage (TCES) concept and its application in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants. The TCES concept has been reviewed and critically analyzed, highlighting the advantages and digging into the challenges that this technology must overcome to reach commercial scale. As an emerging concept, research interest is just starting to grow. Studies are scarce and there are only a handful of experimental campaigns. This work has therefore focused on the conceptual design, material properties matching and preliminary economic analysis. Thermodynamic performance as well as kinetics of a model system have been described. The model system consists of a solid bed of Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) activated by heat transfer from molten salts (MS). A heat transfer model was built using COMSOL Multiphysics. The results indicate that due to low thermal conductivity of the studied materials, poor performance results and long charging times are required for material activation. The cost of the system can vary between 7 and 32 times the cost for current MS storage, highlighting that important improvements are required for the development of this technology.

The reliability of modelling and simulation of energy systems strongly depends on the prediction accuracy of each system component. This is the case of Stirling engine-based systems, where an accurate modelling of the engine performance is very important to understand the overall system behaviour. In this sense, many Stirling engine analyses with different approaches have been already developed. However, there is a lack of Stirling engine models suitable for the integration into overall system simulations. In this context, this paper aims to develop a rigorous Stirling engine model that could be easily integrated into combined heat and power schemes for the overall techno-economic analysis of these systems. The model developed considers a Stirling engine with adiabatic working spaces, isothermal heat exchangers, dead volumes, and imperfect regeneration. Additionally, it considers mechanical pumping losses due to friction, limited heat transfer and thermal losses on the heat exchangers. The predicted efficiency and power output were compared with the numerical model and the experimental work reported by the NASA Lewis Research Centre for the GPU-3 Stirling engine. This showed average absolute errors around ±4% for the brake power, and ±5% for the brake efficiency at different frequencies. However, the model also showed large errors (±15%) for these calculations at higher frequencies and low pressures. Additional results include the calculation of the cyclic expansion and compression work; the pressure drop and heat flow through the heat exchangers; the conductive, shuttle effect and regenerator thermal losses; the temperature and mass flow distribution along the system; and the power output and efficiency of the engine.

The Stirling engine is a closed-cycle regenerative system that presents good theoretical properties. These include a high thermodynamic efficiency, low emissions levels thanks to a controlled external heat source, and multi-fuel capability among others. However, the performance of actual prototypes largely differs from the mentioned theoretical potential. Actual engine prototypes present low electrical power outputs and high energy losses. These are mainly attributed to the complex interaction between the different components of the engine, and the challenging heat transfer and fluid dynamics requirements. Furthermore, the integration of the engine into decentralized energy systems such as the Combined Heat and Power systems (CHP) entails additional complications. These has increased the need for engineering tools that could assess design improvements, considering a broader range of parameters that would influence the engine performance when integrated within overall systems. Following this trend, the current work aimed to implement an analysis that could integrate the thermodynamics, and the thermal and mechanical interactions that influence the performance of kinematic Stirling engines. In particular for their use in Combined Heat and Power systems. The mentioned analysis was applied for the study of an engine prototype that presented very low experimental performance. The numerical methodology was selected for the identification of possible causes that limited the performance. This analysis is based on a second order Stirling engine model that was previously developed and validated. The simulation allowed to evaluate the effect that different design and operational parameters have on the engine performance, and consequently different performance curves were obtained. These curves allowed to identify ranges for the charged pressure, temperature ratio, heat exchangers dimensions, crank phase angle and crank mechanical effectiveness, where the engine performance was improved. In addition, the curves also permitted to recognise ranges were the design parameters could drastically reduce the brake power and efficiency. The results also showed that the design of the engine is affected by the conditions imposed by the CHP interactions, and that the engine could reach a brake power closer to 832 W with a corresponding brake efficiency of 26% when the adequate design parameters were considered. On the other hand, the performance could also be very low; as the reported in experimental tests, with brake power measurements ranging 52-120W.

Increasing energy demands and environmental problems require innovative systems for electrical and thermal energy production. In this scenario, the development of small scale energy systems has become an interesting alternative to the conventional large scale centralized plants. Among these alternatives, small scale combined heat and power (CHP) plants based on Stirling Engines (SE) have attracted the interest among research and industry due to the potential advantages that offers. These include low maintenance, low noise during operation, a theoretically high electrical efficiency, and principally the fuel flexibility that the system offers. However, actual engine performances present very low electrical efficiencies and consequently few successful prototypes reached commercial maturity at elevated costs.Considering this situation, this thesis presents a numerical thermodynamic study for micro scale CHP-SE systems. The study is divided in two parts: The first part covers the engine analysis; and the second part studies the thermodynamic performance of the overall CHP-SE system. For the engine analysis a detailed thermodynamic model suitable for the simulation of different engine configurations was developed. The model capability to predict the engine performance was validated with experimental data obtained from two different engines: The GPU-3 Stirling engine studied by Lewis Research Centre; and the Genoa engine studied on the experimental rig built at the Energy Department at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). The second part of the research complemented the study with the analysis of the overall CHP-SE system. This included numerical simulations of the different CHP components and the sensitivity analysis for selected design parameters.The complete study permitted to assess the different operational and design configurations for the engine and the CHP components. These improvements could be implemented for test field evaluations and thus foster the development of more efficient SE-CHP systems. In addition, the detailed thermodynamic-design methodology for the SE-CHP systems was established and the numerical tool for the design assessment was developed.

This work presents the development and validation of a numerical model that represents the performance of a gamma Stirling engine prototype. The model follows a modular approach considering ideal adiabatic working spaces; limited internal and external heat transfer through the heat exchangers; and mechanical and thermal losses during the cycle. In addition, it includes the calculation of the mechanical efficiency taking into account the crank mechanism effectiveness and the forced work during the cycle. Consequently, the model aims to predict the work that can be effectively taken from the shaft. The model was compared with experimental data obtained in an experimental rig built for the engine prototype. The results showed an acceptable degree of accuracy when comparing with the experimental data, with errors ranging from +/- 1% to +/- 8% for the temperature in the heater side, less than +/- 1% error for the cooler temperatures, and +/- 1 to +/- 8% for the brake power calculations. Therefore, the model was probed adequate for study of the prototype performance. In addition, the results of the simulation reflected the limited performance obtained during the prototype experiments, and a first analysis of the results attributed this to the forced work during the cycle. The implemented model is the basis for a subsequent parametric analysis that will complement the results presented.

The use of simulation techniques for the study of Combined Heat and Power systems based on Stirling Engines (CHP-SE) has been focused on dynamic simulations that guide the sizing of the system components. These are valuable tools for the performance evaluation of determined designs. However, there is a need to complement these studies with additional analysis that could permit to assess the design improvement and the integration of the system components. For this reason, the present work developed a model that coupled the design equations of each component with the equations that describe the thermal interactions presented in the overall system.

This integration allowed to obtain a deeper insight into the thermodynamic characteristics of the overall system, and thus was used for the study of a micro CHP-SE experimental rig.  The results for this case study allowed to quantify the main energy outputs, the energy losses, and the influence of different parameters on the system. The overall efficiency under the original conditions presented values ranging from 60%-64% with very low exergy efficiencies ranging from 5%-7%. The simulation analysis permitted to identify design and operational parameters that would increase the overall efficiency to values closer to 80% and the exergy to values closer to 14%. These increments would correspond to the reduction of the energy losses, improvements on the conditions for the biomass combustion, and the use of engines with higher electrical outputs.