kth.sePublikationer
Ändra sökning
Avgränsa sökresultatet
1234567 1 - 50 av 477
RefereraExporteraLänk till träfflistan
Permanent länk
Referera
Referensformat
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Annat format
Fler format
Språk
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Annat språk
Fler språk
Utmatningsformat
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Träffar per sida
  • 5
  • 10
  • 20
  • 50
  • 100
  • 250
Sortering
  • Standard (Relevans)
  • Författare A-Ö
  • Författare Ö-A
  • Titel A-Ö
  • Titel Ö-A
  • Publikationstyp A-Ö
  • Publikationstyp Ö-A
  • Äldst först
  • Nyast först
  • Skapad (Äldst först)
  • Skapad (Nyast först)
  • Senast uppdaterad (Äldst först)
  • Senast uppdaterad (Nyast först)
  • Disputationsdatum (tidigaste först)
  • Disputationsdatum (senaste först)
  • Standard (Relevans)
  • Författare A-Ö
  • Författare Ö-A
  • Titel A-Ö
  • Titel Ö-A
  • Publikationstyp A-Ö
  • Publikationstyp Ö-A
  • Äldst först
  • Nyast först
  • Skapad (Äldst först)
  • Skapad (Nyast först)
  • Senast uppdaterad (Äldst först)
  • Senast uppdaterad (Nyast först)
  • Disputationsdatum (tidigaste först)
  • Disputationsdatum (senaste först)
Markera
Maxantalet träffar du kan exportera från sökgränssnittet är 250. Vid större uttag använd dig av utsökningar.
  • 1.
    Akbarnejad, Shahin
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Experimental and Mathematical Study of Incompressible Fluid Flow through Ceramic Foam Filters2016Licentiatavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Ceramic Foam Filters (CFFs) are widely used to filter solid particles and inclusions from molten metal in metal production, particularly in the aluminum industry. In general, the molten metal is poured on the top of a ceramic foam filter until it reaches a certain height, also known as metal head or gravity head. This is done to build the required pressure to prime the filter media and to initiate filtration. To predict the required metal head, it is necessary to obtain the Darcy and non-Darcy permeability coefficients of the filter. The coefficients vary upon filter type. Here, it is common to classify CFFs based on grades or pore per inches (PPI). These CFFs range from10 to100 PPI and their properties vary in everything from cell and window size to strut size. The 80-100 PPI CFFs are generally not practical for use by industry, since the priming of the filters by a gravitational force requires an excessive metal head. However, recently a new method has been developed to prime such filters by using electromagnetic Lorentz forces. This allows the filters to be primed at a low metal head.

    To continue the research work, it was deemed necessary to measure the pressure gradients of single and stack of commercial alumina ceramic foam filters and to obtain the permeability characteristics. Therefore, efforts have been made to validate the previously obtained results, to improve the permeametry experimental setup, and to obtain Darcy and non-Darcy permeability coefficients of single 30, 50, and 80 PPI filters and stacks of filters. Furthermore, the experimentally obtained pressure gradients were analyzed and compered to the mathematically and analytically estimated pressure gradients.

    The studies showed that, in permeametry experiments, the sample sealing procedure plays an important role for an accurate estimation of the permeability constants. An inadequate sealing or an un-sealed sample results in an underestimation of the pressure drop, which causes a considerable error in the obtained Darcy and non-Darcy permeability coefficients. Meanwhile, the results from the single filter experiments showed that the permeability values of the similar PPI filters are not identical. However, the stacks of three identical filters gave substantially the same measured pressure drop values and roughly the same Darcy and non-Darcy coefficients as for the single filters.

    The permeability coefficients of the filters are believed to be best defined and calculated by using the Forchheimer equation. The well-known and widely used Ergun and Dietrich equations cannot correctly predict the pressure drop unless a correction factor is introduced. The accuracy of the mathematically estimated pressure drop, using COMSOL Multiphysics® 5.1, found to be dependent on the drag term used in the Brinkman-Forchheimer equation.  Unacceptable error, as high as 84 to 89 percent for the 30, 50 and 80 PPI single filters, compared to the experimentally obtained pressure gradient values were observed when the literature defined Brinkman-Forchheimer drag term was used. However, when the same second order drag term (containing the non-Darcy coefficient) as defined in the Forchheimer equation was used, the predicted pressure gradient profiles satisfactorily agreed with the experiment data with as little as 0.3 to 5.5 percent deviations for the 30, 50 and 80 PPI single filters.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    Thesis
  • 2.
    Akbarnejad, Shahin
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Kennedy, M. W.
    Aune, R. E.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Analysis on Experimental Investigation and Mathematical Modelling of Incompressible Flow through Ceramic Foam FiltersManuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 3.
    Akbarnejad, Shahin
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Jonsson, Lage Tord Ingemar
    Kennedy, Mark William
    Aune, Ragnhild Elizabeth
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Analysis on Experimental Investigation and Mathematical Modeling of Incompressible Flow Through Ceramic Foam Filters2016Ingår i: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science, ISSN 1073-5615, E-ISSN 1543-1916, Vol. 47, nr 4, s. 2229-2243Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents experimental results of pressure drop measurements on 30, 50, and 80 pores per inch (PPI) commercial alumina ceramic foam filters (CFF) and compares the obtained pressure drop profiles to numerically modeled values. In addition, it is aimed at investigating the adequacy of the mathematical correlations used in the analytical and the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. It is shown that the widely used correlations for predicting pressure drop in porous media continuously under-predict the experimentally obtained pressure drop profiles. For analytical predictions, the negative deviations from the experimentally obtained pressure drop using the unmodified Ergun and Dietrich equations could be as high as 95 and 74 pct, respectively. For the CFD predictions, the deviation to experimental results is in the range of 84.3 to 88.5 pct depending on filter PPI. Better results can be achieved by applying the Forchheimer second-order drag term instead of the Brinkman-Forchheimer drag term. Thus, the final deviation of the CFD model estimates lie in the range of 0.3 to 5.5 pct compared to the measured values.

  • 4.
    Akbarnejad, Shahin
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Kennedy, M. W.
    Fritzsch, R.
    Aune, R. E.
    An investigation on permeability of ceramic foam filters (CFF)2015Ingår i: TMS Light Metals, 2015, s. 949-954Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    CFFs are used to filter liquid metal in the aluminum industry. CFFs are classified in grades or pores per inch (PPI), ranging from 10-100 PPI. Their properties vary in everything from pore and strut size to window size. CFFs of 80-100 PPI are generally not practical for use by industry, as priming of the filters by gravitational forces requires an excessive metal head. Recently, co-authors have invented a method to prime such filters using electromagnetic Lorentz forces, thus allowing filters to be primed with a low metal head. In the continuation of this research work, an improved experimental setup was developed in the present study to validate previous results and to measure the permeability of different filters, as well as a stack of filters. The study of permeability facilitates estimation of the required pressure drop to prime the filters and the head required to generate a given casting rate.

  • 5.
    Akbarnejad, Shahin
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Saffari Pour, Mohsen
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Significance of Fluid Bypassing Effect on Darcy and Non-Darcy Permeability Parameters of Ceramic Foam FiltersManuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 6.
    Alevanau, Aliaksandr
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Study of pyrolysis and gasification of biomass from the self-organization perspective2015Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis focuses on the analysis of kinetics of i) low-temperature pyrolysis of gaseous hydrocarbons, ii) high-temperature steam gasification of char of wood pellets (>700oC), iii) high temperature pyrolysis of straw pellets in an atmosphere of argon and steam, and iv) high temperature pyrolysis of slices of transversally cut wooden sticks. The results of the kinetic measurements in the high-temperature cases are approximated using a least-square based optimization software, which was specially developed to analyse kinetics prone for deviation from the Arrhenius law.In the thesis a general analysis of the researched materials and kinetics of their pyrolysis and gasification is presented from the self-organization perspective. The energy transfer phenomena in both the pyrolysis and gasification processes of biomass are discussed with an emphasis on an analysis of basic phenomena involving the self-organized dynamics on fractal structures in the chosen biomass samples.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    Alevanau_Thesis
  • 7.
    Alevanau, Aliaksandr
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Kantarelis, Efthymios
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Energi- och ugnsteknik.
    Kuznechik, Olgerd
    Belarussian State University.
    Vyhoniailo, Oleksandr
    Mechanically assisted low temperature pyrolysis of hydrocarbons2014Ingår i: Proceedings of the XVII International Conference Foundations & Advances in Nonlinear Science, September 29 - October 3, Minsk 2014, 2014Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    We report experimental setups and conditions leading to pyrolysis (cracking) of such gaseous hydrocarbons as methane, mixed propane and butane, at the temper-atures of the heater below 200oC. The process was mechanically assisted by putting the substances being decomposed into a dynamic interaction with the tin and bismuth alloy. The alloy had periodically changing phase state thus creating fractal interfaces between its surface and the gases. Interaction of the gases with mechanically produced fractal surfaces of the alloy made possible gas decomposition even at lower temperatures of the heater (150oC). At this temperature the heater couldn't melt the alloy in the heated volume with the gas.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 8. Almcrantz, M.
    et al.
    Andersson, Margareta A.T.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Determination of inclusion characteristics in the Asea-SKF process using the modified spark-induced OES technique as a complement in studying the influence of top slag composition2005Ingår i: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, E-ISSN 1869-344X, Vol. 76, nr 9, s. 624-634Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The spark-induced modified optical emission spectroscopy (OES) technique developed by Ovako Steel makes it possible to rapidly determine inclusion characteristics in steel samples. In earlier investigations using the modified spark-induced OES technique for steel samples taken from billets, predicted oxygen contents agreed well with results from conventional melt extraction analyses. In this investigation, samples taken during ladle treatment in an ASEA-SKF ladle furnace were analysed using the modified OES technique. When comparing the results with inclusion characteristics determined by conventional analysis, similar trends were found. Plant trials were also carried out where three different top slag compositions were used. The purpose was to evaluate if the modified OES technique can be used to study the effect of changes in the refining operation on inclusion characteristics. Results indicated that the modified OES technique could be used to determine the effect of a changed slag composition on the inclusion characteristics in the steel. Since the modified OES method provides rapid feedback of inclusion characteristics, it has the potential of being used for faster optimisation of ladle refining operations.

  • 9.
    Andersson, Annika
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Andersson, Margareta A.T.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    A study of some elemental distributions between slag and hot metal during tapping of the blast furnace2004Ingår i: Steel research, ISSN 0177-4832, Vol. 75, nr 5, s. 294-301Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper investigates the distribution of elements between slag and hot metal from a blast furnace through calculation of distribution coefficients from actual production data. First, samples of slag and hot metal tapped from a commercial blast furnace were taken continually at 10-minute intervals for a production period of 68 hours. Distribution coefficients of manganese, silicon, sulphur and vanadium were then calculated from the results of the sample analyses. A major conclusion drawn from examination of the results was that the behaviour of the studied elements was as could be expected when approaching the equilibrium reactions from thermodynamic theory. The distributions of the elements in the slag-metal system showed clear tendencies which did not appear to be influenced by the operational conditions of the furnace. For example, for manganese, vanadium and sulphur, it was found that a higher basicity led to a decreased distribution coefficient L-Mn and L-V, but an increased L-S, which is according to theory. Another observed relationship was that slag basicity increased with an increased carbon content in the hot metal, which indicated that SiO2 was reduced to [Si] when the oxygen potential decreased. Furthermore, it was found that sulphur and silica behaviour likened that of acidic slag components, while the manganese oxide and vanadium oxide behaviour was similar to that of basic slag components.

  • 10.
    Andersson, Margareta
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Appelberg, Jesper
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad materialfysik.
    Nakajima, Keiji
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Shibata, Hiroyuki
    Tohoku University, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials.
    Kitamura, Shinya
    Tohoku University, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials.
    Jonsson, Lage
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Some Aspects on Grain Refining Additions with Focus on Clogging during Casting2006Ingår i: ISIJ International, ISSN 0915-1559, E-ISSN 1347-5460, Vol. 46, nr 6, s. 814-823Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Some ideas of how to study optimum conditions for implementation of grain refining in liquid steel processing with focus on how to avoid clogging are discussed. It is assumed that the inclusions most beneficial for grain refining are known from studies by physical metallurgists. The challenge for a process metallurgist is how to provide a homogeneous distribution of grain refiners at the onset of solidification. Four different ways of providing information to succeed with this are discussed. Thermodynamic modeling can be used to predict what additions to make to create potential grain refiners, if relevant thermodynamic data is available. Mathematical fluid-flow modeling can be used to study where to add potential grain refiners. It is discussed that the tundish is the most appropriate reactor to add grain refiners, since enough time is given to a complete mixing of the grain refiner into the steel before the steel enters the mold. By using the scanning laser microscopy technique it is possible to study which potential grain refiners has the lowest attraction forces between each other. This is important in order to minimise growth of inclusions when they collide during transport in the tundish, which can lead to the formation of larger inclusions that do not serve as useful grain refiners. Finally, it is suggested that laboratory experiments are carried out in order to study the tendency for nozzle clogging, before the use of grain refiners is tested in industrial scale.

  • 11.
    Andersson, Margareta A.T.
    et al.
    KTH, Tidigare Institutioner (före 2005), Materialvetenskap.
    Hallberg, Malin
    Jonsson, Lage
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Slag-metal reactions during ladle treatment with focus on desulphurisation2002Ingår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking, ISSN 0301-9233, E-ISSN 1743-2812, Vol. 29, nr 3, s. 224-232Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Within several cooperative projects, KTH (Royal Institute of Technology), Ovako Steel AB, and MEFOS have investigated the desulphurisation of bearing steel during vacuum degassing. The work includes thermodynamic calculations of the slag-metal equilibrium, CFD modelling of slag-metal reactions, and plant trials. Results from the various studies are presented and discussed in this paper. Models for predicting slag properties (sulphide capacity, viscosity, and oxide activities) in liquid slags as functions of slag composition and temperature have been used for the calculation of data which have been employed in static and dynamic modelling of sulphur refining. The results from static modelling show that the method allows fast and easy evaluation of the theoretical desulphurisation conditions during degassing at Ovako Steel AB, as well as theoretical determination of the parameters that have the greatest influence on the equilibrium sulphur distribution. The conclusion from dynamic modelling is that the vacuum degassing operation can be described dynamically with the present knowledge of sulphide capacity, sulphur distribution, viscosity, and oxide activities of ladle slags if this knowledge is combined with fluid flow modelling to derive the overall kinetics. The presented model approaches have been found useful in understanding the sulphur refining process at Ovako Steel AB. The dynamic modelling concept is also believed to have potential for dynamic descriptions of other slag-metal reactions in steelmaking.

  • 12.
    Andersson, Margareta
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Hallberg, Malin
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage
    KTH, Tidigare Institutioner (före 2005), Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Tidigare Institutioner (före 2005), Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Slag/metal reactionsduring ladle treatment with focus on desulphurisation2000Ingår i: 6thInternational Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts, 2000Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
  • 13.
    Andersson, Nils
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Fundamental decarburisation model of AOD process2013Ingår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking, ISSN 0301-9233, E-ISSN 1743-2812, Vol. 40, nr 5, s. 390-397Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A mathematical fluid flow model of gas injection in an argon–oxygen decarburisation (AOD) converter process has been coupled with a high temperature thermodynamic model. The current model is a further enhancement of an earlier developed three-dimensional, three-phase model, to also include some thermodynamics of the process. The model is based on fundamental transport equations and includes separate solutions for the steel, slag and the gas phases and their coupling by friction. The AOD model has been used to predict the first injection stage of decarburisation in an AOD converter. The predictions have been found to agree well with the corresponding results from an industrial process control model. One of the important observations from the simulations was that large concentration gradients of carbon exist in the AOD at an early stage and as the first injection step approaching its end the carbon gradients diminish. Also, the results show, in accordance with theory, that the local decarburisation rate is decreased at elevated pressures.

  • 14.
    Andersson, Nils
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Investigating the effectof slag on decarburization in an AOD converter using a fundamental model2013Ingår i: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, E-ISSN 1869-344X, Vol. 84, nr 2, s. 169-177Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A high-temperature thermodynamics model has been coupled with a fundamental mathematical model describing the fluid flow, where boundary conditions were chosen based on data for an industrial AOD converter. Using this model, the effect of both slag phases (a liquid part and a solid part) on the decarburization was studied. More specifically, the separation of chromium oxide to liquid slag as well as the effect of the amount of rigid top slag (solid)on the decarburization was investigated. The liquid slag was considered with respect to the uptake of chromium oxide, while the rigid top slag was only considered with respect to the increase of the metallostatic pressure in the steel melt. The results suggest that separation of chromium oxide to liquid slag results in a decreased decarburization rate. The same conclusion can be drawn with respect to the amount of solid top slag.

  • 15.
    Andersson, Nils
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Preliminary investigation of influence of temperature on decarburisation using fundamental AOD model2013Ingår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking, ISSN 0301-9233, E-ISSN 1743-2812, Vol. 40, nr 7, s. 551-558Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A high temperature thermodynamics model was earlier coupled with a fundamental mathematical model describing the fluid flow in an argon–oxygen decarburisation (AOD) converter and was initially validated for an idealised temperature description. More specifically, a linear average temperature relation was used such that the temperature would be isolated from other effects such as reactions and mixing. Thereafter, the effect of the starting temperature on the decarburisation was studied. The purpose is to provide some initial knowledge about how temperature affects the decarburisation in an AOD converter. The results suggest that the thermodynamic limit for carbon concentration after reaching the carbon removal efficiency (CRE) maxima is vertically translated downwards at higher temperatures. Furthermore, when plotting the mass ratio between CO and CO2, there is an indication of a point that may relate to a CRE maximum.

  • 16.
    Andersson, Nils Å. I.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Coupling of a fundamental mathematical fluid flow model with computational thermodynamics model to study the decarburisation2012Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 17.
    Andersson, Nils Å. I.
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage T. I.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    A fundamental decarburization model of the AOD processIngår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking, ISSN 0301-9233, E-ISSN 1743-2812Artikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 18.
    Andersson, Nils Å. I.
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage T. I.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    An in-Depth Model-Based Analysis of Decarburization in the AOD Process2012Ingår i: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, E-ISSN 1869-344X, Vol. 83, nr 11, s. 1039-1052Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A previously reported flow and reaction model for an argon-oxygen decarburization converter was extended to also include a thermodynamic description. An in-depth study of the model results has been conducted to answer how concentrations of elements and species in the converter at different locations change with time. This may contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of the refining procedure in the argon-oxygen decarburization process. The refining procedure includes several step-wise changes of an injected gas composition to higher and higher inert gas ratio, called step changes. A step change leads to a decreased partial pressure of carbon monoxide and maintains the decarburization at a higher efficiency. The results shows early and late concentration profiles for the first injection step and suggests a way to determine when a step change should be made. Moreover, the step change could be determined by calculating the carbon concentration profiles and deciding when the carbon concentration gradients start to diminish.

  • 19.
    Andersson, Nils Å. I.
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage T. I.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Investigating the effect of slag on decarburization in an AOD coverter using a fundamental modelIngår i: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, E-ISSN 1869-344XArtikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 20.
    Andersson, Nils Å. I.
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage T. I.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Preliminary investigation of temperatur dependencies on decarburization in a fundamental AOD modelIngår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking, ISSN 0301-9233, E-ISSN 1743-2812Artikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 21.
    Appelberg, Jesper
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Nakajima, Keiji
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Shibata, H.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    In situ studies of misch-metal particle behavior on a molten stainless steel surface2008Ingår i: Materials Science & Engineering: A, ISSN 0921-5093, E-ISSN 1873-4936, Vol. 495, nr 1-2, s. 330-334Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The use of misch-metal is widely spread among the stainless steel producers. Casting problems like clogging are common when using these additions. Information about Ce-La-Al-O particles formed due to the addition of misch-metal in the ladle is scarce in the open literature. The aim of this study is to increase the knowledge of the particle behavior and the particle characteristics in two stainless steels resulting from the addition of misch-metal. The in situ particle behavior has been studied using a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope.

  • 22.
    Arzpeyma, Niloofar
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Modeling of Post Combustion in Ovako electric arc furnace (EAF)Manuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 23.
    Arzpeyma, Niloofar
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Numerical Study of the Gas Flow and Heat Transfer during Electromagnetic Stirring and Post Combustion in EAFs2014Licentiatavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    The effect of electromagnetic stirring on scrap melting and post combustion in two different electric arc furnaces (EAFs) have been studied using numerical modelling. The effect of electromagnetic stirring on melting of a piece of scrap located at the eccentric bottom tapping (EBT) region of an EAF has been studied. The results were compared to a condition in which the only source term for momentum transfer was buoyancy. It was shown that the use of electromagnetic stirring can contribute to a better heat transfer rate at the melt–scrap interface. The Grashof and Nusselt number for both electromagnetic stirring and natural convection were estimated, and were compared with those estimated in previous studies. The post combustion (PC) inside a duct system of an EAF has been studied considering combustion of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The aim was to study the effect of air leakage through the airgap and fan power on post combustion of the off–gas leaving the furnace. Furthermore, to see how much uncombusted can be captured after the air gap. It was shown a higher off-gas mass flow rate and a higher power of the outlet fan led to a higher combustion of CO and H2. Moreover, a backward modeling of the flow was done to estimate the off–gas composition at the furnace outlet. The post combustion inside the same EAF used in the previous part has been studied. The domain consists of the fluid region above the melt bath. The oxy fuel reactions and combustion of CO were taken into account. The oxy-fuel reactions in a both simplified and a more accurate form (JC) were studied. The results showed less combustion of CO in the latter form. Using the results of the off–gas composition at the outlet, an attempt was made to estimate the flow rate of CO arising from the bath. Different flow rates of CO from the melt and air flow rate through the roof were assumed. In both burner mode and burner + lancing mode, the calculated concentration of CO2 was higher than that calculated in the previous part. The reason could be that the dissociation of CO2 to CO and O2 at high temperatures, and the de-post combustion of CO2 due to the reaction with carbon in the melt and in the electrodes were not considered.

  • 24.
    Arzpeyma, Niloofar
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Modeling of post combustion inside the off-gas duct system of the Ovako electric arc furnace2014Ingår i: CDF 2014: 10th International Conference on CFD in Oil & Gas, Metallurgical and Process Industries, SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway, 17-19 June 2014, Proceedings, 2014Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    In order to study the post combustion (PC) inside the duct system of an electric arc furnace (EAF), a three-dimensional computational fluid-dynamics (CFD) model was developed. The reactions between the off gas species (oxygen and hydrogen) and oxygen which leaked into the duct, through the air gap, was considered. The off-gas composition, the off –gas velocity and the outlet pressure were considered as parameters affecting the PC. The results showed that there was a considerable amount of the uncombusted CO to be captured. The highest CO concentration was found at the central part of the duct. The results also showed that a higher off-gas mass flow rate and a higher power of the outlet fan led to a higher combustion of CO and H2. An off-gas analysis probe was then installed after the air gap, where the tip of the probe was placed according to the predicted high CO concentration area found in the simulations. Thereafter, the measured off-gas composition was used to predict the off-gas composition at the outlet of the EAF.

  • 25.
    Arzpeyma, Niloofar
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Widlund, Ola
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Mathematical Modeling of Scrap Melting in an EAF Using Electromagnetic Stirring2013Ingår i: ISIJ International, ISSN 0915-1559, E-ISSN 1347-5460, Vol. 53, nr 1, s. 48-55Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Numerical modeling has been used to investigate the influence of electromagnetic stirring on melting of a single piece of scrap in an eccentric bottom tapping (EBT) electric arc furnace (EAF). The heat transfer and fluid flow in the melt for both conditions with and without electromagnetic stirring were studied. The buoyancy and electromagnetic forces were considered as the source terms for momentum transfer in the studied conditions. The enthalpy-porosity technique was applied to track the phase change of a scrap piece defined in the EBT region of the furnace. Different scrap sizes, preheating temperatures, stirring directions and force magnitudes were considered, and the heat transfer coefficient was estimated from the heat transfer rate at the melt-scrap interface. The results showed that electromagnetic stirring led to a reduced melting time and an increased heat transfer coefficient by a factor of four. The results for Nusselt number versus Grashof number for natural convection and Reynolds number for electromagnetic stirring were compared with those obtained through correlations from previous studies.

  • 26.
    Aune, Ragnhild E.
    et al.
    Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol NTNU, Norway.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    The Seetharaman Seminar June 14-15, 2010 in Stockholm, Sweden: Materials Processing Towards Properties2010Ingår i: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, E-ISSN 1869-344X, Vol. 81, nr 10, s. 811-Artikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 27.
    Ayoub, Mohammed
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Improvement of Cleanness in Melt of Tool Steel by Control of GasBubbles And Electromagnetic stirring in the ladle during vacuum treatment2017Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 28.
    Bai, Haitong
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    A Study of the Swirling Flow Pattern when Using TurboSwirl in the Casting Process2016Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [sv]

    Tidigare studier visar att ett roterande flöde kan ge en mer likformig hastighetsfördelning och en lugnare fyllning i både göt- och stränggjutning av stål. De befintliga metoderna för att generera ett roterande flöde har vissa begränsningar. En ny metod för att generera det roterande flödet, en så kallad TurboSwirl, föreslogs nyligen. I detta arbete undersöktes ett konvergent munstycke med olika vinklar för att se hur detta påverkade det roterande flödet som genererades i anordningen. Resultaten visar att skjuvspänningen i systemet kan reduceras genom att ändra munstyckets vinkel mellan 40º till 60º. En lägre maximal axiell hastighet kan också uppnås med en mindre konvergent vinkel på munstycket. Det är även möjligt att påverka den maximala axiella hastigheten och skjuvspänningen i systemet genom att förflytta den vertikala kanalen i anordningen. Vattenmodellexperiment har utförts för att validera simuleringsresultaten. Det kraftigt roterande flödet kunde endast beskrivas väl av Reynolds Stress Model (RSM). Validering utfördes också genom att mäta den radiella hastigheten i den vertikala kanalen med en Ultrasonic Velocity Profiler (UVP). TurboSwirl-anordningen vändes och kopplades till gjutröret för att generera det roterande flödet. Detta studerades både med numeriska modeller och med vattenmodellering. Ett periodiskt asymmetriskt roterande flöde observerades både i numeriska modellerna och i vattenmodellerna. För att modellera detta periodiska flöde så användes detached eddy simulation (DES) modellen. Resultaten då denna modell användes stämmer väl med de experimentella mätningarna. Denna nya design med TurboSwirl kan uppnå liknande styrka på det roterande flödet som när elektromagnetisk omrörning användes. Det resulterande roterande flödet leder till en lägre axiell hastighet i gjutröret samt en lugnare yta och ett lugnare flöde i kokillen.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    Doctoral thesis_Haitong Bai
  • 29.
    Bai, Haitong
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Par
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Effect of TurboSwirl Structure on an Uphill Teeming Ingot Casting Process2015Ingår i: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science, ISSN 1073-5615, E-ISSN 1543-1916, Vol. 46, nr 6, s. 2652-2665Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    To produce high-quality ingot cast steel with a better surface quality, it would be beneficial for the uphill teeming process if a much more stable flow pattern could be achieved in the runners. Several techniques have been utilized in the industry to try to obtain a stable flow of liquid steel, such as a swirling flow. Some research has indicated that a swirl blade inserted in the horizontal and vertical runners, or some other additional devices and physics could generate a swirling flow in order to give a lower hump height, avoid mold flux entrapment, and improve the quality of the ingot products, and a new swirling flow generation component, TurboSwirl, was introduced to improve the flow pattern. It has recently been demonstrated that the TurboSwirl method can effectively reduce the risk of mold flux entrapment, lower the maximum wall shear stress, and decrease velocity fluctuations. The TurboSwirl is built at the elbow of the runners as a connection between the horizontal and vertical runners. It is located near the mold and it generates a tangential flow that can be used with a divergent nozzle in order to decrease the axial velocity of the vertical flow into the mold. This stabilizes flow before the fluid enters the mold. However, high wall shear stresses develop at the walls due to the fierce rotation in the TurboSwirl. In order to achieve a calmer flow and to protect the refractory wall, some structural improvements have been made. It was found that by changing the flaring angle of the divergent nozzle, it was possible to lower the axial velocity and wall shear stress. Moreover, when the vertical runner and the divergent nozzle were not placed at the center of the TurboSwirl, quite different flow patterns could be obtained to meet to different requirements. In addition, the swirl numbers of all the cases mentioned above were calculated to ensure that the swirling flow was strong enough to generate a swirling flow of the liquid steel in the TurboSwirl.

  • 30.
    Bai, Haitong
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Materialens processteknologi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Materialens processteknologi.
    Numerical study of an application of a divergent reverse TurboSwirl nozzle in the billet continuous casting process2019Ingår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking, ISSN 0301-9233, E-ISSN 1743-2812, Vol. 46, nr 2, s. 148-158Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The swirling flow has widely been investigated for liquid steel flowing in the continuous casting process. In this paper, a new design of the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) is applied by using a reverse TurboSwirl device with a divergent nozzle. This divergent reverse TurboSwirl nozzle (DRTSN) is shown to gain a more beneficial flow pattern compared to the straight nozzle. A stronger swirling flow can be obtained at the SEN outlet, which leads to a calmer flow field and an appropriately active meniscus flow that could improve the heat and mass transfer near the meniscus. The swirl number in the SEN is independent of the casting speed, while a lower casting speed yields a lower maximum wall shear stress. The DRTSN is connected to the tundish by an elbow and a horizontal runner. A longer horizontal runner supplies a more uniform velocity profile and a more symmetrical flow pattern.

  • 31.
    Bai, Haitong
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    The physical and mathematical modelling of swirling flow by turboswirl in an uphill teeming ingot casting process2015Ingår i: Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Science and Technology of Steelmaking, ICS 2015, Chinese Society for Metals , 2015, s. 473-476Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Ingot casting is widely used to produce some certain specialty steel grades. During the process of teeming the liquid steel from the ladle to the mould for a final solidification, the high velocity of the liquid steel can result in an uneven flow pattern either in the vertical and horizontal runners or in the mould. This can cause some serious problems, such as a high erosion of refractory walls or a mould flux entrapment. Here, some research indicate that a swirling flow is beneficial for making the flow pattern even and for reducing turbulence in the runners. Recently, a new swirling flow generation component, TurboSwirl, was applied to improve the flow pattern of the liquid steel as it flows into the mould so that a more stable flow could be obtained. The TurboSwirl is located on the intersection of the horizontal and vertical runners near the mould. It generates a tangential flow that can be used with an expanding nozzle with a flaring angle in order to decrease the vertical flow velocity. Moreover, a mathematical model has been developed to optimize the geometry of the physical model. The results shows that a much more beneficial flow pattern can be obtained by reducing the flaring angle or moving the vertical runner to an off-center position of the TurboSwirl, according to the numerical models. Therefore, a water modelling experiment was built, including the TurboSwirl, one mould and the runners. Tracers will be mixed into the water to detect the flow pattern and the velocity of the fluid would be recorded by a digital motion analysis recorder for later analysis. Firstly, different flaring angles of the expanding nozzle were simulated and compared. The results could supply a good support to the following water modelling experiments and to prove that the TurboSwirl setup produces a much calmer initial filling of the mould, compared to a conventional setup.

  • 32.
    Bai, Haitong
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    An Experimental and Numerical Study of Swirling Flow Generated by TurboSwirl in an Uphill Teeming Ingot Casting Process2016Ingår i: ISIJ International, ISSN 0915-1559, E-ISSN 1347-5460, Vol. 56, nr 8, s. 1404-1412Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A swirling flow has been demonstrated to be beneficial for making the flow pattern even and to reduce turbulence during filling in ingot casting. A new swirling flow generation device, TurboSwirl, was applied to improve the flow pattern of the liquid steel as it flows into the mold so that a more stable flow could be obtained. A water model was built including the TurboSwirl with different flaring angles of the divergent nozzle, according to a former numerical study indicating that a much more beneficial flow pattern could be obtained by reducing the flaring angle. To validate the mathematical model, the air-core vortex formed in the water model experiment was used, and the length of the vortex was measured and compared to the numerical predictions. Different turbulence models including the standard k-epsilon, realizable k-epsilon and Reynolds stress model were tested. It was found that only the Reynolds stress model could most accurately simulate the high swirling flow including a vortex. In addition, the radial velocity of the water around the vortex was measured by an ultrasonic velocity profiler (UVP). The experimental results revealed a high turbulence of the swirling flow and strong fluctuations of the vortex. The radial velocity of the water around the upper part of the vortex could be predicted well compared to the experimental results by the UVP measurements.

  • 33.
    Bai, Haitong
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Experimental Validation and Numerical Analysis of the Swirling Flow in a Submerged Entry Nozzle and Mold by using a Reverse TurboSwirl in a Billet Continuous Casting Process2016Ingår i: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, E-ISSN 1869-344XArtikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    As an alternative to some traditional methods to generate a swirling flow in the continuous casting process, the use of a new swirling flow generator, TurboSwirl, was studied. Specifically, a reversed TurboSwirl device was designed as part of a submerged entry nozzle (SEN) for a round billet continuous casting process. Mathematical modelling was used to investigate this new design and a water model experiment was carried out to validate the mathematical model. The predicted velocities by the turbulence models: realizable k-ε model, Reynold stress model (RSM) and detached eddy simulation (DES) were compared to the measured results from an ultrasound velocity profile (UVP) method. The DES model could give the best prediction inside the SEN and had a deviation less than 3.1% compared to the measured results. Moreover, based on the validated mathematical model and the new design of the SEN, the effect of the swirling flow generated by the reverse TurboSwirl on the flow field of the SEN and mold was compared to the design of the electromagnetic swirl flow generator (EMSFG). A very strong swirling flow in the SEN and a stable flow pattern in the mold could be obtained by the reverse TurboSwirl compared to the EMSFG. 

  • 34.
    Bai, Haitong
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Numerical Study of the Application for the Divergent Reverse TurboSwirl Nozzle in the Billet Continuous Casting ProcessManuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    The swirling flow is demanded from the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) to the mold for the continuous casting process. A new design of the SEN is applied by using the reverse TurboSwirl. The TurboSwirl has been proved that it can provide a more stable flow pattern of the liquid steel in the mold. It also can supply a strong enough swirling flow compared to other swirling flow generation methods. Furthermore, a divergent nozzle is added to replace the bottom part of the straight SEN. This new divergent reverse TurboSwirl nozzle (DRTSN) could gain a more beneficial flow pattern in the mold compared to the straight nozzle. The numerical results reveals that a stronger swirling flow can be gained at the SEN outlet with a calmer flow field and active meniscus flow. It is also found that the swirl intensity in the SEN is independent of the casting speed. Lower casting speed is more desired due to a lower maximum wall shear stress. The DRTSN is connected to the tundish by an elbow and a horizontal runner. Longer horizontal runner can supply a more uniform velocity profile and symmetrical flow pattern in the mold. 

  • 35.
    Bai, Haitong
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Ni, Peiyuan
    Northeastern Univ, Sch Met, Key Lab Ecol Met Multimet Intergrown Ores, Educ Minist, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, Peoples R China.;Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Mat & Mfg Sci, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan..
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Zhang, Tingan
    Northeastern Univ, Sch Met, Key Lab Ecol Met Multimet Intergrown Ores, Educ Minist, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, Peoples R China..
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Materialens processteknologi.
    Effect of swirling flow tundish submerged entry nozzle outlet design on multiphase flow and heat transfer in mould2019Ingår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking, ISSN 0301-9233, E-ISSN 1743-2812Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Effect of a swirling flow SEN (submerged entry nozzle) outlet design on the multiphase flow and heat transfer in a mould was investigated by using numerical simulation. It was found that different SEN outlet designs could form different flow patterns and temperature distributions on the upper of the mould. The enlarged outlet SEN design had an effect to decrease the horizontal velocity of liquid steel flowing out the SEN outlet, reducing the steel flow velocity towards the solidification front. Although a higher velocity was found near the slag/steel interface with the enlarged outlet SEN, but the turbulent kinetic energy was lower. The reason was that less circulation flows were formed in the region of the mould top. The weak horizontal flow towards the solidification front with the enlarged outlet SEN induced lower wall shear stresses, at the same time it also formed a lower temperature distribution near the solidified shell.

  • 36.
    Berg, Martin
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Lee, Jaewoo
    Sichen, Du
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Mikro-modellering. KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi. KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Industriell produktion.
    Study on the Equilibrium Between Liquid Iron and Calcium Vapor2017Ingår i: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science, ISSN 1073-5615, E-ISSN 1543-1916, Vol. 48, nr 3, s. 1715-1720Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The solubility of calcium in liquid iron at 1823 K and 1873 K (1550 A degrees C and 1600 A degrees C) as a function of calcium potential was studied experimentally. The measurements were performed using a closed molybdenum holder in which liquid calcium and liquid iron were held at different temperatures. The results indicate a linear relationship between the activity of calcium, relative to pure liquid calcium, and the mole fraction of dissolved calcium in liquid iron, with a negligible temperature dependency in the ranges studied. The activity coefficient of calcium in liquid iron at infinite dilution, was calculated as 1551.

  • 37.
    Berlin, Daniel
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), Hållbarhet och industriell dynamik.
    Feldmann, Andreas
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), Hållbarhet och industriell dynamik.
    Nuur, Cali
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), Hållbarhet och industriell dynamik.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Supply chain collaboration in circular supply chains: The example of Swedish steel recycling2019Ingår i: Operations adding value to society / [ed] Gyöngyi Kovács and Markku Kuula, Helsinki, 2019, s. 1657-1666Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of supply chain collaboration between buyers and suppliers in the reverse flow of a system of circular supply chains. The empirical context is Swedish unalloyed steel recycling, i.e. recycling of steel with a low proportion of additional components. The paper applies a framework on mechanisms of coordination and supply chain flows to discuss the underlying rationale for how the Swedish steel recycling industry organizes coordination. At the activity level, it is shown how the inherent uncertainty of reverse flows is handled through voluntary cross-industrial cooperation and standardization.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    Berlin et al. (2019)_Supply chain collaboration in circular supply chains, The example of Swedish steel recycling
  • 38.
    Beskow, Kristina
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Mikro-modellering.
    Viswanathan, N. N.
    Jonsson, Lage
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Sichen, Du
    KTH, Tidigare Institutioner (före 2005), Materialvetenskap.
    Study of the deoxidation of steel with aluminum wire injection in a gas-stirred ladle2001Ingår i: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science, ISSN 1073-5615, E-ISSN 1543-1916, Vol. 32, nr 2, s. 319-328Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    In the present work, the deoxidation of liquid steel with aluminum wire injection in a gas-stirred ladle was studied by mathematical modeling using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. This was complemented by an industrial trial study conducted at Uddeholm Tooling AB (Hagfors, Sweden). The results of the industrial trials were found to be in accordance with the results of the model calculation. In order to study the aspect of nucleation of alumina, emphasis was given to the initial period of deoxidation, when aluminum wire was injected into the bath. The concentration distributions of aluminum and oxygen were calculated both by considering and not considering the chemical reaction. Both calculations revealed that the driving force for the nucleation of Al2O3 was very high in the region near the upper surface of the bath and close to the wire injection. The estimated nucleation rate in the vicinity of the aluminum wire injection point was much higher than the recommended value for spontaneously homogeneous nucleation, 10(3) nuclei/(cm(3)/s). The results of the model calculation also showed that the alumina nuclei generated at the vicinity of the wire injection point are transported to other regions by the flow.

  • 39.
    Bi, Yanyan
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Three Dimensional Determinations of Inclusions in Ferroalloys and Steel Samples2014Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    As the requirements on material properties increase, there has been a demand on an additional knowledge on the effect of impurities in the ferroalloyson the steel cleanness. Thus, the number, morphology, size and composition of inclusions in sixdifferent ferroalloys (FeTi, FeNb, FeSi,SiMn, LC and HC FeCr) were investigatedin this study. This was done in three dimensions (3D) by using a SEM in combination with EDS after electrolytic extraction of the ferroalloy samples. Theresults show that thenon-metallic and metallic inclusions can besuccessfully analyzed on the surface of a film filterafter a separation of the inclusions from the matrix. Overall, the inclusions canbe divided into two categories depending on the melting point. Furthermore, the possible transformation of different kinds of inclusions after their addition to the liquid steel canalso be determined.

    The inclusions and clusters in steel samples of two similar steel grades of high-silicon non-calcium treated (HSiNC) stainless steels were also investigated and compared during ladle treatment and continuous casting. Samples of liquid steel and slag were taken at different stages of the ladle treatment and casting during two plant trials: a low Al steel (LAl) and a high Al steel (HAl). Spherical (SP), irregular and regular (IR) inclusions and clusters (CL) were observed in the samples from both heats. It wasfound that the morphology and composition of inclusions and clusters in both heats were significantly changed during the ladle treatment and casting. Most of inclusions (44-98%) in a low Al steel are MgO-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3spherical inclusions. The compositions of irregular and regularinclusions and clusters in steel samples of a high Al steel were mostly MgO·Al2O3spinel, but also complex sphericalinclusions containing Al2O3-MgO-CaO-SiO2. In addition, the phase stabilitydiagram based on Darken’s quadratic formalism and Redlich-Kister type polynomial was estimated for both heats at a non-infinite solution.

    It is known that clusters in liquid steel have a harmful effect on the casting process and the quality of the final steel product. Therefore, clusters of rare earth metals (REM) were investigated in steel samples of a S30185 stainless steel grade from a pilot trial (PT, 250 kg) and from an industrial heat (IH, 100 t). Samples were taken from the liquid steel at differentholding times after the addition of a mischmetal. The morphology, composition, number and size of clusters in PT and IH steel samples were analyzed and compared as a function of the holding time. It was found that typical clusters with regular and irregular inclusions were the main type of clusters (69%-98%) in all PT and IH steel samples. The composition of inclusions in clusters corresponded mostly to REM-oxides. The size of clusters that were observed in different samples varied mainly from 2 to 23 μm. In addition, the size and number of most clusters in PT are larger than those in IH samples.

    Largesize inclusions are recognized to be crucially harmful for the mechanical properties of steel products. Therefore, predictionsof the maximum size of Al2O3-CaO spherical inclusions in an Fe-10 mass% Ni alloy have been examined based on two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) investigations. The effects of the number of measurements and unit volume on the estimated 3D results were also investigated.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    Thesis
  • 40.
    Bi, Yanyan
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Karasev, Andrey
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Investigations of inclusions in ferrochromium alloys2014Ingår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking, ISSN 0301-9233, E-ISSN 1743-2812, Vol. 41, nr 10, s. 756-762Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Ferrochromium alloys are commonly added during different stages of steelmaking processes according to the specific steel grade being produced. Depending upon the ferrochromium quality, the addition can also lead to a supply of deleterious inclusions to the liquid steel. Therefore, the number, size, morphology and composition of inclusions in LCFeCr and HCFeCr alloys were investigated. The alloy samples were first treated with electrolytic extraction, followed by filtration to gather the inclusions on a film filter. Thereafter, the characteristics of the inclusions and clusters were investigated in three dimensions by SEM in combination with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results show that the main inclusion types found in LCFeCr alloys are different to those found in HCFeCr alloys. More specifically, the inclusions in LCFeCr alloys were found to consist of Si-Cr-O and Cr-O oxides as well as intermetallic Cr-Fe inclusions. Moreover, the inclusions in HCFeCr alloys were found to consist of Cr-Mn-S, Cr-C-N, Si-Al-Ca-Mg-O and Ca-O-P inclusions. Overall, the inclusions can be divided into two categories depending on the melting point. Furthermore, the possible transformation of different inclusions after their addition to the liquid steel is discussed.

  • 41.
    Bi, Yanyan
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Karasev, Andrey
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Three Dimensional Evaluations of REM Clusters in Stainless Steel2014Ingår i: ISIJ International, ISSN 0915-1559, E-ISSN 1347-5460, Vol. 54, nr 6, s. 1266-1273Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    It is known that clusters in liquid steel have a harmful effect on the casting process and the quality of the final steel product. In this study, clusters. of rare earth metals (REM) were investigated in steel samples of a S30185 stainless steel grade from a pilot trial (PT, 250 kg) and from an industrial heat (IH, 100 t). Samples were taken from the liquid steel at different holding times after the addition of mischmetal. Thereafter, REM clusters collected on film filters after electrolytic extraction and filtration were investigated in three dimensions (3D) by SEM in combination with EDS. The morphology, composition, number and size of clusters in PT and IH steel samples were analyzed and compared as a function of holding time. It was found that typical clusters with regular and irregular inclusions were the main type of clusters (69%-98%) in all PT and IH steel samples. The composition of inclusions in clusters corresponded mostly to REM-oxides. The size of clusters that were observed in different samples varied mainly from 2 to 23 mu m. In addition, the size and number of most clusters in PT are larger than those in IH samples. Furthermore, the formation mechanisms and evolution of different type of REM clusters were discussed in both PT and IH heats.

  • 42.
    Bi, Yanyan
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Karasev, Andrey
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Three-dimensional investigations of inclusions in ferroalloys2014Ingår i: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, E-ISSN 1869-344X, Vol. 85, nr 4, s. 659-669Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    As the requirements on material properties increase, there has been a demand on an additional knowledge on the effect of impurities in the ferroalloys on the properties. Thus, the number, morphology, size, and composition of inclusions in four different ferroalloys (FeTi, FeNb, FeSi, and SiMn) were investigated. This was done in three dimensions (3D) by using scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive spectroscopy after electrolytic extraction of the ferroalloy samples. The non-metallic and metallic inclusions were successfully analyzed on the surface of film filter. Thereafter, the particle size distribution was plotted for most of the non-metallic inclusions. The non-metallic inclusions were found to be REM oxides in FeTi, FeSi, and SiMn, Al2O3, Ti-Nb-S-O oxides in FeNb and silicon oxides in SiMn. Moreover, the intermetallic inclusions were found to be a Ti-Fe phase in FeTi, Ca-Si, and Fe-Si-Ti phases in FeSi and a Mn-Si phase in SiMn. In addition, the almost pure single metallic phases were found to be Ti in FeTi, Nb in FeNb, and Si in FeSi. As the requirements on material properties increase, the effect of impurities in ferroalloys on the steelmaking process is increasingly becoming more important. The characteristic of inclusions (morphology, number, size, and composition) in ferroalloys investigated in three-dimensional after electrolytic extraction is a good method for studying the evolution of inclusions during steelmaking.

  • 43.
    Bi, Yanyan
    et al.
    KTH.
    Karasev, Andrey V.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Three-dimensional determinations of the non-metallic inclusions in different ferroalloys2014Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Ferroalloys are commonly used in the steel industry to alloy or deoxidize the steel during the secondary steelmaking process before casting. Depending upon the ferroalloy quality, the addition can also lead to a supply of deleterious inclusions to the liquid steel. Thus, the number, morphology, size and composition of inclusions in six different ferroalloys (FeTi, FeNb, FeSi, SiMn LCFeCr and HCFeCr) were investigated. This was done in three dimensions (3D) by using SEM in combination with EDS after electrolytic extraction of the ferroalloy samples. Moreover, statistics of extreme values (SEV) were used to determine the largest size of inclusions.

  • 44.
    Bi, Yanyan
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Karasev, Andrey Vladimirovich
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Evolution of Different Inclusions during Ladle Treatment and Continuous Casting of Stainless Steel2013Ingår i: ISIJ International, ISSN 0915-1559, E-ISSN 1347-5460, Vol. 53, nr 12, s. 2099-2109Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The inclusions and clusters in steel samples of two similar steel grades of high-silicon non-calcium treated (HSiNC) stainless steels were investigated and compared during ladle treatment and continuous casting. Samples of liquid steel and slag were taken at different stages of the ladle treatment and casting during two plant trials: Low Al steel (LAI) and High Al steel (HAI). After electrolytic extraction of the steel samples, characteristics of inclusions and clusters (such as morphology, composition, size and number) were investigated in three dimensions (3D) by SEM in combination with EDS. Moreover, the composition of typical inclusions and clusters was analyzed on a polished cross section of steel samples. Spherical (SP), irregular and regular (IR) inclusions and clusters (CL) were observed in the samples from both heats. It was found that the morphology and composition of inclusions and clusters in both heats were significantly changed during the ladle treatment and casting. Most of inclusions (44-98%) in a Low Al steel are MgO-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 spherical inclusions. The compositions of IR inclusions and clusters in steel samples of a High Al steel were mostly MgO center dot Al2O3 spinet, but also the complex SP inclusions containing Al2O3-MgO-CaO-SiO2. In addition, phase stability diagram based on Darken's quadratic formalism and Redlich-Kister type polynomial was estimated for both heats at a non-infinite solution.

  • 45.
    Bigdeli, Sedigheh
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Accuracy estimation of PDA-OES technique in inclusions investigation of duplex stainless steels2013Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    Nowadays, there is a great demand for clean steel in modern industries and technologies. Steel manufacturers try to optimize their steel production process in a way to achieve highest quality and cleanness. It is necessary to have feedback and online control of steel making process regarding inclusions. Currently the Optical Emission Spectroscopy with Pulse Distribution Analysis technique, PDA-OES is used as a routine method at Outokumpu Stainless AB in Avesta to provide feedback on inclusions characteristics. The aim of the present work is estimation accuracy of PDA results using SEM-INCA Feature. Three duplex stainless steel grades were selected for this project, LDX 2101, 2507 and 2205. The results show a good agreement in case of Al but difference in Ca and Mg. Some efforts were applied to explain this difference and some suggestaions were presented to improve future output of PDA. 

  • 46. Bjurstrom, M.
    et al.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Iguchi, M.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Physical-modeling study of fluid flow and gas penetration in a side-blown AOD converter2006Ingår i: ISIJ International, ISSN 0915-1559, E-ISSN 1347-5460, Vol. 46, nr 4, s. 523-529Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The main fluid-flow pattern that results in a converter with side gas injection was studied using physical modeling. Having roughly the same viscosity as liquid steel, water was used in the experiments. The velocity of the water was determined for different positions in the vessel symmetry plane by laser Doppler velocimetry. Experiments were performed using combinations of three different bath heights and four different gas-flow rates. The results showed penetration of the gas plume into the steel bath both at the tuyere and bath level to increase with an increased gas-flow rate. Also, the penetration depth of the gas both at the tuyere and bath surface level were more affected by an increased gas-flow rate than an increased bath height. Finally, the overall fluid-flow pattern in the system was found to change both with an increased bath height and an increased gas-flow rate.

  • 47.
    Björklund, Johan
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Thermodynamic Aspects on Inclusion Composition and Oxygen Activity during Ladle Treatment2008Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Two industrial studies and one set of lab scale trials have been done. In addition, a theoretical study has been done. The main focus has been on non metallic inclusion composition during the ladle refining operation in industrial steel production. Sampling has been done together with careful inclusion determination. The inclusion composition is related to different variables. In the industrial trials samples have been taken at different steps during the ladle refining period. Steel and slag composition as well as temperature and oxygen activity have been determined.

    The thesis is based on five supplements with different major objectives, all related to the inclusion composition. The equilibrium top slag-steel bulk and inclusions-steel bulk were investigated by comparison between calculated and measured oxygen activity values. The oxygen activity and relation to temperature has also been discussed as well as oxygen activity and temperature gradients. The effect of vacuum pressure on inclusion composition has been evaluated in a theoretical study as well as lab scale trials. The inclusion composition has been studied during the industrial ladle treatment process. The inclusion composition was related to top slag composition and other parameters during ladle treatment.

    The major findings in the thesis are the lack of equilibrium conditions with respect to top-slag and steel bulk before vacuum treatment. The inclusions have been found to be closer to equilibrium with the steel bulk. Al/Al2O3 equilibrium has been found to control the oxygen activity after Al-deoxidation. Evaluation of inclusion composition during the ladle refining has revealed that the majority of the inclusions showed a continuous composition change throughout the ladle refining process, from high Al2O3, via MgO-spinel to finally complex types rich in CaO and Al2O3. The final inclusion composition after vacuum treatment was found to be close to the top slag composition. Vacuum pressure has been found to have a theoretical effect on inclusion composition at very low pressures.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 48.
    Björklund, Johan
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Andersson, Margareta
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Equilibrium between slag, steel and inclusions during ladle treatment: comparison with production data2007Ingår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking, ISSN 0301-9233, E-ISSN 1743-2812, Vol. 34, nr 4, s. 312-324Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The primary purpose of the investigation was to determine whether equilibrium conditions exist between slag and steel and inclusions and steel after silicon deoxidation and aluminium deoxidation. In doing so, the performance of three different models for predicting oxide component activities was also evaluated. The results from the oxide activity models were used to calculate oxygen activities in the steel melt. Industrial data such as steel, slag and inclusion component concentrations, as well as temperature, were used as input to the calculations. One general conclusion drawn was that although the results from the different models showed similar trends, the models did not predict the same actual values for specific calculations. Predicted theoretical equilibrium oxygen activity values were compared with plant measurements of oxygen activity. Here, it was found that the oxygen activity values pertaining to the equilibrium between steel and inclusions were higher than corresponding measured values. The calculations for the equilibrium between the top slag and steel melt, however, resulted in theoretical oxygen activity values considerably lower than corresponding measurements. It was thus concluded that equilibrium conditions did not exist between the top slag and the steel bulk with respect to oxygen. Overall, the models proved useful in predicting oxide activities, but the lack of equilibrium between top slag and molten steel made the calculation of oxygen activity difficult.

  • 49.
    Björklund, Johan
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Andersson, Margareta
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    The Influence of Vacuum Treatment on Inclusion Composition: Laboratory Study2010Ingår i: High Temperature Materials and Processes, ISSN 0334-6455, E-ISSN 2191-0324, Vol. 29, nr 3, s. 189-202Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A series of lab scale trials have been carried out with the aim of investigating the effect of vacuum treatment on inclusion chemistry. A ball bearing steel grade (1.47 wt% Cr, 0.96 wt% C) has been melted in a controlled atmosphere in magnesia and alumina crucibles. A laboratory vacuum furnace, which makes it possible to carry out sampling during vacuum treatment, was used. Samples were taken before and during vacuum treatment. Thereafter, the inclusion compositions in the samples were determined using SEM in combination with EDS. The inclusions found were mainly sulphides containing both manganese and chromium. In addition to these, MgO-Al2O3 oxides were found with varying contents of calcium. Furthermore, a few, calcium sulphides were found. Additionally, it was possible to find a small difference in the average inclusion composition in the samples taken before and during vacuum. More specifically, it was seen that the composition of the inclusions becomes more sulphide-rich during vacuum treatment. The change of average inclusion composition was not as large as suggested from theoretical computations and oxides were found at the same extent during vacuum as before. Another finding was that the inclusions from the trial where an alumina crucible was used contained no magnesia, but that the inclusions contained magnesia when a magnesia crucible was used. Even though the effect of vacuum treatment on the inclusion compositions was found to be small, it was concluded that vacuum treatment could not to be neglected when studying inclusions influenced by top slag/metal reactions.

  • 50.
    Björklund, Johan
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Andersson, Margareta
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    The Influence of Vacuum Treatment on Inclusion Composition: Theoretical Study2010Ingår i: High Temperature Materials and Processes, ISSN 0334-6455, E-ISSN 2191-0324, Vol. 29, nr 3, s. 179-187Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A theoretical study has been conducted into how inclusion composition is influenced by vacuum treatment. Software for computational thermodynamics has been used to simulate how the conditions in a steel melt changed as a result of a decreased pressure. A case study was made on a low sulphur bearing steel (1.4% Cr, 1.0%C). The calculations show the effect of sulphur, oxygen, carbon and temperature on precipitated phases in the steel melt. The result shows that at low pressure, formation of carbon monoxide takes place. For 5 ppm O and 10 ppm S the CO-gas becomes thermodynamically stable below 40 torr. Oxide phases will be reduced and CaS will be the stable phase.

1234567 1 - 50 av 477
RefereraExporteraLänk till träfflistan
Permanent länk
Referera
Referensformat
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Annat format
Fler format
Språk
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Annat språk
Fler språk
Utmatningsformat
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf