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  • 1.
    Arvhult, Carl-M
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Gueneau, C.
    Univ Paris Saclay, DEN, SCCME, CEA, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France..
    Gosse, S.
    Univ Paris Saclay, DEN, SCCME, CEA, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France..
    Selleby, Malin
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering.
    Thermodynamic assessment of the Fe-Te system. Part II: Thermodynamic modeling2018In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, ISSN 0925-8388, E-ISSN 1873-4669, Vol. 767, p. 883-893Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A thermodynamic description of the Fe-Te system modeled via the Calphad method is proposed, based on data published in a preceding publication Part I: Experimental study, and that available in literature. End-member formation energies for the phases beta, beta', delta, delta' and epsilon, as well as lattice stabilities of FCC and BCC tellurium, have been evaluated via DFT and used in the numerical optimization. The final Gibbs energy models fit thermodynamic and phase diagram data well, and inconsistencies are discussed. The thermodynamic description is then used to evaluate Gibbs energy of formation for selected Fe-Te compounds of interest for the modeling of internal corrosion of stainless steel fuel pin cladding during operation of Liquid Metal-cooled Fast Reactors (LMFR).

  • 2.
    Asp Grönhagen, Klara
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Phase-field modeling of surface-energy driven processes2009Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Surface energy plays a major role in many phenomena that are important in technological and industrial processes, for example in wetting, grain growth and sintering. In this thesis, such surface-energy driven processes are studied by means of the phase-field method. The phase-field method is often used to model mesoscale microstructural evolution in materials. It is a diffuse interface method, i.e., it considers the surface or phase boundary between two bulk phases to have a non-zero width with a gradual variation in physical properties such as energy density, composition and crystalline structure.

    Neck formation and coarsening are two important diffusion-controlled features in solid-state sintering and are studied using our multiphase phase-field method. Inclusion of Navier-Stokes equation with surface-tension forces and convective phase-field equations into the model, enables simulation of reactive wetting and liquid-phase sintering. Analysis of a spreading liquid on a surface is investigated and is shown to follow the dynamics of a known hydrodynamic theory. Analysis of important capillary phenomena with wetting and motion of two particles connected by a liquid bridge are studied in view of important parameters such as contact angles and volume ratios between the liquid and solid particles.

    The interaction between solute atoms and migrating grain boundaries affects the rate of recrystallization and grain growth. The phenomena is studied using a phase-field method with a concentration dependent double-well potential over the phase boundary. We will show that with a simple phase-field model it is possible to model the dynamics of grain-boundary segregation to a stationary boundary as well as solute drag on a moving boundary.

    Another important issue in phase-field modeling has been to develop an effective coupling of the phase-field and CALPHAD methods. Such coulping makes use of CALPHAD's thermodynamic information with Gibbs energy function in the phase-field method. With the appropriate thermodynamic and kinetic information from CALPHAD databases, the phase-field method can predict mictrostructural evolution in multicomponent multiphase alloys. A phase-field model coupled with a TQ-interface available from Thermo-Calc is developed to study spinodal decomposition in FeCr, FeCrNi and TiC-ZrC alloys.

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  • 3.
    Asp Grönhagen, Klara
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Phase-field simulation of sintering and related phenomena: A vacancy diffusion approach2006In: Acta Materialia, ISSN 1359-6454, E-ISSN 1873-2453, Vol. 54, p. 1241-1248Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A phase-field model of sintering and related phenomena in a two-phase system and in a multi-phase system is presented. We consider diffusion of vacancies as the atomic mechanism for redistribution of material and we will use the familiar model of thermal vacancies in a crystal as our energy formulation. The solid material will thus be characterized by a low vacancy content and the surroundings by a very high vacancy content and a very low content of atoms. The surface of the solid body will be characterized by a continuous variation in vacancy content. The temporal development of particles during solid state sintering with effects such as wetting is shown in various simulations.

  • 4.
    Asp, Klara
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Phase-field simulaton of sintering based on vacancy diffusion effect of anisotropy2005In: Solid-Solid Phase Transformations in Inorganic Material 2005, Vol 2 / [ed] Howe, JM; Laughlin, DE; Lee, JK; Dahmen, U; Soffa, WA, 2005, p. 741-746Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Recently the present authors presented a Phase-field model of sintering in a multiphase system. In the present contribution the major features of the model are summarized. The model is based on diffusion of vacancies as the atomic mechanism for redistribution of material. The solid material is characterized by a low vacancy content and the surroundings by a very high vacancy content and a very low content of atoms. The surface of the solid body is characterized by a continuous variation in vacancy content. The temporal development of particles during solid state sintering with effects such as wetting has been shown previously and here we discuss the effect of a highly anisotropic interfacial energy on the morphological evolution of the particles.

  • 5.
    Baghsheikhi, Saeed
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Spinodal Decomposition in the Binary Fe-Cr System2009Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 30 credits / 45 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Spinodal decomposition is a phase separation mechanism within the miscibility gap. Its importance in case of Fe-Cr system, the basis of the whole stainless steel family, stems from a phenomenon known as the “475oC embrittlement” which results in a ruin of mechanical properties of ferritic, martensitic and duplex stainless steels. This work is aimed at a better understanding of the phase separation process in   the Fe-Cr system.

    Alloys of 10 to 55 wt.% Cr , each five percent, were homogenized to achieve fully ferritic microstructure and then isothermally aged at 400, 500 and 600oC for different periods of time ranging from 30min to 1500 hours. Hardness of both homogenized and aged samples were measured by the Vickers micro-hardness method and then selected samples were studied by means of Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).

     It was observed that hardness of homogenized samples increased monotonically with increasing Cr content up to 55 wt.% which can be attributed to solution hardening as well as higher hardness of pure chromium compared to pure iron.  At 400oC no significant change in hardness was detected for aging up to 1500h, therefore we believe that phase separation effects at 400oC are very small up to this time. Sluggish kinetics is imputed to lower diffusion rate at lower temperatures. At 500oC even after 10h a noticeable change in hardness, for alloys containing 25 wt.% Cr and higher, was observed which indicates occurrence of phase separation. The alloy with 10 wt.% Cr did not show change in hardness up to 200h which suggests that this composition falls outside the miscibility gap at 500oC. For compositions of 15 and 20 wt.% Cr only a small increase in hardness was detected even after 200h of aging at 500oC, which could be due to the small amounts of α´ formed. However, it means that alloys of 15 wt.% Cr and higher are suffering phase separation. For compositions inside the miscibility gap, hardening effect is a result of phase separation either by nucleation and growth or spinodal decomposition. To distinguish between these two mechanisms, TEM studies were performed and we found evidence that at 500oC the Fe-25 wt.% Cr sample decomposes by nucleation  and growth  while that of 35 wt.% Cr  shows characteristics of the spinodal mechanism. For compositions inside the miscibility gap, with increasing Cr content up to 40% the change in hardness generally increased and for 45% and higher it always decreased. This suggests that the composition range corresponding to the spinodal region at 500oC is biased towards the Fe-rich side of the phase diagram. At 600oC only samples of 25, 30 and 35 wt.% Cr were studied because according to the previous studies, the spinodal boundary is most probably located in this composition range. However, no change in hardness was observed even up to 24h. We believe that this means the miscibility line lies below 600oC for alloys containing 35 wt.% Cr and lower. Further investigations are needed to confirm and explain this result. 

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  • 6. Becker, Chandler A.
    et al.
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Baricco, Marcello
    Chen, Qing
    Decterov, Sergei A.
    Kattner, Ursula R.
    Perepezko, John H.
    Pottlacher, Gernot R.
    Selleby, Malin
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Computational Thermodynamics.
    Thermodynamic modelling of liquids: CALPHAD approaches and contributions from statistical physics2014In: Physica status solidi. B, Basic research, ISSN 0370-1972, E-ISSN 1521-3951, Vol. 251, no 1, p. 33-52Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We describe current approaches to thermodynamic modelling of liquids for the CALPHAD method, the use of available experimental methods and results in this type of modelling, and considerations in the use of atomic-scale simulation methods to inform a CALPHAD approach. We begin with an overview of the formalism currently used in CALPHAD to describe the temperature dependence of the liquid Gibbs free energy and outline opportunities for improvement by reviewing the current physical understanding of the liquid. Brief descriptions of experimental methods for extracting high-temperature data on liquids and the preparation of undercooled liquid samples are presented. Properties of a well-determined substance, B-2 O-3, including the glass transition, are then discussed in detail to emphasize specific modelling requirements for the liquid. We then examine the two-state model proposed for CALPHAD in detail and compare results with experiment and theory, where available. We further examine the contributions of atomic-scale methods to the understanding of liquids and their potential for supplementing available data. We discuss molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo methods that employ atomic interactions from classical interatomic potentials, as well as contributions from ab initio MD. We conclude with a summary of our findings.

  • 7. Bergström, Lennart
    et al.
    Allibert, Colette
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Kostorz, Gernot
    International Symposium on Inorganic Interfacial Engineering 2006, Stockholm, Sweden, June 20–21, 20062008In: Materials Science & Engineering: A, ISSN 0921-5093, E-ISSN 1873-4936, Vol. 475, no 1-2, p. 1-Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 8.
    Bigdeli, Sedigheh
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Computational Thermodynamics.
    Selleby, Malin
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Computational Thermodynamics. KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    A thermodynamic assessment of the binary Fe-Mn system for the third generation of Calphad databases2017Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In developing the third generation of Calphad databases, after having proper models for the unaries, the next step is to assess higher-order systems, i.e. binaries, ternaries etc. A new description for the Fe-Mn system is presented in this work, based on the Calphad approach. New models with a stronger physical basis are used to model Gibbs energy of the phases. For this purpose, the revised magnetic model is used to fit the magnetic properties versus the most recent experimental and DFT data. An acceptable magnetic phase diagram is reproduced, which results in a more reasonable fit for the phase diagram and will prevent possible artefacts in higher-order systems. The descriptions are valid down to 0 K, which make them very useful as an input for modelling phase transformations occurring at low temperatures.  

  • 9.
    Boor, Katalin
    et al.
    Uppsala Univ, Dept Chem, SE-5120 Uppsala, Sweden..
    Qiu, Ren
    Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Phys, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden..
    Forslund, Axel
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering.
    Backe, Olof
    Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Phys, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden..
    Larsson, Henrik
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Lindahl, Erik
    AB Sandvik Coromant, SE-12679 Hagersten, Sweden..
    Halvarsson, Mats
    Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Phys, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden..
    Boman, Mats
    Uppsala Univ, Dept Chem, SE-5120 Uppsala, Sweden..
    von Fieandt, Linus
    AB Sandvik Coromant, SE-12679 Hagersten, Sweden..
    Chemical vapor deposition of TiN on a CoCrFeNi multi-principal element alloy substrate2020In: Surface & Coatings Technology, ISSN 0257-8972, E-ISSN 1879-3347, Vol. 393, article id 125778Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The reactivity of a quaternary multi-principal element alloy (MPEA), CoCrFeNi, as a substrate in thermal halide chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes for titanium nitride (TiN) coatings was studied. The coatings were deposited at 850 degrees C-950 degrees C using TiCl4, H-2 and N-2 precursors. The coating microstructures were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Thermodynamic calculations of substrate and coating stability for a gas phase environment of N-2 and H-2 within a temperature range relevant for the experiments showed that Cr is expected to form hexagonal Cr2N and cubic (Ti1-epsilon 1 Cr epsilon 1)N or (Cr1-epsilon 2 Ti epsilon 2)N phases. These phases could however not be discerned in the samples by XRD after the depositions. Cr was detected at the grain boundaries and the top surface by EDS for a sample synthesized at 950 degrees C. Grain boundary and surface diffusion, respectively, were the suggested mechanisms for Cr transport into the coating and onto the top surface. Although thermodynamic calculations indicated that Cr is the most easily etched component of the CoCrFeNi alloy to form gaseous chlorides in similar concentrations to that of the residual Ti-chlorides, no sign of etching were found according to the imaging of the sample cross-sections using SEM and TEM. Cross-section and top surface images further confirmed that the choice of substrate had no significant detrimental influence on the film growth or microstructure.

  • 10.
    Borgenstam, Annika
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Edmonds, D.
    Hillert, Mats
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Eutectoids with cementite as the major constituent in Fe-C-M alloys2016In: Acta Materialia, ISSN 1359-6454, E-ISSN 1873-2453, Vol. 103, p. 280-289Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The addition of a third element to hypereutectoid Fe-C alloys may cause inclusions of a minor constituent in the precipitate of cementite from austenite even if the initial austenite is supersaturated only with cementite. Cementite will often become the major constituent of this kind of microstructure. For Fe-C-Cu alloys this has been explained as the result of precipitation from supersaturated cementite. An alternative mechanism could be that the mixture of cementite and a minor constituent forms by simultaneous and cooperative growth of the two phases, i.e., by a reaction that may be regarded as eutectoid. This mechanism has already been applied to explain the occurrence of eutectoid colonies with cementite as the major constituent and a minor constituent for which there was no supersaturation initially. This phenomenon has been observed in hypereutectoid ternary Fe-C alloys with Al, Mn or Si. The necessary requirements on the ordinary isothermal phase diagram are now examined with a graphical method based on the slopes of tie-lines. It predicts the phenomenon in all cases where it has been observed, including Fe-C-Cu and not in the Fe-C-Ni and Fe-C-Cr systems where it has not been observed. The requirements become more evident when the calculated phase equilibria are plotted as an isothermal phase diagram with the alloy content as a function of the carbon activity instead of carbon content. Finally, a comparison is made with bainite in Fe-C alloys where ferrite is the major and cementite the minor constituent. The same two explanations have been proposed for that case.

  • 11.
    Borgenstam, Annika
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Hedström, Peter
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Hillert, Mats
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Kolmskog, Peter
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Stormvinter, Albin
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    On the Symmetry Among the Diffusional Transformation Products of Austenite2011In: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. A, ISSN 1073-5623, E-ISSN 1543-1940, Vol. 42A, no 6, p. 1558-1574Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Information on the diffusional transformation products of austenite in high-carbon steels is reviewed and supplemented with new microscopic studies. A comparison with transformation products in low-carbon steels indicates that there is a symmetry with pearlite in the middle, where ferrite and cementite are equal partners, and with acicular ferrite or cementite on each side. They both form with a surface relief, and at lower temperatures, each one is the leading phase in a eutectoid microstructure, bainite and inverse bainite, respectively. However, there is an asymmetry because at low temperatures bainite appears in high-carbon steels but inverse bainite never appears in low-carbon steels. At a constant high carbon content, there is another kind of symmetry, which is related to temperature. At intermediate temperatures the eutectoid reaction results in spherical nodules in which the cementite constituent originates from Widmanstatten plates. It turns spiky at both higher and lower temperatures with the leading phase in the spikes being cementite at higher temperatures and ferrite at lower temperatures. In the first kind of symmetry, there is an abrupt change among the three reaction products; in the second kind of symmetry, there is a gradual change. Accepting that all the eutectoid microstructures form by diffusion of carbon, one may explain the existence of both symmetries by the variation of the ratio of the supersaturations of ferrite and cementite with carbon content and with temperature.

  • 12.
    Borgenstam, Annika
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Hillert, Mats
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Kinetics of bainite transformation in steels2012In: Phase Transformations in Steels, Elsevier, 2012, Vol. 1, p. 468-501Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The main kinetic features of the formation of bainite are discussed, firstly in relation to two incompatible hypotheses for the growth mechanism of bainitic ferrite. One is based on diffusionless growth of bainitic ferrite but diffusional growth of Widmanstätten ferrite. The other is based on the assumption that there is only one kind of acicular ferrite and it grows under simultaneous diffusion of carbon into the interior of the parent austenite. The kinetics of the first stage of bainite formation, the growth of acicular ferrite, is treated in detail because it has been subject to the more intensive research. The kinetics of the reactions by which cementite forms and the subsequent reactions, by which the transformation to bainite is completed, have been subject to less research.

  • 13.
    Borgh, Ida
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Aspects of Structural Evolution in Cemented Carbide – Carbide Size, Shape and Stability2013Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Cemented carbide is a composite material used in applications like cutting tools and rock drilling inserts. The material commonly consists of WC grains embedded in a Co-rich binder phase and the material properties strongly depend on the WC grain size. Hence, to tailor the properties it is important to understand the fundamental mechanisms of grain coarsening. At the same time, the higher demands on material properties today also require new solutions. In the present work, some different aspects of structural evolutions in cemented carbides have been investigated.

    The first part of the work considers WC grain coarsening by means of size, size distribution and shape. Some efforts of the work have been to evaluate the effects of C-activity and initial WC powder size and distribution on the coarsening behavior in the material using different characterization techniques, e.g. scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscattered diffraction. Additionally, two earlier developed models are used and evaluated with the experimental data. The results indicate that the C-activity will affect size, size distribution and shape of the WC grains. It was also observed that the initial WC powder size and size distribution will have a large influence on the WC grain coarsening. The statistical shape was found to fit a spherical approximation but for individual grains both faceted and non-faceted shapes was observed. Steps and planar defects were observed supporting that the nucleation of new atomic layers is the main rate limiting mechanism for grain coarsening.

    The second part of this work considers the carbide phase stability in the (Ti,Zr)C system. The phase stability was investigated after synthesizing and aging a mixed (Ti,Zr)C using X-ray diffraction and different types of electron microscopy techniques. A decomposed lamellar structure was found with a composition variation of approximately 10% between the 50-75 nm thick lamellas. The experimental investigations were supported by computational work and the results were in good agreement. Additionally, two cemented carbide related systems were studied. A miscibility gap was found in the two investigated systems, (Ti,Zr,W)(C,N)-Co or Fe-graphite, and the effect of N2-gas pressure was investigated suggesting a critical N2-gas pressure below 0.1 bar.

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    Thesis Ida Borgh
  • 14.
    Borgh, Ida
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Hedström, Peter
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Blomqvist, Andreas
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Odqvist, Joakim
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Synthesis and phase separation of (Ti,Zr)C2014In: Acta Materialia, ISSN 1359-6454, E-ISSN 1873-2453, Vol. 66, p. 209-218Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Synthesis and phase separation of (Ti,Zr)C were investigated in the present work. The (Ti,Zr)C phase was synthesized at 2200 C and subsequently aged at 1300 C for different times. The microstructure was investigated using X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy, and supplemented by first-principles calculations. The (Ti,Zr)C phase separates into a lamellar nanostructure with alternating Ti- and Zr-rich face-centered cubic domains as well as non-stoichiometric TiC and ZrC. The lamellar structure is a consequence of phase separation within the miscibility gap that is directionally constrained by high coherency stresses, as indicated by the first-principles calculations. Moreover, the increased hardness due to the phase separation suggests that the mixed carbide could be used as a strengthening constituent in, for example, cemented carbides.

  • 15.
    Borgh, Ida
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Hedström, Peter
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Borgenstam, Annika
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Odqvist, Joakim
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Effect of carbon activity and powder particle size on WC grain coarsening during sintering of cemented carbides2014In: International journal of refractory metals & hard materials, ISSN 0263-4368, Vol. 42, p. 30-35Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Liquid-phase sintering is an important step in the production of cemented carbides. During sintering, the average WC grain size increases, leading to a coarser structure, which affects the performance of the final product. The coarsening occurs by dissolution of small grains and growth of large grains. In the present work, the effect of high carbon activity during sintering on the WC grain coarsening has been evaluated using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and the results have been compared with a previous work where sintering was performed at a lower carbon activity. A more homogeneous grain size distribution was observed in alloys sintered at a high carbon activity. In addition, the effect of the initial powder particle size distribution was investigated. It was found that the coarsening rate of a WC powder with an initial small average grain size is significantly higher as compared to the coarsening rate for a powder with a larger initial average grain size. The results obtained emphasize the importance of considering the complete particle size distribution in order to predict coarsening.

  • 16.
    Borgh, Ida
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Hedström, Peter
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Odqvist, Joakim
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Borgenstam, Annika
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Gholinia, Ali
    Winiarski, Bartlomiej
    Withers, Philip J.
    Thompson, George E.
    Mingard, Ken
    Gee, Mark G.
    On the three-dimensional structure of WC grains in cemented carbides2013In: Acta Materialia, ISSN 1359-6454, E-ISSN 1873-2453, Vol. 61, no 13, p. 4726-4733Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the present work, the size distribution and shape of WC grains in cemented carbides (WC-Co), with different Co contents, have been investigated in three dimensions. Direct three-dimensional (3-D) measurements, using focused ion beam serial sectioning and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), were performed and a 3-D microstructure was reconstructed. These measurements were supplemented by two-dimensional (2-D) EBSD and scanning electron microscopy on extracted WC grains. The data from 2-D EBSD collected on planar sections were transformed to three dimensions using a recently developed statistical method based on an iterative inverse Saltykov procedure. This stereological analysis revealed that the assumed spherical shape of WC grains during the Saltykov method is reasonable and the estimated 3-D size distribution is qualitatively in good agreement with the actual distribution measured from 3-D EBSD. Although the spherical assumption is generally fair, the WC grains have both faceted and rounded surfaces. This is a consequence of the relatively low amount of liquid phase during sintering, which makes impingements significant. Furthermore, the observed terraced surface structure of some WC grains suggests that 2-D nucleation is the chief coarsening mechanism to consider.

  • 17.
    Borgh, Ida
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Hedström, Peter
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Persson, Tomas
    Norgren, Susanne
    Borgenstam, Annika
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Odqvist, Joakim
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Microstructure, grain size distribution and grain shape in WC-Co alloys sintered at different carbon activities2014In: International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, ISSN 0958-0611, Vol. 43, p. 205-211Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The properties of cemented carbides strongly depend on the WC grain size and it is thus crucial to control coarsening of WC during processing. The aim of this work was to study the effect of sintering at different carbon activities on the final microstructure, as well as the coarsening behavior of the WC grains, including the size distribution and the shape of WC grains. These aspects were investigated for five WC-Co alloys sintered at 1410 C for 1 h at different carbon activities in the liquid, in the range from the graphite equilibrium (carbon activity of 1) to the eta (M6C) phase equilibrium (carbon activity of 0.33). The grain size distribution was experimentally evaluated for the different alloys using EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction). In addition, the shape of the WC grains was evaluated for the different alloys. It was found that the average WC grain size increased and the grain size distribution became slightly wider with increasing carbon activity. Comparing the two three-phase (WC-Co-eta and WC-Co-graphite) alloys a shape change of the WC grains was observed with larger grains having more planar surfaces and more triangular shape for the WC-Co-graphite alloy. It was indicated that in alloys with a relatively low volume fraction of the binder phase the WC grain shape is significantly affected by impingements. Moreover, after 1 h of sintering the WC grains are at a non-equilibrium state with regards to grain morphology.

  • 18.
    Borgh, Ida
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Norgren, Susanne
    Borgenstam, Annika
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Influence of nitrogen Gas pressure on the miscibility Gap in the Ti-Zr carbonitride system2012In: International journal of refractory metals & hard materials, ISSN 0263-4368, Vol. 32, p. 11-15Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The microstructure of cemented carbides with a gradient structure at the surface consists of WC, cubic carbonitrides and a binder phase. The carbonitrides can, for example, consist of Ti(C,N)-Zr(C,N) where it is reasonable to believe that there is a miscibility gap with Ti-rich and Zr-rich carbonitrides. In the present work, the effect of the N-2-gas pressure on the equilibrium composition of the miscibility gap in the (Ti,Zr)(C,N) system has been investigated. In the study, the carbonitride system is in equilibrium with: WC, liquid binder, graphite and, N-2-gas of different pressures. Both Fe and Co are used as binder phase to study the effect of the binder phase. The results verify that there is a miscibility gap in the carbonitride system and that the region of the miscibility gap will change when N is introduced. There is a critical N-2-gas pressure lower than 0.1 bar and above that pressure the compositions of the carbonitride are rather constant as a result of the formation of a surface rim.

  • 19.
    Bratberg, Johan
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of high-alloy tool steels: theoretical and experimental approach2005Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other scientific)
    Abstract [en]

    The recent development of tool steels and high-speed steels has led to a significant increase in alloy additions, such as Co, Cr, Mo, N, V, and W. Knowledge about the phase relations in these multicomponent alloys, that is, the relative stability between different carbides or the solubility of different elements in the carbides and in the matrix phase, is essential for understanding the behaviour of these alloys in heat treatments. This information is also the basis for improving the properties or designing new alloys by controlling the amount of alloying elements. Thermodynamic calculations together with a thermodynamic database is a very powerful and important tool for alloy development of new tool steels and high-speed steels. By thermodynamic calculations one can easily predict how different amounts of alloying elements influence on the stability of different phases. Phase fractions of the individual phases and the solubility of different elements in the phases can be predicted quickly. Thermodynamic calculations can also be used to find optimised processing temperatures, e.g. for different heat treatments. Combining thermodynamic calculations with kinetic modelling one can also predict the microstructure evolution in different processes such as solidification, dissolution heat treatments, carbide coarsening, and the important tempering step producing secondary carbides.

    The quality of predictions based on thermodynamic calculations directly depends on the accuracy of the thermodynamic database used. In the present work new experimental phase equilibria information, both in model alloys containing few elements and in commercial alloys, has been determined and was used to evaluate and improve the thermodynamic description. This new experimental investigation was necessary because important information concerning the different carbide systems in tool steels and high-speed steels were lacking.

    A new thermodynamic database for tool steels and high-speed steels, TOOL05, has been developed within this thesis. With the new database it is possible to calculate thermodynamic properties and phase equilibria with high accuracy and good reliability. Compared with the previous thermodynamic description the improvements are significant. In addition the composition range of different alloying elements, where reliable results are obtained with the new thermodynamic database, have been widened significantly.

    As the available kinetic data did not always predict results in agreement with new experiments the database was modified in the present work. By coupling the new thermodynamic description with the new kinetic description accurate diffusion simulations can be performed for carbide coarsening, carbide dissolution and micro segregation during solidification.

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  • 20.
    Bratberg, Johan
    et al.
    Thermo-Calc Software AB, Stockholm Technology Park.
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Frisk, Karin
    Swerea KIMAB.
    Diffusion simulations of MC and M7C3 carbide coarsening in bcc and fcc matrix utilising new thermodynamic and kinetic description2008In: Materials Science and Technology, ISSN 0267-0836, E-ISSN 1743-2847, Vol. 24, no 6, p. 695-704Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A new thermodynamic database has been combined with an existing kinetic database to perform coarsening simulations in ternary systems including MC and M7C3 carbides in an fcc matrix. The kinetic database was revised taking into consideration the new experimental information on the Fe-Cr-V-C system obtained in the present work, and available experiments on the ternary Fe-Cr-C and Fe-V-C systems. After revision the agreement between experimental results and simulations was satisfactory. It was found that the interfacial energy of M7C3 was twice as large as that of the MC carbide. The calculations for commercial steels with 6 alloy elements gave results in satisfactory agreement with new experimental measurements. The present coarsening simulations use the calculated equilibrium state and the observed particle sizes as the state for the start of the simulations. All the simulations were performed with the DICTRA software.

  • 21. Chen, Hao
    et al.
    Borgenstam, Annika
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Odqvist, Joakim
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Zuazo, Ian
    Goune, Mohamed
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    van der Zwaag, Sybrand
    Application of interrupted cooling experiments to study the mechanism of bainitic ferrite formation in steels2013In: Acta Materialia, ISSN 1359-6454, E-ISSN 1873-2453, Vol. 61, no 12, p. 4512-4523Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    New interrupted cooling experiments have been designed to study the kinetics of bainitic ferrite formation starting from a mixture of austenite and bainitic ferrite. It is found that the kinetics of bainitic ferrite formation during the cooling stage is determined by the isothermal holding time. The formation rate of bainitic ferrite at the beginning of the cooling decreases with increasing prior isothermal holding time. An unexpected stagnant stage during the cooling stage appears when the isothermal holding time increases to a critical point. There are two reasons for the occurrence of the stagnant stage: (i) a solute spike in front of the interface; and (ii) kinetic transition. A so-called Gibbs energy balance approach, in which the dissipation of Gibbs energy due to diffusion inside the interface and interface friction is assumed to be equal to the available chemical driving force, is applied to theoretically explain the stagnant stage. A kinetics transition from a fast growth mode without diffusion of Mn and Si inside the austenite-bainitic ferrite interfaces to a slow growth mode with diffusion inside the interface is predicted. The stagnant stage is caused by the transition to a slow growth mode. The Gibbs energy balance approach describes the experimental observations very well.

  • 22. Chen, Q.
    et al.
    Jeppsson, Johan
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Analytical treatment of diffusion during precipitate growth in multicomponent systems2008In: Acta Materialia, ISSN 1359-6454, E-ISSN 1873-2453, Vol. 56, no 8, p. 1890-1896Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We propose an approximate growth rate equation that takes into account both cross-diffusion and high supersaturations for modeling precipitation in multicomponent systems. We then apply it to an Fe-alloy in which interstitial C atoms diffuse much faster than substitutional solutes, and predict a spontaneous transition from slow growth under ortho-equilibrium to fast growth under the non-partitioning local equilibrium condition. The transition is caused by the decrease in the Gibbs-Thomson effect as the growing particle becomes larger. The results agree with DICTRA simulations where full diffusion fields are calculated.

  • 23. Costa e Silva, Andre
    et al.
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Clavaguera-Mora, Maria Teresa
    Djurovic, D.
    Gomez-Acebo, Tomas
    Lee, Byeong-Joo
    Liu, Zi-Kui
    Miodownik, Peter
    Seifert, Hans Juergen
    Applications of computational thermodynamics - the extension from phase equilibrium to phase transformations and other properties2007In: Calphad, ISSN 0364-5916, E-ISSN 1873-2984, Vol. 31, no 1, p. 53-74Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Complex equilibria and phase transformations involving diffusion can now be calculated quickly and efficiently. Detailed examples are given for cases which involve varying degrees of non-equilibrium and therefore time-dependence. Despite very good agreement between such calculations and experimental results, many potential end-users are still not convinced that such techniques could be usefully applied to their own specific problems. Friendly graphic interface versions of calculating software are now generally available, so the authors conclude that the most likely source of the reluctance to use such tools lies in the formulation of relevant questions and the interpretation of the results. Although the potential impact of such tools was foreseen many years ago [M. Hillert, Calculation of phase equilibria, in: Conference on Phase Transformations, 1968], few changes in the relevant teaching curricula have taken into account the availability and power of such techniques. This paper has therefore been designed not only as a collection of interesting problems, but also highlights the critical steps needed to achieve a solution. Each example includes a presentation of the "real" problem, any simplifications that are needed for its solution, the adopted thermodynamic formulation, and a critical evaluation of the results. The availability of such examples should facilitate changes in subject matter that will both make it easier for the next generation of students to use these tools, and at the same time reduce the time and effort currently needed to solve such problems by less efficient methods. The first set of detailed examples includes the deoxidation of steel by aluminum; heat balance calculations associated with ladle additions to steel; the determination of conditions that avoid undesirable inclusions; the role of methane in sintering atmospheres; interface control during the physical vapour deposition of cemented carbide; oxidation of gamma-TiAl materials; and simulation of the thermolysis of metallorganic precursors for Si-C-N ceramics and interface reaction of yttrium silicates with SiC-coated C/C-SiC composites for heat shield applications. A second set of examples, more dependent on competitive nucleation and growth, includes segregation and carburization in multicomponent steels and features a series of sophisticated simulatons using DICTRA software. Interfacial and strain energies become increasingly important in defining phase nucleation and morphology in such problems, but relatively little information is available compared to free energy and diffusion databases. The final section therefore demonstrates how computational thermodynamics, semi-empirical atomistic approaches and first-principles calculations are being used to aid filling this gap in our knowledge. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 24. Dahlström, Alexander
    et al.
    Danoix, Frederic
    Hedström, Peter
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering.
    Odqvist, Joakim
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Zapolsky, Helena
    An Experimental Assessment of the alpha plus alpha ' Miscibility Gap in Fe-Cr2017In: TMS 2017 146TH ANNUAL MEETING & EXHIBITION SUPPLEMENTAL PROCEEDINGS, Springer, 2017, p. 711-718Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Phase separation in the Fe-Cr system has been studied experimentally. The upper limit of the miscibility gap and phase separation kinetics during the early stages of decomposition was studied using Vickers micro-hardness tests and atom probe tomography. The results indicate that the upper limit of the miscibility gap in current thermodynamic descriptions is overestimated, but it is necessary to further analyze the transition across the upper limit of the miscibility gap before drawing conclusions. This work demonstrates the efficient combination of micro-hardness measurements and atom probe tomography to investigate the miscibility gap in the Fe-Cr system.

  • 25.
    Dahlström, Alexander
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering.
    Danoix, Frederic
    Univ Rouen Normandie, Grp Phys Mat, CNRS, INSA Rouen, F-76000 Rouen, France..
    Hedström, Peter
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering.
    Odqvist, Joakim
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Zapolsky, Helena
    Univ Rouen Normandie, Grp Phys Mat, CNRS, INSA Rouen, F-76000 Rouen, France..
    Nanostructure in Fe0.65Cr0.35 close to the upper limit of the miscibility gap2020In: Scripta Materialia, ISSN 1359-6462, E-ISSN 1872-8456, Vol. 180, p. 62-65Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The nanostructure of an Fe0.65Cr0.35 alloy has been investigated by atom probe tomography after high precision thermal treatments close to the upper limit of the miscibility gap (MG). It is found that the wavelength of the decomposed ferrite between Cr- and Fe-rich regions grows exponentially when approaching the upper limit of the MG. Furthermore, the nanostructure change is gradual with temperature indicating a narrow metastable region and a diffuse transition out of the spinodal regime. Atomistic modelling near the limit of instability further supports the experimental observations. The findings are discussed in relation to the Cahn-Hilliard theory.

  • 26.
    Elenius, Måns
    et al.
    KTH, School of Computer Science and Communication (CSC), Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, NADA.
    Dzugutov, Michail
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Evidence for compact cooperatively rearranging regions in a supercooled liquid2009In: Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, ISSN 0953-8984, E-ISSN 1361-648X, Vol. 21, no 24, p. 245101-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We examine structural relaxation in a supercooled glass-forming liquid simulated by constant-energy constant-volume (NVE) molecular dynamics. Time correlations of the total kinetic energy fluctuations are used as a comprehensive measure of the system's approach to the ergodic equilibrium. We find that, under cooling, the total structural relaxation becomes delayed as compared with the decay of the component of the intermediate scattering function corresponding to the main peak of the structure factor. This observation can be explained by collective movements of particles preserving many-body structural correlations within compact three-dimensional (3D) cooperatively rearranging regions.

  • 27.
    Elenius, Måns
    et al.
    KTH, School of Computer Science and Communication (CSC), Numerical Analysis, NA.
    Dzugutov, Mikhail
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Evidence for a liquid-solid critical point in a simple monatomic system2009In: Journal of Chemical Physics, ISSN 0021-9606, E-ISSN 1089-7690, Vol. 131, no 10, p. 104502-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    It is commonly believed that the transition line separating a liquid and a solid cannot be interrupted by a critical point. This opinion is based on the traditional symmetry argument that an isotropic liquid cannot be continuously transformed into a crystal with a discrete rotational and translational symmetry. We present here a molecular-dynamics simulation of a simple monatomic system suggesting the existence of a liquid-solid spinodal terminating at a critical point. We show that, in the critical region, the isotropic liquid continuously transforms into a phase with a mesoscopic order similar to that of the smectic liquid crystals. We argue that the existence of both the spinodal and the critical point can be explained by the close structural proximity between the mesophase and the crystal. This indicates a possibility of finding a similar thermodynamic behavior in gelating colloids, liquid crystals, and polymers.

  • 28.
    Elenius, Måns
    et al.
    KTH, School of Computer Science and Communication (CSC), Numerical Analysis, NA.
    Oppelstrup, Tomas
    KTH, School of Computer Science and Communication (CSC), Numerical Analysis, NA.
    Dzugutov, Mikhail
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Evidence for a simple monatomic ideal glass former: The thermodynamic glass transition from a stable liquid phase2010In: Journal of Chemical Physics, ISSN 0021-9606, E-ISSN 1089-7690, Vol. 133, no 17, p. 174502-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Under cooling, a liquid can undergo a transition to the glassy state either as a result of a continuous slowing down or by a first-order polyamorphous phase transition. The second scenario has so far always been observed in a metastable liquid domain below the melting point where crystalline nucleation interfered with the glass formation. We report the first observation of the liquid-glass transition by a first-order polyamorphous phase transition from the equilibrium stable liquid phase. The observation was made in a molecular dynamics simulation of a one-component system with a model metallic pair potential. In this way, the model, demonstrating the thermodynamic glass transition from a stable liquid phase, may be regarded as a candidate for a simple monatomic ideal glass former. This observation is of conceptual importance in the context of continuing attempts to resolve the long-standing Kauzmann paradox. The possibility of a thermodynamic glass transition from an equilibrium melt in a metallic system also indicates a new strategy for the development of bulk metallic glass-forming alloys.

  • 29.
    Elenius, Måns
    et al.
    KTH, School of Computer Science and Communication (CSC), Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, NADA.
    Zetterling, Fredrik H. M.
    KTH, School of Computer Science and Communication (CSC), Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, NADA.
    Dzugutov, Mikhail
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Fredrickson, Daniel C.
    Lidin, Sven
    Structural model for octagonal quasicrystals derived from octagonal symmetry elements arising in beta-Mn crystallization of a simple monatomic liquid2009In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 79, no 14, p. 144201-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    While performing molecular-dynamics simulations of a simple monatomic liquid, we observed the crystallization of a material displaying octagonal symmetry in its simulated diffraction pattern. Inspection of the atomic arrangements in the crystallization product reveals large grains of the beta-Mn structure aligned along a common fourfold axis, with 45 degrees rotations between neighboring grains. These 45 degrees rotations can be traced to the intercession of a second crystalline structure fused epitaxially to the beta-Mn domain surfaces, whose primitive cell has lattice parameters a=b=c=a(beta-Mn), alpha=beta=90 degrees, and gamma=45 degrees. This secondary phase adopts a structure which appears to have no known counterpart in the experimental literature, but can be simply derived from the Cr3Si and Al3Zr4 structure types. We used these observations as the basis for an atomistic structural model for octagonal quasicrystals, in which the beta-Mn and the secondary phase structure unit cells serve as square and rhombic tiles (in projection), respectively. Its diffraction pattern down the octagonal axis resembles those experimentally measured. The model is unique in being consistent with high-resolution electron microscopy images showing square and rhombic units with edge-lengths equal to that of the beta-Mn unit cell. Energy minimization of this configuration, using the same pair potential as above, results in an alternative octagonal quasiperiodic structure with the same tiling but a different atomic decoration and diffraction pattern.

  • 30. Erneman, J.
    et al.
    Schwind, M.
    Andren, H. O.
    Nilsson, J. O.
    Wilson, A.
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    The evolution of primary and secondary niobium carbonitrides in AISI 347 stainless steel during manufacturing and long-term ageing2006In: Acta Materialia, ISSN 1359-6454, E-ISSN 1873-2453, Vol. 54, no 1, p. 67-76Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Nb(C,N) precipitates were studied in a niobium-stabilised stainless steel (AISI 347) statically aged at 700 degrees C. Scanning electron microscopy and energy filtered transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the volume fraction and precipitate size of primary and secondary Nb(C,N) after ageing times between 0 and 70,000 h. The experimental data were correlated with simulations of Nb(C,N) formation based on the assumption that the process is controlled by diffusion. These simulations provide a rationale for the existence of two sets of mobium carbonitrides in commercial tubes of AISI 347. Growth of primary Nb(C,N) occurred essentially during manufacturing, with no significant growth at 700 degrees C. Rapid dissolution and re-precipitation of secondary Nb(C,N) occurred during manufacturing. Coarsening at 700 degrees C of secondary particles was modelled using the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner theory, which overestimated the coarsening rate. These problems were overcome with a model developed by the authors. This model takes both growth and coarsening into account.

  • 31. Erneman, J.
    et al.
    Schwind, Martin
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering. AB Outokompo Stainless, Sweden.
    Nylöf, L.
    Nilsson, J. O.
    Andrén, H. O.
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Comparison between quantitative metallography and modeling of sigma-phase particle growth in AISI 347 stainless steel2005In: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. A, ISSN 1073-5623, E-ISSN 1543-1940, Vol. 36A, no 10, p. 2595-2600Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A comparison was made between two experimental methods to determine the (T-phase volume fraction and three methods to model a-phase growth in a niobium-stabilized stainless steel (AISI 347). The a-phase volume fraction and precipitate size were determined in material statically aged and creep deformed at 700 degrees C with both KOH etched specimens using bright field optical microscopy (OM/BF) (conventional method) and specimens etched with oxalic acid using scanning electron microscopy and backscattered electrons (SEM/BSE) (new method). Both experimental methods used manual thresholding together with digital image analysis. The calculations were made with DICTRA software, using both the TCFE database and the SSOL database with some modification concerning the effect of silicon on the stability of sigma-phase particles. The modeled sigma-phase volume- fractions showed rather good agreement with the measured results from statically aged material using the new method. It was found that the stabilizing effect of silicon on sigma phase should be included in the thermodynamic database used for modeling.

  • 32. Gouné, M.
    et al.
    Danoix, F.
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Bréchet, Y.
    Hutchinson, C. R.
    Militzer, M.
    Purdy, G.
    Van Der Zwaag, S.
    Zurob, H.
    Overview of the current issues in austenite to ferrite transformation and the role of migrating interfaces therein for low alloyed steels2015In: Materials science & engineering. R, Reports, ISSN 0927-796X, E-ISSN 1879-212X, Vol. 92, p. 1-38Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Solid state phase transformations in metals, and more precisely the science of transformation interfaces, is a key point to understand the formation of nano/microstructure, and thus, as a result, many physical properties such as mechanical properties, conductivity, thermoelectric and magnetic properties of materials. Steels are by far the most widely used metallic alloys, and a deep understanding of their microstructure is essential to tailor their service properties. The transformation of high temperature parent austenite to ferrite is one of the main issues controlling the final microstructures, and for more than a century, this has driven metallurgists to investigate in detail this solid state transformation, and, particularly, the details of austenite to ferrite interface migration. In this paper, we review the evolution of the different concepts and experiments developed in the last century to investigate this transformation mechanism. After a brief introduction, most of the physical models developed, which reduce the α/γ interface into a mathematical body with its own properties, are reviewed and discussed with regard to experimental data. The increased availability of highly sophisticated experimental and modelling tools in recent decades has considerably clarified the perceptions of transformation interfaces. These recent advances are presented, and their contribution to the field of migrating austenite-ferrite interfaces are highlighted in a third section. In the fourth section, the latest developments in experimental methods, which now allow the quasi atomistic direct characterization of the interface chemistry, are presented. The observed conditions at the interfaces can be compared with model predictions, which is believed to be a critical step for the refinement of the theoretical concepts guiding the understanding of the interface migration. Finally, in the concluding section, the present situation of the field is summarized, and some perspectives regarding the expected future developments are sketched.

  • 33. Granbom, Ylva
    et al.
    Ryde, L.
    Jeppsson, Johan
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Simulation of the Soaking and Gas Jet Cooling in a Continuous Annealing Line using Dilatometry2010In: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, Vol. 81, no 2, p. 158-167Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The present study concerns the simulation of a continuous annealing line (CAL), using dilatometry. Simulations of CAL have been performed on four commercial steel grades with different chemical compositions in order to investigate how the alloying elements C, Mn, Si and B affect the microstructure and hardness of dual phase (DP) and martensitic steels. Three annealing cycles corresponding to those used in a CAL have been applied. When annealing intercritically, as is the case in DP-steel production, the materials do not reach equilibrium during soaking. Mn and C increase the austenite content and consequently the hardness of the materials. Higher levels of Si (0.4 wt %) are required to retard the formation of new ferrite during cooling in the gas jet section, prior to quenching. 6 increases hardenability effectively when annealing in the austenite region but is not as efficient during intercritical annealing, which implies that boron restrains ferrite nucleation rather than impeding ferrite growth. Results from DICTRA calculations show that it is possible to simulate the phase transformations during soaking, gasjet cooling and quenching.

  • 34. Grönhagen, K.
    et al.
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Odén, M.
    Phase-field modelling of spinodal decomposition in TiAlN including the effect of metal vacancies2015In: Scripta Materialia, ISSN 1359-6462, E-ISSN 1872-8456, Vol. 95, p. 42-45Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Using a CALPHAD approach together with a Cahn-Hilliard model, we describe the microstructure evolution in cubic Ti1-xAlxN including vacancies on the metal sublattice. Our results show that vacancy content has a pronounced effect on the decomposition kinetics. Furthermore, vacancies show a strong tendency to segregate to the coherent AlN-TiN interface regions. We illustrate how vacancies anneal to grain boundaries, and finally, we compare our prediction to experimental differential scanning calorimetry data and attribute the second peak in the thermogram to vacancy depletion.

  • 35.
    Grönhagen, Karin
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Razumowski, Vsevolod
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Applied Material Physics.
    Ödqvist, J.
    Ruban, Andrei
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Applied Material Physics.
    Korzhavyi, Pavel A.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering.
    Phase-field coupled with CALPHAD database and ab-initio modeling of diffusion barriers and prefactors for simulating spinodal decomposition in ZrC-TiC carbidesManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 36.
    Grönhagen, Klara
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Spinodal decomposition in FeCr and FeCr-based alloys : A phase-field approach coupled with CALPHAD databaseManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 37. Hallstedt, Bengt
    et al.
    Dupin, Nathalie
    Hillert, Mats
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering.
    Höglund, Lars
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Lukas, Hans Leo
    Schuster, Julius C.
    Solak, Nuri
    Thermodynamic models for crystalline phases. Composition dependent models for volume, bulk modulus and thermal expansion2007In: Calphad, ISSN 0364-5916, E-ISSN 1873-2984, Vol. 31, no 1, p. 28-37Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The thermodynamic modelling of solid (crystalline) phases forms a central topic within the Calphad approach and a variety of aspects have been discussed at previous Ringberg workshops. At the present Ringberg workshop, modelling of volume and its temperature, pressure and composition dependence formed a major part of the discussions. In addition, modelling of the heat capacity above the (equilibrium) melting temperature, sublattice modelling of complex phases, modelling of ordering and interstitial solutions in the bcc lattice and the effect of magnetism were addressed.

  • 38.
    Hallström, Samuel
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    On high temperature oxidation resistance: Towards the materials genome of high temperature alloys2014Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The efficiency of a heat engine increases with increasing service temperature. This leads to a demand for material that can withstand aggressive environments and sometimes also high load at higher and higher temperature. That is the rationale for the work of this thesis. It is divided into two parts, both addressing model alloy systems for components used in oxidizing high temperature environments. In the first part the phase equilibria and phase diagrams of Ni-Ru and Al-Ni-Ru are investigated from a thermodynamic point of view using the well known Calphad method. In particular, the debated existance of a miscibility gap between the aluminides NiAl and RuAl is considered. This led to a combined ab initio/Calphad approach and it is suggested that there is a miscibility gapat low temperature. In the second part, first of its kind diffusion simulations in oxides are performed in the technologically important Fe-O and Cr-O systems. In the simulations, the moving phase boundary problem is solved with use of temperature and composition dependent diffusion coefficients, that are evaluated for complex oxide phases modeled with up to four sublattices. This type of simulations attracts a lot of interest and it looks very promising for future extension to higher order systems.

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  • 39.
    Hallström, Samuel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Andersson, D.
    Ruban, A.
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Thermodynamic reassessment of the Ni-Ru system and assessment of the Al-Ni-Ru system at 1273-1523 K using ab initio calculations2008In: Acta Materialia, ISSN 1359-6454, E-ISSN 1873-2453, Vol. 56, no 15, p. 4062-4069Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Ni-Ru and Al-Ni-Ru systems are assessed with a combined CALPHAD and ab initio approach. Particular attention is paid to the possible existence of a miscibility gap in the B2 phase. Both face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic ordering are analyzed within the compound energy formalism. Ab initio calculations for the B2 phase show a similar trend as calorimetric measurements but the magnitude is much smaller. It is found that the calorimetric measurements cannot be reconciled with any reasonable phase diagram, whereas the ab initio results can. From the parameters obtained, isothermal sections in reasonable agreement with experimental phase diagrams are calculated. We have concluded that there is no miscibility gap in the B2 phase at 1273 K and higher temperatures.

  • 40. Hallström, Samuel
    et al.
    Halvarsson, Mats
    Höglund, Lars
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Jonsson, Torbjorn
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    High temperature oxidation of chromium: Kinetic modeling and microstructural investigation2013In: Solid State Ionics, ISSN 0167-2738, E-ISSN 1872-7689, Vol. 240, p. 41-50Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Using CALPHAD methods, Cr2O3 growth on pure Cr is modeled using DICTRA and the vacancy model for diffusion. The results are compared with thermobalance and TEM experiments at 625 and 700 degrees C in O-2. The experimental scatter is significant, leading to a compromise suggestion. With the experimental conditions from the furnace exposures in this work, optimized mobilities are validated with a series of oxidation simulations. Despite the complex microstructure and initial growth rate variations, it is possible to reproduce the experimental oxide thicknesses with good accuracy, allowing for extension to multicomponent systems.

  • 41.
    Hallström, Samuel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Höglund, Lars
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Modeling of diffusion in wustite and simulation of oxidation of iron at 600°C2008In: 6th European Stainless Steel Conference / [ed] Pentti Karjalainen and Staffan Hertzman, Helsinki: Jernkontoret , 2008, p. 273-278Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A long missing feature in the diffusion simulation software DICTRA has been the diffusion in oxides. Recently, this capability was implemented and in this report we present some results of the current achievements.DICTRA can now treat diffusion in basically any oxide, provided that there is diffusion data available and that the necessary mobilities have been assessed. The first system to be addressed was the important Fe-O system. It contains three different oxides, from the simple wustite to the complex magnetite, which has the spinel structure. The current  approach was successful and the work was continued with the Cr-O system and the technically important Fe-Cr-O. We will present the diffusion models and the results of the assessment, as well as successful simulations of oxidation where layers of oxides grow on top of an Fe or Fe-Cr substrate.

  • 42.
    Hallström, Samuel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Höglund, Lars
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Ågren, John
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Modeling of iron diffusion in the iron oxides magnetite and hematite with variable stoichiometry2011In: Acta Materialia, ISSN 1359-6454, E-ISSN 1873-2453, Vol. 59, no 1, p. 53-60Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The vacancy model of diffusion is applied to magnetite and hematite, and mathematical expressions for the iron flux in the lattice-fixed frame of reference, as a function of the defect structure, are presented The defect structures, i e the vacancy content on the different type of sites, and the thermodynamic factors are calculated from the available Calphad type of thermodynamic descriptions for the oxides Expressions for Fe tracer diffusion coefficients are derived and the relations between mobility and tracer diffusivity are given The mobilities are fitted by a least-squares optimization to experimental data on tracer diffusion from the literature For magnetite, an excellent representation of the experimental tracer data is achieved together with a satisfactory description of the sparse chemical diffusion data available For hematite, the experimental scatter is very large and anomalous large frequency factors and activation energies have been reported In the present report a compromise is suggested.

  • 43. Hammerschmidt, T.
    et al.
    Abrikosov, I. A.
    Alfe, D.
    Fries, S. G.
    Höglund, Lars
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Jacobs, M. H. G.
    Kossmann, J.
    Lu, X-G
    Paul, G.
    Including the effects of pressure and stress in thermodynamic functions2014In: Physica status solidi. B, Basic research, ISSN 0370-1972, E-ISSN 1521-3951, Vol. 251, no 1, p. 81-96Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Most applications of thermodynamic databases to materials design are limited to ambient pressure. The consideration of elastic contributions to thermodynamic stability is highly desirable but not straight-forward to realise. We present examples of existing physical models for pressure-dependent thermodynamic functions and discuss the requirements for future implementations given the existing results of experiments and first-principles calculations. We briefly summarize the calculation of elastic constants and point out examples of nonlinear variation with pressure, temperature and chemical composition that would need to be accounted for in thermodynamic databases. This is particularly the case if a system melts from different phases at different pressures. Similar relations exist between pressure and magnetism and hence set the need to also include magnetic effects in thermodynamic databases for finite pressure. We present examples to illustrate that the effect of magnetism on stability is strongly coupled to pressure, temperature, and external fields. As a further complication we discuss dynamical instabilities that may appear at finite pressure. While imaginary phonon frequencies may render a structure unstable and destroy a crystal lattice, the anharmonic effects may stabilize it again at finite temperature. Finally, we also outline a possible implementation scheme for strain effects in thermodynamic databases.

  • 44. Hatt, O.
    et al.
    Larsson, Henrik
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Giuliani, F.
    Crawforth, P.
    Wynne, B.
    Jackson, M.
    Predicting Chemical Wear in Machining Titanium Alloys Via a Novel Low Cost Diffusion Couple Method2016In: Procedia CIRP, Elsevier, 2016, p. 219-222Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Chemical wear during high speed machining of titanium alloys is a serious problem which affects the surface integrity of both the tool and workpiece. A low cost, novel diffusion couple method is presented which allows for thorough analysis of the tool-workpiece interface at the high temperatures reached during conventional machining operations. X-EDS analysis reveals that no less than seven distinct diffusion zones arise between Ti-6Al-4 V and a WC-Co tool which are home to different phases and reaction species. Loss of cobalt binder coupled with a deficit of carbon results in a brittle η-phase leading to catastrophic fracturing of the tool. DICTRA is employed to thermodynamically model the diffusion mechanisms and verify the X-EDS results.

  • 45.
    Hedström, Peter
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Almer, Jon
    Lienert, Ulrich
    Odén, Magnus
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Evolution of residual strains in metastable austenitic stainless steels and the accompanying strain induced martensitic transformation2006In: Materials Science Forum, ISSN 0255-5476, Vol. 524-525, p. 818-826Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The deformation behavior of metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 301, suffering different initial cold rolling reduction, has been investigated during uniaxial tensile loading. In situ high-energy x-ray diffraction was employed to characterize the residual strain evolution and the strain induced martensitic transformation. Moreover, the 3DXRD technique was employed to characterize the deformation behavior of individual austenite grains during elastic and early plastic deformation. The cold rolling reduction was found to induce compressive residual strains in the austenite along rolling direction and balancing tensile residual strains in the alpha-martensite. The opposite residual strain state was found in the transverse direction. The residual strain states of five individual austenite grains in the bulk of a sample suffering 2% cold rolling reduction was found to be divergent. The difference among the grains, considering both the residual strains and the evolution of these, could not be solely explained by elastic and plastic anisotropy. The strain states of the five austenite grains are also a consequence of the local neighborhood.

  • 46.
    Hedström, Peter
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Baghsheikhi, Saeed
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Liu, Ping
    Odqvist, Joakim
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    A phase-field and electron microscopy study of phase separation in Fe-Cr2012In: Materials Science & Engineering: A, ISSN 0921-5093, E-ISSN 1873-4936, Vol. 534, p. 552-556Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Phase separation in the binary Fe-Cr system, the basis for the entire stainless steel family, is considered responsible for the low temperature embrittlement in ferritic, martensitic and duplex stainless steels. These steels are often used in load-bearing applications with considerable service time at elevated temperature. Thus, understanding the effect of microstructure on mechanical properties and predicting dynamics of phase separation are key issues. In the present work, experimental evaluation of structure and mechanical properties in binary Fe-Cr alloys as well as phase-field modeling, using a new thermodynamic description of Fe-Cr, is conducted. A significant hardening evolution with time is found for alloys aged between 400 and 550 degrees C, and it can be attributed to phase separation. The decomposed structure changed with increasing Cr content at 500 degrees C. with a more particle-like structure at 25 wt% Cr and a more spinodal-like structure at 30 wt% Cr. The observed transition of structure agrees with the thermodynamically predicted spinodal, although the transition is expected to be gradual. The phase-field simulations qualitatively agree with experiments. However, to enable accurate quantitative predictions, the diffusional mobilities must be evaluated further and thermal fluctuations as well as 3D diffusion fields must be properly accounted for.

  • 47.
    Hedström, Peter
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Huyan, Fei
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Zhou, Jing
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Wessman, Sten
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Thuvander, Mattias
    Odqvist, Joakim
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    The 475 degrees C embrittlement in Fe-20Cr and Fe-20Cr-X (X=Ni, Cu, Mn) alloys studied by mechanical testing and atom probe tomography2013In: Materials Science & Engineering: A, ISSN 0921-5093, E-ISSN 1873-4936, Vol. 574, p. 123-129Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the present work the 475 degrees C embrittlement in binary Fe-Cr and ternary Fe-Cr-X (X=Ni, Cu and Mn) alloys have been investigated. The mechanical properties were evaluated using microhardness and impact testing, and the structural evolution was evaluated using atom probe tomography (APT). The APT results after aging at 500 degrees C for 10 h clearly showed that both Ni and Mn accelerate the ferrite decomposition. No evident phase separation of either the Fe-20Cr or Fe-20Cr-1.5Cu samples was detected after 10 h of aging and thus no conclusions on the effect of Cu can be drawn. Cu clustering was however found in the Fe-20Cr-1.5Cu sample after 10 h aging at 500 degrees C. The mechanical property evolution was consistent with the structural evolution found from APT. Samples aged at 450 and 500 degrees C all showed increasing hardness and decreasing impact energy. The embrittlement was observed to take place mainly during the first 10 h of aging and it could primarily be attributed to phase separation, but also substitutional solute clustering and possibly carbon and nitrogen segregation may contribute in a negative way.

  • 48.
    Hedström, Peter
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Stormvinter, Albin
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Borgenstam, Annika
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Gholinia, Ali
    Winiarski, Bartlomiej
    Withers, Philip J.
    Karlsson, Oskar
    Hagström, Joacim
    On the Three-Dimensional Microstructure of Martensite in Carbon Steels2012In: Proceedings Of The 1st International Conference On 3D Materials Science, John Wiley & Sons, 2012, p. 19-24Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The mechanical properties of high-performance steels are often reliant on the hard martensitic structure. It can either be the sole constituent e. g. in tool steels, or it can be part of a multi-phase structure as e. g. in dual-phase steels. It is well-known that the morphology of martensite changes from lath to plate martensite with increasing carbon content. The transition from lath to plate is however less known and in particular the three-dimensional (3D) aspects in the mixed lath and plate region require more work. Here the current view of the 3D microstructure of martensite in carbon steels is briefly reviewed and complemented by serial sectioning experiments using a focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM). The large martensite units in the Fe-1.2 mass% C steel investigated here are found to have one dominant growth direction, less transverse growth and very limited thickening. There is also evident transformation twinning parallel to the transverse direction. It is concluded that more 3D analysis is required to understand the 3D microstructure of martensite in the mixed lath and plate region and to verify the recently proposed 3D phase field models of martensite in steels.

  • 49.
    Hillert, Mats
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Comments on "Eutectic solidification of gray cast iron"2005In: Scripta Materialia, ISSN 1359-6462, E-ISSN 1872-8456, Vol. 52, no 3, p. 249-250Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Applying a new technique for studying the orientation of austenite at room temperature, where it would normally transform to martensite, Rivera et al. have studied the solidification of gray cast iron. Their conclusions are in general agreement with the classical work in this field.

  • 50.
    Hillert, Mats
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Metallurgy.
    Deviation from local equilibrium2005In: Solid-Solid Phase Transformations in Inorganic Material 2005, Vol 2 / [ed] Howe, JM; Laughlin, DE; Lee, JK; Dahmen, U; Soffa, WA, 2005, p. 327-338Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In order to learn more about the atomic mechanisms of the migration of phase interfaces one should study the kinetic equations. They are based on the driving forces which can be obtained from the deviation from local equilibrium at the migrating interface. The thermodynamic and mechanistic background of the deviation from local equilibrium will be described and illustrated with molar Gibbs energy diagrams. It will be discussed how the flux equations for individual components can be formulated in order to represent various causes of friction. The discussion will be based on the sharp interface model but its shortcomings will be emphasized.

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