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  • 1. Agterberg, Daniel F.
    et al.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics. University of Massachusetts, USA.
    Garaud, Julien
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics. University of Massachusetts, USA.
    Microscopic prediction of skyrmion lattice state in clean interface superconductors2014In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 90, no 6, p. 064509-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    When an in-plane field is applied to a clean interface superconductor, a Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO)-like phase is stabilized. This phase has a U(1)xU(1) symmetry and, in principle, this symmetry allows for flux carrying topological excitations different from Abrikosov vortices (which are the simplest defects associated with S-1 --> S-1 maps). However, in practice, largely due to electromagnetic and other intercomponent interactions, such topological excitations are very rare in superconducting systems. Here, we demonstrate that a realistic microscopic theory for interface superconductors, such as SrTiO3/LaAlO3, predicts an unconventional magnetic response where the flux-carrying objects are skyrmions, characterized by homotopy invariants of S-2 --> S-2 maps. Additionally, we show that this microscopic theory predicts that stable fractional vortices form near the boundary of these superconductors. It also predicts the appearance of type-1.5 superconductivity for some range of parameters. Central to these results is the assumption that the Rashba spin-orbit coupling is much larger than the superconducting gap.

  • 2.
    Andersson, Andreas
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Phase fluctuation phenomena in superconductors2012Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Download full text (pdf)
    thesis
  • 3.
    Andersson, Andreas
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Simulations of thermoelectric transport in granularsuperconductors2010Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis presents results from numerical simulations of the Nernst effect dueto phase fluctuations in models of two-dimensional granular superconductors. Inaddition other transport properties, such as thermal conductivity and electrical re-sistivity are calculated. The models are based on a phase only description withLangevin or resistively and capacitively shunted Josephson junction (RCSJ) dy-namics, generalized to be valid for any type of two-dimensional lattice structure.All transport coefficients are evaluated from equilibrium correlation functions usingKubo formulas.

    In Paper I, anomalous sign reversals of the Nernst signal eN , corresponding tovortex motion from colder to hotter regions, are observed. These are attributedto geometric frustration effects close to magnetic fields commensurate with theunderlying lattice structure. The effect is seen also in systems with moderategeometric disorder, and should thus be possible to observe in real two-dimensionalgranular superconductors or Josephson junction arrays.

    Paper II presents two different derivations of an expression for the heat current inLangevin and RCSJ dynamics. The resulting expression is through our simulationsseen to obey the required Onsager relation, as well as giving consistent resultswhen calculating κ and eN via Kubo formulas and through the responses to anapplied temperature gradient. In zero magnetic field and at low-temperatures, thecontribution to the thermal conductivity κ in RCSJ dynamics is calculated usinga spin-wave approximation, and is shown to be independent of temperature anddiverge logarithmically with system size. At higher temperatures, κ shows a non-monotonic temperature dependence. In zero magnetic field κ has a anomalouslogarithmic size dependence also in this regime. The off-diagonal component ofthe thermoelectric tensor αxy is calculated and displays the very same ∼1/T dependence at low temperatures predicted from calculations based on Gaussiansuperconducting fluctuations.

    Download full text (pdf)
    FULLTEXT02
  • 4.
    Andersson, Andreas
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Lidmar, Jack
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Anomalous Nernst effect and heat transport by vortex vacancies in granular superconductors2010In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 81, no 6, p. 060508-1-060508-4Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We study the Nernst effect due to vortex motion in two-dimensional granular superconductors using simulations with Langevin or resistively shunted Josephson-junction dynamics. In particular, we show that the geometric frustration of both regular and irregular granular materials can lead to thermally driven transport of vortices from colder to hotter regions, resulting in a sign reversal of the Nernst signal. We discuss the underlying mechanisms of this anomalous behavior in terms of heat transport by mobile vacancies in an otherwise pinned vortex lattice.

  • 5.
    Andersson, Andreas
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Lidmar, Jack
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Influence of vortices and phase fluctuations on thermoelectric transport properties of superconductors in a magnetic field2011In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 83, no 17, p. 174502-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We study heat transport and thermoelectric effects in two-dimensional superconductors in a magnetic field. These are modeled as granular Josephson-junction arrays, forming either regular or random lattices. We employ two different models for the dynamics: relaxational model-A dynamics or resistively and capacitively shunted Josephson junction dynamics. We derive expressions for the heat current in these models, which are then used in numerical simulations to calculate the heat conductivity and Nernst coefficient for different temperatures and magnetic fields. At low temperatures and zero magnetic field the heat conductivity in the RCSJ model is calculated analytically from a spin wave approximation, and is seen to have an anomalous logarithmic dependence on the system size, and also to diverge in the completely overdamped limit C -> 0. From our simulations we find at low magnetic fields that the Nernst signal displays a characteristic "tilted hill" profile similar to experiments and a nonmonotonic temperature dependence of the heat conductivity. We also investigate the effects of granularity and randomness, which become important for higher magnetic fields. In this regime geometric frustration strongly influences the results in both regular and random systems and leads to highly nontrivial magnetic field dependencies of the studied transport coefficients.

  • 6.
    Andersson, Andreas
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Lidmar, Jack
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Modeling and simulations of quantum phase slips in ultrathin superconducting wiresManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 7.
    Andersson, Andreas
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Lidmar, Jack
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Scaling, finite size effects, and crossovers of the resistivity and current-voltage characteristics in two-dimensional superconductors2013In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 87, no 22, p. 224506-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We revisit the scaling properties of the resistivity and the current-voltage characteristics at and below the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition, both in zero and nonzero magnetic fields. The scaling properties are derived by integrating the renormalization group flow equations up to a scale where they can be reliably matched to simple analytic expressions. The vortex fugacity turns out to be dangerously irrelevant for these quantities below T-c, thereby altering the scaling behavior. We derive the possible crossover effects as the current, magnetic field, or system size is varied, and find a strong multiplicative logarithmic correction near T-c, all of which is necessary to account for when interpreting experiments and simulation data. Our analysis clarifies a longstanding discrepancy between the finite size dependence found in many simulations and the current-voltage characteristics of experiments. We further show that the logarithmic correction can be avoided by approaching the transition in a magnetic field, thereby simplifying the scaling analysis. We confirm our results by large-scale numerical simulations, and calculate the dynamic critical exponent z, for relaxational Langevin dynamics and for resistively and capacitively shunted Josephson junction dynamics.

  • 8.
    Andersson, Andreas
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Lidmar, Jack
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Scaling, Finite Size Effects, and Crossovers of the Resistivity and Current-Voltage Characteristics in Two-Dimensional SuperconductorsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    We revisit the scaling properties of the resistivity and the current-voltage characteristics at and below the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition, both in zero and nonzero magnetic field. The scaling properties are derived by integrating the renormalization group flow equations up to a scale where they can be reliably matched to simple analytic expressions. The vortex fugacity turns out to be dangerously irrelevant for these quantities below $T_c$, thereby altering the scaling behavior. We derive the possible crossover effects as the current, magnetic field or system size is varied, and find a strong multiplicative logarithmic correction near $T_c$, all which is necessary to account for when interpreting experiments and simulation data. Our analysis clarifies a longstanding discrepancy between the finite size dependence found in many simulations and the current-voltage characteristics of experiments. We further show that the logarithmic correction can be avoided by approaching the transition in a magnetic field, thereby simplifying the scaling analysis. We confirm our results by large scale numerical simulations, and calculate the dynamic critical exponent $z$, for relaxational Langevin dynamics and for resistively and capacitively shunted Josephson junction dynamics.

  • 9.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Non-Meissner electrodynamics and knotted solitons in two-component superconductors2009In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 79, no 10Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    I consider electrodynamics and the problem of knotted solitons in two-component superconductors. Possible existence of knotted solitons in multicomponent superconductors was predicted several years ago. However, their basic properties and stability in these systems remain an outstandingly difficult question both for analytical and numerical treatment. Here I propose a special perturbative approach to treat self-consistently all the degrees of freedom in the problem. I show that there exists a length scale for a Hopfion texture where the electrodynamics of a two-component superconductor is dominated by a self-induced Faddeev term, which is in stark contrast to the Meissner electrodynamics of single-component systems. I also show that at certain short length scales knotted solitons in the two-component Ginzburg-Landau model are not described by a Faddeev-Skyrme-type model and are unstable. However, these solitons can be stable at some intermediate length scales. I argue that configurations with high topological charge may be more stable in these systems than low-charge configurations. In the second part of the paper I discuss qualitatively different physics of the stability of knotted solitons in a more general Ginzburg-Landau model and point out the physically relevant terms which enhance or suppress the stability of knotted solitons. With this argument it is demonstrated that Ginzburg-Landau models possess stable knotted solitons.

  • 10.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Unconventional Rotational Responses of Hadronic Superfluids in a Neutron Star Caused by Strong Entrainment and a Sigma(-) Hyperon Gap2009In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 103, no 23Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    I show that the usual model of the rotational response of a neutron star, which predicts rotation-induced neutronic vortices and no rotation-induced protonic vortices, does not hold (i) beyond a certain threshold of entrainment interaction strength nor (ii) in the case of nonzero Sigma(-) hyperon gap. I show that in both of these cases the rotational response involves the creation of phase windings in an electrically charged condensate. Lattices of bound states of vortices which result from these phase windings can (for a range of parameters) strongly reduce the interaction between rotation-induced vortices with magnetic-field carrying superconducting components.

  • 11.
    Babaev, Egor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Ashcroft, N. W.
    Violation of the London law and Onsager-Feynman quantization in multicomponent superconductors2007In: Nature Physics, ISSN 1745-2473, E-ISSN 1745-2481, Vol. 3, no 8, p. 530-533Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Non-classical response to rotation is a hallmark of quantum ordered states such as superconductors and superfluids. The rotational responses of all currently known single-component 'super' states of matter (superconductors, superfluids and supersolids) are largely described by two fundamental principles and fall into two categories according to whether the systems are composed of charged or neutral particles: the London law relating the angular velocity to a subsequently established magnetic field and the Onsager-Feynman quantization of superfluid velocity. These laws are theoretically shown to be violated in a two-component superconductor such as the projected liquid metallic states of hydrogen and deuterium at high pressures. The rotational responses of liquid metallic hydrogen or deuterium identify them as a new class of dissipationless states; they also directly point to a particular experimental route for verification of their existence.

  • 12.
    Babaev, Egor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Carlström, Johan
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Type-1.5 superconductivity in two-band systems2010In: Physica. C, Superconductivity, ISSN 0921-4534, E-ISSN 1873-2143, Vol. 470, no 19, p. 717-721Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the usual Ginzburg-Landau theory the critical value of Ginzburg-Landau parameter kappa(c) = 1/root 2 separates regimes of type-I and type-II superconductivity. The latter regime possess thermodynamically stable vortex excitations which interact with each other repulsively and tend to form vortex lattices. It was shown in [5] that this dichotomy in broken in U(1) x U(1) Ginzburg-Landau models which possess a distinct phase with vortex excitations which interact attractively at large length scales and repulsively at shorter distances. Here we discuss the influence of the Josephson coupling and that similar kind of superconductivity can also arise for entirely different reasons in superconductors where only one band is superconducting if this band interacting via a proximity effect with another band (the report is partially based on [1]).

  • 13.
    Babaev, Egor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Carlström, Johan
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Garaud, J.
    Silaev, Mihail
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Speight, J. M.
    Type-1.5 superconductivity in multiband systems: Magnetic response, broken symmetries and microscopic theory - A brief overview2012In: Physica. C, Superconductivity, ISSN 0921-4534, E-ISSN 1873-2143, Vol. 479, p. 2-14Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A conventional superconductor is described by a single complex order parameter field which has two fundamental length scales, the magnetic field penetration depth lambda and the coherence length xi. Their ratio kappa determines the response of a superconductor to an external field, sorting them into two categories as follows; type-I when kappa < 1/root 2 and type-II when kappa > 1/root 2. We overview here multicomponent systems which can possess three or more fundamental length scales and allow a separate "type-1.5" superconducting state when, e. g. in two-component case xi(1) < root 2 lambda < xi(2). In that state, as a consequence of the extra fundamental length scale, vortices attract one another at long range but repel at shorter ranges. As a consequence the system should form an additional Semi-Meissner state which properties we discuss below. In that state vortices form clusters in low magnetic fields. Inside the cluster one of the component is depleted and the superconductor-to-normal interface has negative energy. In contrast the current in second component is mostly concentrated on the cluster's boundary, making the energy of this interface positive. Here we briefly overview recent developments in Ginzburg-Landau and microscopic descriptions of this state.

  • 14.
    Babaev, Egor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Carlström, Johan
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Speight, Martin
    Type-1.5 Superconducting State from an Intrinsic Proximity Effect in Two-Band Superconductors2010In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 105, no 6, p. 067003-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We show that in multiband superconductors, even an extremely small interband proximity effect can lead to a qualitative change in the interaction potential between superconducting vortices by producing long-range intervortex attraction. This type of vortex interaction results in an unusual response to low magnetic fields leading to phase separation into domains of two-component Meissner states and vortex droplets.

  • 15.
    Babaev, Egor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Jaykka, Juha
    Speight, Martin
    Magnetic Field Delocalization and Flux Inversion in Fractional Vortices in Two-Component Superconductors2009In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 103, no 23Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We demonstrate that, in contrast with the single-component Abrikosov vortex, in two-component superconductors vortex solutions with an exponentially screened magnetic field exist only in exceptional cases: in the case of vortices carrying an integer number of flux quanta and in a special parameter limit for half-quantum vortices. For all other parameters, the vortex solutions have a delocalized magnetic field with a slowly decaying tail. Furthermore, we demonstrate a new effect which is generic in two-component systems but has no counterpart in single-component systems: on exactly half of the parameter space of the U(1)xU(1) Ginzburg-Landau model, the magnetic field of a generic fractional vortex inverts its direction at a certain distance from the vortex core.

  • 16.
    Babaev, Egor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Silaev, Mihail
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics.
    Comment on "Ginzburg-Landau theory of two-band superconductors: Absence of type-1.5 superconductivity"2012In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 86, no 1, p. 016501-Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The recent paper by V. G. Kogan and J. Schmalian [Phys. Rev. B 83, 054515 (2011)] argues that the widely used two-component Ginzburg-Landau (GL) models are not correct, and further concludes that in the regime which is described by a GL theory there could be no disparity in the coherence lengths of two superconducting components. This would in particular imply that [in contrast to U(1) x U(1) superconductors] there could be no "type-1.5" superconducting regime in U(1) multiband systems for any finite interband coupling strength. We point out that these claims are incorrect and based on an erroneous scheme of reduction of a two-component GL theory.

  • 17.
    Babaev, Egor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Silaev, Mihail
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics.
    Type-1.5 Superconductivity in Multiband and Other Multicomponent Systems2013In: Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism, ISSN 1557-1939, E-ISSN 1557-1947, Vol. 26, no 5, p. 2045-2055Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Usual superconductors are classified into two categories: of type-1 when the ratio of the magnetic field penetration length (lambda) to coherence length (xi) kappa = lambda/xi < 1/root 2 and of type-2 when kappa > 1/root 2. The boundary case kappa = 1/root 2 is also considered to be a special situation, frequently termed as "Bogomolnyi limit". Here we discuss multicomponent systems which can possess three or more fundamental length scales and allow a separate superconducting state, which was recently termed "type-1.5". In that state, a system has the following hierarchy of coherence and penetration lengths xi(1) < root 2 lambda < xi(2). We also briefly overview the works on single-component regime kappa approximate to 1/root 2 and comment on recent discussion by Brandt and Das in the proceedings of the previous conference in this series.

  • 18.
    Babaev, Egor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Svistunov, Boris
    Rotational response of superconductors: Magnetorotational isomorphism and rotation-induced vortex lattice2014In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 89, no 10, p. 104501-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The analysis of nonclassical rotational response of superfluids and superconductors was performed by Onsager [Onsager, Nuovo Cimento, Suppl. 6, 279 (1949)] and London [Superfluids (Wiley, NewYork, 1950)] and crucially advanced by Feynman [Prog. Low Temp. Phys. 1, 17 (1955)]. It was established that, in the thermodynamic limit, neutral superfluids rotate by forming-without any threshold-a vortex lattice. In contrast, the rotation of superconductors at angular frequency Omega-supported by uniform magnetic field B-L proportional to Omega due to surface currents-is of the rigid-body type (London law). Here we show that, neglecting the centrifugal effects, the behavior of a rotating superconductor is identical to that of a superconductor placed in a uniform fictitious external magnetic field (H) over tilde = -B-L. In particular, the isomorphism immediately implies the existence of two critical rotational frequencies in type-2 superconductors.

  • 19.
    Carlström, Johan
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Multicomponent superconductivity: Vortex matter and phase transitions2013Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The topic of this thesis is vortex-physics in multi component Ginzburg- Landau models. These models describe a newly discovered class of super- conductors with multiple superconducting gaps, and possess many properties that set them apart from single component models. The work presented here relies on large scale computer simulations using various numerical techniques, but also on some analytical methods.

    In Paper I, Type-1.5 Superconducting State from an Intrinsic Proximity Effect in Two-Band Superconductors, we show that in multiband supercon- ductors, even an extremely small interband proximity effect can lead to a qualitative change in the interaction potential between superconducting vor- tices, by producing long-range intervortex attraction. This type of vortex interaction results in an unusual response to low magnetic fields, leading to phase separation into domains of two-component Meissner states and vortex droplets.

    In paper II, Type-1.5 superconductivity in two-band systems, we discuss the influence of Josephson coupling and show that non-monotonic intervortex interaction can also arise in two-band superconductors where one of the bands is proximity induced by Josephson interband coupling.

    In paper III, Type-1.5 superconductivity in multiband systems: Effects of interband couplings, we investigate the appearance of Type-1.5 superconduc- tivity in the case with two active bands and substantial inter-band couplings such as intrinsic Josephson coupling, mixed gradient coupling, and density- density interactions. We show that in the presence of these interactions, the system supports type-1.5 superconductivity with fundamental length scales being associated with the mass of the gauge field and two masses of normal modes represented by linear combinations of the density fields.

    In paper IV, Semi-Meissner state and nonpairwise intervortex interactions in type-1.5 superconductors, we demonstrate the existence of nonpairwise in- tervortex forces in multicomponent and layered superconducting systems. We also consider the properties of vortex clusters in a semi-Meissner state of type- 1.5 two-component superconductors. We show that under certain conditions nonpairwise forces can contribute to the formation of complex vortex states in type-1.5 regimes.

    In paper V, Length scales, collective modes, and type-1.5 regimes in three- band superconductors, we consider systems where frustration in phase dif- ferences occur due to competing Josephson inter-band coupling terms. We show that gradients of densities and phase differences can be inextricably intertwined in vortex excitations in three-band models. This can lead to long-range attractive intervortex interactions and the appearance of type-1.5 regimes even when the intercomponent Josephson coupling is large. We also show that field-induced vortices can lead to a change of broken symmetry from U (1) to U (1) ⇥ Z2 in the system. In the type-1.5 regime, it results in a semi-Meissner state where the system has a macroscopic phase separation in domainswithbrokenU(1)andU(1)⇥Z2 symmetries.

    In paper VI, Topological Solitons in Three-Band Superconductors with Broken Time Reversal Symmetry, we show that three-band superconductors with broken time reversal symmetry allow magnetic flux-carrying stable topo- logical solitons. They can be induced by fluctuations or quenching the system through a phase transition. It can provide an experimental signature of the time reversal symmetry breakdown.

    In paper VII, Type-1.5 superconductivity in multiband systems: Magnetic response, broken symmetries and microscopic theory – A brief overview, we give an overview of vortex physics and magnetic response in multi component Ginzburg-Landau theory. We also examine Type-1.5 superconductivity in the context of microscopic theory.

    In paper VIII, Chiral CP2 skyrmions in three-band superconductors, we show that under certain conditions, three-component superconductors (and, in particular, three-band systems) allow stable topological defects different from vortices. We demonstrate the existence of these excitations, charac- terised by a CP2 topological invariant, in models for three-component super- conductors with broken time-reversal symmetry. We term these topological defects “chiral GL(3) skyrmions,” where “chiral” refers to the fact that due to broken time-reversal symmetry, these defects come in inequivalent left- and right-handed versions. In certain cases, these objects are energetically cheaper than vortices and should be induced by an applied magnetic field. In other situations, these skyrmions are metastable states, which can be produced by a quench. Observation of these defects can signal broken time-reversal sym- metry in three-band superconductors or in Josephson-coupled bilayers of s± and s-wave superconductors.

    In paper IX, Phase transition in multi-component superconductors, we ex- amine the thermodynamics of frustrated multi-components superconductors and show that their highly complex energy landscape can give rise new types of phase transitions not present in single component superconductors. 

    Download full text (pdf)
    ThesisCarlstrom
  • 20.
    Carlström, Johan
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Vortex-matter in Multi-component Superconductors2012Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The topic of this thesis is vortex-physics in multi component Ginzburg- Landau models. These models describe a newly discovered class of supercon- ductors with multiple superconducting gaps, and posses many properties that set them apart from single component models. The work presented here relies on large scale computer simulations using various numerical techniques, but also some analytical methods.

    In Paper I, Type-1.5 Superconducting State from an Intrinsic Proximity Effect in Two-Band Superconductors, we show that in multiband supercon- ductors, even an extremely small interband proximity effect can lead to a qualitative change in the interaction potential between superconducting vor- tices by producing long-range intervortex attraction. This type of vortex interaction results in an unusual response to low magnetic fields, leading to phase separation into domains of two-component Meissner states and vortex droplets.

    In paper II, Type-1.5 superconductivity in multiband systems: Effects of interband couplings, we investigate the appearance of Type-1.5 superconduc- tivity in the case with two active bands and substantial inter-band couplings. such as intrinsic Josephson coupling, mixed gradient coupling, and density- density interactions. We show that in the presence of these interactions, the system supports type-1.5 superconductivity with fundamental length scales being associated with the mass of the gauge field and two masses of normal modes represented by mixed combinations of the density fields.

    In paper III, Semi-Meissner state and nonpairwise intervortex interactions in type-1.5 superconductors, we demonstrate the existence of nonpairwise in- teraction forces between vortices in multicomponent and layered supercon- ducting systems. Next, we consider the properties of vortex clusters in a semi-Meissner state of type-1.5 two-component superconductors. We show that under certain conditions nonpairwise forces can contribute to the forma- tion of very complex vortex states in type-1.5 regimes.

    In paper IV, Length scales, collective modes, and type-1.5 regimes in three- band superconductors, we consider systems where frustration in phase differ- ences occur due to competing Josephson inter-band coupling terms. We show that gradients of densities and phase differences can be inextricably inter- twined in vortex excitations in three-band models. This can lead to very long-range attractive intervortex interactions and the appearance of type-1.5 regimes even when the intercomponent Josephson coupling is large. We also show that field-induced vortices can lead to a change of broken symmetry from U (1) to U (1) × Z2 in the system. In the type-1.5 regime, it results in a semi-Meissner state where the system has a macroscopic phase separation in domainswithbrokenU(1)andU(1)×Z2 symmetries.

    In paper V, Topological Solitons in Three-Band Superconductors with Bro- ken Time Reversal Symmetry, we show that three-band superconductors with broken time reversal symmetry allow magnetic flux- carrying stable topolog- ical solitons. They can be induced by fluctuations or quenching the system through a phase transition. It can provide an experimental signature of the time reversal symmetry breakdown. 

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  • 21.
    Carlström, Johan
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics. University of Massachusetts, United States.
    Entropy- and Flow-Induced Superfluid States2014In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 113, no 5, p. 055301-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Normally the role of phase fluctuations in superfluids and superconductors is to drive a phase transition to the normal state. This happens due to proliferation of topologically nontrivial phase fluctuations in the form of vortices. Here we discuss a class of systems where, by contrast, nontopological phase fluctuations can produce superfluidity. Here we understand superfluidity as a phenomenon that does not necessarily arises from a broken U(1) symmetry, but can be associated with a certain class of (approximate or exact) degeneracies of the system's energy landscape giving raise to a U(1)-like phase.

  • 22.
    Carlström, Johan
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Spontaneous breakdown of time-reversal symmetry induced by thermal fluctuations2015In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 91, no 14, article id 140504Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In systems with broken U(1) symmetry, such as superfluids, superconductors, or magnets, the symmetry restoration is driven by the proliferation of topological defects in the form of vortex loops (unless the phase transition is strongly first order). Here we discuss that the proliferation of topological defects can, by contrast, lead to the breakdown of an additional symmetry. We demonstrate that this effect should take place in s + is superconductors, which are widely discussed in connection with iron-based materials (although the mechanism is much more general). In these systems a vortex excitation can create a "bubble" of fluctuating Z(2) order parameter. The thermal excitation of vortices then leads to the breakdown of Z(2) time-reversal symmetry when the temperature is increased.

  • 23.
    Carlström, Johan
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Speight, Martin
    Type-1.5 superconductivity in multiband systems: Effects of interband couplings2011In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 83, no 17, p. 174509-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In contrast to single-component superconductors, which are described at the level of Ginzburg-Landau theory by a single parameter kappa and are divided in type-I kappa < 1/root 2 and type-II kappa > 1/root 2 classes, two-component systems in general possess three fundamental length scales and have been shown to possess a separate "type-1.5" superconducting state. In that state, as a consequence of the extra fundamental length scale, vortices attract one another at long range but repel at shorter ranges, and therefore should form clusters in low magnetic fields. In this work we investigate the appearance of type-1.5 superconductivity and the interpretation of the fundamental length scales in the case of two active bands with substantial interband couplings such as intrinsic Josephson coupling, mixed gradient coupling, and density-density interactions. We show that in the presence of substantial intercomponent interactions of the above types the system supports type-1.5 superconductivity with fundamental length scales being associated with the mass of the gauge field and two masses of normal modes represented by mixed combinations of the density fields.

  • 24.
    Carlström, Johan
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Garaud, Julien
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Length scales, collective modes, and type-1.5 regimes in three-band superconductors2011In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 84, no 13, p. 134518-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The recent discovery of iron pnictide superconductors has resulted in a rapidly growing interest in multiband models with more than two bands. In this work we specifically focus on the properties of three-band Ginzburg-Landau models which do not have direct counterparts in more studied two-band models. First we derive normal modes and characteristic length scales in the conventional U(1) three-band Ginzburg-Landau model as well as in its time-reversal symmetry-broken counterpart with U(1) x Z(2) symmetry. We show that, in the latter case, the normal modes are mixed phase-density collective excitations. A possibility of the appearance of a massless mode associated with fluctuations of the phase difference is also discussed. Next we show that gradients of densities and phase differences can be inextricably intertwined in vortex excitations in three-band models. This can lead to very long-range attractive intervortex interactions and the appearance of type-1.5 regimes even when the intercomponent Josephson coupling is large. In some cases it also results in the formation of a domainlike structure in the form of a ring of suppressed density around a vortex across which one of the phases shifts by p. We also show that field-induced vortices can lead to a change of broken symmetry from U(1) to U(1) x Z(2) in the system. In the type-1.5 regime, it results in a semi-Meissner state where the system has a macroscopic phase separation in domains with broken U(1) and U(1) x Z(2) symmetries.

  • 25.
    Carlström, Johan
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Garaud, Julien
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Semi-Meissner state and nonpairwise intervortex interactions in type-1.5 superconductors2011In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 84, no 13, p. 134515-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We demonstrate the existence of nonpairwise interaction forces between vortices in multicomponent and layered superconducting systems. That is, in contrast to most common models, the interaction in a group of such vortices is not a universal superposition of Coulomb or Yukawa forces. Next, we consider the properties of vortex clusters in a semi-Meissner state of type-1.5 two-component superconductors. We show that under certain conditions nonpairwise forces can contribute to the formation of very complex vortex states in type-1.5 regimes.

  • 26.
    Cartling, Bo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    On the implicit acquisition of a context-free grammar by a simple recurrent neural network2008In: Neurocomputing, ISSN 0925-2312, E-ISSN 1872-8286, Vol. 71, no 7-9, p. 1527-1537Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The performance of a simple recurrent neural network on the implicit acquisition of a context-free grammar is re-examined and found to be significantly higher than previously reported by Elman. This result is obtained although the previous work employed it multilayer extension of the basic form of simple recurrent network and restricted the complexity of training and test corpora. The high performance is traced to a well-organized internal representation of the grammatical elements, as probed by a principal-component analysis of the hidden-layer activities. From the next-symbol-prediction performance on sentences not present in the training corpus, it capacity of generalization is demonstrated.

  • 27.
    Ergül, Adem
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Nanostructure Physics.
    Lidmar, Jack
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Johansson, Jan
    Azizoglu, Yagiz
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Nanostructure Physics.
    Schaeffer, David
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Nanostructure Physics.
    Haviland, David B.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Nanostructure Physics.
    Localizing quantum phase slips in one-dimensional Josephson junction chains2013In: New Journal of Physics, E-ISSN 1367-2630, Vol. 15, p. 095014-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We studied quantum phase-slip (QPS) phenomena in long one-dimensional Josephson junction series arrays with tunable Josephson coupling. These chains were fabricated with as many as 2888 junctions, where one sample had a separately tunable link in the middle of the chain. Measurements were made of the zero-bias resistance, R-0, as well as current-voltage characteristics (IVC). The finite R-0 is explained by QPS and shows an exponential dependence on root E-J/E-C with a distinct change in the exponent at R-0 = R-Q = h/4e(2). When R-0 > R-Q, the IVC clearly shows a remnant of the Coulomb blockade, which evolves to a zero-current state with a sharp critical voltage as E-J is tuned to a smaller value. The zero-current state below the critical voltage is due to coherent QPSs and we show that these are enhanced when the central link is weaker than all other links. Above the critical voltage, a negative, differential resistance is observed, which nearly restores the zero-current state.

  • 28.
    Ergül, Adem
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics.
    Schaeffer, David
    KTH.
    Lindblom, Magnus
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics.
    Haviland, David B.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Nanostructure Physics.
    Lidmar, Jack
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Johansson, Jan
    Phase sticking in one-dimensional Josephson junction chains2013In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 88, no 10, p. 104501-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We studied current-voltage characteristics of long one-dimensional Josephson junction chains with Josephson energy much larger than charging energy, E-J >> E-C. In this regime, typical I-V curves of the samples consist of a supercurrent-like branch at low-bias voltages followed by a voltage-independent chain current branch, I-chain at high bias. Our experiments showed that I-chain is not only voltage-independent but it is also practically temperature-independent up to T = 0.7T(C). We have successfully model the transport properties in these chains using a capacitively shunted junction model with nonlinear damping.

  • 29. Eriksson, Jens
    et al.
    Eriksson, Olaspers Sara
    Maudsdotter, Lisa
    Palm, Oskar
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Engman, Jakob
    Sarkissian, Tim
    Aro, Helena
    Wallin, Mats
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Jonsson, Ann-Beth
    Characterization of motility and piliation in pathogenic Neisseria2015In: BMC Microbiology, E-ISSN 1471-2180, Vol. 15, article id 92Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: The type IV pili (Tfp) of pathogenic Neisseria (i. e., N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis) are essential for twitching motility. Tfp retraction, which is dependent on the ATPase PilT, generates the forces that move bacteria over surfaces. Neisseria motility has mainly been studied in N. gonorrhoeae whereas the motility of N. meningitidis has not yet been characterized. Results: In this work, we analyzed bacterial motility and monitored Tfp retraction using live- cell imaging of freely moving bacteria. We observed that N. meningitidis moved over surfaces at an approximate speed of 1.6 mu m/s, whereas N. gonorrhoeae moved with a lower speed (1.0 mu/s). An alignment of the meningococcal and gonococcal pilT promoters revealed a conserved single base pair variation in the -10 promoter element that influence PilT expression. By tracking mutants with altered pilT expression or pilE sequence, we concluded that the difference in motility speed was independent of both. Live-cell imaging using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that N. gonorrhoeae more often moved with fewer visible retracting filaments when compared to N. meningitidis. Correspondingly, meningococci also displayed a higher level of piliation in transmission electron microscopy. Nevertheless, motile gonococci that had the same number of filaments as N. meningitidis still moved with a lower speed. Conclusions: These data reveal differences in both speed and piliation between the pathogenic Neisseria species during twitching motility, suggesting a difference in Tfp-dynamics.

  • 30. Galteland, Peder Notto
    et al.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Sudbo, Asle
    Fluctuation effects in rotating Bose-Einstein condensates with broken SU(2) and U(1) x U(1) symmetries in the presence of intercomponent density-density interactions2015In: Physical Review A. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, ISSN 1050-2947, E-ISSN 1094-1622, Vol. 91, no 1, p. 013605-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Thermal fluctuations and melting transitions for rotating single-component superfluids have been intensively studied and are well understood. In contrast, the thermal effects on vortex states for two-component superfluids with density-density interaction, which have a much richer variety of vortex ground states, have been much less studied. Here, we investigate the thermal effects on vortex matter in superfluids with U(1) x U(1) broken symmetries and intercomponent density-density interactions, as well as the case with a larger SU(2) broken symmetry obtainable from the [U(1) x U(1)]-symmetric case by tuning scattering lengths. In the former case we find that, in addition to first-order melting transitions, the system exhibits thermally driven phase transitions between square and hexagonal lattices. Our main result, however, concerns the case where the condensate exhibits SU(2) symmetry, and where vortices are not topological. At finite temperature, the system exhibits effects which do not have a counterpart in single-component systems. Namely, it has a state where thermally averaged quantities show no regular vortex lattice, yet the system retains superfluid coherence along the axis of rotation. In such a state, the thermal fluctuations result in transitions between different (nearly) degenerate vortex states without undergoing a melting transition. Our results apply to multicomponent Bose-Einstein condensates, and we suggest how to detect some of these unusual effects experimentally in such systems.

  • 31.
    Garaud, Julien
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics.
    Agterberg, Daniel F.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Vortex coalescence and type-1.5 superconductivity in Sr2RuO42012In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 86, no 6, p. 060513-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Recently vortex coalescence was reported in superconducting Sr2RuO4 by several experimental groups for fields applied along the c axis. We argue that Sr2RuO4 is a type-1.5 superconductor with long-range attractive, short-range repulsive intervortex interaction. The type-1.5 behavior stems from an interplay of the two orbital degrees of freedom describing this chiral superconductor together with the multiband nature of the superconductivity. These multiple degrees of freedom give rise to multiple coherence lengths, some larger and some smaller than the magnetic field penetration length, resulting in nonmonotonic intervortex forces.

  • 32.
    Garaud, Julien
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Domain walls and their experimental signatures in s + i s superconductors2014In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 112, no 1, p. 017003-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Arguments were recently advanced that hole-doped Ba1-xKxFe2As2 exhibits the s+is state at certain doping. Spontaneous breaking of time-reversal symmetry in the s+is state dictates that it possess domain wall excitations. Here, we discuss what are the experimentally detectable signatures of domain walls in the s+is state. We find that in this state the domain walls can have a dipolelike magnetic signature (in contrast to the uniform magnetic signature of domain walls p+ip superconductors). We propose experiments where quench-induced domain walls can be stabilized by geometric barriers and observed via their magnetic signature or their influence on the magnetization process, thereby providing an experimental tool to confirm the s+is state.

  • 33.
    Garaud, Julien
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Properties of skyrmions and multi-quanta vortices in chiral p-wave superconductors2015In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 5, article id 17540Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Chiral p-wave superconducting state supports a rich spectrum of topological excitations different from those in conventional superconducting states. Besides domain walls separating different chiral states, chiral p-wave state supports both singular and coreless vortices also interpreted as skyrmions. Here, we present a numerical study of the energetic properties of isolated singular and coreless vortex states as functions of anisotropy and magnetic field penetration length. In a given chiral state, single quantum vortices with opposite winding have different energies and thus only one kind is energetically favoured. We find that with the appropriate sign of the phase winding, two-quanta (coreless) vortices are always energetically preferred over two isolated single quanta (singular) vortices. We also report solutions carrying more flux quanta. However those are typically more energetically expensive/metastable as compared to those carrying two flux quanta.

  • 34.
    Garaud, Julien
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Skyrmionic state and stable half-quantum vortices in chiral p-wave superconductors2012In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 86, no 6, p. 060514-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Observability of half-quantum vortices and skyrmions in p-wave superconductors is an outstanding open question. Under the most common conditions, fractional flux vortices are not thermodynamically stable in bulk samples. Here we show that in chiral p-wave superconductors, there is a regime where, in contrast, lattices of integer-flux vortices are not thermodynamically stable. Instead, skyrmions made of spatially separated half-quantum vortices are the topological defects produced by an applied external field.

  • 35.
    Garaud, Julien
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Topological defects in mixtures of superconducting condensates with different charges2014In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 89, no 21, p. 214507-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate the topological defects in phenomenological models describing mixtures of charged condensates with commensurate electric charges. Such situations are expected to appear for example in liquid metallic deuterium. This is modeled by a multicomponent Ginzburg-Landau theory where the condensates are coupled to the same gauge field by different coupling constants whose ratio is a rational number. We also briefly discuss the case where electric charges are incommensurate. Flux quantization and finiteness of the energy per unit length dictate that the different condensates have different winding and thus different number of (fractional) vortices. Competing attractive and repulsive interactions lead to molecule-like bound states between fractional vortices. Such bound states have finite energy and carry integer flux quanta. These can be characterized by the CP1 topological invariant that motivates their denomination as skyrmions.

  • 36.
    Garaud, Julien
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Vortex chains due to nonpairwise interactions and field-induced phase transitions between states with different broken symmetry in superconductors with competing order parameters2015In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 91, no 1, p. 014510-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We study superconductors with two order components and phase separation driven by intercomponent densitydensity interaction, focusing on the phase where only one condensate has nonzero ground-state density and a competing order parameter exists only in vortex cores. We demonstrate there that multibody intervortex interactions can be strongly nonpairwise, leading to some unusual vortex patterns in an external field, such as vortex pairs and vortex chains. We demonstrate that in an external magnetic field such a system undergoes a field-driven phase transition from (broken) U(1) to (broken) U(1) x U(1) symmetries when a subdominant order parameter in the vortex cores acquires global coherence. Observation of these characteristic ordering patterns in surface probes may signal the presence of a subdominant condensate in the vortex core.

  • 37.
    Garaud, Julien
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Bojesen, Troels Arnfred
    Sudbo, Asle
    Lattices of double-quanta vortices and chirality inversion in p(x) + i p(y) superconductors2016In: Physical Review B, ISSN 2469-9950, E-ISSN 2469-9969, Vol. 94, no 10, article id 104509Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate the magnetization processes of a standard Ginzburg-Landau model for chiral p-wave superconducting states in an applied magnetic field. We find that the phase diagram is dominated by triangular lattices of doubly quantized vortices. Only in close vicinity to the upper critical field the lattice starts to dissociate into a structure of single-quanta vortices. The degeneracy between states with opposite chirality is broken in a nonzero field. If the magnetization starts with an energetically unfavorable chirality, the process of chirality inversion induced by the external magnetic field results in the formation of a sequence of metastable states with characteristic magnetic signatures that can be probed by standard experimental techniques.

  • 38. Garaud, Julien
    et al.
    Carlström, Johan
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Topological Solitons in Three-Band Superconductors with Broken Time Reversal Symmetry2011In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 107, no 19, p. 197001-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We show that three-band superconductors with broken time reversal symmetry allow magnetic flux-carrying stable topological solitons. They can be induced by fluctuations or quenching the system through a phase transition. It can provide an experimental signature of the time reversal symmetry breakdown.

  • 39.
    Garaud, Julien
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics.
    Carlström, Johan
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Speight, Martin
    Chiral CP2 skyrmions in three-band superconductors2013In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 87, no 1, p. 014507-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    It is shown that under certain conditions, three-component superconductors (and, in particular, three-band systems) allow stable topological defects different from vortices. We demonstrate the existence of these excitations, characterized by a CP2 topological invariant, in models for three-component superconductors with broken time-reversal symmetry. We term these topological defects "chiral GL((3)) skyrmions," where "chiral" refers to the fact that due to broken time-reversal symmetry, these defects come in inequivalent left-and right-handed versions. In certain cases, these objects are energetically cheaper than vortices and should be induced by an applied magnetic field. In other situations, these skyrmions are metastable states, which can be produced by a quench. Observation of these defects can signal broken time-reversal symmetry in three-band superconductors or in Josephson-coupled bilayers of s(+/-) and s-wave superconductors.

  • 40.
    Garaud, Julien
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics.
    Sellin, Karl A. H.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Jäykkä, Juha
    KTH, Centres, Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics NORDITA.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Skyrmions induced by dissipationless drag in U(1)xU(1) superconductors2014In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 89, no 10, p. 104508-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Rather generically, multicomponent superconductors and superfluids have intercomponent current-current interaction. We show that in superconductors with substantially strong intercomponent drag interaction, the topological defects which form in an external field are characterized by a skyrmionic topological charge. We then demonstrate that they can be distinguished from ordinary vortex matter by a very characteristic magnetization process due to the dipolar nature of inter-skyrmion forces. The results provide an experimental signature to confirm or rule out the formation p-wave state with reduced spin stiffness in p-wave superconductors.

  • 41.
    Garaud, Julien
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Silaev, Mihail
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Thermoelectric Signatures of Time-Reversal Symmetry Breaking States in Multiband Superconductors2016In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 116, no 9, article id 097002Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We show that superconductors with broken time-reversal symmetry have very specific magnetic and electric responses to inhomogeneous heating. A local heating of such superconductors induces a magnetic field with a profile that is sensitive to the presence of domain walls and crystalline anisotropy of superconducting states. A nonstationary heating process produces an electric field and a charge imbalance in different bands. These effects can be measured and used to distinguish s + is and s + id superconducting states in the candidate materials such as Ba1-xKxFe2As2.

  • 42. Herland, Egil V.
    et al.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Bonderson, Parsa
    Gurarie, Victor
    Nayak, Chetan
    Radzihovsky, Leo
    Sudbo, Asle
    Freezing of an unconventional two-dimensional plasma2013In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 87, no 7, p. 075117-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We study an unconventional two-dimensional, two-component classical plasma on a sphere, with emphasis on detecting signatures of melting transitions. This system is relevant to Ising-type quantum Hall states, and is unconventional in the sense that it features particles interacting via two different two-dimensional Coulomb interactions. One species of particle in the plasma carries charge of both types (Q(1), Q(2)), while the other species carries only charge of the second type (0,-Q(2)). We find signatures of a freezing transition at Q(1)(2) similar or equal to 140. This means that the species with charge of both types will form a Wigner crystal, whereas the species with charge of the second type also shows signatures of being a Wigner crystal, due to the attractive intercomponent interaction of the second type. Moreover, there is also a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition at Q(2)(2) similar or equal to 4, at which the two species of particles bind to form molecules that are neutral with respect to the second Coulomb interaction. These two transitions appear to be independent of each other, giving a rectangular phase diagram. As a special case, Q(2) = 0 describes the (conventional) two-dimensional one-component plasma. Our study is consistent with previous studies of this plasma, and sheds new light on the freezing transition of this system.

  • 43. Herland, Egil V.
    et al.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Bonderson, Parsa
    Gurarie, Victor
    Nayak, Chetan
    Sudbo, Asle
    Screening properties and phase transitions in unconventional plasmas for Ising-type quantum Hall states2012In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 85, no 2, p. 024520-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Utilizing large-scale Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate an unconventional two-component classical plasma in two dimensions which controls the behavior of the norms and overlaps of the quantum-mechanical wave functions of Ising-type quantum Hall states. The plasma differs fundamentally from that which is associated with the two-dimensional XY model and Abelian fractional quantum Hall states. We find that this unconventional plasma undergoes a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition from an insulator to a metal. The parameter values corresponding to Ising-type quantum Hall states lie on the metallic side of this transition. This result verifies the required properties of the unconventional plasma used to demonstrate that Ising-type quantum Hall states possess quasiparticles with non-Abelian braiding statistics.

  • 44. Herland, Egil V.
    et al.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Sudbo, Asle
    Phase transitions in a three dimensional U(1)xU(1) lattice London superconductor: Metallic superfluid and charge-4e superconducting states2010In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 82, no 13, p. 134511-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We consider a three dimensional lattice U(1)xU(1) and [U(1)](N) superconductors in the London limit with individually conserved condensates. The U(1)xU(1) problem, generically, has two types of intercomponent interactions of different characters. First, the condensates are interacting via a minimal coupling to the same fluctuating gauge field. A second type of coupling is the direct dissipationless drag represented by a local intercomponent current-current coupling term in the free-energy functional. In this work, we present a study of the phase diagram of a U(1)xU(1) superconductor which includes both of these interactions. We study phase transitions and two types of competing paired phases which occur in this general model: (i) a metallic super-fluid phase (where there is order only in the gauge-invariant phase difference of the order parameters), (ii) a composite superconducting phase where there is order in the phase sum of the order parameters which has many properties of a single-component superconductor but with a doubled value of electric charge. We investigate the phase diagram with particular focus on what we call "preemptive phase transitions." These are phase transitions unique to multicomponent condensates with competing topological objects. A sudden proliferation of one kind of topological defects may come about due to a fluctuating background of topological defects in other sectors of the theory. For U U(1)xU(1) theory with unequal bare stiffnesses where components are coupled by a noncompact gauge field only, we study how this scenario leads to a merger of two U(1) transitions into a single U(1)xU(1) discontinuous phase transition. We also report a general form of vortex-vortex bare interaction potential and possible phase transitions in an N-component London superconductor with individually conserved condensates.

  • 45. Herland, Egil V.
    et al.
    Bojesen, Troels A.
    Babaev, Egor
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Sudbo, Asle
    Phase structure and phase transitions in a three-dimensional SU(2) superconductor2013In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 87, no 13, p. 134503-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We study the three-dimensional SU(2)-symmetric noncompact CP1 model, with two charged matter fields coupled minimally to a noncompact Abelian gauge field. The phase diagram and the nature of the phase transitions in this model have attracted much interest after it was proposed to describe an unusual continuous transition associated with deconfinement of spinons. Previously, it has been demonstrated for various two-component gauge theories that weakly first-order transitions may appear as continuous ones of a new universality class in simulations of relatively large, but finite systems. We have performed Monte Carlo calculations on substantially larger systems sizes than those in previous works. We find that in some area of the phase diagram where at finite sizes one gets signatures consistent with a single first-order transition; in fact, there is a sequence of two phase transitions with an O(3) paired phase sandwiched in between. We report (i) a new estimate for the location of a bicritical point and (ii) the first resolution of bimodal distributions in energy histograms at relatively low coupling strengths. We perform a flowgram analysis of the direct transition line with rescaling of the linear system size in order to obtain a data collapse. The data collapses up to coupling constants where we find bimodal distributions in energy histograms.

  • 46.
    Langmann, Edwin
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Mathematical Physics.
    Wallin, Mats
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Mean field magnetic phase diagrams for the two dimensional t-t '-U Hubbard model2007In: Journal of statistical physics, ISSN 0022-4715, E-ISSN 1572-9613, Vol. 127, no 4, p. 825-840Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We study the ground state phase diagram of the two dimensional t - t' - U Hubbard model concentrating on the competition between antiferro-, ferro-, and paramagnetism. It is known that unrestricted Hartree-Fock- and quantum Monte Carlo calculations for this model predict inhomogeneous states in large regions of the parameter space. Standard mean field theory, i.e., Hartree-Fock theory restricted to homogeneous states, fails to produce such inhomogeneous phases. We show that a generalization of the mean field method to the grand canonical ensemble circumvents this problem and predicts inhomogeneous states, represented by mixtures of homogeneous states, in large regions of the parameter space. We present phase diagrams which differ considerably from previous mean field results but are consistent with, and extend, results obtained with more sophisticated methods.

  • 47.
    Lidmar, Jack
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Comment on "€œCritical Dynamics of a Vortex-Loop Model for the Superconducting Transition"2002In: Physical Review Letters, Vol. 89, no 10Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 48.
    Lidmar, Jack
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Wallin, Mats
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Critical properties of Bose-glass superconductors1999In: Europhysics letters, ISSN 0295-5075, E-ISSN 1286-4854, Vol. 47, no 4Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We study vortex lines in high-temperature superconductors with columnar defects produced by heavy-ion irradiation. We reconsider scaling theory for the Bose-glass transition with tilted magnetic fields, and propose, e.g. , a new scaling form for the shape of the Bose glass phase boundary, which is relevant for experiments. We also consider Monte Carlo simulations for a vortex model with a screened interaction. Critical exponents are determined from scaling analysis of Monte Carlo data for current-voltage characteristics and other quantities. The dynamic critical exponent is found to be z = 4.6 ± 0.3.

  • 49.
    Lidmar, Jack
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Wallin, Mats
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Superconducting coherence and the helicity modulus in vortex line models1999In: Physical Review B, Vol. 59, no 13, p. 8451-8454Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 50.
    Lidmar, Jack
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Wallin, Mats
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Theoretical Physics, Statistical Physics.
    Wengel, Carsten
    Girvin, S. M.
    Young, A. P.
    Dynamical universality classes of the superconducting phase transition1998In: Physical Review B, Vol. 58, no 5, p. 2827-2833Article in journal (Refereed)
12 1 - 50 of 86
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