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  • 1.
    Abdalmoaty, Mohamed
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
    Identification of Stochastic Nonlinear Dynamical Models Using Estimating Functions2019Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Data-driven modeling of stochastic nonlinear systems is recognized as a very challenging problem, even when reduced to a parameter estimation problem. A main difficulty is the intractability of the likelihood function, which renders favored estimation methods, such as the maximum likelihood method, analytically intractable. During the last decade, several numerical methods have been developed to approximately solve the maximum likelihood problem. A class of algorithms that attracted considerable attention is based on sequential Monte Carlo algorithms (also known as particle filters/smoothers) and particle Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms. These algorithms were able to obtain impressive results on several challenging benchmark problems; however, their application is so far limited to cases where fundamental limitations, such as the sample impoverishment and path degeneracy problems, can be avoided.

    This thesis introduces relatively simple alternative parameter estimation methods that may be used for fairly general stochastic nonlinear dynamical models. They are based on one-step-ahead predictors that are linear in the observed outputs and do not require the computations of the likelihood function. Therefore, the resulting estimators are relatively easy to compute and may be highly competitive in this regard: they are in fact defined by analytically tractable objective functions in several relevant cases. In cases where the predictors are analytically intractable due to the complexity of the model, it is possible to resort to {plain} Monte Carlo approximations. Under certain assumptions on the data and some conditions on the model, the convergence and consistency of the estimators can be established. Several numerical simulation examples and a recent real-data benchmark problem demonstrate a good performance of the proposed method, in several cases that are considered challenging, with a considerable reduction in computational time in comparison with state-of-the-art sequential Monte Carlo implementations of the ML estimator.

    Moreover, we provide some insight into the asymptotic properties of the proposed methods. We show that the accuracy of the estimators depends on the model parameterization and the shape of the unknown distribution of the outputs (via the third and fourth moments). In particular, it is shown that when the model is non-Gaussian, a prediction error method based on the Gaussian assumption is not necessarily more accurate than one based on an optimally weighted parameter-independent quadratic norm. Therefore, it is generally not obvious which method should be used. This result comes in contrast to a current belief in some of the literature on the subject. 

    Furthermore, we introduce the estimating functions approach, which was mainly developed in the statistics literature, as a generalization of the maximum likelihood and prediction error methods. We show how it may be used to systematically define optimal estimators, within a predefined class, using only a partial specification of the probabilistic model. Unless the model is Gaussian, this leads to estimators that are asymptotically uniformly more accurate than linear prediction error methods when quadratic criteria are used. Convergence and consistency are established under standard regularity and identifiability assumptions akin to those of prediction error methods.

    Finally, we consider the problem of closed-loop identification when the system is stochastic and nonlinear. A couple of scenarios given by the assumptions on the disturbances, the measurement noise and the knowledge of the feedback mechanism are considered. They include a challenging case where the feedback mechanism is completely unknown to the user. Our methods can be regarded as generalizations of some classical closed-loop identification approaches for the linear time-invariant case. We provide an asymptotic analysis of the methods, and demonstrate their properties in a simulation example.

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  • 2.
    Abdalmoaty, Mohamed R.
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Hjalmarsson, Håkan
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Application of a Linear PEM Estimator to a Stochastic Wiener-Hammerstein Benchmark Problem⁎2018In: IFAC-PapersOnLine, E-ISSN 2405-8963, Vol. 51, no 15, p. 784-789Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The estimation problem of stochastic Wiener-Hammerstein models is recognized to be challenging, mainly due to the analytical intractability of the likelihood function. In this contribution, we apply a computationally attractive prediction error method estimator to a real-data stochastic Wiener-Hammerstein benchmark problem. The estimator is defined using a deterministic predictor that is nonlinear in the input. The prediction error method results in tractable expressions, and Monte Carlo approximations are not necessary. This allows us to tackle several issues considered challenging from the perspective of the current mainstream approach. Under mild conditions, the estimator can be shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal. The results of the method applied to the benchmark data are presented and discussed.

  • 3.
    Abdalmoaty, Mohamed R.
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Rojas, Cristian R.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Hjalmarsson, Håkan
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Identification of a Class of Nonlinear Dynamical Networks⁎2018In: IFAC-PapersOnLine, E-ISSN 2405-8963, Vol. 51, no 15, p. 868-873Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Identification of dynamic networks has attracted considerable interest recently. So far the main focus has been on linear time-invariant networks. Meanwhile, most real-life systems exhibit nonlinear behaviors; consider, for example, two stochastic linear time-invariant systems connected in series, each of which has a nonlinearity at its output. The estimation problem in this case is recognized to be challenging, due to the analytical intractability of both the likelihood function and the optimal one-step ahead predictors of the measured nodes. In this contribution, we introduce a relatively simple prediction error method that may be used for the estimation of nonlinear dynamical networks. The estimator is defined using a deterministic predictor that is nonlinear in the known signals. The estimation problem can be defined using closed-form analytical expressions in several non-trivial cases, and Monte Carlo approximations are not necessarily required. We show, that this is the case for some block-oriented networks with no feedback loops and where all the nonlinear modules are polynomials. Consequently, the proposed method can be applied in situations considered challenging by current approaches. The performance of the estimation method is illustrated on a numerical simulation example.

  • 4.
    Abdalmoaty, Mohamed
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Eriksson, Oscar
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Software and Computer systems, SCS.
    Bereza-Jarocinski, Robert
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Broman, David
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Software and Computer systems, SCS.
    Hjalmarsson, Håkan
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Identification of Non-Linear Differential-Algebraic Equation Models with Process Disturbances2021In: Proceedings The 60th IEEE conference on Decision and Control (CDC), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2021Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) arise naturally as a result of equation-based object-oriented modeling. In many cases, these models contain unknown parameters that have to be estimated using experimental data. However, often the system is subject to unknown disturbances which, if not taken into account in the estimation, can severely affect the model's accuracy. For non-linear state-space models, particle filter methods have been developed to tackle this issue. Unfortunately, applying such methods to non-linear DAEs requires a transformation into a state-space form, which is particularly difficult to obtain for models with process disturbances. In this paper, we propose a simulation-based prediction error method that can be used for non-linear DAEs where disturbances are modeled as continuous-time stochastic processes. To the authors' best knowledge, there are no general methods successfully dealing with parameter estimation for this type of model. One of the challenges in particle filtering  methods are random variations in the minimized cost function due to the nature of the algorithm. In our approach, a similar phenomenon occurs and we explicitly consider how to sample the underlying continuous process to mitigate this problem. The method is illustrated numerically on a pendulum example. The results suggest that the method is able to deliver consistent estimates.

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  • 5.
    Abdalmoaty, Mohamed
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Hjalmarsson, Håkan
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Consistent Estimators of Stochastic MIMO Wiener Models based on Suboptimal Predictors2018Conference paper (Refereed)
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  • 6.
    Abdalmoaty, Mohamed
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Hjalmarsson, Håkan
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Identification of Stochastic Nonlinear Models Using Optimal Estimating Functions2020In: Automatica, ISSN 0005-1098, E-ISSN 1873-2836, Vol. 119, article id 109055Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The first part of the paper examines the asymptotic properties of linear prediction error method estimators, which were recently suggested for the identification of nonlinear stochastic dynamical models. It is shown that their accuracy depends not only on the shape of the unknown distribution of the data, but also on how the model is parameterized. Therefore, it is not obvious in general which linear prediction error method should be preferred. In the second part, the estimating functions approach is introduced and used to construct estimators that are asymptotically optimal with respect to a specific class of estimators. These estimators rely on a partial probabilistic parametric models, and therefore neither require the computations of the likelihood function nor any marginalization integrals. The convergence and consistency of the proposed estimators are established under standard regularity and identifiability assumptions akin to those of prediction error methods. The paper is concluded by several numerical simulation examples.

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  • 7.
    Abdalmoaty, Mohamed
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Hjalmarsson, Håkan
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Linear Prediction Error Methods for Stochastic Nonlinear Models2019In: Automatica, ISSN 0005-1098, E-ISSN 1873-2836, Vol. 105, p. 49-63Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The estimation problem for stochastic parametric nonlinear dynamical models is recognized to be challenging. The main difficulty is the intractability of the likelihood function and the optimal one-step ahead predictor. In this paper, we present relatively simple prediction error methods based on non-stationary predictors that are linear in the outputs. They can be seen as extensions of the linear identification methods for the case where the hypothesized model is stochastic and nonlinear. The resulting estimators are defined by analytically tractable objective functions in several common cases. It is shown that, under certain identifiability and standard regularity conditions, the estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal. We discuss the relationship between the suggested estimators and those based on second-order equivalent models as well as the maximum likelihood method. The paper is concluded with a numerical simulation example as well as a real-data benchmark problem.

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  • 8.
    Abdalmoaty, Mohamed
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Hjalmarsson, Håkan
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Wahlberg, Bo
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    The Gaussian MLE versus the Optimally weighted LSE2020In: IEEE signal processing magazine (Print), ISSN 1053-5888, E-ISSN 1558-0792, Vol. 37, no 6, p. 195-199Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this note, we derive and compare the asymptotic covariance matrices of two parametric estimators: the Gaussian Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE), and the optimally weighted Least-Squares Estimator (LSE). We assume a general model parameterization where the model's mean and variance are jointly parameterized, and consider Gaussian and non-Gaussian data distributions.

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  • 9. Abe, Kenshi
    et al.
    Ariu, Kaito
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Sakamoto, Mitsuki
    Iwasaki, Atsushi
    A Slingshot Approach to Learning in Monotone GamesManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we address the problem of computing equilibria in monotone games.The traditional Follow the Regularized Leader algorithms fail to converge to anequilibrium even in two-player zero-sum games. Although optimistic versions ofthese algorithms have been proposed with last-iterate convergence guarantees, theyrequire noiseless gradient feedback. To overcome this limitation, we present a novelframework that achieves last-iterate convergence even in the presence of noise. Ourkey idea involves perturbing or regularizing the payoffs or utilities of the games.This perturbation serves to pull the current strategy to an anchored strategy, whichwe refer to as a slingshot strategy. First, we establish the convergence rates of ourframework to a stationary point near an equilibrium, regardless of the presenceor absence of noise. Next, we introduce an approach to periodically update theslingshot strategy with the current strategy. We interpret this approach as a proximalpoint method and demonstrate its last-iterate convergence. Our framework iscomprehensive, incorporating existing payoff-regularized algorithms and enablingthe development of new algorithms with last-iterate convergence properties. Finally,we show that our algorithms, based on this framework, empirically exhibit fasterconvergence.

  • 10.
    Abe, Kenshi
    et al.
    CyberAgent, Inc..
    Ariu, Kaito
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). CyberAgent, Inc..
    Sakamoto, Mitsuki
    Toyoshima, Kentaro
    University of Electro-Communications.
    Iwasaki, Atsushi
    Last-Iterate Convergence with Full and Noisy Feedback in Two-Player Zero-Sum Games2023In: Proceedings of The 26th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, MLResearchPress , 2023, Vol. 206, p. 7999-8028Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper proposes Mutation-Driven Multiplicative Weights Update (M2WU) for learning an equilibrium in two-player zero-sum normal-form games and proves that it exhibits the last-iterate convergence property in both full and noisy feedback settings. In the former, players observe their exact gradient vectors of the utility functions. In the latter, they only observe the noisy gradient vectors. Even the celebrated Multiplicative Weights Update (MWU) and Optimistic MWU (OMWU) algorithms may not converge to a Nash equilibrium with noisy feedback. On the contrary, M2WU exhibits the last-iterate convergence to a stationary point near a Nash equilibrium in both feedback settings. We then prove that it converges to an exact Nash equilibrium by iteratively adapting the mutation term. We empirically confirm that M2WU outperforms MWU and OMWU in exploitability and convergence rates.

  • 11. Abrardo, A
    et al.
    Fodor, Gabor
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Tola, B
    Network coding schemes for D2D communications based relaying for cellular coverage extension2015In: European transactions on telecommunications, ISSN 1124-318X, E-ISSN 2161-3915, Vol. -Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Although network-assisted device-to-device (D2D) communications are known to improve the spectral and energy efficiency of proximal communications, the performance of cooperative D2D schemes in licenced spectrum is less understood when employed to extend the coverage of cellular networks. In this paper, we study the performance of D2D-based range extension in terms of sum rate and power efficiency when a relaying user equipment (UE) helps to improve the coverage for cell edge UEs. In our design, the relaying UE may have own traffic to transmit and receive to/from the cellular base station (BS) and can operate either in amplify-and-forward (AF) or decode-and-forward (DF) modes and can make use of either digital or analogue physical (PHY) layer network coding. In this rather general setting, we propose mode selection, resource allocation and power control schemes and study their performance by means of system simulations. We find that the performance of the DF scheme with network coding is superior both to the traditional cellular and the AF-based relaying schemes, including AF with two-slot or three-slot PHY layer network coding.

  • 12.
    Abrardo, Andrea
    et al.
    Univ Siena, Dipartimento Ingn Informaz, I-53100 Siena, Italy. brardo, Andrea; Moretti, Marco.
    Fodor, Gabor
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Moretti, Marco
    Distributed Digital and Hybrid Beamforming Schemes With MMSE-SIC Receivers for the MIMO Interference Channel2019In: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, ISSN 0018-9545, E-ISSN 1939-9359, Vol. 68, no 7, p. 6790-6804Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper addresses the problem of weighted sumrate maximization and mean squared error (MSE) minimization for the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) interference channel. Specifically, we consider a weighted minimum MSE architecture where each receiver employs successive interference cancellation (SIC) to separate the various received data streams and derive a hybrid beamforming scheme, where the transmitters operate with a number of radio frequency chains smaller than the number of antennas, particularly suited for millimeter-wave channels and 5G applications. To derive our proposed schemes, we first study the relationship between sum-rate maximization and weighted MSE minimization when using SIC receivers, assuming fully digital beamforming. Next, we consider the important-and, as it turns out, highly non-trivial-case where the transmitters employ hybrid digital/analog beamforming, developing a distributed joint hybrid precoding and SIC-based combining algorithm. Moreover, for practical implementation, we propose a signaling scheme that utilizes a common broadcast channel and facilitates the acquisition of channel state information, assuming minimal assistance from a central node such as a cellular base station. Numerical results show that both the proposed weighted MMSE-SIC schemes exhibit great advantages with respect to their linear counterparts in terms of complexity, feedback information, and performance.

  • 13.
    Abrardo, Andrea
    et al.
    Univ Siena, Dipartimento Ingn Informaz, I-53100 Siena, Italy..
    Fodor, Gabor
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Moretti, Marco
    Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Ingn Informaz, I-50126 Pisa, Italy..
    Telek, Miklos
    Budapest Univ Technol & Econ, Dept Networked Syst & Serv, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.;MTA BME Informat Syst Res Grp, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary..
    MMSE Receiver Design and SINR Calculation in MU-MIMO Systems With Imperfect CSI2019In: IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, ISSN 2162-2337, E-ISSN 2162-2345, Vol. 8, no 1, p. 269-272Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The performance of the uplink of multiuser multiple input multiple output systems depends critically on the receiver architecture and on the quality of the acquired channel state information. A popular approach is to design linear receivers that minimize the mean squared error (MSE) of the received data symbols. Unfortunately, most of the literature does not take into account the presence of channel state information errors in the MSE minimization. In this letter we develop a linear minimum MSE (MMSE) receiver that employs the noisy instantaneous channel estimates to minimize the MSE, and highlight the dependence of the receiver performance on the pilot-to-data power ratio. By invoking the theory of random matrices, we calculate the users' signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio as a function of the number of antennas and the pilot-to-data power ratio of all users. Numerical results indicate that this new linear receiver outperforms the classical mismatched MMSE receiver.

  • 14.
    Adaldo, Antonio
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Event-triggered and cloud-support control of multi-robot systems2018Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In control of multi-robot systems, the aim is to obtain a coordinated behavior through local interactions among the robots. A multi-agent system is an abstract model of a multi-robot system. In this thesis, we investigate multi-agent systems where inter-agent communication is modeled by discrete events triggered by conditions on the internal state of the agents. We consider two models of communication. In the first model, two agents exchange information directly with each other. In the second model, all information is exchanged asynchronously over a shared repository. Four contributions on control algorithms for multi-agent systems are offered in the thesis. The first contribution is an event-triggered pinning control algorithm for a network of agents with nonlinear dynamics and time-varying topology. Pinning control is a strategy to steer the behavior of the system in a desired manner by controlling only a small fraction of the agents. We express the controllability of the network in terms of an average value of the network connectivity over time, and we show that all the agents can be driven to a desired reference trajectory. The second contribution is a control algorithm for multi-agent systems where inter-agent communication is substituted with a shared remote repository hosted on a cloud. The communication between each agent and the cloud is modeled as a sequence of events scheduled recursively by the agent. We quantify the connectivity of the network and we show that it is possible to synchronize the multi-agent system to the same state trajectory, while guaranteeing that two consecutive cloud accesses by the same agent are separated by a lower-bounded time interval. The third contribution is a family of distributed controllers for coverage and surveillance tasks with a network of mobile agents with anisotropic sensing patterns. We develop an abstract model of the environment under inspection and define a measure of the coverage attained by the sensor network. We show that the network attains nondecreasing coverage, and we characterize the equilibrium configurations of the network. The fourth contribution is a distributed, cloud-supported control algorithm for inspection of 3D structures with a network of mobile sensing agents, similar to those considered in the third contribution. We develop an abstract model of the structure to inspect and quantify the degree of completion of the inspection. We demonstrate that, under the proposed algorithm, the network is guaranteed to complete the inspection in finite time. All results presented in the thesis are corroborated by numerical simulations and sometimes by experiments with aerial robotic platforms. The experiments show that the theory and methods developed in the thesis are of practical relevance.

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  • 15.
    Adaldo, Antonio
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Dimarogonas, Dimos V.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Johansson, Karl H.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Cloud-supported effective coverage of 3D structures2018In: 2018 European Control Conference, ECC 2018, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2018, p. 95-100, article id 8550377Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we present a distributed algorithm for cloud-supported effective coverage of 3D structures with a network of sensing agents. The structure to inspect is abstracted into a set of landmarks, where each landmark represents a point or small area of interest, and incorporates information about position and orientation. The agents navigate the environment following the proposed control algorithm until all landmarks have reached a satisfactory level of coverage. The agents do not communicate with each other directly, but exchange data through a shared cloud repository which is accessed asynchronously and intermittently. We show formally that, under the proposed control architecture, the networked agents complete the coverage mission in finite time. The results are corroborated by simulations in ROS, and experimental evaluation is in progress.

  • 16.
    Adaldo, Antonio
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Liuzza, Davide
    Univ Sannio, Dept Engn, I-82100 Benevento, Italy..
    Dimarogonas, Dimos V.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Johansson, Karl H.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Cloud-Supported Formation Control of Second-Order Multiagent Systems2018In: IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems, E-ISSN 2325-5870, Vol. 5, no 4, p. 1563-1574Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper addresses a formation problem for a network of autonomous agents with second-order dynamics and bounded disturbances. Coordination is achieved by having the agents asynchronously upload (download) data to (from) a shared repository, rather than directly exchanging data with other agents. Well-posedness of the closed-loop system is demonstrated by showing that there exists a lower bound for the time interval between two consecutive agent accesses to the repository. Numerical simulations corroborate the theoretical results.

  • 17.
    Aguiar, Miguel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Learning flow functions: architectures, universal approximation and applications to spiking systems2024Licentiate thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Learning flow functions of continuous-time control systems is considered in this thesis. The flow function is the operator mapping initial states and control inputs to the state trajectories, and the problem is to find a suitable neural network architecture to learn this infinite-dimensional operator from measurements of state trajectories. The main motivation is the construction of continuous-time simulation models for such systems. The contribution is threefold.

    We first study the design of neural network architectures for this problem, when the control inputs have a certain discrete-time structure, inspired by the classes of control inputs commonly used in applications. We provide a mathematical formulation of the problem and show that, under the considered input class, the flow function can be represented exactly in discrete time. Based on this representation, we propose a discrete-time recurrent neural network architecture. We evaluate the architecture experimentally on data from models of two nonlinear oscillators, namely the Van der Pol oscillator and the FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillator. In both cases, we show that we can train models which closely reproduce the trajectories of the two systems.

    Secondly, we consider an application to spiking systems. Conductance-based models of biological neurons are the prototypical examples of this type of system. Because of their multi-timescale dynamics and high-frequency response, continuous-time representations which are efficient to simulate are desirable. We formulate a framework for surrogate modelling of spiking systems from trajectory data, based on learning the flow function of the system. The framework is demonstrated on data from models of a single biological neuron and of the interconnection of two neurons. The results show that we are able to accurately replicate the spiking behaviour.

    Finally, we prove an universal approximation theorem for the proposed recurrent neural network architecture. First, general conditions are given on the flow function and the control inputs which guarantee that the architecture is able to approximate the flow function of any control system with arbitrary accuracy. Then, we specialise to systems with dynamics given by a controlled ordinary differential equation, showing that the conditions are satisfied whenever the equation has a continuously differentiable right-hand side, for the control input classes of interest.

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  • 18.
    Aguiar, Miguel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Das, Amritam
    Control Systems Group, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands.
    Johansson, Karl H.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Learning Flow Functions from Data with Applications to Nonlinear Oscillators2023In: 22nd IFAC World CongressYokohama, Japan, July 9-14, 2023, Elsevier BV , 2023, Vol. 56, p. 4088-4093Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We describe a recurrent neural network (RNN) based architecture to learn the flow function of a causal, time-invariant and continuous-time control system from trajectory data. By restricting the class of control inputs to piecewise constant functions, we show that learning the flow function is equivalent to learning the input-to-state map of a discrete-time dynamical system. This motivates the use of an RNN together with encoder and decoder networks which map the state of the system to the hidden state of the RNN and back. We show that the proposed architecture is able to approximate the flow function by exploiting the system's causality and time-invariance. The output of the learned flow function model can be queried at any time instant. We experimentally validate the proposed method using models of the Van der Pol and FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillators. In both cases, the results demonstrate that the architecture is able to closely reproduce the trajectories of these two systems. For the Van der Pol oscillator, we further show that the trained model generalises to the system's response with a prolonged prediction time horizon as well as control inputs outside the training distribution. For the FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillator, we show that the model accurately captures the input-dependent phenomena of excitability.

  • 19.
    Aguiar, Miguel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Das, Amritam
    Eindhoven University of Technology, Control Systems Group, EE Dept., MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
    Johansson, Karl H.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Universal Approximation of Flows of Control Systems by Recurrent Neural Networks2023In: 2023 62nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, CDC 2023, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023, p. 2320-2327Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We consider the problem of approximating flow functions of continuous-time dynamical systems with inputs. It is well-known that continuous-time recurrent neural networks are universal approximators of this type of system. In this paper, we prove that an architecture based on discrete-time recurrent neural networks universally approximates flows of continuous-time dynamical systems with inputs. The required assumptions are shown to hold for systems whose dynamics are well-behaved ordinary differential equations and with practically relevant classes of input signals. This enables the use of off-the-shelf solutions for learning such flow functions in continuous-time from sampled trajectory data.

  • 20.
    Ahlberg, Sofie
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Human-in-the-Loop Control Synthesis for Multi-Agent Systems under Metric Interval Temporal Logic Specifications2019Licentiate thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    With the increase of robotic presence in our homes and work environment, it has become imperative to consider human-in-the-loop systems when designing robotic controllers. This includes both a physical presence of humans as well as interaction on a decision and control level. One important aspect of this is to design controllers which are guaranteed to satisfy specified safety constraints. At the same time we must minimize the risk of not finding solutions, which would force the system to stop. This require some room for relaxation to be put on the specifications. Another aspect is to design the system to be adaptive to the human and its environment.

    In this thesis we approach the problem by considering control synthesis for multi-agent systems under hard and soft constraints, where the human has direct impact on how the soft constraint is violated. To handle the multi-agent structure we consider both a classical centralized automata based framework and a decentralized approach with collision avoidance. To handle soft constraints we introduce a novel metric; hybrid distance, which quantify the violation. The hybrid distance consists of two types of violation; continuous distance or missing deadlines, and discrete distance or spacial violation. These distances are weighed against each other with a weight constant we will denote as the human preference constant. For the human impact we consider two types of feedback; direct feedback on the violation in the form of determining the human preference constant, and direct control input through mixed-initiative control where the human preference constant is determined through an inverse reinforcement learning algorithm based on the suggested and followed paths. The methods are validated through simulations.

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  • 21.
    Ahlberg, Sofie
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Axelsson, Agnes
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Speech, Music and Hearing, TMH.
    Yu, Pian
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Shaw Cortez, Wenceslao E.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Gao, Yuan
    Uppsala Univ, Dept Informat Technol, Uppsala, Sweden.;Shenzhen Inst Artificial Intelligence & Robot Soc, Ctr Intelligent Robots, Shenzhen, Peoples R China..
    Ghadirzadeh, Ali
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Robotics, Perception and Learning, RPL.
    Castellano, Ginevra
    Uppsala Univ, Dept Informat Technol, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Kragic, Danica
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Robotics, Perception and Learning, RPL.
    Skantze, Gabriel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Speech, Music and Hearing, TMH.
    Dimarogonas, Dimos V.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Co-adaptive Human-Robot Cooperation: Summary and Challenges2022In: Unmanned Systems, ISSN 2301-3850, E-ISSN 2301-3869, Vol. 10, no 02, p. 187-203Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The work presented here is a culmination of developments within the Swedish project COIN: Co-adaptive human-robot interactive systems, funded by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF), which addresses a unified framework for co-adaptive methodologies in human-robot co-existence. We investigate co-adaptation in the context of safe planning/control, trust, and multi-modal human-robot interactions, and present novel methods that allow humans and robots to adapt to one another and discuss directions for future work.

  • 22.
    Ahlberg, Sofie
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Dimarogonas, Dimos V.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Human in the Loop Least Violating Robot Control Synthesis under Metric Interval Temporal Logic Specifications2018In: 2018 European Control Conference, ECC 2018, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2018, p. 453-458, article id 8550179Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Recently, multiple frameworks for control synthesis under temporal logic have been suggested. The frameworks allow a user to give one or a set of robots high level tasks of different properties (e.g. temporal, time limited, individual and cooperative). However, the issue of how to handle tasks, which either seem to be or are infeasible, remains unsolved. In this paper we introduce a human to the loop, using the human's feedback to determine preference towards different types of violations of the tasks. We introduce a metric of violation called hybrid distance. We also suggest a novel framework for synthesizing a least violating controller with respect to the hybrid distance and the human feedback. Simulation result indicate that the suggested framework gives reasonable estimates of the metric, and that the suggested plans correspond to the expected ones.

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  • 23.
    Ahlberg, Sofie
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Dimarogonas, Dimos V.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Human-in-the-loop control synthesis for multi-agent systems under hard and soft metric interval temporal logic specifications∗2019In: Proceedings 15th IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering, CASE 2019, IEEE Computer Society , 2019, p. 788-793Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper we present a control synthesis framework for a multi-agent system under hard and soft constraints, which performs online re-planning to achieve collision avoidance and execution of the optimal path with respect to some human preference considering the type of the violation of the soft constraints. The human preference is indicated by a mixed initiative controller and the resulting change of trajectory is used by an inverse reinforcement learning based algorithm to improve the path which the affected agent tries to follow. A case study is presented to validate the result.

    Download full text (pdf)
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  • 24.
    Ahlberg, Sofie
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Dimarogonas, Dimos V.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, Centre for Autonomous Systems, CAS. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre.
    Mixed-Initiative Control Synthesis: Estimating an Unknown Task Based on Human Control Input2020In: Proceedings of the 3rd IFAC Workshop on Cyber-Physical & Human Systems,, 2020Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper we consider a mobile platform controlled by two entities; an autonomousagent and a human user. The human aims for the mobile platform to complete a task, whichwe will denote as the human task, and will impose a control input accordingly, while not beingaware of any other tasks the system should or must execute. The autonomous agent will in turnplan its control input taking in consideration all safety requirements which must be met, sometask which should be completed as much as possible (denoted as the robot task), as well aswhat it believes the human task is based on previous human control input. A framework for theautonomous agent and a mixed initiative controller are designed to guarantee the satisfaction ofthe safety requirements while both the human and robot tasks are violated as little as possible.The framework includes an estimation algorithm of the human task which will improve witheach cycle, eventually converging to a task which is similar to the actual human task. Hence, theautonomous agent will eventually be able to find the optimal plan considering all tasks and thehuman will have no need to interfere again. The process is illustrated with a simulated example

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    fulltext
  • 25.
    Ahlén, Anders
    et al.
    Uppsala Univ, Signal Proc, Uppsala, Sweden.;Univ Newcastle, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Callaghan, NSW, Australia..
    Åkerberg, Johan
    ABB Corp, Västerås, Sweden..
    Eriksson, Markus
    Scania CV, Södertalje, Sweden..
    Isaksson, Alf J.
    Linköping Univ, Linköping, Sweden.;Univ Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.;Royal Inst Technol, Stockholm, Sweden.;ABB Corp Res, Vasteras, Sweden..
    Iwaki, Takuya
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). JGC Corp, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
    Johansson, Karl Henrik
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Knorn, Steffi
    Univ Newcastle, Ctr Complex Dynam Syst & Control, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.;Uppsala Univ, Signals & Syst Div, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Lindh, Thomas
    Iggesund Mill, Maintenance Technol Dev, Iggesund Paperboard, Sweden..
    Sandberg, Henrik
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.;MIT, Lab Informat & Decis Syst, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA..
    Toward Wireless Control in Industrial Process Automation: A Case Study at a Paper Mill2019In: IEEE Control Systems Magazine, ISSN 1066-033X, Vol. 39, no 5, p. 36-57Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Wireless sensors and networks are used only occasionally in current control loops in the process industry. With rapid developments in embedded and highperformance computing, wireless communication, and cloud technology, drastic changes in the architecture and operation of industrial automation systems seem more likely than ever. These changes are driven by ever-growing demands on production quality and flexibility. However, as discussed in "Summary," there are several research obstacles to overcome. The radio communication environment in the process industry is often troublesome, as the environment is frequently cluttered with large metal objects, moving machines and vehicles, and processes emitting radio disturbances [1], [2]. The successful deployment of a wireless control system in such an environment requires careful design of communication links and network protocols as well as robust and reconfigurable control algorithms.

  • 26. Al Marjani, A.
    et al.
    Garivier, A.
    Proutiere, Alexandre
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Navigating to the Best Policy in Markov Decision Processes2021In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation (NIPS) , 2021, p. 25852-25864Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate the classical active pure exploration problem in Markov Decision Processes, where the agent sequentially selects actions and, from the resulting system trajectory, aims at identifying the best policy as fast as possible. We propose a problem-dependent lower bound on the average number of steps required before a correct answer can be given with probability at least 1 - δ. We further provide the first algorithm with an instance-specific sample complexity in this setting. This algorithm addresses the general case of communicating MDPs; we also propose a variant with a reduced exploration rate (and hence faster convergence) under an additional ergodicity assumption. This work extends previous results relative to the generative setting [MP21], where the agent could at each step query the random outcome of any (state, action) pair. In contrast, we show here how to deal with the navigation constraints, induced by the online setting. Our analysis relies on an ergodic theorem for non-homogeneous Markov chains which we consider of wide interest in the analysis of Markov Decision Processes.

  • 27.
    Al Marjani, Aymen
    et al.
    ENS Lyon, UMPA, Lyon, France..
    Proutiere, Alexandre
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Adaptive Sampling for Best Policy Identification in Markov Decision Processes2021In: Proceedings of the 38 th International Conference on Machine Learning, PMLR 139, 2021 / [ed] Meila, M Zhang, T, The Journal of Machine Learning Research (JMLR) , 2021, Vol. 139Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate the problem of best-policy identification in discounted Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) when the learner has access to a generative model. The objective is to devise a learning algorithm returning the best policy as early as possible. We first derive a problem-specific lower bound of the sample complexity satisfied by any learning algorithm. This lower bound corresponds to an optimal sample allocation that solves a non-convex program, and hence, is hard to exploit in the design of efficient algorithms. We then provide a simple and tight upper bound of the sample complexity lower bound, whose corresponding nearly-optimal sample allocation becomes explicit. The upper bound depends on specific functionals of the MDP such as the sub-optimality gaps and the variance of the next-state value function, and thus really captures the hardness of the MDP. Finally, we devise KLB-TS (KL Ball Track-and-Stop), an algorithm tracking this nearly-optimal allocation, and provide asymptotic guarantees for its sample complexity (both almost surely and in expectation). The advantages of KLB -TS against state-of-the-art algorithms are discussed and illustrated numerically.

  • 28.
    Aladele, Victor
    et al.
    Georgia Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Atlanta, GA 30318 USA..
    Rodriguez de Cos, Carlos
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Dimarogonas, Dimos V.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Hutchinson, Seth
    Georgia Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Atlanta, GA 30318 USA..
    An Adaptive Cooperative Manipulation Control Framework for Multi-Agent Disturbance Rejection2022In: 2022 IEEE 61ST CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL (CDC), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2022, p. 100-106Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The success of a cooperative manipulation process depends on the level of disturbance rejection between the cooperating agents. However, this attribute may be jeopardized due to unexpected behaviors, such as joint saturation or internal collisions. This leads to deterioration in the performance of the manipulation task. In this paper, we present an adaptive distributed control framework that directly mitigates these internal disturbances, both in the joint (and task) spaces. With our approach, we show that including the manipulator-load coupling in the definition of the task error yields improved performance and robustness. To validate this statement, we provide stability guarantees and simulation results for two implementation cases.

  • 29.
    Alanwar, Amr
    et al.
    Jacobs Univ, Bremen, Germany..
    Berndt, Alexander
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Johansson, Karl H.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Sandberg, Henrik
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Data-Driven Set-Based Estimation using Matrix Zonotopes with Set Containment Guarantees2022In: 2022 EUROPEAN CONTROL CONFERENCE (ECC), IEEE , 2022, p. 875-881Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We propose a method to perform set-based state estimation of an unknown dynamical linear system using a data-driven set propagation function. Our method comes with set-containment guarantees, making it applicable to safety-critical systems. The method consists of two phases: (1) an offline learning phase where we collect noisy input-output data to determine a function to propagate the state-set ahead in time; and (2) an online estimation phase consisting of a time update and a measurement update. It is assumed that known finite sets bound measurement noise and disturbances, but we assume no knowledge of their statistical properties. These sets are described using zonotopes, allowing efficient propagation and intersection operations. We propose a new approach to compute a set of models consistent with the data and noise-bound, given input-output data in the offline phase. The set of models is utilized in replacing the unknown dynamics in the data-driven set propagation function in the online phase. Then, we propose two approaches to perform the measurement update. Simulations show that the proposed estimator yields state sets comparable in volume to the 3 sigma confidence bounds obtained by a Kalman filter approach, but with the addition of state set-containment guarantees. We observe that using constrained zonotopes yields smaller sets but with higher computational costs than unconstrained ones.

  • 30.
    Alanwar, Amr
    et al.
    Constructor Univ, Sch Comp Sci & Engn, Bremen, Germany..
    Gassmann, Victor
    Tech Univ Munich, Dept Comp Engn, Munich, Germany..
    He, Xingkang
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Said, Hazem
    Ain Shams Univ, Dept Comp Engn, Cairo, Egypt..
    Sandberg, Henrik
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Johansson, Karl H.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Althoff, Matthias
    Tech Univ Munich, Dept Comp Engn, Munich, Germany..
    Privacy-preserving set-based estimation using partially homomorphic encryption2023In: European Journal of Control, ISSN 0947-3580, E-ISSN 1435-5671, Vol. 71, p. 100786-, article id 100786Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The set-based estimation has gained a lot of attention due to its ability to guarantee state enclosures for safety-critical systems. However, collecting measurements from distributed sensors often requires out-sourcing the set-based operations to an aggregator node, raising many privacy concerns. To address this problem, we present set-based estimation protocols using partially homomorphic encryption that pre-serve the privacy of the measurements and sets bounding the estimates. We consider a linear discrete-time dynamical system with bounded modeling and measurement uncertainties. Sets are represented by zonotopes and constrained zonotopes as they can compactly represent high-dimensional sets and are closed under linear maps and Minkowski addition. By selectively encrypting parameters of the set repre-sentations, we establish the notion of encrypted sets and intersect sets in the encrypted domain, which enables guaranteed state estimation while ensuring privacy. In particular, we show that our protocols achieve computational privacy using the cryptographic notion of computational indistinguishability. We demonstrate the efficiency of our approach by localizing a real mobile quadcopter using ultra-wideband wireless devices.

  • 31.
    Alanwar, Amr
    et al.
    School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich; School of Computer Science and Engineering, Constructor University, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Constructor University.
    Jiang, Frank
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Amin, Samy
    School of Computer Science and Engineering, Constructor University, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Constructor University.
    Johansson, Karl H.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Logical Zonotopes: A Set Representation for the Formal Verification of Boolean Functions2023In: 2023 62nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, CDC 2023, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023, p. 60-66Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A logical zonotope, which is a new set representation for binary vectors, is introduced in this paper. A logical zonotope is constructed by XORing a binary vector with a combination of other binary vectors called generators. Such a zonotope can represent up to 2γ binary vectors using only γ generators. It is shown that logical operations over sets of binary vectors can be performed on the zonotopes' generators and, thus, significantly reduce the computational complexity of various logical operations (e.g., XOR, NAND, AND, OR, and semi-tensor products). Similar to traditional zonotopes' role in the formal verification of dynamical systems over real vector spaces, logical zonotopes can efficiently analyze discrete dynamical systems defined over binary vector spaces. We illustrate the approach and its ability to reduce the computational complexity in two use cases: (1) encryption key discovery of a linear feedback shift register and (2) safety verification of a road traffic intersection protocol.

  • 32.
    Alanwar, Amr
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Jiang, Frank
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Sharifi, Maryam
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Dimarogonas, Dimos V.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Johansson, Karl H.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Enhancing Data-Driven Reachability Analysis using Temporal Logic Side Information2022In: Proceedings: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2022Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

     This paper presents algorithms for performingdata-driven reachability analysis under temporal logic sideinformation. In certain scenarios, the data-driven reachablesets of a robot can be prohibitively conservative due to theinherent noise in the robot’s historical measurement data. Inthe same scenarios, we often have side information about therobot’s expected motion (e.g., limits on how much a robotcan move in a one-time step) that could be useful for furtherspecifying the reachability analysis. In this work, we showthat if we can model this side information using a signaltemporal logic (STL) fragment, we can constrain the datadriven reachability analysis and safely limit the conservatismof the computed reachable sets. Moreover, we provide formalguarantees that, even after incorporating side information, thecomputed reachable sets still properly over-approximate therobot’s future states. Lastly, we empirically validate the practicality of the over-approximation by computing constrained,data-driven reachable sets for the Small-Vehicles-for-Autonomy(SVEA) hardware platform in two driving scenarios.

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  • 33.
    Alanwar, Amr
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). Constructor University, Bremen, Germany, 28759.
    Koch, Anne
    University of Stuttgart, Institute for Systems Theory and Automatic Control, Stuttgart, Germany, 70174.
    Allgower, Frank
    University of Stuttgart, Institute for Systems Theory and Automatic Control, Stuttgart, Germany, 70174.
    Johansson, Karl H.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Data-Driven Reachability Analysis From Noisy Data2023In: IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, ISSN 0018-9286, E-ISSN 1558-2523, Vol. 68, no 5, p. 3054-3069Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We consider the problem of computing reachable sets directly from noisy data without a given system model. Several reachability algorithms are presented for different types of systems generating the data. First, an algorithm for computing over-approximated reachable sets based on matrix zonotopes is proposed for linear systems. Constrained matrix zonotopes are introduced to provide less conservative reachable sets at the cost of increased computational expenses and utilized to incorporate prior knowledge about the unknown system model. Then we extend the approach to polynomial systems and, under the assumption of Lipschitz continuity, to nonlinear systems. Theoretical guarantees are given for these algorithms in that they give a proper over-approximate reachable set containing the true reachable set. Multiple numerical examples and real experiments show the applicability of the introduced algorithms, and comparisons are made between algorithms.

  • 34.
    Alanwar, Amr
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Koch, Anne
    University of Stuttgart, University of Stuttgart.
    Allgöwer, Frank
    University of Stuttgart, University of Stuttgart.
    Johansson, Karl H.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Data-Driven Reachability Analysis Using Matrix Zonotopes2021In: Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Learning for Dynamics and Control, L4DC 2021, ML Research Press , 2021, p. 163-175Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we propose a data-driven reachability analysis approach for unknown system dynamics. Reachability analysis is an essential tool for guaranteeing safety properties. However, most current reachability analysis heavily relies on the existence of a suitable system model, which is often not directly available in practice. We instead propose a data-driven reachability analysis approach from noisy data. More specifically, we first provide an algorithm for over-approximating the reachable set of a linear time-invariant system using matrix zonotopes. Then we introduce an extension for Lipschitz nonlinear systems. We provide theoretical guarantees in both cases. Numerical examples show the potential and applicability of the introduced methods.

  • 35.
    Alanwar, Amr
    et al.
    Jacobs Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Elect Engn, Bremen, Germany..
    Niazi, Muhammad Umar B.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Johansson, Karl H.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Data-driven Set-based Estimation of Polynomial Systems with Application to SIR Epidemics2022In: 2022 European Control Conference (ECC), IEEE , 2022, p. 888-893Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper proposes a data-driven set-based estimation algorithm for a class of nonlinear systems with polynomial nonlinearities. Using the system's input-output data, the proposed method computes a set that guarantees the inclusion of the system's state in real-time. Although the system is assumed to be a polynomial type, the exact polynomial functions, and their coefficients are assumed to be unknown. To this end, the estimator relies on offline and online phases. The offline phase utilizes past input-output data to estimate a set of possible coefficients of the polynomial system. Then, using this estimated set of coefficients and the side information about the system, the online phase provides a set estimate of the state. Finally, the proposed methodology is evaluated through its application on SIR (Susceptible, Infected, Recovered) epidemic model.

  • 36.
    Alanwar, Amr
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). Constructor Univ, Sch Comp Sci & Engn, Bremen, Germany..
    Rath, Jagat Jyoti
    Inst Infrastruct Technol Res & Management, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ahmadabad, India..
    Said, Hazem
    Ain Shams Univ, Dept Comp Engn, Cairo, Egypt..
    Johansson, Karl H.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Althoff, Matthias
    Tech Univ Munich, Dept Comp Engn, Munich, Germany..
    Distributed set-based observers using diffusion strategies2023In: Journal of the Franklin Institute, ISSN 0016-0032, E-ISSN 1879-2693, Vol. 360, no 10, p. 6976-6993Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We propose two distributed set-based observers using strip-based and set-propagation approaches for linear discrete-time dynamical systems with bounded modeling and measurement uncertainties. Both algorithms utilize a set-based diffusion step, which decreases the estimation errors and the size of estimated sets, and can be seen as a lightweight approach to achieve partial consensus between the distributed estimated sets. Every node shares its measurement with its neighbor in the measurement update step. In the diffusion step, the neighbors intersect their estimated sets using our novel lightweight zonotope intersection technique. A localization example demonstrates the applicability of our algorithms.

  • 37.
    Alanwar, Amr
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). Jacobs Univ Bremen, Comp Sci & Elect Engn Dept, Bremen, Germany..
    Stuerz, Yvonne
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). Univ Calif Berkeley, Model Predict Control Lab, Berkeley, CA USA..
    Johansson, Karl H.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Robust data-driven predictive control using reachability analysis2022In: European Journal of Control, ISSN 0947-3580, E-ISSN 1435-5671, Vol. 68Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a robust data-driven control scheme for an unknown linear system model with bounded process and measurement noise. Instead of depending on a system model in traditional predictive con-trol, a controller utilizing data-driven reachable regions is proposed. The data-driven reachable regions are based on a matrix zonotope recursion and are computed based on only noisy input-output data of a trajectory of the system. We assume that measurement and process noise are contained in bounded sets. While we assume knowledge of these bounds, no knowledge about the statistical properties of the noise is assumed. In the noise-free case, we prove that the presented purely data-driven control scheme results in an equivalent closed-loop behavior to a nominal model predictive control scheme. In the case of measurement and process noise, our proposed scheme guarantees robust constraint satisfaction, which is essential in safety-critical applications. Numerical experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed data-driven controller in comparison to model-based control schemes.

  • 38.
    Aleksandrauskaite, Ruth
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Analysis of Velocity Estimation Methods for High-Performance Motion Control Systems2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The majority of all commercial electronics hardware is manufactured usingSurface Mount Technology (SMT). Nevertheless, the increased complexityand miniaturization of electronics impose tough performance requirementson the automation process.The research in this paper concerns test and analysis of alternative velocityestimation methods for high-performance embedded motion control systems.The motion system in Mycronic’s pick and place machines is regulated by amotion controller consisting of a feedforward component and a feedback controller.The linear displacement is measured with an incremental encoder andthe velocity is estimated with a state observer. Previous work suggests thatthe velocity estimation is inadequate.Different observer designs including state and disturbance estimators weretested and evaluated through simulations in MATLAB SIMULINKr. Afterthat, experiments were performed on a conveyor retrieved from a pick andplace machine.The results show that a Kalman filter is the best state estimator. However,the method requires extensive tuning to attain good performance. The trackingperformance and robustness of the motion control system was highly improvedwhen using a Perturbation observer with Kalman filtering. Nonetheless,the settling time for point-to-point movements was somewhat shorterwhen using a Kalman filter alone.

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    fulltext
  • 39.
    Alexiou, Angeliki
    et al.
    Univ Piraeus, ICT Sch, Dept Digital Syst, Piraeus, Greece.;Alcatel Lucent NOKIA, Bell Labs, Wireless Res, Swindon, Wilts, England..
    Andreev, Sergey
    Tampere Univ, Commun Engn, Tampere, Finland.;Tampere Univ, Tampere, Finland.;Kings Coll London, London, England.;Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Fodor, Gabor
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). Ericsson Res.
    Nagatsuma, Tadao
    Nippon Telegraph & Tel Corp, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan.;Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn Sci, Suita, Osaka, Japan.;IEICE & Terahertz Syst Consortium, Tokyo, Japan..
    THz Communications: A Catalyst for the Wireless Future2020In: IEEE Communications Magazine, ISSN 0163-6804, E-ISSN 1558-1896, Vol. 58, no 11, p. 12-13Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The articles in this special section focus on THz communications.

  • 40.
    Alinia, Bahram
    et al.
    Telecom SudParis, Inst Mines Telecom, F-91000 Evry, France. alebi, Mohammad Sadegh.
    Talebi Mazraeh Shahi, Mohammad Sadegh
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Hajiesmaili, Mohammad H.
    Yekkehkhany, Ali
    Crespi, Noel
    Competitive Online Scheduling Algorithms with Applications in Deadline-Constrained EV Charging2018In: 2018 IEEE/ACM 26th International Symposium on Quality of Service, IWQoS 2018, IEEE, 2018, article id 8624184Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper studies the classical problem of online scheduling of deadline-sensitive jobs with partial values and investigates its extension to Electric Vehicle (EV) charging scheduling by taking into account the processing rate limit of jobs and charging station capacity constraint. The problem lies in the category of time-coupled online scheduling problems without availability of future information. This paper proposes two online algorithms, both of which are shown to be (2-\frac{1}{U})-competitive, where U is the maximum scarcity level, a parameter that indicates demand-to-supply ratio. The first proposed algorithm is deterministic, whereas the second is randomized and enjoys a lower computational complexity. When U grows large, the performance of both algorithms approaches that of the state-of-the-art for the case where there is processing rate limits on the jobs. Nonetheless in realistic cases, where U is typically small, the proposed algorithms enjoy a much lower competitive ratio. To carry out the competitive analysis of our algorithms, we present a proof technique, which is novel to the best of our knowledge. This technique could also be used to simplify the competitive analysis of some existing algorithms, and thus could be of independent interest.

  • 41.
    Alisic, Rijad
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Defense of Cyber-Physical Systems Against Learning-based Attackers2023Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Cyberattacks against critical infrastructures pose a serious threat to society, as they can have devastating consequences on the economy, security, or public health. These infrastructures rely on a large network of cyber components, such as sensors, controllers, computers, and communication devices, to monitor and control their physical processes. An adversary can exploit the vulnerabilities in these cyber components to gain access to the system and manipulate its behavior or functionality.

    This thesis proposes methods that can be employed as a first line of defense against such attacks for Cyber-Physical Systems. In the first part of the thesis, we consider how uninformed attackers can learn to attack a Cyber-Physical System by eavesdropping through the cyber component. By learning to manipulate the plant, the attacker could figure out how to destroy the physical system before it is too late or completely take it over without raising any alarms. Stopping the attacker at the learning stage would force the attacker to act obliviously, increasing the chances of detecting them.

    We analyze how homomorphic encryption, a technique that allows computation on encrypted data, hinders an attacker's learning process and reduces its capabilities to attack the system. Specifically, we show that an attacker must solve challenging lattice problems to find attacks that are difficult to detect. Additionally, we show how the detection probability is affected by the attacker's solution to the problems and what parameters of the encryption scheme can be tweaked to increase the detection probability. We also develop a novel method that enables anomaly detection over homomorphically encrypted data without revealing the actual signals to the detector, thereby discouraging attackers from launching attacks on the detector. The detection can be performed using a hypothesis test. However, special care must be taken to ensure that fresh samples are used to detect changes from nominal behavior. We also explore how the adversary can try to evade detection using the same test and how the system can be designed to make detection easier for the defender and more challenging for the attacker.

    In the second part of the thesis, we study how information leakage about changes in the system depends on the system's dynamics. We use a mathematical tool called the Hammersley-Chapman-Robbins lower bound to measure how much information is leaked and how to minimize it. Specifically, we study how structured input sequences, which we call events, can be obtained through the output of a dynamical system and how this information can be hidden by adding noise or changing the inputs. The system’s speed and sensor locations affect how much information is leaked. We also consider balancing the system’s performance and privacy when using optimal control. Finally, we show how to estimate when the adversary’s knowledge of the event becomes accurate enough to launch an attack and how to change the system before that happens. These results are then used to aid the operator in detecting privacy vulnerabilities when designing a Cyber-Physical System, which increases the overall security when removed.

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    RijadAlisicThesis
  • 42.
    Alisic, Rijad
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Privacy of Sudden Events in Cyber-Physical Systems2021Licentiate thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Cyberattacks against critical infrastructures has been a growing problem for the past couple of years. These infrastructures are a particularly desirable target for adversaries, due to their vital importance in society. For instance, a stop in the operation of a critical infrastructure could result in a crippling effect on a nation's economy, security or public health. The reason behind this increase is that critical infrastructures have become more complex, often being integrated with a large network of various cyber components. It is through these cyber components that an adversary is able to access the system and conduct their attacks.

    In this thesis, we consider methods which can be used as a first line of defence against such attacks for Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Specifically, we start by studying how information leaks about a system's dynamics helps an adversary to generate attacks that are difficult to detect. In many cases, such attacks can be detrimental to a CPS since they can drive the system to a breaking point without being detected by the operator that is tasked to secure the system. We show that an adversary can use small amounts of data procured from information leaks to generate these undetectable attacks. In particular, we provide the minimal amount of information that is needed in order to keep the attack hidden even if the operator tries to probe the system for attacks. 

    We design defence mechanisms against such information leaks using the Hammersley-Chapman-Robbins lower bound. With it, we study how information leakage could be mitigated through corruption of the data by injection of measurement noise. Specifically, we investigate how information about structured input sequences, which we call events, can be obtained through the output of a dynamical system and how this leakage depends on the system dynamics. For example, it is shown that a system with fast dynamical modes tends to disclose more information about an event compared to a system with slower modes. However, a slower system leaks information over a longer time horizon, which means that an adversary who starts to collect information long after the event has occured might still be able to estimate it. Additionally, we show how sensor placements can affect the information leak. These results are then used to aid the operator to detect privacy vulnerabilities in the design of a CPS.

    Based on the Hammersley-Chapman-Robbins lower bound, we provide additional defensive mechanisms that can be deployed by an operator online to minimize information leakage. For instance, we propose a method to modify the structured inputs in order to maximize the usage of the existing noise in the system. This mechanism allows us to explicitly deal with the privacy-utility trade-off, which is of interest when optimal control problems are considered. Finally, we show how the adversary's certainty of the event increases as a function of the number of samples they collect. For instance, we provide sufficient conditions for when their estimation variance starts to converge to its final value. This information can be used by an operator to estimate when possible attacks from an adversary could occur, and change the CPS before that, rendering the adversary's collected information useless.

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    thesis
  • 43.
    Alisic, Rijad
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Kim, Junsoo
    Seoul Natl Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Elect & Informat Engn, Seoul 01811, South Korea..
    Sandberg, Henrik
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Model-Free Undetectable Attacks on Linear Systems Using LWE-Based Encryption2023In: IEEE Control Systems Letters, E-ISSN 2475-1456, Vol. 7, p. 1249-1254Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We show that the homomorphic property, a desired property in encrypted control, can lead to failure in the cyber defense of a dynamical control system from undetectable attacks, even though individual signal sequences remain unknown to the attacker. We consider an encryption method based on the Learning with Errors (LWE) problem and demonstrate how model-free undetectable attacks on linear systems over integers can be computed from sampled inputs and outputs that are encrypted. Previous work has shown that computing such attacks is possible on nonencrypted systems. Applying this earlier work to our scenario, with minor modifications, typically amplifies the error in encrypted messages unless a short vector problem is solved. Given that an attacker obtains a short vector, we derive the probability that the attack is detected and show how it explicitly depends on the encryption parameters. Finally, we simulate an attack obtained by our method on an encrypted linear system over integers and conduct an analysis of the probability that the attack will be detected.

  • 44.
    Alisic, Rijad
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Molinari, Marco
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Pare, P. E.
    Sandberg, Henrik
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Maximizing Privacy in MIMO Cyber-Physical Systems Using the Chapman-Robbins Bound2020In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2020, p. 6272-6277Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Privacy breaches of cyber-physical systems could expose vulnerabilities to an adversary. Here, privacy leaks of step inputs to linear time-invariant systems are mitigated through additive Gaussian noise. Fundamental lower bounds on the privacy are derived, which are based on the variance of any estimator that seeks to recreate the input. Fully private inputs are investigated and related to transmission zeros. Thereafter, a method to increase the privacy of optimal step inputs is presented and a privacy-utility trade-off bound is derived. Finally, these results are verified on data from the KTH Live-In Lab Testbed, showing good correspondence with theoretical results. 

  • 45.
    Alisic, Rijad
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Molinari, Marco
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Pare, Philip E.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Sandberg, Henrik
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Ensuring privacy of occupancy changes in smart buildings2020In: CCTA 2020 - 4th IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2020, p. 871-876Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Smart building management systems rely on sensors to optimize the operation of buildings. If an unauthorized user gains access to these sensors, a privacy leak may occur. This paper considers such a potential leak of privacy in a smart residential building, and how it may be mitigated by corrupting the measurements with additive Gaussian noise. This corruption is done in order to hide when the occupancy changes in an apartment. A lower bound on the variance of any estimator that estimates the change time is derived. The bound is then used to analyze how different model parameters affect the variance. It is shown that the signal to noise ratio and the system dynamics are the main factors that affect the bound. These results are then verified on a simulator of the KTH Live-In Lab Testbed, showing good correspondence with theoretical results.

  • 46.
    Alisic, Rijad
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Pare, Philip E.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Sandberg, Henrik
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Modeling and Stability of Prosumer Heat Networks2019In: IFAC PAPERSONLINE, ELSEVIER , 2019, Vol. 52, no 20, p. 235-240Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The energy sector is going through a large transformation due to public demands of renewable energy sources. However, a major issue is that these energy sources are intermittent. If designed correctly, district heating systems can naturally contain energy storing units, for example by storing heat in the isolated pipes that make up the heat grid. Additionally, this makes it easier to reuse and transport already generated heat to other users. This paper proposes a mathematical model of such a grid, where excess energy can be retracted from one user and distributed to other users using a network of heat pumps. In some cases, one can balance residual heat production with the heat consumption, temporarily eliminating the need for a centralized heating plant. Existence conditions for stable steady states of such a network with general topology are given. Finally, energy optimal stable steady states are obtained through convex optimization. 

  • 47.
    Alisic, Rijad
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Paré, P. E.
    School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, WestLafayette, Indiana, USA.
    Sandberg, Henrik
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Change time estimation uncertainty in nonlinear dynamical systems with applications to COVID-192022In: International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, ISSN 1049-8923, E-ISSN 1099-1239Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The impact that each individual non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) had on the spread rate of COVID-19 is difficult to estimate, since several NPIs were implemented in rapid succession in most countries. In this article, we analyze the detectability of sudden changes in a parameter of nonlinear dynamical systems, which could be used to represent NPIs or mutations of the virus, in the presence of measurement noise. Specifically, by taking an agnostic approach, we provide necessary conditions for when the best possible unbiased estimator is able to isolate the effect of a sudden change in a model parameter, by using the Hammersley–Chapman–Robbins (HCR) lower bound. Several simplifications to the calculation of the HCR lower bound are given, which depend on the amplitude of the sudden change and the dynamics of the system. We further define the concept of the most informative sample based on the largest (Formula presented.) distance between two output trajectories, which is a good indicator of when the HCR lower bound converges. These results are thereafter used to analyze the susceptible-infected-removed model. For instance, we show that performing analysis using the number of recovered/deceased, as opposed to the cumulative number of infected, may be an inferior signal to use since sudden changes are fundamentally more difficult to estimate and seem to require more samples. Finally, these results are verified by simulations and applied to real data from the spread of COVID-19 in France.

  • 48.
    Alisic, Rijad
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Sandberg, Henrik
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Data-injection Attacks Using Historical Inputs and Outputs2021In: Proceedings European Control Conference, ECC 2021, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2021, p. 1399-1405Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Data-driven, model-free control has become popular in recent years, due to their ease of implementation and minimal information requirement about the system. In this paper, we investigate whether the same methods could be used by an adversary to synthesize undetectable data-injection attacks on cyber-physical systems using Willems' Fundamental Lemma. We show that if the adversary is able to upper bound the order of a linear, time-invariant system and read all its inputs and outputs, then the adversary will be able to generate undetectable attack signals in the form of covert attacks. Additionally, we provide conditions on the disclosed data set that enable the adversary to generate zero dynamics attacks. These conditions give operators insights into when enough information about the system has been revealed for an adversary to conduct an undetectable attack. Finally, the different attack strategies are verified through a numerical example.

  • 49.
    Alisic, Rijad
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Sandberg, Henrik
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Privacy Enhancement of Structured Inputs in Cyber-Physical Systems2021In: 2021 60th IEEE conference on decision and control (CDC), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2021, p. 4888-4894Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Privacy is often the first line of defense against cyber-physical attacks. In this paper, we derive guarantees for the privacy of structured inputs to linear time-invariant systems, where the eavesdropper either does not know the input or only knows parts of it a priori. The input is be parametrized by a mixture of discrete and continuous parameters. Privacy guarantees for these parameters are then derived using a Barankin-style bound. Given an open-loop control objective, a modification to the cost function is proposed to enhance privacy. Privacy-utility trade-off bounds are derived for these private open-loop control signals. Finally, the theoretical results are verified both using the physical Temperature Control Lab and a numerical simulation of it.

  • 50.
    Alistarh, Dan
    et al.
    IST Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria..
    Hoefler, Torsten
    Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Zurich, Switzerland..
    Johansson, Mikael
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Khirirat, Sarit
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control).
    Konstantinov, Nikola
    IST Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria..
    Renggli, Cedric
    Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Zurich, Switzerland..
    The Convergence of Sparsified Gradient Methods2018In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NIPS 2018) / [ed] Bengio, S Wallach, H Larochelle, H Grauman, K CesaBianchi, N Garnett, R, Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) , 2018, Vol. 31Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) has become the standard tool for distributed training of massive machine learning models, in particular deep neural networks. Several families of communication-reduction methods, such as quantization, large-batch methods, and gradient sparsification, have been proposed to reduce the overheads of distribution. To date, gradient sparsification methods-where each node sorts gradients by magnitude, and only communicates a subset of the components, accumulating the rest locally-are known to yield some of the largest practical gains. Such methods can reduce the amount of communication per step by up to three orders of magnitude, while preserving model accuracy. Yet, this family of methods currently has no theoretical justification. This is the question we address in this paper. We prove that, under analytic assumptions, sparsifying gradients by magnitude with local error correction provides convergence guarantees, for both convex and non-convex smooth objectives, for data-parallel SGD. The main insight is that sparsification methods implicitly maintain bounds on the maximum impact of stale updates, thanks to selection by magnitude. Our analysis also reveals that these methods do require analytical conditions to converge well, justifying and complementing existing heuristics.

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