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  • 1.
    Akan, Rabia
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Frisk, Thomas
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Lundberg, Fabian
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Ohlin, Hanna
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Johansson, Ulf
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Li, Kenan
    SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA..
    Sakdinawat, Anne
    SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA..
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching and Electroless Deposition for Fabrication of Hard X-ray Pd/Si Zone Plates2020Inngår i: Micromachines, E-ISSN 2072-666X, Vol. 11, nr 3, artikkel-id 301Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Zone plates are diffractive optics commonly used in X-ray microscopes. Here, we present a wet-chemical approach for fabricating high aspect ratio Pd/Si zone plate optics aimed at the hard X-ray regime. A Si zone plate mold is fabricated via metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) and further metalized with Pd via electroless deposition (ELD). MACE results in vertical Si zones with high aspect ratios. The observed MACE rate with our zone plate design is 700 nm/min. The ELD metallization yields a Pd density of 10.7 g/cm3, a value slightly lower than the theoretical density of 12 g/cm3. Fabricated zone plates have a grid design, 1:1 line-to-space-ratio, 30 nm outermost zone width, and an aspect ratio of 30:1. At 9 keV X-ray energy, the zone plate device shows a first order diffraction efficiency of 1.9%, measured at the MAX IV NanoMAX beamline. With this work, the possibility is opened to fabricate X-ray zone plates with low-cost etching and metallization methods.

  • 2.
    Akan, Rabia
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Parfeniukas, Karolis
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Carmen
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Toprak, M. S.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Reaction control of metal-assisted chemical etching for silicon-based zone plate nanostructures2018Inngår i: RSC Advances, E-ISSN 2046-2069, Vol. 8, nr 23, s. 12628-12634Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) reaction parameters were investigated for the fabrication of specially designed silicon-based X-ray zone plate nanostructures using a gold catalyst pattern and etching solutions composed of HF and H2O2. Etching depth, zone verticality and zone roughness were studied as a function of etching solution composition, temperature and processing time. Homogeneous, vertical etching with increasing depth is observed at increasing H2O2 concentrations and elevated processing temperatures, implying a balance in the hole injection and silica dissolution kinetics at the gold-silicon interface. The etching depth decreases and zone roughness increases at the highest investigated H2O2 concentration and temperature. Possible reasons for these observations are discussed based on reaction chemistry and zone plate design. Optimum MACE conditions are found at HFH2O2 concentrations of 4.7 M:0.68 M and room temperature with an etching rate of ≈0.7 μm min-1, which is about an order of magnitude higher than previous reports. Moreover, our results show that a grid catalyst design is important for successful fabrication of vertical high aspect ratio silicon nanostructures. 

  • 3.
    Akan, Rabia
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Parfeniukas, Karolis
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Carmen
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik. KTH, Skolan för bioteknologi (BIO), Centra, Albanova VinnExcellence Center for Protein Technology, ProNova.
    Toprak, Muhammet
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Investigation of Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching for Fabrication of Silicon-Based X-Ray Zone Plates2018Inngår i: Microscopy and Microanalysis, ISSN 1431-9276, E-ISSN 1435-8115Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 4.
    Akan, Rabia
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Optimization of metal-assisted chemical etching for deep silicon nanostructuresManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 5.
    Akan, Rabia
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Optimization of Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching for Deep Silicon Nanostructures2021Inngår i: Nanomaterials, E-ISSN 2079-4991, Vol. 11, nr 11, artikkel-id 2806Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    High-aspect ratio silicon (Si) nanostructures are important for many applications. Metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) is a wet-chemical method used for the fabrication of nanostructured Si. Two main challenges exist with etching Si structures in the nanometer range with MACE: keeping mechanical stability at high aspect ratios and maintaining a vertical etching profile. In this work, we investigated the etching behavior of two zone plate catalyst designs in a systematic manner at four different MACE conditions as a function of mechanical stability and etching verticality. The zone plate catalyst designs served as models for Si nanostructures over a wide range of feature sizes ranging from 850 nm to 30 nm at 1:1 line-to-space ratio. The first design was a grid-like, interconnected catalyst (brick wall) and the second design was a hybrid catalyst that was partly isolated, partly interconnected (fishbone). Results showed that the brick wall design was mechanically stable up to an aspect ratio of 30:1 with vertical Si structures at most investigated conditions. The fishbone design showed higher mechanical stability thanks to the Si backbone in the design, but on the other hand required careful control of the reaction kinetics for etching verticality. The influence of MACE reaction kinetics was identified by lowering the oxidant concentration, lowering the processing temperature and by isopropanol addition. We report an optimized MACE condition to achieve an aspect ratio of at least 100:1 at room temperature processing by incorporating isopropanol in the etching solution.

  • 6. Beck, M.
    et al.
    Stiel, H.
    Leupold, D.
    Winter, B.
    Pop, D.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    Spitz, C.
    Evaluation of the energetic position of the lowest excited singlet state of beta-carotene by NEXAFS and photoemission spectroscopy2001Inngår i: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics, ISSN 0005-2728, E-ISSN 1879-2650, Vol. 1506, nr 3, s. 260-267Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In carotenoids the lowest energetic optical transition belonging to the pi -electron system is forbidden by symmetry, therefore the energetic position of the S-1 (2(1)A(g)) level can hardly be assessed by optical spectroscopy. We introduce a novel experimental approach: For molecules with ir-electron systems the transition C1s --> 2p(pi*) from inner-atomic to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) appears in X-ray absorption near edge spectra (NEXAFS) as an intense, sharp peak a few eV below the carbon K-edge. Whereas the peak position reflects the energy of the First excited singlet state in relation to the ionization potential of the molecule, intensity and width of the transition depend on hybridization and bonding partners of the selected atom. Complementary information can be obtained from ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS): At the low binding energy site of the spectrum a peak related to the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) appears. We have measured NEXAFS and UPS of beta -carotene. Based on these measurements and quantum chemical calculations the HOMO and LUMO energies can be derived.

  • 7. Beck, M.
    et al.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    Will, I.
    Liero, A.
    Stiel, H.
    Sandner, W.
    Wilheim, T.
    A pulse-train laser driven XUV source for picosecond pump-probe experiments in the water window2001Inngår i: Optics Communications, ISSN 0030-4018, E-ISSN 1873-0310, Vol. 190, nr 06-jan, s. 317-326Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We describe the development of a table top soft X-ray source based on a laser produced plasma. The plasma is produced by a Nd:YLF pulse-train laser which delivers pulse trains of up to 400 pulses each of about 25 ps duration, Number and energy of the micropulses are fully computer controlled adjustable for an optimum interaction with a rotating solid target. Spectral, spatial and temporal characteristics of the X-ray emission from Mylar and copper targets have been studied. A calibrated back-illuminated CCD camera together with a slit grating spectrograph were utilized for the measurement of the absolute soft X-ray photon fluxes. The temporal measurements were performed using a streak camera while the plasma size was measured with a zone plate. An application of the system in a X-ray absorption experiment is shown, The advantages of the system in view of possible optical pump and soft X-ray probe experiments will be discussed.

  • 8.
    Bertilson, Michael C.
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik.
    Takman, Per A. C.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik.
    Zone plate efficiency measurements with a laser-plasma source2007Inngår i: Advances in X-Ray/EUV Optics and Components II / [ed] Khounsary, AM; Morawe, C; Goto, S, 2007, Vol. 6705, s. F7050-F7050Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We demonstrate a compact instrument for rapid and accurate measurements of the absolute and local efficiency of soft x-ray zone plates in the water window [M. Bertilson, et al, Rev. Sci. Instrum 78, 026103 (2007)]. The arrangement is based on a new single-line lambda = 2.88 nm liquid-nitrogen-jet laser-plasma source. The versatility of the instrument enables micro and condenser zone plates with focal lengths in the range from similar to 200 mu m to similar to 100 mm to be measured. We demonstrate an accurate local efficiency map of a in-house fabricated micro zone plate. Furthermore, we show how this compact instrument allows rapid feedback to the fabrication process which is important for future improvements.

  • 9.
    Bertilson, Michael
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    von Hofsten, Olof
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Experimentell biomolekylär fysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    High-resolution computed tomography with a compact soft x-ray microscope2009Inngår i: Optics Express, E-ISSN 1094-4087, Vol. 17, nr 13, s. 11057-11065Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Computed tomography based on high-resolution soft x-ray microscopy utilizes the natural contrast for biological specimens provided by the water window (lambda = 2.4 - 4.4 nm) and the high resolving power of zone plate objectives. It is capable of revealing the 3D structure of biological specimens at sub-visible-microscopic resolution. To date, the technique has only been available at synchrotron-based microscopes, which limits the researchers access. In the present paper we demonstrate high-resolution soft x-ray tomography with a laboratory zone-plate-based soft x-ray microscope. The specimen, a diatom mounted on a glass capillary, was reconstructed from a tilt series of 53 images covering 180 using a filtered back projection algorithm. The resolution of the tomogram was estimated to a half period of 140 nm using a differential-phase-residual method. Cryo-fixation, increased source brightness and extended-depth-of-focus objectives are important for pushing the resolution of compact systems for biological samples.

  • 10.
    Bertilson, Michael
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    von Hofsten, Olov
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Numerical model for tomographic image formation in transmission x-ray microscopy2011Inngår i: Optics Express, E-ISSN 1094-4087, Vol. 19, nr 12, s. 11578-11583Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a numerical image-formation model for investigating the influence of partial coherence, sample thickness and depth-of-focus on the accuracy of tomographic reconstructions in transmission x-ray microscopes. The model combines wave propagation through the object by finite difference techniques with Fourier methods. We include a ray-tracing model to analyse the origin of detrimental stray light in zone plate-based x-ray microscopes. These models allow optimization of x-ray microscopy systems for quantitative tomographic imaging of thick objects. Results show that both the depth-of-focus and the reconstructed local absorption coefficient are highly dependent on the degree of coherence of the optical system.

  • 11.
    Bertilson, Michael
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    von Hofsten, Olov
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Lindblom, Magnus
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Wilhein, Thomas
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Compact high-resolution differential interference contrast soft x-ray microscopy2008Inngår i: Applied Physics Letters, ISSN 0003-6951, E-ISSN 1077-3118, Vol. 92, nr 064104Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We demonstrate high-resolution x-ray differential interference contrast (DIC) in a compact soft x-ray microscope. Phase contrast imaging is enabled by the use of a diffractive optical element objective which is matched to the coherence conditions in the microscope setup. The performance of the diffractive optical element objective is evaluated in comparison with a normal zone plate by imaging of a nickel siemens star pattern and linear grating test objects. Images obtained with the DIC optic exhibit typical DIC enhancement in addition to the normal absorption contrast. Contrast transfer functions based on modulation measurements in the obtained images show that the DIC optic gives a significant increase in contrast without reducing the spatial resolution. The phase contrast operation mode now available for our compact soft x-ray microscope will be a useful tool for future studies of samples with low absorption contrast.

  • 12.
    Bertilson, Michael
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    von Hofsten, Olov
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Thieme, J.
    Lindblom, Magnus
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Takman, Per
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    First application experiments with the Stockholm compact soft x-ray microscope2009Inngår i: Journal of Physics, Conference Series, ISSN 1742-6588, E-ISSN 1742-6596, Vol. 186Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Most soft x-ray microscopes operating in the water window (lambda = 2.3 - 4.4 nm) rely on synchrotron radiation sources. In the future we believe scientists will use soft x-ray microscopes as one imaging tool among others in their own laboratory. For this purpose we have developed a full field soft x-ray microscope with a laser-plasma source compact enough to fit on an optical table. In this contribution we describe the current status of this microscope now featuring stable operation at lambda = 3.37 nm or lambda = 2.48 nm. In-house fabricated single element zone plates offering the possibility to perform phase contrast imaging have been implemented. We also report on the first application experiments for compact soft x-ray microscopy, including results from studies of clay minerals and colloids existing in nature and results from phase optics experiments. Planned upgrades of the microscope include increasing the source brightness, implementing more efficient condenser optics, and installing a cryo sample stage for tomography. These improvements will open up for further applications, especially in the field of biological imaging.

  • 13.
    Bertilson, Michael
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik.
    von Hofsten, Olov
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Christakou, Athanasia E.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Laboratory soft-x-ray microscope for cryotomography of biological specimens2011Inngår i: Optics Letters, ISSN 0146-9592, E-ISSN 1539-4794, Vol. 36, nr 14, s. 2728-2730Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Soft-x-ray cryotomography allows quantitative and high-resolution three-dimensional imaging of intact unstained cells. To date, the method relies on synchrotron-radiation sources, which limits accessibility for researchers. Here we present a laboratory water-window microscope for cryotomography. It is based on a lambda = 2.48nm liquid-jet laser-plasma source, a normal-incidence multilayer condenser, a 30nm zone-plate objective, and a cryotilt sample holder. We demonstrate high-resolution imaging, as well as quantitative tomographic imaging, of frozen intact cells. The reconstructed tomogram of the intracellular local absorption coefficient shows details down to similar to 100nm.

  • 14.
    Bertilsson, Michael
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Takman, Per
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Laboratory arrangement for soft x-ray zone-plate efficiency measurements2007Inngår i: Review of Scientific Instruments, ISSN 0034-6748, E-ISSN 1089-7623, Vol. 78, nr 2, s. 026103-Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We demonstrate a laboratory-scale arrangement for rapid and accurate measurements of the absolute and local efficiency of soft x-ray micro zone plates in the water window. This in-house instrument is based on a single-line lambda=2.88 nm liquid-jet laser-plasma source. Measurements are performed by a simultaneous comparison of first diffraction-order photon flux with the flux in a calibrated reference signal. This arrangement eliminates existing source emission fluctuations. The performance of the method is demonstrated by the result from measurements of two similar to 55 mu m diameter nickel micro zone plates, showing a groove efficiency of 12.9%+/- 1.1% and 11.7%+/- 1.0%. Furthermore, we show that spatially resolved efficiency mapping is an effective tool for a detailed characterization of local zone plate properties. Thus, this laboratory-scale instrument allows rapid feedback to the fabrication process which is important for future improvements.

  • 15.
    Bjorling, Alexander
    et al.
    Lund Univ, Max IV Lab, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Kalbfleisch, Sebastian
    Lund Univ, Max IV Lab, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Kahnt, Maik
    Lund Univ, Max IV Lab, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Sala, Simone
    Lund Univ, Max IV Lab, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Parfeniukas, Karolis
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik. KTH, Skolan för bioteknologi (BIO), Centra, Albanova VinnExcellence Center for Protein Technology, ProNova.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik. KTH, Skolan för bioteknologi (BIO), Centra, Albanova VinnExcellence Center for Protein Technology, ProNova.
    Carbone, Gerardina
    Lund Univ, Max IV Lab, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Johansson, Ulf
    Lund Univ, Max IV Lab, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Ptychographic characterization of a coherent nanofocused X-ray beam2020Inngår i: Optics Express, E-ISSN 1094-4087, Vol. 28, nr 4, s. 5069-5076Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The NanoMAX hard X-ray nanoprobe is the first beamline to take full advantage of the diffraction-limited storage ring at the MAX IV synchrotron and delivers a high coherent photon flux for applications in diffraction and imaging. Here, we characterize its coherent and focused beam using ptychographic analysis. We derive beam profiles in the energy range 6-22 keV and estimate the coherent flux based on a probe mode decomposition approach.

  • 16.
    Branny, Artur
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Kvant- och biofotonik.
    Didier, Pierre
    Grenoble INP Phelma, F-38031 Grenoble, France..
    Zichi, Julien
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Kvant- och biofotonik.
    Zadeh, Iman E.
    Delft Univ Technol, ImPhys Dept, Fac Sci Appl, Opt Res Grp, NL-2628 Delft, Netherlands..
    Steinhauer, Stephan
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Kvant- och biofotonik.
    Zwiller, Val
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Kvant- och biofotonik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    X-Ray Induced Secondary Particle Counting With Thin NbTiN Nanowire Superconducting Detector2021Inngår i: IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity (Print), ISSN 1051-8223, E-ISSN 1558-2515, Vol. 31, nr 4, artikkel-id 2200305Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We characterized the performance of abiased superconducting nanowire to detect X-ray photons. The device, made of a 10 nm thin NbTiN film and fabricated on a dielectric substrate (SiO2, Nb3O5) detected 1000 times larger signal than anticipated from direct X-ray absorption. We attributed this effect to X-ray induced generation of secondary particles in the substrate. The enhancement corresponds to an increase in the flux by the factor of 3.6, relative to a state-of-the-art commercial X-ray silicon drift detector. The detector exhibited 8.25 ns temporal recovery time and 82 ps timing resolution, measured using optical photons. Our results emphasize the importance of the substrate in superconducting X-ray single photon detectors.

  • 17. Busch, S.
    et al.
    Schnurer, M.
    Kalashnikov, M.
    Schonnagel, H.
    Stiel, H.
    Nickles, P. V.
    Sandner, W.
    Ter-Avetisyan, S.
    Karpov, V.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    Ion acceleration with ultrafast lasers2003Inngår i: Applied Physics Letters, ISSN 0003-6951, E-ISSN 1077-3118, Vol. 82, nr 19, s. 3354-3356Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Hot-electron confinement can build up fields capable of accelerating ions up to MeV energies when an ultrashort 35-fs laser pulse at similar to2x10(18) W/cm(2) interacts with a small spherical target. Singly charged ions with different masses have similar energies. A simple phenomenological model describes how ultrashort and less-energy-consumptive pulses drive ions to MeV energies. The energetic and spatial-emission characteristics of protons, deuterons and oxygen ions released from water and heavy-water droplets of similar to15 mum in size was determined for this interaction scenario.

  • 18.
    Chubarova, Elena
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Lindblom, Magnus
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Reinspach, Julia
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Birch, Jens
    Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Platinum zone plates for hard X-ray applications2011Inngår i: Microelectronic Engineering, ISSN 0167-9317, E-ISSN 1873-5568, Vol. 88, nr 10, s. 3123-3126Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We describe the fabrication and evaluation of platinum zone plates for 5–12 kV X-ray imaging and focusing. These nano-scale circular periodic structures are fabricated by filling an e-beam generated mold with Pt in an electroplating process. The plating recipe is described. The resulting zone plates, having outer zone widths of 100 and 50 nm, show good uniformity and high aspect ratio. Their diffraction efficiencies are 50–70% of the theoretical, as measured at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Platinum shows promise to become an attractive alternative to present hard X-ray zone plate materials due to its nano-structuring properties and the potential for zone-plate operation at higher temperatures.

  • 19. Fernandez, Angel Rodriguez
    et al.
    Johansson, Ulf
    Carbone, Gerardina
    Bjorling, Alexander
    Kalbfleisch, Sebastian
    Stankevic, Comas
    Bring, Bjorn
    Mikkelsen, Anders
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    NanoMAX Beamline, a nanoprobe beamline for scattering and imaging at MAX IV2018Inngår i: Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances, E-ISSN 2053-2733, Vol. 74, s. E317-E318Artikkel i tidsskrift (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 20. Freund, Oliver
    et al.
    Bartelt, Michael
    Mittelbach, Marc
    Montgomery, Matthew
    Vogt, Damian M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Seume, Joerg R.
    Impact of the Flow on an Acoustic Excitation System for Aeroelastic Studies2013Inngår i: Journal of turbomachinery, ISSN 0889-504X, E-ISSN 1528-8900, Vol. 135, nr 3, s. 031033-Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The flow in turbomachines is highly unsteady. Effects like vortices, flow separation, and shocks are an inevitable part of the turbomachinery flow. Furthermore, high blade aspect ratios, aerodynamically highly loaded and thin profiles increase the blade sensitivity to vibrations. According to the importance of aeroelasticity in turbomachines, new strategies for experimental studies in rotating machines must be developed. A basic requirement for aeroelastic research in rotating machines is to be able to excite the rotor blades in a defined manner. Approaches for active blade excitation in running machines may be piezoelectric elements, magnetism, or acoustics. Contact-free excitation methods are preferred, since additional mistuning is brought into the investigated system otherwise. A very promising method for aeroelastic research is the noncontact acoustic excitation method. In this paper, investigations on the influence of an annular cascade flow on the blade vibration, excited by an acoustic excitation system, are presented for the first time. These investigations are carried out at the Aeroelastic Test Rig of the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. By varying the excitation angle, the outlet Mach number, and the relative position of the excited blade to the excitation system, the influence of the flow on the acoustic excitation is quantified. The results show that there is a strong dependency of the excited vibration amplitude on the excitation angle if the outlet Mach number is increased, which implies that preferable excitation directions exist. Furthermore, it is shown that a benefit up to 23% in terms of excited vibration amplitude can be reached if the flow velocity is raised.

  • 21. Fruke, R.
    et al.
    Wilhein, T.
    Wieland, M.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    Imaging of a laser plasma source at 13 nm wavelength approaching submicrometer resolution2003Inngår i: Journal de Physique IV: Colloque, ISSN 1155-4339, E-ISSN 1764-7177, Vol. 104, s. 153-156Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Radiation in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral range is of interest for lithography and microscopy. Laser produced plasmas are sources for this kind of radiation. For successful usage it is necessary to study the source properties like size, stability and emitted spectra. For the spatial characterization of such a source a beamline was built up. The source was imaged at 13, 15 and 17 nm wavelength and at different laser energies with a resolution of better than 2 mum. As target material ethanol was used which was excited by a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (lambda=532 nm; 3 ns, 30 Hz). The source was mapped with a zone plate (KZP5: d=2500 mum, Deltar(n)=0,523 mum). With a magnification of 61 the images were taken with a thinned back-illuminated CCD. Additionally a periodic structure was mapped with micrometer resolution, too.

  • 22.
    Hertz, Hans
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik.
    Bertilson, Michael
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik.
    Chubarova, Elena
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik.
    von Hofsten, Olof
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik.
    Lindblom, Magnus
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik.
    Reinspach, Julia
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    Laboratory Water-Window X-Ray Microscopy2009Inngår i: 2009 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS: VOLS 1 AND 2, 2009, s. 48-48Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We review recent progress in laboratory water-window microscopy including 250 W/0.8 ns/2 kHz laser-plasma liquid-jet sources, 13-nm zone width diffractive optics, diffractive optical elements for phase-contrast microscopy, <25-nm resolution microscopy using compound zone plates, tomography and applications in soil science.

  • 23.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Bertilson, Michael C.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Chubarova, Elena
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hemberg, Oscar
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hofsten, Olov Von
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Lindblom, Magnus
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Lundström, Ulf
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Otendal, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Reinspach, Julia
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Skoglund, Peter
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Takman, Per
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Tuohimaa, Tomi
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Laboratory X-ray micro- and nano-imaging2009Inngår i: Frontiers in Optics (FiO) 2009, Optical Society of America, 2009Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We summarize recent progress in laboratory x-ray imaging systems based on compact high-brightness liquid-jet sources, including <25 nm soft x-ray zone-plate microscopy and <10 μm (lens-free) hard x-ray phase-contrast imaging.

  • 24.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Bertilson, Michael
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Chubarova, Elena
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Ewald, Johannes
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Gleber, S-C
    Hemberg, Oscar
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Henriksson, M.
    von Hofsten, Olov
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Lindblom, Magnus
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Mudry, Emeric
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Otendal, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Reinspach, Julia
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Schlie, Moritz Gustav
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Skoglund, Peter
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Takman, Per
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Thieme, J.
    Sedlmair, J.
    Tjörnhammar, Richard
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Tuohimaa, Tomi
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vita, M.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Laboratory x-ray micro imaging: Sources, optics, systems and applications2009Inngår i: Journal of Physics, Conference Series, ISSN 1742-6588, E-ISSN 1742-6596, Vol. 186Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We summarize the recent progress in laboratory-scale soft and hard x-ray micro imaging in Stockholm. Our soft x-ray work is based on liquid-jet laser-plasma sources which are combined with diffractive and multilayer optics to form laboratory x-ray microscopes. In the hard x-ray regime the imaging is based on a liquid-metal-jet electron-impact source which provides the necessary coherence to allow phase-contrast imaging with high fidelity.

  • 25.
    Hertz, Hans
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    von Hofsten, Olov
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Bertilson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Reinspach, Julia Antonia
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Martz, Dale
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Selin, Mårten
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Christakou, Athanasia
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Jerlström-Hultqvist, J
    Svärd, S
    Laboratory cryo soft X-ray microscopy2012Inngår i: Journal of Structural Biology, ISSN 1047-8477, E-ISSN 1095-8657, Vol. 177, nr 2, s. 267-272Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Lens-based water-window X-ray microscopy allows two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) imaging of intact unstained cells in their near-native state with unprecedented contrast and resolution. Cryofixation is essential to avoid radiation damage to the sample. Present cryo X-ray microscopes rely on synchrotron radiation sources, thereby limiting the accessibility for a wider community of biologists. In the present paper we demonstrate water-window cryo X-ray microscopy with a laboratory-source-based arrangement. The microscope relies on a lambda = 2.48-nm liquid-jet high-brightness laser-plasma source, normal-incidence multilayer condenser optics, 30-nm zone-plate optics, and a cryo sample chamber. We demonstrate 2D imaging of test patterns, and intact unstained yeast, protozoan parasites and mammalian cells. Overview 3D information is obtained by stereo imaging while complete 3D microscopy is provided by full tomographic reconstruction. The laboratory microscope image quality approaches that of the synchrotron microscopes, but with longer exposure times. The experimental image quality is analyzed from a numerical wave-propagation model of the imaging system and a path to reach synchrotron-like exposure times in laboratory microscopy is outlined.

  • 26.
    Holmberg, Anders
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Reinspach, Julia
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Lindblom, Magnus
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Chubarova, Elena
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Bertilson, Michael
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    von Hofsten, Olov
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Selin, Mårten
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Larsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Skoglund Lindberg, Peter
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Lundstrom, Ulf
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Takman, Per
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Towards 10-nm Soft X-Ray Zone Plate Fabrication2011Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper the latest efforts to improve our nanofabrication process for soft x‐ray zone plates is presented. The resolving power, which is proportional to the smallest outermost zone width of the zone plate, is increased by introducing cold development of the electron beam resist that is used for the patterning. With this process we have fabricated Ni zone plates with 13‐nm outermost zone and shown potential for making 11‐nm half‐pitch lines in the electron beam resist. Maintaining the diffraction efficiency of the zone plate is a great concern when the outermost zone width is decreased. To resolve this problem we have developed the so‐called Ni‐Ge zone plate in which the zone plate is build up by Ni and Ge, resulting in an increase of the diffraction efficiency. In a proof‐of‐principle experiment with 25‐nm Ni‐Ge zone plates, we have shown a doubling of the diffraction efficiency. When combined with cold development, the Ni‐Ge process has been shown to work down to 16‐nm half‐pitch. It is plausible that further refinement of the process will make it possible to go to 10‐nm outermost zone widths.

  • 27. Hoppe, R.
    et al.
    Meier, V.
    Patommel, J.
    Seiboth, F.
    Lee, H. J.
    Nagler, B.
    Galtier, E. C.
    Arnold, B.
    Zastrau, U.
    Hastings, J.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Uhlén, Fredrik
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Schroer, C. G.
    Schropp, A.
    Full characterization of a focused wavefield with sub 100 nm resolution2013Inngår i: Advances In X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers II: Instrumentation, SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering, 2013, s. 87780G-Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    A hard x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) provides an x-ray source with an extraordinary high peak-brilliance, a time structure with extremely short pulses and with a large degree of coherence, opening the door to new scientific fields. Many XFEL experiments require the x-ray beam to be focused to nanometer dimensions or, at least, benefit from such a focused beam. A detailed knowledge about the illuminating beam helps to interpret the measurements or is even inevitable to make full use of the focused beam. In this paper we report on focusing an XFEL beam to a transverse size of 125nm and how we applied ptychographic imaging to measure the complex wavefield in the focal plane in terms of phase and amplitude. Propagating the wavefield back and forth we are able to reconstruct the full caustic of the beam, revealing aberrations of the nano-focusing optic. By this method we not only obtain the averaged illumination but also the wavefield of individual XFEL pulses.

  • 28.
    Jansson, Per
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ultich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Liquid-nitrogen-jet laser-plasma source for compact soft x-ray microscopy2005Inngår i: Review of Scientific Instruments, ISSN 0034-6748, E-ISSN 1089-7623, Vol. 76, nr 4, s. 043503-Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We describe a liquid-nitrogen-jet laser-plasma source with sufficient brightness, uniformity, stability, and reliability to be suitable for compact water-window soft x-ray transmission microscopy. A cooled capillary nozzle arrangement allows long-term operation and avoids previously reported jet instabilities. The source is quantitatively characterized by calibrated slit-grating spectroscopy and zone-plate imaging. The absolute photon number in the major spectral lines (lambda=2.48 nm and lambda=2.88 nm) is 1.0x10(12) photons/(pulsexsrxline). The source diameter is similar to 20 mu m (full width at half maximum) and the spatial stability is better than +/- 2 mu m. Within an area with uniformity of 20%, the average source brightness is 4x10(8) photons/(pulsexsrx mu m(2)xline), which allows operation of a compact soft x-ray transmission microscope with exposure times of a few minutes.

  • 29.
    Johansson, Ulf
    et al.
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Carbone, Dina
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Kalbfleisch, Sebastian
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Bjorling, Alexander
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Kahnt, Maik
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Sala, Simone
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Stankevic, Tomas
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Liebi, Marianne
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Fernandez, Angel Rodriguez
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Bring, Bjorn
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Paterson, David
    ANSTO, Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia..
    Thanell, Karina
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Bell, Paul
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Erb, David
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Weninger, Clemens
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Matej, Zdenek
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Roslund, Linus
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Ahnberg, Karl
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Jensen, Brian Norsk
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Tarawneh, Hamed
    Lund Univ, MAX IV Lab, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Mikkelsen, Anders
    Lund Univ, Synchrotron Radiat Res, S-22100 Lund, Sweden..
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik. Albanova Univ Ctr, KTH Royal Inst Technol, Dept Appl Phys Biomed & Xray Phys, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden..
    NanoMAX: the hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline at the MAX IV Laboratory2021Inngår i: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, ISSN 0909-0495, E-ISSN 1600-5775, Vol. 28, s. 1935-1947Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    NanoMAX is the first hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline at the MAX IV laboratory. It utilizes the unique properties of the world's first operational multi-bend achromat storage ring to provide an intense and coherent focused beam for experiments with several methods. In this paper we present the beamline optics design in detail, show the performance figures, and give an overview of the surrounding infrastructure and the operational diffraction endstation.

  • 30. Johansson, Ulf
    et al.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Mikkelsen, Anders
    NanoMAX: a hard x-ray nanoprobe beamline at MAX IV2013Inngår i: SPIE Optical Engineering+ Applications, 2013Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We describe the design of the NanoMAX beamline to be built among the first phase beamlines of the MAX IV facility inLund, Sweden. NanoMAX will be a hard X-ray imaging beamline providing down to 10 nm in direct spatial resolution,enabling investigations of very small heterogeneous samples exploring methods of diffraction, scattering, absorption,phase contrast and fluorescence. The beamline will have two experimental stations using Fresnel zone plates andKirkpatrick-Baez mirror optics for beam focusing, respectively. This paper focuses on the optical design of the beamlineexcluding the experimental stations but also describes general ideas about the endstations and the nano-focusing optics tobe used. The NanoMAX beamline is planned to be operational late 2016.

  • 31.
    Kahnt, Maik
    et al.
    MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
    Selberg, Johan
    MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Åstrand, Mattias
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Björling, Alexander
    MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
    Kalbfleisch, Sebastian
    MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
    Andreasen, Jens W.
    Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
    Thånell, Karina
    MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
    Johansson, Ulf
    MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
    Current capabilities of the imaging endstation at the NanoMAX beamline2023Inngår i: AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing , 2023, artikkel-id 040018Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The new imaging endstation of the NanoMAX beamline is being designed to complement the already existing diffraction endstation: measurements with smaller beams at lower photons energies, with higher stability, in vacuum and with sample cooling at the measurement position, optimized for X-ray fluorescence mapping and ptychographic imaging in two and three spatial dimensions. This comes at the cost of reduced flexibility and fewer degrees of freedom. We hereby present the results of the in-air commissioning of the main components for the new endstation and the data quality that has already been achieved.

  • 32. Kaulich, B
    et al.
    Bacescu, D
    Susini, J
    David, C
    Di Fabrizio, E
    Morrison, G R
    Charalambous, P
    Thieme, J
    Wilhein, T
    Kovac, J
    Cocco, D
    Salome, M
    Dhez, O
    Weitkamp, T
    Cabrini, S
    Cojoc, D
    Gianoncelli, A
    Vogt, Ulrich
    Fachhochschule Koblenz, RheinAhrCampus Remagen, Suedallee 2, D53424 Remagen, Germany.
    Podnar, M
    Zangrando, M
    Zacchigna, M
    Kiskinova, M
    TwinMic : A European Twin X-ray Microscopy Station Commissioned at ELETTRA2006Inngår i: Proc. 8th Int. Conf. X-ray Microscopy / [ed] S. Aoki, Y. Kagoshima, Y. Suzuki, 2006, s. 22-25Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 33. Kaulich, B.
    et al.
    Susini, J.
    David, C.
    Fabrizio, E. Di
    Morrison, G. R.
    Thieme, J.
    Wilhein, T.
    Kovac, J.
    Bacescu, D.
    Salome, M.
    Dhez, O.
    Weitkamp, T.
    Cabrini, S.
    Gosperini, A.
    Charalambous, P.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    University of Applied Sciences Koblenz.
    Podnar, M.
    Kiskinova, M.
    TwinMic - Combined scanning and full-field imaging microscopy with novel contrast mechanisms2003Inngår i: Synchrotron Radiation News, Vol. 16, s. 49-52Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 34. Korn, G.
    et al.
    Thoss, A.
    Stiel, H.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    Richardson, M.
    Elsaesser, T.
    Faubel, M.
    Ultrashort 1-kHz laser plasma hard x-ray source2002Inngår i: Optics Letters, ISSN 0146-9592, E-ISSN 1539-4794, Vol. 27, nr 10, s. 866-868Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We achieved a continuous, stable, ultrashort pulse hard x-ray point source by focusing 1.8-W, 1-kHz, 50-fs laser pulses onto a novel, 30-mum-diameter, high-velocity, liquid-metal gallium jet. This target geometry avoids most of the debris problems of solid targets and provides nearly 4pi illumination. Photon fluxes of 5 X 10(8) photons/s are generated in a two-component spectrum consisting of a broad continuum from 4 to 14 keV and strong K-alpha and K-beta emission lines at 9.25 and 10.26 keV. This source will find wide use in time-resolved x-ray diffraction studies and other applications.

  • 35.
    Kördel, Mikael
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Arsana, Komang Gede Yudi
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Stability investigation of a cryo soft x-ray microscope by fiber interferometry2020Inngår i: Review of Scientific Instruments, ISSN 0034-6748, E-ISSN 1089-7623, Vol. 91, nr 2, artikkel-id 023701Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a stability investigation of the Stockholm laboratory cryo soft x-ray microscope. The microscope operates at a wavelength of 2.48 nm and can image biological samples at liquid-nitrogen temperatures in order to mitigate radiation damage. We measured the stability of the two most critical components, sample holder and optics holder, in vacuo and at cryo temperatures at both short and long time scales with a fiber interferometer. Results revealed vibrations in the kHz range, originating mainly from a turbo pump, as well as long term drifts in connection with temperature fluctuations. With improvements in the microscope, earlier stability issues vanished and close-to diffraction-limited imaging could be achieved. Moreover, our investigation shows that fiber interferometers are a powerful tool in order to investigate position-sensitive setups at the nanometer level.

  • 36.
    Kördel, Mikael
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Dehlinger, Aurelie
    Technische Universität Berlin.
    Seim, Christian
    Technische Universität Berlin.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Fogelqvist, Emelie
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Sellberg, Jonas A.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Stiel, Holger
    Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Berlin.
    Hertz, Hans
    KTH, Tidigare Institutioner (före 2005), Fysik. KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Fysik. KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik. KTH, Skolan för bioteknologi (BIO), Centra, Albanova VinnExcellence Center for Protein Technology, ProNova.
    Laboratory water-window x-ray microscopyManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 37.
    Kördel, Mikael
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Dehlinger, Aurelie
    Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Opt & Atom Phys, Hardenbergstr 36, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.;Berlin Lab Innovat Xray Technol BLiX, Hardenbergstr 36, D-10623 Berlin, Germany..
    Seim, Christian
    Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Opt & Atom Phys, Hardenbergstr 36, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.;Berlin Lab Innovat Xray Technol BLiX, Hardenbergstr 36, D-10623 Berlin, Germany..
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Fogelqvist, Emelie
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Sellberg, Jonas A.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Stiel, Holger
    Berlin Lab Innovat Xray Technol BLiX, Hardenbergstr 36, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.;Max Born Inst MBI, Max Born Str 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany..
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Laboratory water-window x-ray microscopy2020Inngår i: Optica, E-ISSN 2334-2536, Vol. 7, nr 6, s. 658-674Artikkel, forskningsoversikt (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Soft x-ray microscopy in the water window (similar to 285-535 eV) is an emerging and unique tool for 2D and 3D imaging of unstained intact cellular samples in their near-native state with few-10-nm detail. However, present microscopes rely on the high x-ray brightness of synchrotron-radiation sources. Having access to water-window microscopy in the home laboratory would increase the impact and extend the applicability of the method. In the present paper, we review three decades of efforts to build laboratory water-window microscopes and conclude that the method is now reaching the maturity to allow biological studies. The instruments as well as their key components are quantitatively and qualitatively compared. We find that the brightness and the reliability of the laboratory source are the most critical parameters, but that the optics as well as the sample preparation also must be optimized to enable high-resolution imaging with adequate exposure times. We then describe the two sister microscopes in Stockholm and Berlin, which allow reliable high-resolution biological imaging with short exposure times of a few tens of seconds in 2D and a few tens of minutes in 3D. They both rely on a liquid-jet laser-plasma source combined with high-reflectivity normal-incidence multilayer condenser optics, high-resolution zone-plate imaging optics, CCD detection, and cryogenic sample handling. Finally, we present several examples of biological imaging demonstrating the unique properties of these instruments. 

  • 38.
    Kördel, Mikael
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Fogelqvist, Emelie
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Carannante, Valentina
    Karolinska Inst, Dept Microbiol Tumor & Cell Biol, S-17177 Solna, Sweden..
    Önfelt, Björn
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Reddy, Hemanth K. N.
    Uppsala Univ, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, Lab Mol Biophys, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden..
    Svenda, Martin
    Uppsala Univ, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, Lab Mol Biophys, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden..
    Sellberg, Jonas A.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Arsana, Komang G.Y.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Biological Laboratory X-Ray Microscopy2019Inngår i: X-Ray Nanoimaging: Instruments and Methods IV / [ed] Lai, B Somogyi, A, SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering, 2019, Vol. 11112, artikkel-id 111120TKonferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Zone-plate-based soft x-ray microscopes operating in the water window allow high-resolution and high-contrast imaging of intact cells in their near-native state. Laboratory-source-based x-ray microscopes are an important complement to the accelerator-based instruments, providing high accessibility and allowing close integration with other cell-biological techniques. Here we present recent biological applications using the Stockholm laboratory water-window x-ray microscope, which is based on a liquid-nitrogen-jet laser-plasma source. Technical improvements to the microscope in the last few years have resulted in increased x-ray flux at the sample and significantly improved stability and reliability. In addition to this, vibrations in key components have been measured, analyzed and reduced to improve the resolution to 25 nm half-period. The biological applications include monitoring the development of carbon-dense vesicles in starving human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T), imaging the interaction between natural killer (NK) cells and HEK293T target cells, and most recently studying a newly discovered giant DNA virus and the process of viral replication inside a host amoeba. All biological imaging was done on cryo-frozen hydrated samples in 2D and in some cases 3D.

  • 39. Legall, H.
    et al.
    Blobel, G.
    Stiel, H.
    Sandner, W.
    Seim, C.
    Takman, Per
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Martz, Dale H.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Selin, Mårten
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Esser, D.
    Sipma, H.
    Luttmann, J.
    Höfffer, M.
    Hoffmann, H. D.
    Yulin, S.
    Feigl, T.
    Rehbein, S.
    Guttmann, P.
    Schneider, G.
    Wiesemann, U.
    Wirtz, M.
    Diete, W.
    Compact X-ray microscope for the water window based on a high brightness laser plasma source2012Inngår i: Optics Express, E-ISSN 1094-4087, Vol. 20, nr 16, s. 18362-18369Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a laser plasma based x-ray microscope for the water window employing a high-average power laser system for plasma generation. At 90 W laser power a brightness of 7.4 x 10(11) photons/(s x sr x mu m(2)) was measured for the nitrogen Ly alpha line emission at 2.478 nm. Using a multilayer condenser mirror with 0.3 % reflectivity 10(6) photons/(mu m(2) x s) were obtained in the object plane. Microscopy performed at a laser power of 60 W resolves 40 nm lines with an exposure time of 60 s. The exposure time can be further reduced to 20 s by the use of new multilayer condenser optics and operating the laser at its full power of 130 W.

  • 40. Legall, H.
    et al.
    Stiel, H.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    Schonnagel, H.
    Nickles, P. V.
    Tummler, J.
    Scholz, F.
    Scholze, F.
    Spatial and spectral characterization of a laser produced plasma source for extreme ultraviolet metrology2004Inngår i: Review of Scientific Instruments, ISSN 0034-6748, E-ISSN 1089-7623, Vol. 75, nr 11, s. 4981-4988Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a laser produced plasma (LPP) source optimized for metrology and the results of its radiometric characterization. The presented (LPP) source can be used for reflectometry and spectroscopy in the soft x-ray range. For these applications, stable operation with high spectral photon yields high reliability in continuous operation and, to reach high spectral resolution, a small source size and high source point stability is necessary. For the characterization of the source, special instruments have been designed and calibrated using the soft x-ray radiometry beamline of the Physikalisch-Technische-Bundesanstalt at BESSY. These instruments are an imaging spectrometer, a double multilayer tool for in-band power measurements, a transmission slit grating spectrograph, and a pinhole camera. From the measurements a source size of 30 mumx55 mum (2sigma, horizontal by vertical) and a stability of better than 5 mum horizontally and 9 mum vertically were obtained. The source provides a flat continuous emission in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) range around 13.4 nm and a spectral photon flux of up to 1*10(14)/(s sr 0.1 nm) at a pump laser pulse energy of 650 mJ. The shot-to-shot stability of the source is about 5% (1sigma) for laser pulse energies above 200 mJ. It is shown that an Au-LPP source provides spectrally reproducible emission with sufficient power at low debris conditions for the operation of a laboratory based EUV reflectometer and for spectroscopy.

  • 41.
    Lindblom, Magnus
    et al.
    Research Institutes of Sweden, Kista, Sweden.
    Patzauer, Maximilian
    Research Institutes of Sweden, Kista, Sweden.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Wilbur, Scott
    University of Sheffield, Western Bank Sheffield, United Kingdom.
    Yazd, Nazila Safari
    Research Institutes of Sweden, Kista, Sweden.
    Tow, Kenny Hey
    Research Institutes of Sweden, Kista, Sweden.
    Margulis, Walter
    Research Institutes of Sweden, Kista, Sweden.
    Claesson, Asa
    Research Institutes of Sweden, Kista, Sweden.
    Ebenhag, Sven Christian
    Research Institutes of Sweden, Kista, Sweden.
    Flexible Liquid-Filled Scintillating Fibers for X-Ray Detection2023Inngår i: 2023 IEEE SENSORS, SENSORS 2023 - Conference Proceedings, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We present the design and fabrication of flexible, liquid-filled scintillating fibers for X-ray detection made from silica fibers and silica capillaries. The scintillating fibers were characterized using ultraviolet light exposure and we also performed an experiment demonstrating X-ray detection.

  • 42.
    Lindblom, Magnus
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Tuohimaa, Tomi
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Wilhein, Thomas
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    High-resolution differential-interference-contrast x-ray zone plates: Design and Fabrication2007Inngår i: Spectrochimica Acta Part B - Atomic Spectroscopy, ISSN 0584-8547, E-ISSN 1873-3565, Vol. 62, nr 6-7, s. 539-543Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Differential interference contrast is a potentially powerful technique for contrast enhancement in soft X-ray microscopy. We describe the design and fabrication of single-element diffractive optical elements suitable as objectives for high-resolution differential interference contrast microscopy in the water-window spectral range. A one-dimensional pattern calculation followed by an extension to two dimensions results in a pattern resolution of 1 nm, which is well below fabrication accuracy. The same fabrication process as for normal zone plates is applicable, but special care must be taken when converting the calculated pattern to a code for e-beam lithography.

  • 43.
    Martz, Dale H.
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Selin, Mårten
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    von Hofsten, Olov
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Fogelqvist, Emelie
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Legall, H.
    Blobel, G.
    Seim, C.
    Stiel, H.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    High average brightness water window source for short-exposure cryomicroscopy2012Inngår i: Optics Letters, ISSN 0146-9592, E-ISSN 1539-4794, Vol. 37, nr 21, s. 4425-4427Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Laboratory water window cryomicroscopy has recently demonstrated similar image quality as synchrotron-based microscopy but still with much longer exposure times, prohibiting the spread to a wider scientific community. Here we demonstrate high-resolution laboratory water window imaging of cryofrozen cells with 10 s range exposure times. The major improvement is the operation of a lambda = 2.48 nm, 2 kHz liquid nitrogen jet laser plasma source with high spatial and temporal stability at high average brightness >1.5 x 10(12) ph/(s x sr x mu m(2) x line), i.e., close to that of early synchrotrons. Thus, this source enables not only biological x-ray microscopy in the home laboratory but potentially other applications previously only accessible at synchrotron facilities.

  • 44.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Anders, Holmberg
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Sinn, H.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Computer simulation of heat transfer in zone plate optics exposed to X-ray FEL radiation2011Inngår i: Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering, ISSN 0277-786X, E-ISSN 1996-756X, Vol. 8077Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Zone plates are circular diffraction gratings that can provide diffraction-limited nano-focusing of x-ray radiation. When designing zone plates for X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) sources special attention has to be made concerning the high intensity of the sources. Absorption of x-rays in the zone material can lead to significant temperature increases in a single pulse and potentially destroy the zone plate. The zone plate might also be damaged as a result of temperature build up and/or temperature fluctuations on longer time scales. In this work we simulate the heat transfer in a zone plate on a substrate as it is exposed to XFEL radiation. This is done in a Finite Element Method model where each new x-ray pulse is treated as an instantaneous heat source and the temperature evolution between pulses is calculated by solving the heat equation. We use this model to simulate different zone plate and substrate designs and source parameters. Results for both the 8 keV source at LCLS and the 12.4 keV source at the European XFEL are presented. We simulate zone plates made of high Z metals such as gold, tungsten and iridium as well as zone plates made of low Z materials such as diamond. In the case of metal zone plates we investigate the influence of substrate material by comparing silicon and diamond substrates. We also study the effect of different cooling temperatures and cooling schemes. The results give valuable indications on the temperature behavior to expect and can serve as a basis for future experimental investigations of zone plates exposed to XFEL radiation.

  • 45.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Sinn, H.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Simulation of heat transfer in zone plate optics irradiated by X-ray free electron laser radiation2010Inngår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, ISSN 0168-9002, E-ISSN 1872-9576, Vol. 621, nr 1-3, s. 620-626Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Zone plates are high quality optics that have the potential to provide diffraction-limited nano-focusing of hard X-ray free electron laser radiation. The present publication investigates theoretically the temperature behavior of metal zone plates on a diamond substrate irradiated by 0.1 nm X-rays from the European X-ray Free Electron Laser. The heat transfer in the optic is simulated by solving the transient heat equation with the finite element method. Two different zone plate designs are considered, one small zone plate placed in the direct beam and one larger zone plate after the monochromator. The main result is that for all investigated cases the maximum temperature in the metal zone plate layer is at least a factor 2 below the melting point of the respective material, proving the efficiency of the proposed cooling scheme. However, zone plates in the direct beam experience large and rapid temperature fluctuations of several hundred Kelvin that might prove fatal to the optic. The situation is different for optics behind the monochromator with fluctuations in the 20 K range and maximum temperatures well below room temperature. The simulation results give valuable indications on the temperature behavior to be expected and are a basis for future experimental heat transfer and mechanical stability investigations of fabricated nanostructures.

  • 46.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Sinn, H.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Zone Plates for Hard X-Ray FEL Radiation2011Inngår i: 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON X-RAY MICROSCOPY / [ed] McNulty, I; Eyberger, C; Lai, B, American Institute of Physics (AIP), 2011, Vol. 1365, s. 120-123Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigated theoretically the use of zone plates for the focusing of the European X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL). In a finite-element simulation the heat load on zone plates placed in the high intensity x-ray beam was simulated for four different zone plate materials: gold, iridium, tungsten, and CVD diamond. The main result of the calculations is that all zone plates remain below the melting temperature throughout a full XFEL pulse train of 3000 pulses. However, if the zone plate is placed in the direct beam it will experience large and rapid temperature fluctuations on the order of 300 K. The situation is relaxed if the optic is placed behind a monochromator and the fluctuations are reduced to around 20 K. Besides heat load, the maximization of the total efficiency of the complete optical system is an important issue. We calculated the efficiency of different zone plates and monochromator systems and found that the final beam size of the XFEL in combination with its monochromaticity will be important parameters.

  • 47.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Uhlén, Fredrik
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Schropp, A.
    Patommel, J.
    Hoppe, R.
    Seiboth, F.
    Meier, V.
    Schroer, C. G.
    Galtier, E.
    Nagler, B.
    Lee, H. J.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Ronchi test for characterization of nanofocusing optics at a hard x-ray free-electron laser2012Inngår i: Optics Letters, ISSN 0146-9592, E-ISSN 1539-4794, Vol. 37, nr 24, s. 5046-5048Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We demonstrate the use of the classical Ronchi test to characterize aberrations in focusing optics at a hard x-ray free-electron laser. A grating is placed close to the focus and the interference between the different orders after the grating is observed in the far field. Any aberrations in the beam or the optics will distort the interference fringes. The methodis simple to implement and can provide single-shot information about the focusing quality. We used the Ronchi test to measure the aberrations in a nanofocusing Fresnel zone plate at the Linac Coherent Light Source at 8.194 keV.

  • 48.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Uhlén, Fredrik
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Reinspach, Julia
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Sinn, H.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Thermal stability of tungsten zone plates for focusing hard x-ray free-electron laser radiation2012Inngår i: New Journal of Physics, E-ISSN 1367-2630, Vol. 14, s. 043010-Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Diffractive Fresnel zone plates made of tungsten show great promise for focusing hard x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) radiation to very small spot sizes. However, they have to withstand the high-intensity pulses of the beam without being damaged. This might be problematic since each XFEL pulse will create a significant temperature increase in the zone plate nanostructures and it is therefore crucial that the optics are thermally stable, even for a large number of pulses. Here we have studied the thermal stability of tungsten zone-platelike nanostructures on diamond substrates using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser which creates temperature profiles similar to those expected from XFEL pulses. We found that the structures remained intact up to a laser fluence of 100 mJ cm(-2), corresponding to a 6 keV x-ray fluence of 590 mJ cm-2, which is above typical fluence levels in an unfocused XFEL beam. We have also performed an initial damage experiment at the LCLS hard XFEL facility at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, where a tungsten zone plate on a diamond substrate was exposed to 105 pulses of 6 keV x-rays with a pulse fluence of 350 mJ cm-2 without any damage occurring.

  • 49.
    Ohlin, Hanna
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Frisk, Thomas
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Sychugov, Ilya
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Fotonik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Comparing metal assisted chemical etching of N and P-type silicon nanostructures2023Inngår i: Micro and Nano Engineering, E-ISSN 2590-0072, Vol. 19, artikkel-id 100178Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Metal assisted chemical etching is a promising method for fabricating high aspect ratio micro- and nanostructures in silicon. Previous results have suggested that P-type and N-type silicon etches with different degrees of anisotropy, questioning the use of P-type silicon for nanostructures. In this study, we compare processing X-ray zone plate nanostructures in N and P-type silicon through metal assisted chemical etching with a gold catalyst. Fabricated zone plates were cleaved and studied with a focus on resulting verticality, depth and porosity. Results show that for high aspect ratio nanostructures, both N and P-type silicon prove to be viable alternatives exhibiting different etch rates, but similarities regarding porosity and etch direction.

  • 50.
    Ohlin, Hanna
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik. KTH, Skolan för bioteknologi (BIO), Centra, Albanova VinnExcellence Center for Protein Technology, ProNova.
    Frisk, Thomas
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik. KTH, Skolan för bioteknologi (BIO), Centra, Albanova VinnExcellence Center for Protein Technology, ProNova.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik. KTH, Skolan för bioteknologi (BIO), Centra, Albanova VinnExcellence Center for Protein Technology, ProNova.
    Single Layer Lift-Off of CSAR62 for Dense Nanostructured Patterns2023Inngår i: Micromachines, E-ISSN 2072-666X, Vol. 14, nr 4, artikkel-id 766Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Lift-off processing is a common method of pattern transfer for different nanofabrication applications. With the emergence of chemically amplified and semi-amplified resist systems, the possibilities for pattern definition via electron beam lithography has been widened. We report a reliable and simple lift-off process for dense nanostructured pattern in CSAR62. The pattern is defined in a single layer CSAR62 resist mask for gold nanostructures on silicon. The process offers a slimmed down pathway for pattern definition of dense nanostructures with varied feature size and an up to 10 nm thick gold layer. The resulting patterns from this process have been successfully used in metal assisted chemical etching applications.

12 1 - 50 of 95
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