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  • 1. Abreu, L. I.
    et al.
    Cavalieri, A. V. G.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Henningson, Dan S.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Reduced-order models to analyse coherent structures in turbulent pipe flow2019In: 11th International Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena, TSFP 2019, International Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena, TSFP , 2019Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fully resolved direct numerical simulations, performed with a high-order spectral-element method, are used to study coherent structures in turbulent pipe flow at friction Reynolds numbers Reτ = 180 and 550 (El Khoury et al., 2013). The database was analysed using spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) so as to identify dominant coherent structures, most of which are of streaky shape. As a reduced-order model for such structures, the linearised flow response to harmonic forcing was computed, and the analysed singular modes of the resolvent operator were analysed. For turbulent flows, this approach amounts to considering the non-linear terms in the Navier–Stokes system as an unknown forcing, treated convenienty as external. Resolvent analysis then allows an identification of the optimal forcing and most amplified flow response; the latter may be related to observed relevant structures obtained by SPOD, especially if the gain between forcing and response is much larger than what is found for suboptimal forcings or if the non-linear forcing is white noise. Results from SPOD and resolvent analysis were extracted for several combinations of frequencies, streamwise and azimuthal wavenumbers. For both Reynolds numbers, good agreement between SPOD and resolvent modes was observed for parameter combinations where the lift-up mechanism is present: optimal forcing from resolvent analysis represents streamwise vortices and the associated response are streaky structures.

  • 2. Abreu, L. I.
    et al.
    Cavalieri, A. V. G.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Stability, Transition and Control.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Stability, Transition and Control.
    Henningson, Dan S.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Stability, Transition and Control.
    Wavepackets in turbulent flow over a NACA 4412 airfoil2018In: 31st Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences, ICAS 2018, International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences , 2018Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Turbulent flow over a NACA 4412 airfoil with an angle of attack AoA = 5◦ was analysed using an incompressible direct numerical simulation (DNS) at chord Reynolds number of Rec = 4 · 105. Snapshots of the flow field were analysed using the method of Spectral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (SPOD) in frequency domain, in order to extract the dominant coherent structures of the flow. Focus is given to two-dimensional disturbances, known to be most relevant for aeroacoustics. The leading SPOD modes show coherent structures forming a wavepacket, with significant amplitudes in the trailing-edge boundary layer and in the wake. To model coherent structures in the turbulent boundary layer, the optimal harmonic forcing and the associated linear response of the flow were obtained using the singular value decomposition of the linear resolvent operator. The resolvent analysis shows that the leading SPOD modes can be associated to most amplified, linearised flow responses. Furthermore, coherent structures in the wake are modelled as the Kelvin-Helmholtz mode from linear stability theory (LST). 

  • 3. Abreu, Leandra, I
    et al.
    Cavalieri, Andre V. G.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Henningson, Dan S.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Resolvent modelling of near-wall coherent structures in turbulent channel flow2020In: International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, ISSN 0142-727X, E-ISSN 1879-2278, Vol. 85, article id 108662Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Turbulent channel flow was analysed using direct numerical simulations at friction Reynolds numbers Re-tau = 180 and 550. The databases were studied using spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) to identify dominant near-wall coherent structures, most of which turn out to be streaks and streamwise vortices. Resolvent analysis was used as a theoretical approach to model such structures, as it allows the identification of the optimal forcing and most amplified flow response; the latter may be related to the observed relevant structures obtained by SPOD, especially if the gain between forcing and response is much larger than what is found for suboptimal forcings or if the non-linear forcing is white noise. Results from SPOD and resolvent analysis were compared for several combinations of frequencies and wavenumbers. For both Reynolds numbers, the best agreement between SPOD and resolvent modes was observed for the cases where the lift-up mechanism from resolvent analysis is present, which are also the cases where the optimal resolvent gain is dominant. These results confirm the outcomes in our previous studies (Abreu et al., 2019; Abreu et al., 2020), where we used a DNS database of a pipe flow for the same Reynolds numbers.

  • 4.
    Abreu, Leandra, I
    et al.
    Sao Paulo State Univ UNESP, Campus Sao Joao da Boa Vista, BR-13876750 Sao Joao da Boa Vista, SP, Brazil.;Inst Tecnol Aeronaut, Div Engn Aeronaut, BR-12228900 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil..
    Cavalieri, Andre V. G.
    Inst Tecnol Aeronaut, Div Engn Aeronaut, BR-12228900 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil..
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Henningson, Dan S.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics, Stability, Transition and Control.
    Spectral proper orthogonal decomposition and resolvent analysis of near-wall coherent structures in turbulent pipe flows2020In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 900, article id A11Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Direct numerical simulations, performed with a high-order spectral-element method, are used to study coherent structures in turbulent pipe flow at friction Reynolds numbers Re-tau = 180 and 550. The database was analysed using spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) to identify energetically dominant coherent structures, most of which turn out to be streaks and quasi-streamwise vortices. To understand how such structures can be modelled, the linear flow responses to harmonic forcing were computed using the singular value decomposition of the resolvent operator, using the mean field as a base flow. The SPOD and resolvent analysis were calculated for several combinations of frequencies and wavenumbers, allowing the mapping out of similarities between SPOD modes and optimal responses for a wide range of relevant scales in turbulent pipe flows. In order to explore physical reasons behind the agreement between both methods, an indicator of lift-up mechanism in the resolvent analysis was introduced, activated when optimal forcing is dominated by the wall-normal and azimuthal components, and associated response corresponds to streaks of streamwise velocity. Good agreement between leading SPOD and resolvent modes is observed in a large region of parameter space. In this region, a significant gain separation is found in resolvent analysis, which may be attributed to the strong amplification associated with the lift-up mechanism, here understood as nonlinear forcing terms leading to the appearance of streamwise vortices, which in turn form high-amplitude streaks. For both Reynolds numbers, the observed concordances were generally for structures with large energy in the buffer layer. The results highlight resolvent analysis as a pertinent reduced-order model for coherent structures in wall-bounded turbulence, particularly for streamwise elongated structures corresponding to near-wall streamwise vortices and streaks.

  • 5.
    Abreu, Leandra, I
    et al.
    Sao Paulo State Univ UNESP, Campus Sao Joao Boa Vista, BR-13876750 Sao Joao Da Boa Vista, SP, Brazil.;Inst Tecnol Aeronaut, Div Engn Aeronaut, BR-12228900 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil..
    Tanarro, Alvaro
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Cavalieri, Andre V. G.
    Inst Tecnol Aeronaut, Div Engn Aeronaut, BR-12228900 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil..
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Hanifi, Ardeshir
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Henningson, Dan S.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Spanwise-coherent hydrodynamic waves around flat plates and airfoils2021In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 927, article id A1Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate spanwise-coherent structures in the turbulent flow around airfoils, motivated by their connection with trailing-edge noise. We analyse well-resolved large-eddy simulations (LES) of the flow around NACA 0012 and NACA 4412 airfoils, both at a Reynolds number of 400 000 based on the chord length. Spectral proper orthogonal decomposition performed on the data reveals that the most energetic coherent structures are hydrodynamic waves, extending over the turbulent boundary layers around the airfoils with significant amplitudes near the trailing edge. Resolvent analysis was used to model such structures, using the mean field as a base flow. We then focus on evaluating the dependence of such structures on the domain size, to ensure that they are not an artefact of periodic boundary conditions in small computational boxes. To this end, we performed incompressible LES of a zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer, for three different spanwise sizes, with the momentum-thickness Reynolds number matching those near the airfoils trailing edge. The same coherent hydrodynamic waves were observed for the three domains. Such waves are accurately modelled as the most amplified flow response from resolvent analysis. The signature of such wide structures is seen in non-premultiplied spanwise wavenumber spectra, which collapse for the three computational domains. These results suggest that the spanwise-elongated structures are not domain-size dependent for the studied simulations, indicating thus the presence of very wide structures in wall-bounded turbulent flows.

  • 6.
    Abreu, Leandra I.
    et al.
    Divisão de Engenharia Aeronáutica, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 12228-900, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
    Tanarro, Alvaro
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Cavalieri, André V.G.
    Divisão de Engenharia Aeronáutica, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 12228-900, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Superseded Departments (pre-2005), Mechanics. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Hanifi, Ardeshir
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Henningson, Dan S.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Superseded Departments (pre-2005), Mechanics. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Wavepackets in turbulent flows around airfoilsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Motivated by the recent analysis by Sano et al. 2019, Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol. 4, p. 094602, of spanwise-coherent structures in the turbulent flow around airfoils and their connection to trailing-edge noise, we carry out a thorough characterisation of such structures in three simulation databases. We analyse two different numerical simulations of incompressible flow in turbulent regime, both at chord Reynolds number of 400,000: a large-eddy simulation for a NACA 0012 profile at zero angle of attack, and a direct numerical simulation for a NACA 4412 airfoil with an angle of attack of 5 degrees. Snapshots of the flow field were analysed using Spectral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (SPOD), in order to extract the dominant coherent structures of the flow. Focus is given to  the aforementioned spanwise-coherent fluctuations, which two-dimensional disturbances in the computational domain due to the use of periodic boundary conditions. The leading SPOD modes show that the most energetic coherent structures are wavepackets, extending over the whole turbulent boundary layers around the airfoils with significant amplitudes near the trailing-edge. Higher amplitudes are observed in the region of  stronger adverse pressure gradient at the suction side of the NACA 4412 airfoil. To understand how such structures in the turbulent field can be modelled, the linear response of the flow using the singular value decomposition of the linearised resolvent operator was performed, using the mean field as a base flow and considering a locally parallel approximation. Such analysis shows that the leading SPOD modes can be associated to optimal, linearised flow responses, particularly for stations far from the trailing edge; the latter introduces a discontinuity in boundary conditions, and the locally parallel approximation becomes questionable. We then focus on evaluating the dependence of such wavepackets on the domain size, to ensure that these structures are not an artifact of the use of periodic boundary conditions in small computational boxes. To do so, we performed an incompressible LES of a zero-pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer (ZPGTBL), for three different spanwise sizes: Lz=32 δ*, Lz=64 δ* and Lz=128 δ*, where δ* is a reference displacement thickness in a region of developed turbulent flow, with Reynolds number matching the values in the airfoil simulations. The signature of such wavepackets is seen in non-premultiplied spanwise wavenumber spectra, which reaches, for the three domain sizes, a plateau for spanwise wavelengths going to infinity (or wavenumbers going to zero); this plateau is representative of the spanwise-coherent structures seen in the airfoil simulations. Similar SPOD and resolvent analyses were carried out for the zero spanwise wavenumber of the ZPGTBL, and the same coherent wavepackets were observed for the three domains, with very similar amplitudes. Such wavepackets were also accurately modelled using the optimal resolvent response. These results confirm that the spanwise-elongated structures are not domain-size dependent for the studied simulations, and are thus a feature of turbulent boundary layers.

  • 7.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Örlü, Ramis
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    The viscous sublayer revisited-exploiting self-similarity to determine the wall position and friction velocity2011In: Experiments in Fluids, ISSN 0723-4864, E-ISSN 1432-1114, Vol. 51, no 1, p. 271-280Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In experiments using hot wires near the wall, it is well known that wall interference effects between the hot wire and the wall give rise to errors, and mean velocity data from the viscous sublayer can usually not be used to determine the wall position, nor the friction velocity from the linear velocity distribution. Here, we introduce a new method that takes advantage of the similarity of the probability density distributions (PDF) or rather the cumulative distribution functions (CDF) in the near-wall region. By using the velocity data in the CDF in a novel way, it is possible to circumvent the problem associated with heat transfer to the wall and to accurately determine both the wall position and the friction velocity. Prior to its exploitation, the self-similarity of the distribution functions of the streamwise velocity fluctuations within the viscous sublayer is established, and it is shown that they can accurately be described by a lognormal distribution.

  • 8.
    Amor, Christian
    et al.
    Univ Politecn Madrid, Sch Aerosp Engn, Madrid 28040, Spain..
    Perez, Jose M.
    Univ Politecn Madrid, Sch Aerosp Engn, Madrid 28040, Spain..
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Le Clainche, Soledad
    Univ Politecn Madrid, Sch Aerosp Engn, Madrid 28040, Spain..
    Modeling the Turbulent Wake Behind a Wall-Mounted Square Cylinder2020In: Logic journal of the IGPL (Print), ISSN 1367-0751, E-ISSN 1368-9894, Vol. 30, no 2, p. 263-276Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article introduces some soft computing methods generally used for data analysis and flow pattern detection in fluid dynamics. These techniques decompose the original flow field as an expansion of modes, which can be either orthogonal in time (variants of dynamic mode decomposition), or in space (variants of proper orthogonal decomposition) or in time and space (spectral proper orthogonal decomposition), or they can simply be selected using some sophisticated statistical techniques (empirical mode decomposition). The performance of these methods is tested in the turbulent wake of a wall-mounted square cylinder. This highly complex flow is suitable to show the ability of the aforementioned methods to reduce the degrees of freedom of the original data by only retaining the large scales in the flow. The main result is a reduced-order model of the original flow case, based on a low number of modes. A deep discussion is carried out about how to choose the most computationally efficient method to obtain suitable reduced-order models of the flow. The techniques introduced in this article are data-driven methods that could be applied to model any type of non-linear dynamical system, including numerical and experimental databases.

  • 9.
    Amor, Christian
    et al.
    Univ Politecn Madrid, Sch Aerosp Engn, E-28040 Madrid, Spain..
    Perez, Jose M.
    Univ Politecn Madrid, Sch Aerosp Engn, E-28040 Madrid, Spain..
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Le Clainche, Soledad
    Univ Politecn Madrid, Sch Aerosp Engn, E-28040 Madrid, Spain..
    Soft Computing Techniques to Analyze the Turbulent Wake of a Wall-Mounted Square Cylinder2020In: 14th International Conference on Soft Computing Models in Industrial and Environmental Applications, SOCO 2019 / [ed] Alvarez, FM Lora, AT Munoz, JAS Quintian, H Corchado, E, Springer, 2020, Vol. 950, p. 577-586Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper introduces several methods, generally used in fluid dynamics, to provide low-rank approximations. The algorithm describing these methods are mainly based on singular value decomposition (SVD) and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) techniques, and are suitable to analyze turbulent flows. The application of these methods will be illustrated in the analysis of the turbulent wake of a wall-mounted cylinder, a geometry modeling a skyscraper. A brief discussion about the large and small size structures of the flow will provide the key ideas to represent the general dynamics of the flow using low-rank approximations. If the flow physics is understood, then it is possible to adapt these techniques, or some other strategies, to solve general complex problems with reduced computational cost. The main goal is to introduce these methods as machine learning strategies that could be potentially used in the field of fluid dynamics, and that can be extended to any other research field.

  • 10.
    Amor, Christian
    et al.
    Technol Grad Univ, Okinawa Inst Sci, Complex Fluids & Flows Unit, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Okinawa 9040495, Japan..
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Le Clainche, Soledad
    Univ Politecn Madrid, ETSI Aeronaut & Espacio, Plaza Cardenal Cisneros 3, Madrid 28040, Spain..
    Higher-order dynamic mode decomposition on-the-fly: A low-order algorithm for complex fluid flows2023In: Journal of Computational Physics, ISSN 0021-9991, E-ISSN 1090-2716, Vol. 475, article id 111849Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article presents a new method to identify the main patterns describing the flow motion in complex flows. The algorithm is an extension of the higher-order dynamic mode decomposition (HODMD), which compresses the snapshots from the analysed database and progressively updates new compressed snapshots on-the-fly, so it is denoted as HODMD on -the-fly (HODMD-of). This algorithm can be applied in parallel to the numerical simulations (or experiments), and it exhibits two main advantages over offline algorithms: (i) it automatically selects on-the-fly the number of necessary snapshots from the database to identify the relevant dynamics; and (ii) it can be used from the beginning of a numerical simulation (or experiment), since it uses a sliding-window to automatically select, also on-the-fly, the suitable interval to perform the data analysis, i.e. it automatically identifies and discards the transient dynamics. The HODMD-of algorithm is suitable to build reduced order models, which have a much lower computational cost than the original simulation. The performance of the method has been tested in three different cases: the axi-symmetric synthetic jet, the three-dimensional wake of a circular cylinder and the turbulent wake behind a wall-mounted square cylinder. The obtained speed-up factors are around 7 with respect to HODMD; this value depends on the simulation and the configuration of the hyperparameters. HODMD-of also provides a significant reduction of the memory requirements, between 40 - 80% amongst the two-and three-dimensional cases studied in this paper.

  • 11.
    Andreolli, Andrea
    et al.
    Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Fluid Mech, Kaiserstr 10, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany..
    Gatti, Davide
    Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Fluid Mech, Kaiserstr 10, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany..
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Örlü, Ramis
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics. Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Karlsruhe, Germany..
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Separating large-scale superposition and modulation in turbulent channels2023In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 958, article id A37Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The presence of very-large-scale motions in wall-bounded turbulent flows is commonly associated with their footprint in the form of the superposition of the large scales at the wall and the additional amplitude modulation of small-scale near-wall turbulence. These two phenomena are currently understood to be interlinked, with the superposed large-scale velocity gradient causing the modulation of small-scale activity in the proximity of the wall. To challenge this idea, we devise a numerical strategy that selectively suppresses either superposition or amplitude modulation, in an effort to isolate and study the remaining phenomenon. Results from our direct numerical simulations indicate that a positive correlation between the amplitude of the small scales in the near-wall region and the large-scale signal in the outer flow persists even when near-wall large-scale motions are suppressed - i.e. in absence of superposition. Clearly, this kind of correlation cannot be caused by the near-wall large-scale velocity or its gradients, as both are absent. Conversely, when modulation is blocked, the near-wall footprints of the large scales seem to disappear. This study has been carried out on channel flows at friction Reynolds number Re-tau = 1000 in both standard simulation domains and minimal streamwise units (MSUs), where the streamwise fluctuation energy is enhanced. The consistency of the results obtained by the two approaches suggests that MSUs can capture correctly this kind of scale interaction at a much reduced cost.

  • 12.
    Appelquist, Elinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. Swedish e-Science Research Centre (SeRC).
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. Swedish e-Science Research Centre (SeRC).
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Lingwood, Rebecca J.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. University of Cambridge, Cambridge .
    Investigation of the Global Instability of the Rotating-disk Boundary Layer2015In: Procedia IUTAM, Elsevier, 2015, p. 321-328Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The development of the flow over a rotating disk is investigated by direct numerical simulations using both the linearized and fully nonlinear incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. These simulations allow investigation of the transition to turbulence of the realistic spatially-developing boundary layer. The current research aims to elucidate further the global linear stability properties of the flow, and relate these to local analysis and discussions in literature. An investigation of the nonlinear upstream (inward) influence is conducted by simulating a small azimuthal section of the disk (1/68). The simulations are initially perturbed by an impulse disturbance where, after the initial transient behaviour, both the linear and nonlinear simulations show a temporally growing upstream mode. This upstream global mode originates in the linear case close to the end of the domain, excited by an absolute instability at this downstream position. In the nonlinear case, it instead originates where the linear region ends and nonlinear harmonics enter the flow field, also where an absolute instability can be found. This upstream global mode can be shown to match a theoretical mode from local linear theory involved in the absolute instability at either the end of the domain (linear case) or where nonlinear harmonics enter the field (nonlinear case). The linear simulation grows continuously in time whereas the nonlinear simulation saturates and the transition to turbulence moves slowly upstream towards smaller radial positions asymptotically approaching a global upstream mode with zero temporal growth rate, which is estimated at a nondimensional radius of 582.

  • 13.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics.
    Imayama, Shintaro
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics.
    Alfredsson, Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Stability, Transition and Control.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics. University of Cambridge, UK.
    Linear disturbances in the rotating-disk flow: a comparison between results from simulations, experiments and theory2014Report (Other academic)
  • 14.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics.
    Imayama, Shintaro
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics.
    Alfredsson, Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Stability, Transition and Control.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, United Kingdom.
    Linear disturbances in the rotating-disk flow: A comparison between results from simulations, experiments and theory2016In: European journal of mechanics. B, Fluids, ISSN 0997-7546, E-ISSN 1873-7390, Vol. 55, p. 170-181Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations have an exact similarity solution for the flow over an infinite rotating disk giving a laminar boundary layer of constant thickness, also known as the von Kármán flow. It is well known now that there is an absolute instability of the boundary layer which is linked to transition to turbulence, but convective routes are also observed. It is these convective modes that we focus on here. A comparison of three different approaches to investigate the convective, so called Type-I, stationary crossflow instability is presented here. The three approaches consist of local linear stability analysis, direct numerical simulations (DNS) and experiments. The ’shooting method’ was used to compute the local linear stability whereas linear DNS was performed using a spectral-element method for a full annulus of the disk, a quarter and 1/32 of an annulus, each with one roughness element in the computational domain. These correspond to simulating one, four and 32 roughness elements on the full disk surface and in addition a case with randomly-distributed roughnesses was simulated on the full disk. Two different experimental configurations were used for the comparison: i) a clean-disk condition, i.e. unexcited boundary-layer flow; and ii) a rough-disk condition, where 32 roughness elements were placed on the disk surface to excite the Type-I stationary vortices. Comparisons between theory, DNS and experiments with respect to the structure of the stationary vortices are made. The results show excellent agreement between local linear stability analysis and both DNS and experiments for a fixed azimuthal wavenumber (32 roughnesses). This agreement clearly shows that the three approaches capture the same underlying physics of the setup, and lead to an accurate description of the flow. It also verifies the numerical simulations and shows the robustness of experimental measurements of the flow case. The effects of the azimuthal domain size in the DNS and superposition of multiple azimuthal wavenumbers in the DNS and experiments are discussed.

  • 15.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Imayama, Shintaro
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Alfredsson, Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Simulating the linear behaviour of the flow over a rotating disk due to roughness elements2014Report (Other academic)
  • 16.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Schlatter, Philip
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca J.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. University of London, United Kingdom.
    On the global nonlinear instability of the rotating-disk flow over a finite domain2016In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 803, p. 332-355Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Direct numerical simulations based on the incompressible nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations of the flow over the surface of a rotating disk have been conducted. An impulsive disturbance was introduced and its development as it travelled radially outwards and ultimately transitioned to turbulence has been analysed. Of particular interest was whether the nonlinear stability is related to the linear stability properties. Specifically three disk-edge conditions were considered; (i) a sponge region forcing the flow back to laminar flow, (ii) a disk edge, where the disk was assumed to be infinitely thin and (iii) a physically realistic disk edge of finite thickness. This work expands on the linear simulations presented by Appelquist el al. (J. Fluid. Mech., vol. 765, 2015, pp. 612-631), where, for case (i), this configuration was shown to be globally linearly unstable when the sponge region effectively models the influence of the turbulence on the flow field. In contrast, case (ii) was mentioned there to he linearly globally stable, and here, where nonlinearity is included, it is shown that both cases (ii) and (iii) are nonlinearly globally unstable. The simulations show that the flow can he globally linearly stable if the linear wavepacket has a positive front velocity. However, in the same flow field, a nonlinear global instability can emerge, which is shown to depend on the outer turbulent region generating a linear inward-travelling mode that sustains a transition front within the domain. The results show that the front position does not approach the critical Reynolds number for the local absolute instability, R = 507. Instead, the front approaches R = 583 and both the temporal frequency and spatial growth rate correspond to a global mode originating at this position.

  • 17.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Simulating the laminar von Karman flow in Nek50002014Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The laminar incompressible boundary layer over a rotating disk, also called the von Karman flow, is investigated. The goal is to set up a direct numericalsimulation (DNS) environment for further use to investigate the transition from laminar to turbulent flow for this boundary layer. For this the spectral-element code Nek5000 is used. A set of ODE-equations are first derived from the incompressible cylindrical Navier–Stokes equations, which are solved for the exact von Karman solution. Further, Nek5000 is prepared to solve for the same laminar solution. Comparing the two solutions give a quantification of the accuracy of the DNS solver Nek5000. Different scalings of the equations are investigated, together with quantifications of how good the different available boundary conditions are, also investigating different reference frames and grid dependency of the solution. The general conclusion is that the von K ́rm ́na aflow is possible to simulate in Nek5000. The method was robust when it cameto using different scalings, reference frames and resolutions.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Technical report
  • 18.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Alfredsson, Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Global linear instability and the radial boundary of the rotating-disk flowManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 19.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Stability, Transition and Control. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Alfredsson, Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. nstitute of Continuing Education, University of Cambridge, Madingley Hall, Madingley Cambridge, United Kingdom .
    Global linear instability of the rotating-disk flow investigated through simulations2015In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 765, p. 612-631Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Numerical simulations of the flow developing on the surface of a rotating disk are presented based on the linearized incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The boundary-layer flow is perturbed by an impulsive disturbance within a linear global framework, and the effect of downstream turbulence is modelled by a damping region further downstream. In addition to the outward-travelling modes, inward-travelling disturbances excited at the radial end of the simulated linear region, r(end), by the modelled turbulence are included within the simulations, potentially allowing absolute instability to develop. During early times the flow shows traditional convective behaviour, with the total energy slowly decaying in time. However, after the disturbances have reached r(end), the energy evolution reaches a turning point and, if the location of r(end) is at a Reynolds number larger than approximately R = 594 (radius non-dimensionalized by root v/Omega*, where v is the kinematic viscosity and Omega* is the rotation rate of the disk), there will be global temporal growth. The global frequency and mode shape are clearly imposed by the conditions at r(end). Our results suggest that the linearized Ginzburg-Landau model by Healey (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 663, 2010, pp. 148-159) captures the (linear) physics of the developing rotating-disk flow, showing that there is linear global instability provided the Reynolds number of r(end) is sufficiently larger than the critical Reynolds number for the onset of absolute instability.

  • 20.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Lingwood, R. J.
    Transition to turbulence in the rotating-disk boundary-layer flow with stationary vortices2017In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 836, p. 43-71Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper proposes a resolution to the conundrum of the roles of convective and absolute instability in transition of the rotating-disk boundary layer. It also draws some comparison with swept-wing flows. Direct numerical simulations based on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations of the flow over the surface of a rotating disk with modelled roughness elements are presented. The rotating-disk flow has been of particular interest for stability and transition research since the work by Lingwood (J.FluidMech., vol.299, 1995, pp.17-33) where an absolute instability was found. Here stationary disturbances develop from roughness elements on the disk and are followed from the linear stage, growing to saturation and finally transitioning to turbulence. Several simulations are presented with varying disturbance amplitudes. The lowest amplitude corresponds approximately to the experiment by Imayama etal. (J.FluidMech., vol.745, 2014a, pp.132-163). For all cases, the primary instability was found to be convectively unstable, and secondary modes were found to be triggered spontaneously while the flow was developing. The secondary modes further stayed within the domain, and an explanation for this is a proposed globally unstable secondary instability. For the low-amplitude roughness cases, the disturbances propagate beyond the threshold for secondary global instability before becoming turbulent, and for the high-amplitude roughness cases the transition scenario gives a turbulent flow directly at the critical Reynolds number for the secondary global instability. These results correspond to the theory of Pier (J.EngngMaths, vol.57, 2007, pp.237-251) predicting a secondary absolute instability. In our simulations, high temporal frequencies were found to grow with a large amplification rate where the secondary global instability occurred. For smaller radial positions, low-frequency secondary instabilities were observed, tripped by the global instability.

  • 21.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Centres, Competence Center for Gas Exchange (CCGEx). KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Transition to turbulence in the rotating-disk boundary layer2020In: ETC 2013 - 14th European Turbulence Conference, Zakon Group LLC , 2020Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The development of the flow over a rotating disk is investigated by direct numerical simulations using both the linearised and fully nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations. The nonlinear simulations allow investigation of the transition to turbulence of the realistic spatially-developing boundary layer, and these simulations can be directly validated by physical experiments of the same case. The current research aims to elucidate further the global stability properties of the flow. So far, there are no conclusive simulations available in the literature for the fully nonlinear case for this flow, and since the nonlinearity is particularly relevant for transition to turbulence an increased understanding of this process is expected. 

  • 22.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Transition to turbulence in the rotating-disk boundary-layer flow with stationary vorticesArticle in journal (Refereed)
  • 23.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Turbulence in the rotating-disk boundary layer investigated through direct numerical simulationsArticle in journal (Refereed)
  • 24.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, United Kingdom.
    Turbulence in the rotating-disk boundary layer investigated through direct numerical simulations2018In: European journal of mechanics. B, Fluids, ISSN 0997-7546, E-ISSN 1873-7390, Vol. 70, p. 6-18Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are reported for the turbulent rotating-disk boundary layer for the first time. Two turbulent simulations are presented with overlapping small and large Reynolds numbers, where the largest corresponds to a momentum-loss Reynolds number of almost 2000. Simulation data are compared with experimental data from the same flow case reported by Imayama et al. (2014), and also a comparison is made with a numerical simulation of a two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer (2DTBL) over a flat plate reported by Schlatter and Örlü (2010). The agreement of the turbulent statistics between experiments and simulations is in general very good, as well as the findings of a missing wake region and a lower shape factor compared to the 2DTBL. The simulations also show rms-levels in the inner region similar to the 2DTBL. The simulations validate Imayama et al.’s results showing that the rotating-disk turbulent boundary layer in the near-wall region contains shorter streamwise (azimuthal) wavelengths than the 2DTBL, probably due to the outward inclination of the low-speed streaks. Moreover, all velocity components are available from the simulations, and hence the local flow angle, Reynolds stresses and all terms in the turbulent kinetic energy equation are also discussed. However there are in general no large differences compared to the 2DTBL, hence the three-dimensional effects seem to have only a small influence on the turbulence.

  • 25. Atzori, M.
    et al.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Control effects on coherent structures in a non-uniform adverse-pressure-gradient boundary layer2022In: International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, ISSN 0142-727X, E-ISSN 1879-2278, Vol. 97, article id 109036Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We examine the effects of three basic but effective control strategies, namely uniform blowing, uniform suction, and body-force damping, on the intense Reynolds-stress events in the turbulent boundary layer (TBL) developing on the suction side of a NACA4412 airfoil. This flow is subjected to a non-uniform adverse pressure gradient (APG), which substantially modifies its turbulence statistics with respect to a zero-pressure-gradient (ZPG) boundary layer, and it also changes how control strategies affect the flow. The strong APG results in intense events that are shorter and more often detached from the wall than in ZPG TBLs. In a quadrant analysis, ejections remain the most relevant structures, but sweeps become more important than in ZPG TBLs, a fact that results in a lower contribution to the wall-normal velocity from intense Reynolds-stress events. Control effects are relatively less important on intense events than on the turbulent statistics. Uniform blowing has an impact similar to that of an even more intense APG, while uniform suction has more complex effects, most likely due to the particular behavior of the wall-normal velocity component near the wall. Body-force damping also reduces the probability of occurrence of very-large attached structures and that of intense events in the proximity of the actuation region. Our results show that intense Reynolds-stress events are robust features of the flow. If control strategies do not target directly these structures, their effects on the strong events is less pronounced than the effects on the mean flow. 

  • 26.
    Atzori, Marco
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.
    Köpp, Wiebke
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Computational Science and Technology (CST).
    Chien, Wei Der
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Computational Science and Technology (CST).
    Massaro, Daniele
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.
    Mallor, Fermin
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.
    Peplinski, Adam
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Rezaei, Mohamad
    PDC Center for High Performance Computing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
    Jansson, Niclas
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Computational Science and Technology (CST).
    Markidis, Stefano
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Computational Science and Technology (CST).
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Laure, Erwin
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Computational Science and Technology (CST).
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Weinkauf, Tino
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Computational Science and Technology (CST).
    In-situ visualization of large-scale turbulence simulations in Nek5000 with ParaView Catalyst2021Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In-situ visualization on HPC systems allows us to analyze simulation results that would otherwise be impossible, given the size of the simulation data sets and offline post-processing execution time. We design and develop in-situ visualization with Paraview Catalyst in Nek5000, a massively parallel Fortran and C code for computational fluid dynamics applications. We perform strong scalability tests up to 2,048 cores on KTH's Beskow Cray XC40 supercomputer and assess in-situ visualization's impact on the Nek5000 performance. In our study case, a high-fidelity simulation of turbulent flow, we observe that in-situ operations significantly limit the strong scalability of the code, reducing the relative parallel efficiency to only ~21\% on 2,048 cores (the relative efficiency of Nek5000 without in-situ operations is ~99\%). Through profiling with Arm MAP, we identified a bottleneck in the image composition step (that uses Radix-kr algorithm) where a majority of the time is spent on MPI communication. We also identified an imbalance of in-situ processing time between rank 0 and all other ranks. Better scaling and load-balancing in the parallel image composition would considerably improve the performance and scalability of Nek5000 with in-situ capabilities in large-scale simulation.

  • 27.
    Atzori, Marco
    et al.
    KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Köpp, Wiebke
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Computational Science and Technology (CST).
    Chien, Wei Der
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Theoretical Computer Science, TCS. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Computational Science and Technology (CST).
    Massaro, Daniele
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.
    Mallor, Fermin
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Peplinski, Adam
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Rezaei, Mohammadtaghi
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, Centre for High Performance Computing, PDC.
    Jansson, Niclas
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Computational Science and Technology (CST).
    Markidis, Stefano
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Computational Science and Technology (CST).
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Laure, E.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Weinkauf, Tino
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Computational Science and Technology (CST).
    In situ visualization of large-scale turbulence simulations in Nek5000 with ParaView Catalyst2022In: Journal of Supercomputing, ISSN 0920-8542, E-ISSN 1573-0484, Vol. 78, no 3, p. 3605-3620Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In situ visualization on high-performance computing systems allows us to analyze simulation results that would otherwise be impossible, given the size of the simulation data sets and offline post-processing execution time. We develop an in situ adaptor for Paraview Catalyst and Nek5000, a massively parallel Fortran and C code for computational fluid dynamics. We perform a strong scalability test up to 2048 cores on KTH’s Beskow Cray XC40 supercomputer and assess in situ visualization’s impact on the Nek5000 performance. In our study case, a high-fidelity simulation of turbulent flow, we observe that in situ operations significantly limit the strong scalability of the code, reducing the relative parallel efficiency to only ≈ 21 % on 2048 cores (the relative efficiency of Nek5000 without in situ operations is ≈ 99 %). Through profiling with Arm MAP, we identified a bottleneck in the image composition step (that uses the Radix-kr algorithm) where a majority of the time is spent on MPI communication. We also identified an imbalance of in situ processing time between rank 0 and all other ranks. In our case, better scaling and load-balancing in the parallel image composition would considerably improve the performance of Nek5000 with in situ capabilities. In general, the result of this study highlights the technical challenges posed by the integration of high-performance simulation codes and data-analysis libraries and their practical use in complex cases, even when efficient algorithms already exist for a certain application scenario.

  • 28.
    Atzori, Marco
    et al.
    KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Mallor, Fermin
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Pozuelo, Ramon
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Fukagata, Koji
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 223-8522 Yokohama, Japan.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    A new perspective on skin-friction contributions in adverse-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layersManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    For adverse-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers, the study of integral skin-friction contributions still poses significant challenges. Beyond questions related to the integration boundaries and the derivation procedure, which have been thoroughly investigated in the literature, an important issue is how different terms should be aggregated. The nature of these flows, which exhibit significant in-homogeneity in the streamwise direction, usually results in cancellation between several contributions with high absolute values. We propose a formulation of the identity derived by Fukagata, Iwamoto \& Kasagi (Phys. Fluids, vol. 14, 2002, pp. 73--76), which we obtained from the convective form of the governing equations. A new skin-friction contribution is defined, considering wall-tangential convection and pressure gradient together. This contribution is related to the evolution of the dynamic pressure in the mean flow. The results of the decomposition are examined for a broad range of pressure-gradient conditions and different flow-control strategies. We found that the new formulation of the identity allows to readily identify the different regimes of near-equilibrium conditions and approaching separation. It also provides a more effective description of control effects. A similar aggregation between convection and pressure-gradient terms is also possible for any other decomposition where in-homogeneity contributions are considered explicitly. 

  • 29.
    Atzori, Marco
    et al.
    Johannes Kepler Univ Linz, Dept Particulate Flow Modelling, A-4040 Linz, Austria..
    Mallor, Fermin
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Pozuelo, Ramon
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Fukagata, Koji
    Keio Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Yokohama 2238522, Japan..
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    A new perspective on skin-friction contributions in adverse-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers2023In: International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, ISSN 0142-727X, E-ISSN 1879-2278, Vol. 101, article id 109117Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    For adverse-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers, the study of integral skin-friction contributions still poses significant challenges. Beyond questions related to the integration boundaries and the derivation procedure, which have been thoroughly investigated in the literature, an important issue is how different terms should be aggregated. The nature of these flows, which exhibit significant in-homogeneity in the streamwise direction, usually results in cancellation between several contributions with high absolute values. We propose a formulation of the identity derived by Fukagata et al. (2002), which we obtained from the convective form of the governing equations. A new skin-friction contribution is defined, considering wall-tangential convection and pressure gradient together. This contribution is related to the evolution of the dynamic pressure in the mean flow. The results of the decomposition are examined for a broad range of pressure-gradient conditions and different flow-control strategies. We found that the new formulation of the identity allows to readily identify the different regimes of near-equilibrium conditions and approaching separation. It also provides a more effective description of control effects. A similar aggregation between convection and pressure-gradient terms is also possible for any other decomposition where in-homogeneity contributions are considered explicitly.

  • 30.
    Atzori, Marco
    et al.
    Department of Particulate Flow Modelling Johannes Kepler University 4040 Linz, Austria.
    Stroh, Alexander
    Institute of Fluid Mechanics (ISTM) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
    Gatti, Davide
    Institute of Fluid Mechanics (ISTM) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
    Fukagata, Koji
    Department of Mechanical Engineering Keio University 223-8522 Yokohama, Japan.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.
    A New Point of View On Skin-Friction Contributions ni Adverse-Pressure-Gradient Turbulent Boundary Layers2022In: 12th International Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena, TSFP 2022, International Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena, TSFP , 2022Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Skin-friction decompositions such as the so-called FIK identity (Fukagata et al., 2002) are useful tools in identifying relevant contributions to the friction, but may also lead to results difficult to interpret when the total friction is recovered from cancellation of multiple terms with large values. We propose a new formulation of the FIK contributions related to streamwise inhomogeneity, which is derived from the convective form of the momentum equation and using the concept of dynamic pressure. We examine turbulent boundary layers subjected to various pressure-gradient conditions, including cases with drag-reducing control. The new formulation distinguishes more precisely the roles of the free-stream pressure distribution, wall-normal convection, and turbulent fluctuations. Our results allow to identify different regimes in adverse-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers, corresponding to different proportions of the various contributions, and suggest a possible direction towards studying the onset of mean separation.

  • 31.
    Atzori, Marco
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Fahland, G.
    Stroh, A.
    Gatti, D.
    Frohnapfel, B.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Aerodynamic Effects of Uniform Blowing and Suction on a NACA4412 Airfoil2020In: Flow Turbulence and Combustion, ISSN 1386-6184, E-ISSN 1573-1987Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We carried out high-fidelity large-eddy simulations to investigate the effects of uniform blowing and uniform suction on the aerodynamic efficiency of a NACA4412 airfoil at the moderate Reynolds number based on chord length and incoming velocity of Rec= 200 , 000. We found that uniform blowing applied at the suction side reduces the aerodynamics efficiency, while uniform suction increases it. This result is due to the combined impact of blowing and suction on skin friction, pressure drag and lift. When applied to the pressure side, uniform blowing improves aerodynamic efficiency. The Reynolds-number dependence of the relative contributions of pressure and friction to the total drag for the reference case is analysed via Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations up to Rec= 10 , 000 , 000. The results suggest that our conclusions on the control effect can tentatively be extended to a broader range of Reynolds numbers. 

  • 32.
    Atzori, Marco
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Gatti, D.
    Stroh, A.
    Frohnapfel, B.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Effects of Different Friction Control Techniques on Turbulence Developing Around Wings2020In: ERCOFTAC Workshop Direct and Large Eddy Simulation: Direct and Large Eddy Simulation XII, Springer, 2020, p. 305-311Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Developing efficient flow control techniques remain a challenging task due to the complexity of turbulent flows in industrial applications, a relevant example of which are turbulent boundary layers (TBL) subjected to pressure gradients. In the present study, we employ high-fidelity numerical simulations to assess the impact of different control strategies on the flow around a NACA4412 airfoil at a Reynolds number Rec=200,000 based on the chord length c and the inflow velocity U∞. The choice of this specific study case is motivated by the relatively weak dependence of the pressure distribution around the airfoil on the Reynolds number [6], which allows distinguishing the effects of increasing Reynolds number and those of the non-uniform adverse pressure gradient (APG).

  • 33.
    Atzori, Marco
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Lozano-Durán, A.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Characterization of turbulent coherent structures in square duct flow2018In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP), 2018, Vol. 1001, no 1Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This work is aimed at a first characterization of coherent structures in turbulent square duct flows. Coherent structures are defined as connected components in the domain identified as places where a quantity of interest (such as Reynolds stress or vorticity) is larger than a prescribed non-uniform threshold. Firstly, we qualitatively discuss how a percolation analysis can be used to assess the effectiveness of the threshold function, and how it can be affected by statistical uncertainty. Secondly, various physical quantities that are expected to play an important role in the dynamics of the secondary flow of Prandtl's second kind are studied. Furthermore, a characterization of intense Reynolds-stress events in square duct flow, together with a comparison of their shape for analogous events in channel flow at the same Reynolds number, is presented.

  • 34.
    Atzori, Marco
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Lozano-Durán, A.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Contribution of Reynolds-stress structures to the secondary flow in turbulent ducts2019In: 11th International Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena, TSFP 2019, International Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena, TSFP , 2019Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The present work is aimed at evaluating the contribution to the secondary flow in duct flow with square and rectangular cross section from three-dimensional coherent structures, defined as intense Reynolds-stress events. The contribution to a certain mean quantity is defined as the ensemble average over the detected coherent structures, weighted with their own occupied volume fraction. Our analysis unveils that the contribution to the cross-stream components of the mean velocity is either very similar to the same contribution in channel flow, or almost negligible in respect to the contribution from the portion of the domain not occupied by coherent structures. These results suggest that the most intense events are not directly responsible for the secondary flow.

  • 35.
    Atzori, Marco
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Lozano-Durán, Adrián
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Coherent structures in turbulent boundary layers over an airfoil2020In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series, ISSN 1742-6588, Vol. 1522, article id 012020Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This preliminary study is concerned with the identification of three-dimensional coherent structures, defined as intense Reynolds-stress events, in the turbulent boundary layer developing over the suction side of a NACA4412 airfoil at a Reynolds number based on the chord length and the incoming velocity of $Re_c=200,000$. The scientific interest for such flows originates from the non-uniform adverse pressure gradient that affects the boundary-layer development. Firstly, we assess different methods to identify the turbulent-non-turbulent interface, in order to exclude the irrotational region from the analysis. Secondly, we evaluate the contribution of the considered coherent structures to the enhanced wall-normal velocity, characteristic of adverse pressure gradients. Our results show that it is necessary to limit the detection of coherent structures to the turbulent region of the domain, and that the structures reveal qualitative differences between the contributions of intense events to the wall-normal velocity in adverse-pressure-gradient and zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers.

  • 36.
    Atzori, Marco
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Lozano-Durán, Adrián
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Intense Reynolds-stress events in turbulent ducts2021In: International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, ISSN 0142-727X, E-ISSN 1879-2278, Vol. 89, article id 108802Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of the present work is to investigate the role of intense Reynolds shear-stress events in the generation of the secondary flow in turbulent ducts. We consider the connected regions of flow where the product of the instantaneous fluctuations of two velocity components is higher than a threshold based on the long-time turbulence statistics, in the spirit of the three-dimensional quadrant analysis proposed by Lozano-Dur\'an \textit{et al.} (\textit{J.~Fluid Mech.}, vol. 694, 2012, pp. 100--130). We examine both the geometrical properties of these structures and their contribution to the mean in-plane velocity components, and we perform a comparison with turbulent channel flow at similar Reynolds number. The contribution to a certain mean quantity is defined as the ensemble average over the detected coherent structures, weighted with their own occupied volume fraction. In the core region of the duct, the contribution of intense events to the wall-normal component of the mean velocity is in very good agreement with that in the channel, despite the presence of the secondary flow in the former. Additionally, the shapes of the three-dimensional objects do not differ significantly in both flows. In the corner region of the duct, the proximity of the walls affects both the geometrical properties of the coherent structures and the contribution to the mean component of the vertical velocity. However, such contribution is less relevant than that of the complementary portion of the flow not included in such objects. Our results show that strong Reynolds shear-stress events are affected by the presence of a corner but, despite the important role of these structures in the dynamics of wall-bounded turbulent flows, their contribution to the secondary flow is relatively low, both in the core and in the corner.

  • 37.
    Atzori, Marco
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Control effects on coherent structures in a non-uniform adverse-pressure-gradient boundary layer2021Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In the present report, we examine the effects of three control strategies, namely uniform blowing, uniform suction, and body-force damping, on the intense Reynolds-stress events in the turbulent boundary layer (TBL) developing on the suction side of a NACA4412 airfoil. This flow is subjected to a non-uniform adverse pressure gradient (APG), which substantially modifies its turbulence statistics with respect to a zero-pressure-gradient (ZPG) boundary layer, and it also changes how control strategies affect the flow. We found that the strong APG results in intense events that are shorter and more often detached from the wall than in ZPG TBLs, and it also modified the contributions of different quadrants. Ejections remain the most relevant structures, but sweeps become more important than in ZPG TBLs, a fact that results in a lower contribution to the wall-normal vertical velocity from intense events. We found that control effects are relatively less important on intense events than on the turbulent statistics. Uniform blowing has an impact similar to that of an even more intense APG, while uniform suction has more complex effects, most likely due to the particular behavior of the wall-normal velocity component near the wall. Body-force damping also reduces the probability of occurrence of very-large attached structures and, not surprisingly, that of intense events in the proximity of the actuation region. 

  • 38.
    Atzori, Marco
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Stroh, Alexander
    Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
    Gatti, Davide
    Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
    Frohnapfel, Bettina
    Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Blowing and suction applied to non-uniform adverse-pressure-gradient boundary layers2021Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    An extensive parametric study of turbulent boundary layer control on airfoils via uniform blowing or suction is presented. The control is applied on either suction or pressure side of several 4-digit NACA-series airfoils. The considered parameter variations include angle of attack, Reynolds number, control intensity, airfoil camber and airfoil thickness. Two comprehensive metrics, designed to account for the additional energy required by the control, are introduced to evaluate the net aerodynamic performance enhancements. The study confirms previous findings for suction side boundary layer control and demonstrates the interesting potential of blowing on the pressure side under various conditions, which achieves a maximum total net drag saving of 14% within the considered parameter space. The broad parameter space covered by the presented Reynolds-average Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations allows for more general conclusions than previous studies and can thus provide guidelines for the design of future detailed experimental or numerical studies on similar boundary layer control schemes.

  • 39.
    Atzori, Marco
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Stroh, Alexander
    Karlsruhe Techonol, Inst Fluid Mech, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany..
    Gatti, Davide
    Karlsruhe Techonol, Inst Fluid Mech, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany..
    Frohnapfel, Bettina
    Karlsruhe Techonol, Inst Fluid Mech, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany..
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Uniform blowing and suction applied to nonuniform adverse-pressure-gradient wing boundary layers2021In: Physical Review Fluids, E-ISSN 2469-990X, Vol. 6, no 11, article id 113904Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A detailed analysis of the effects of uniform blowing, uniform suction, and body-force damping on the turbulent boundary layer developing around a NACA4412 airfoil at moderate Reynolds number is presented. The flow over the suction and the pressure sides of the airfoil is subjected to a nonuniform adverse pressure gradient and a moderate favorable pressure gradient, respectively. We find that the changes in total skin friction due to blowing and suction are not very sensitive to different pressure-gradient conditions or the Reynolds number. However, when blowing and suction are applied to an adverse-pressure-gradient (APG) boundary layer, their impact on properties such as the boundary-layer thickness, the intensity of the wall-normal convection, and turbulent fluctuations are more pronounced. We employ the Fukagata-Iwamoto-Kasagi decomposition [K. Fukagata et al., Phys. Fluids 14, 73 (2002)] and spectral analysis to study the interaction between intense adverse pressure gradient and these control strategies. We find that the control modifies skin-friction contributions differently in adverse-pressure-gradient and zero-pressure-gradient boundary layers. In particular, the control strategies modify considerably both the streamwisedevelopment and the pressure-gradient contributions, which have high magnitude when a strong adverse pressure gradient is present. Blowing and suction also impact the convection of structures in the wall-normal direction. Overall, our results suggest that it is not possible to simply separate pressure-gradient and control effects, a fact to take into account in future studies on control design in practical applications.

  • 40.
    Bagheri, Shervin
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Fransson, Jens H. M.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Research on the interaction between streamwise streaks and Tollmien-Schlichting waves at KTH2007In: ERCOFTAC Bulletin, ISSN 2518-0991, Vol. 74, p. 37-43Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper summarises the experimental and numericalinvestigations on how two different types of disturbancesmay, in a positive way, interact in a flat plateboundary-layer flow. The project, which mainly hasbeen centered at KTH1, has been performed in collaborationwith colleagues from University of Bologna2and LadHyX CNRS Ecole Polytechnique3, duringthe last years. The main phenomena — the stabilisingeffect of streamwise boundary-layer streakson Tollmien-Schlichting waves (and other exponentialdisturbances) — have been captured both in experiments[1, 2] and with different numerical approachessuch as direct numerical simulations [3], parabolicstability equation calculations [5] and large-eddy simulations[6]. We will here briefly review the methodsand the main results of these studies, and discuss howthey correlate with each other. For related referencesoutside KTH the interested reader is referred to thejournal publications in the reference list.

  • 41.
    Bagheri, Shervin
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Henningson, Dan
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    The global stability of the jet in crossflow2008Report (Other academic)
  • 42.
    Bagheri, Shervin
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Schmid, Peter J.
    Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique.
    Henningson, Dan
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Global stability of a jet in crossflow2009In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 624, p. 33-44Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A linear stability analysis shows that the jet in crossflow is characterized by self-sustained global oscillations for a jet-to-crossflow velocity ratio of 3. A fully three-dimensional unstable steady-state solution and its associated global eigenmodes are computed by direct numerical simulations and iterative eigenvalue routines. The steady flow, obtained by means of selective frequency damping, consists mainly of a (steady) counter-rotating vortex pair (CVP) in the far field and horseshoe-shaped vortices close to the wall. High-frequency unstable global eigenmodes associated with shear-layer instabilities on the CVP and low-frequency modes associated with shedding vortices in the wake of the jet are identified. Furthermore, different spanwise symmetries of the global modes are discussed. This work constitutes the first simulation-based global stability analysis of a fully three-dimensional base flow.

  • 43.
    Beneitez Galan, Miguel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Duguet, Yohann
    Univ Paris Saclay, LIMSI, CNRS, P91405, Orsay, France..
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Henningson, Dan S.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.
    Edge manifold as a Lagrangian coherent structure in a high-dimensional state space2020In: Physical Review Research, E-ISSN 2643-1564, Vol. 2, no 3, article id 033258Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Dissipative dynamical systems characterized by two basins of attraction are found in many physical systems, notably in hydrodynamics where laminar and turbulent regimes can coexist. The state space of such systems is structured around a dividing manifold called the edge, which separates trajectories attracted by the laminar state from those reaching the turbulent state. We apply here concepts and tools from Lagrangian data analysis to investigate this edge manifold. This approach is carried out in the state space of autonomous arbitrarily high-dimensional dissipative systems, in which the edge manifold is reinterpreted as a Lagrangian coherent structure (LCS). Two different diagnostics, finite-time Lyapunov exponents and Lagrangian descriptors, are used and compared with respect to their ability to identify the edge and their scalability. Their properties are illustrated on several low-order models of subcritical transition of increasing dimension and complexity, as well on well-resolved simulations of the Navier-Stokes equations in the case of plane Couette flow. They allow for a mapping of the global structure of both the state space and the edge manifold based on quantitative information. Both diagnostics can also be used to generate efficient bisection algorithms to approach asymptotic edge states, which outperform classical edge tracking.

  • 44.
    Beneitez Galan, Miguel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Stability, Transition and Control. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Duguet, Yohann
    LIMSI-CNRS, UPR 3251, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, F-91403, France Abstract.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Stability, Transition and Control. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Henningson, Dan S.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Stability, Transition and Control. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Edge tracking in spatially developing boundary layer flows2019In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 881, p. 164-181Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Recent progress in understanding subcritical transition to turbulence is based on the concept of the edge, the manifold separating the basins of attraction of the laminar and the turbulent state. Originally developed in numerical studies of parallel shear flows with a linearly stable base flow, this concept is adapted here to the case of a spatially developing Blasius boundary layer. Longer time horizons fundamentally change the nature of the problem due to the loss of stability of the base flow due to Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) waves. We demonstrate, using a moving box technique, that efficient long-time tracking of edge trajectories is possible for the parameter range relevant to bypass transition, even if the asymptotic state itself remains out of reach. The flow along the edge trajectory features streak switching observed for the first time in the Blasius boundary layer. At long enough times, TS waves co-exist with the coherent structure characteristic of edge trajectories. In this situation we suggest a reinterpretation of the edge as a manifold dividing the state space between the two main types of boundary layer transition, i.e. bypass transition and classical transition.

  • 45.
    Beneitez Galan, Miguel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Duguet, Yohann
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Henningson, Dan S.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.
    Finite-time stability of an edge trajectory in the Blasius boundary layerManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 46.
    Beneitez Galan, Miguel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Duguet, Yohann
    LISN-CNRS, Campus Universitaire d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91400 Orsay, France.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Henningson, Dan S.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Instability of the optimal edge trajectory in the Blasius boundary layer2023In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 971, article id A42Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the context of linear stability analysis, considering unsteady base flows is notoriously difficult. A generalisation of modal linear stability analysis, allowing for arbitrarily unsteady base flows over a finite time, is therefore required. The recently developed optimally time-dependent (OTD) modes form a projection basis for the tangent space. They capture the leading amplification directions in state space under the constraint that they form an orthonormal basis at all times. The present numerical study illustrates the possibility to describe a complex flow case using the leading OTD modes. The flow under investigation is an unsteady case of the Blasius boundary layer, featuring streamwise streaks of finite length and relevant to bypass transition. It corresponds to the state space trajectory initiated by the minimal seed; such a trajectory is unsteady, free from any spatial symmetry and shadows the laminar-turbulent separatrix for a finite time only. The finite-time instability of this unsteady base flow is investigated using the 8 leading OTD modes. The analysis includes the computation of finite-time Lyapunov exponents as well as instantaneous eigenvalues, and of the associated flow structures. The reconstructed instantaneous eigenmodes are all of outer type. They map unambiguously the spatial regions of largest instantaneous growth. Other flow structures, previously reported as secondary, are identified with this method as relevant to streak switching and to streamwise vortical ejections. The dynamics inside the tangent space features both modal and non-modal amplification. Non-normality within the reduced tangent subspace, quantified by the instantaneous numerical abscissa, emerges only as the unsteadiness of the base flow is reduced.

  • 47.
    Bobke, Alexandra
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Örlü, Ramis
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    History effects and near equilibrium in adverse-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers2017In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 820, p. 667-692Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Turbulent boundary layers under adverse pressure gradients are studied using well-resolved large-eddy simulations (LES) with the goal of assessing the influence of the streamwise pressure-gradient development. Near-equilibrium boundary layers were characterized through the Clauser pressure-gradient parameter β. In order to fulfil the near-equilibrium conditions, the free stream velocity was prescribed such that it followed a power-law distribution. The turbulence statistics pertaining to cases with a constant value of β (extending up to approximately 40 boundary-layer thicknesses) were compared with cases with non-constant β distributions at matched values of β and friction Reynolds number Reδ∗. An additional case at matched Reynolds number based on displacement thickness Reδ∗ was also considered. It was noticed that non-constant β cases appear to approach the conditions of equivalent constant β cases after long streamwise distances (approximately 7 boundary-layer thicknesses). The relevance of the constant β cases lies in the fact that they define a 'canonical' state of the boundary layer, uniquely characterized by β and Re. The investigations on the flat plate were extended to the flow around a wing section overlapping in terms of β and Re. Comparisons with the flat-plate cases at matched values of β and Re revealed that the different development history of the turbulent boundary layer on the wing section leads to a less pronounced wake in the mean velocity as well as a weaker second peak in the Reynolds stresses. This is due to the weaker accumulated effect of the β history. Furthermore, a scaling law suggested by Kitsios et al. (Intl J. Heat Fluid Flow, vol. 61, 2016, pp. 129-136), proposing the edge velocity and the displacement thickness as scaling parameters, was tested on two constant-pressure-gradient parameter cases. The mean velocity and Reynolds-stress profiles were found to be dependent on the downstream development. The present work is the first step towards assessing history effects in adverse-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers and highlights the fact that the values of the Clauser pressure-gradient parameter and the Reynolds number are not sufficient to characterize the state of the boundary layer.

  • 48.
    Bobke, Alexandra
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Örlü, Ramis
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    History effects and near-equilibrium in adverse-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layersManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This study deals with turbulent boundary layers under adverse-pressure gradients. Well-resolved large-eddy simulations (LES) were performed to assess the influence of the streamwise pressure development. The pressure gradient is imposed by prescribing the free-stream velocity in the free-stream above the layer. In order to fulfill the near-equilibrium conditions, the free-stream velocity has to follow a power-law distribution. The turbulence statistics pertaining tocases with a constant Clauser pressure-gradient parameter β were compared with cases with a non-constant pressure distribution at matched β and friction Reynolds number  Reτ. It was noticed that the non-constant cases appear toconverge slowly to a certain state of the boundary layer, which is uniquelycharacterised by β and Reτ . The investigations on the flat plate were extended to the flow around a wing section. Comparisons with the flat-plate cases revealed some interesting features: In turbulent boundary layers with strong pressure gradients in the development history the energy-carrying structures in the outerregion are strongly enhanced, which can be detected by the pronounced wake inthe mean velocity as well as the large second peak in the Reynolds stresses. This was also confirmed by one-dimensional energy spectra, where more energetic large structures were identified in the outer region for stronger pressure gradients overall. A scaling law suggested by Kitsios et al. (2015) was tested on a constant pressure gradient case. The mean velocity and Reynolds stress profiles were found to be dependent on the downstream development when they were scaled with the edge velocity and displacement thickness.

  • 49.
    Bobke, Alexandra
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Örlü, Ramis
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Large-eddy simulations of adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layersManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Adverse pressure-gradient (APG) turbulent boundary layers (TBL) are studied by performing well-resolved large-eddy simulations. The pressure gradient is imposed by defining the free-stream velocity distribution with the description of a power law. Different inflow conditions, box sizes and upper boundary conditions are tested in order to determine the final set-up. The statistics ofturbulent boundary layers with three different power-law coefficients and thus magnitudes of adverse pressure gradients are then compared to zero pressure-gradient (ZPG) data. The effect of the APG on TBLs is manifested in the mean flow through a much more prominent wake region and in the Reynolds stresses through the existence of an outer peak. The pre-multiplied energy budgets shows the APG influence on the distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy transfer mechanism across the boundary layer.

  • 50.
    Bobke, Alexandra
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Stability, Transition and Control. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Vinuesa, Ricardo
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Stability, Transition and Control. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Örlü, Ramis
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Stability, Transition and Control. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Large-eddy simulations of adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers2016In: 2nd Multiflow Summer School on Turbulence, Institute of Physics (IOP), 2016, article id 012012Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Adverse pressure-gradient (APG) turbulent boundary layers (TBL) are studied by performing well-resolved large-eddy simulations. The pressure gradient is imposed by defining the free-stream velocity distribution with the description of a power law. Different inflow conditions, box sizes and upper boundary conditions are tested in order to determine the final set-up. The statistics of turbulent boundary layers with two different power-law coefficients and thus magnitudes of adverse pressure gradients are then compared to zero pressure-gradient (ZPG) data. The effect of the APG on TBLs is manifested in the mean flow through a much more prominent wake region and in the Reynolds stresses through the existence of an outer peak. The pre-multiplied energy budgets show, that more energy is transported from the near-wall region to farther away from the wall.

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