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  • 1.
    Alvarez-Asencio, Ruben
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Rutland, Mark W.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Note: Determination of torsional spring constant of atomic force microscopy cantilevers: Combining normal spring constant and classical beam theory (vol 84, 096102, 2013)2014In: Review of Scientific Instruments, ISSN 0034-6748, E-ISSN 1089-7623, Vol. 85, no 7, article id 079901Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 2.
    Alvarez-Asencio, Rubén
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Pan, Jinshan
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Rutland, Mark W.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Tribological Properties Mapping: Local Variation in Friction Coefficient and Adhesion2013In: Tribology letters, ISSN 1023-8883, E-ISSN 1573-2711, Vol. 50, no 3, p. 387-395Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Tribological properties mapping is a new technique that extracts friction coefficient and adhesion maps obtained from lateral atomic force microscope (LAFM) images. By imaging the surface systematically as a function of load, a series of images can be tiled, and pixelwise fitted to a modified Amontons' Law to obtain friction coefficient and adhesion maps. This removes the ambiguity of friction contrast in LAFM imaging which can be a function of the load used for imaging. In ambient laboratory, air and tetradecane, a sample of Vancron(A (R))40, commercial powder metallurgical tool alloy containing nitrogen, have been scanned using a standard silicon cantilever in order to obtain tribological data. The tribological properties mapping provides unique information regarding the heterogeneous alloy microstructure as well as shedding light on the tribological behavior of the alloy.

  • 3.
    Alvarez-Asencio, Rubén
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Rutland, Mark W.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science. Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden.
    Note: Determination of torsional spring constant of atomic force microscopy cantilevers: Combining normal spring constant and classical beam theory2013In: Review of Scientific Instruments, ISSN 0034-6748, E-ISSN 1089-7623, Vol. 84, no 9, p. 096102-096102-3Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A technique has been developed for the calculation of torsional spring constants for AFM cantilevers based on the combination of the normal spring constant and plate/beam theory. It is easy to apply and allow the determination of torsional constants for stiff cantilevers where the thermal power spectrum is difficult to obtain due to the high resonance frequency and low signal/noise ratio. The applicability is shown to be general and this simple approach can thus be used to obtain torsional constants for any beam shaped cantilever.

  • 4.
    Bergenstråhle, Malin
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface Chemistry.
    Nordgren, Niklas
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface Chemistry.
    Berglund, Lars
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    Force Pulling of Single Cellulose Chains at the Crystalline Cellulose-Liquid Interface: A Molecular Dynamics Study2009In: Langmuir, ISSN 0743-7463, E-ISSN 1520-5827, Vol. 25, no 8, p. 4635-4642Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Pulling single cellulose molecules from a crystalline cellulose surface has been modeled by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the experimental procedure used in atomic force microscopy (AFM). Specifically, the aim of the study was to investigate cellulose interactions at desorption. Simulations were performed in both water and the organic solvent cyclohexane. Moreover, the effects of initial octamer conformation and orientation with respect to the surface chains were studied. A strong effect from the solvent was observed. In cyclohexane, normal forces of 200-500 pN and energies of 43.5 +/- 6.0 kJ/mol glucose unit were required to pull off the octamer. The normal forces in water were substantially lower, around 58 pN, and the energies were 18.2 +/- 3.6 kJ/mol glucose unit. In addition, the lateral components of the pull-off force were shown to provide information on initial conformation and orientation. Hydrogen bonds between the octamer and surface were analyzed and found to be an important factor in the pull-off behavior. Altogether, it was shown that MD provides detailed information on the desorption processes that may be useful for the interpretation of AFM experiments.

  • 5.
    Bodvik, Rasmus
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Karlson, Leif
    Edwards, Katarina
    Eriksson, Jonny
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Claesson, Per M.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Aggregation of Modified Celluloses in Aqueous Solution: Transition from Methylcellulose to Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Solution Properties Induced by a Low-Molecular-Weight Oxyethylene Additive2012In: Langmuir, ISSN 0743-7463, E-ISSN 1520-5827, Vol. 28, no 38, p. 13562-13569Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Temperature effects on the viscosity and aggregation behavior of aqueous solutions of three different cellulose ethers-methylcellulose (MC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), and ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose (EHEC)-were investigated using viscosity and dynamic light scattering measurements as well as cryo-TEM. In all cases, increasing temperature reduces the solvent quality of water, which induces aggregation. It was found that the aggregation rate followed the order EHEC > HPMC > MC, suggesting that cellulose ethers containing some bulky and partially hydrophilic substituents assemble into large aggregates more readly than methylcellulose. This finding is discussed in terms of the organization of the structures formed by the different cellulose ethers. The temperature-dependent association behavior of cellulose ethers was also investigated in a novel way by adding diethyleneglycolmonobutylether (BDG) to methylcellulose aqueous solutions. When the concentration of BDG was at and above 5 wt %, methylcellulose adopted HPMC-like solution behavior. In particular, a transition temperature where the viscosity was decreasing, prior to increasing at higher temperatures, appeared, and the aggregation rate increased. This observation is rationalized by the ability of amphiphilic BDG to accumulate at nonpolar interfaces and thus also to associate with hydrophobic regions of methylcellulose. In effect, BDG is suggested to act as a physisorbed hydrophilic and bulky substituent inducing constraints on aggregation similar to those of the chemically attached hydroxypropyl groups in HPMC and oligo(ethyleneoxide) chains in EHEC.

  • 6.
    Bodvik, Rasmus
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Macakova, Lubica
    Karlson, Leif
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Claesson, Per M.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Temperature-Dependent Competition between Adsorption and Aggregation of a Cellulose Ether-Simultaneous Use of Optical and Acoustical Techniques for Investigating Surface Properties2012In: Langmuir, ISSN 0743-7463, E-ISSN 1520-5827, Vol. 28, no 25, p. 9515-9525Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Adsorption of the temperature-responsive polymer hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) from an aqueous solution onto hydrophobized silica was followed well above the bulk instability temperature (T-2) in temperature cycle experiments. Two complementary techniques, QCM-D and ellipsometry, were utilized simultaneously to probe the same substrate immersed in polymer solution. The interfacial processes were correlated with changes in polymer aggregation and viscosity of polymer solutions, as monitored by light scattering and rheological measurements. The simultaneous use of ellipsometry and QCM-D, and the possibility to follow layer properties up to 80 degrees C, well above the T-2 temperature, are both novel developments. A moderate increase in adsorbed amount with temperature was found below T-2, whereas a significant increase in the adsorbed mass and changes in layer properties were observed around the T-2 temperature where the bulk viscosity increases significantly. Thus, there is a clear correlation between transition temperatures in the adsorbed layer and in bulk solution, and we discuss this in relation to a newly proposed model that considers competition between aggregation and adsorption/deposition. A much larger temperature response above the T-2 temperature was found for adsorbed layers of HPMC than for layers of methyl cellulose. Possible reasons for this are discussed.

  • 7.
    Bodvik, Rasmus
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Karlson, Leif
    Claesson, Per M.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Temperature responsive surface layers of modified celluloses2011In: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP, ISSN 1463-9076, E-ISSN 1463-9084, Vol. 13, no 10, p. 4260-4268Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The temperature-dependent properties of pre-adsorbed layers of methylcellulose (MC) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) were investigated on silica and hydrophobized silica surfaces. Three different techniques, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, ellipsometry, and atomic force microscopy imaging, were used, providing complementary and concise information on the structure, mass and viscoelastic properties of the polymer layer. Adsorption was conducted at 25 degrees C, followed by a rinsing step. The properties of such pre-adsorbed layers were determined as a function of temperature in the range 25 degrees C to 50 degrees C. It was found that the layers became more compact with increasing temperature and that this effect was reversible, when decreasing the temperature. The compaction was more prominent for MC, as shown in the AFM images and in the thickness data derived from the QCM analysis. This is consistent with the fact that the phase transition temperature is lower, in the vicinity of 50 degrees C, for MC than for HPMC. The water content of the adsorbed layers was found to be high, even at the highest temperature, 50 degrees C, explored in this investigation.

  • 8.
    Bodvik, Rasmus
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science. KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface Chemistry.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science. KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface Chemistry.
    Karlson, Leif
    Claesson, Per M.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science. KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface Chemistry.
    Temperature-dependent adsorption of cellulose ethers on silica and hydrophobized silica immersed in aqueous polymer solution2011In: RSC ADVANCES, ISSN 2046-2069, Vol. 1, no 2, p. 305-314Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The influence of temperature on adsorption and the adsorbed layer properties of methylcellulose (MC) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) were investigated on silica and hydrophobized silica surfaces immersed in aqueous polymer solution. To achieve a concise understanding a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, ellipsometry, and atomic force microscopy imaging were employed. These techniques provide complimentary information on the structure, mass and viscoelastic properties of the polymer layers. Adsorption was first allowed at 25 degrees C. Next, the temperature was increased step-wise up to 50 degrees C and then decreased again. This procedure highlights the temperature dependence of the adsorbed material, as well as the hysteresis in the adsorption due to temperature cycling. A change in temperature not only affects the adsorbed amount, but also the properties of the layer as illustrated by measurements of its water content, thickness and viscoelasticity.

  • 9.
    Duner, Gunnar
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Iruthayaraj, Joseph
    Daasbjerg, Kim
    Pedersen, Steen Uttrup
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Dédinaité, Andra
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Attractive double-layer forces and charge regulation upon interaction between electrografted amine layers and silica2012In: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, ISSN 0021-9797, E-ISSN 1095-7103, Vol. 385, p. 225-234Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Amine functionalities have been introduced on glassy carbon surfaces through electrografting of 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate. The grafted layers were characterized by ellipsometry and by nanomechanical mapping in air and aqueous solutions using the atomic force microscopy Peak-Force QNM mode. The layer was found to be 2.5 nm thick with low roughness, comparable to that of the glassy carbon substrate. However, small semi-spherical features were observed in the topographical image, indicating a clustering of the grafted amine compound. The nanomechanical mapping also demonstrated some swelling of the layer in water and pointed toward an important contribution of electrostatic interactions for the tip-surface adhesion. The forces between an aminated glassy carbon surface and a mu m-sized silica particle in aqueous solutions were measured at different ionic strength and pH-values. The results demonstrate that an attractive double-layer force predominates at large separations, and that the surface charge densities increase as the separation between the surfaces decreases. The degree of charge regulation on the aminated glassy carbon is significant. The relatively low surface charge density of the aminated glassy carbon is attributed to significant incorporation of counterions in the water-rich grafted layer.

  • 10.
    Dunér, Gunnar
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Dédinaité, Andra
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.
    Acid dissorciation constant gradients in a thick viscoelastic film determined by dissipation monitoring using quartz crystal microbalanceManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 11.
    Dunér, Gunnar
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Dédinaité, Andra
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.
    Frequency and dissipation measurements of in situ grafted poly(acrylic acid): a study of sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio from thin to thick viscoelastic regimeManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 12.
    Dunér, Gunnar
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Dédinaité, Andra
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D) studies of the viscoelastic response from a continuously growing grafted polyelectrolyte layer2013In: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, ISSN 0021-9797, E-ISSN 1095-7103, Vol. 408, p. 229-234Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Poly(acrylic acid) was grown from substrates by photopolymerization, and the grafting process was monitored in situ by Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D) measurements in a 1:1 v/v mixture of water/ethanol. The polymerization process was monitored into the thick film region, where the change in frequency and dissipation with increasing film mass changes sign as predicted by the Voigt viscoelastic model. Our experimental data are compared with predictions of this model, and satisfactory agreement is found for low overtone numbers. The Voigt model was applied to analyze the measured changes in frequency, Delta f, and dissipation, Delta D, in order to extract information on layer thickness, shear elasticity, mu, and shear viscosity, eta, of the growing film. The increasing rate of changes in Delta f and Delta D observed after about 150 s of polymerization was found to correlate with an increasing growth rate of the film thickness. For longer polymerization times a close to linear increase in thickness with time was observed. The sensitivity, defined as the derivatives of Delta f and Delta D with respect to thickness, depends on overtone number and is different for the frequency and dissipation signals - facts that should be considered when investigating small changes in thick films used in e.g. sensor applications.

  • 13.
    Dunér, Gunnar
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Dédinaité, Andra
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.
    Claesson, Per M.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof
    Tilton, Robert D.
    Nanomechanical mapping of a high curvature polymer brush grafted from a rigid nanoparticle2012In: Soft Matter, ISSN 1744-683X, E-ISSN 1744-6848, Vol. 8, no 32, p. 8312-8320Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Analysis of interaction forces when probing a silica core-polyelectrolyte brush shell nanoparticle, adsorbed on a silica substrate and bathed by aqueous electrolyte solution, with an ultrasharp atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip provides a spatially resolved map of heterogeneous mechanical properties across the nanoparticle. The deformation of the brush is mainly compressive when probed directly above the nanoparticle centre and mainly deflective when probed at a finite horizontal distance away from the centre. The brush is significantly stiffer against compression than against deflection, and ionization of the brush has a greater stiffening effect against compression than deflection. Whereas a height image of the core-shell nanoparticle was unremarkable, showing a monotonic decrease in height with increasing horizontal distance from the centre, brush deformation, energy dissipation and adhesion displayed local minima over the centre and maxima at a finite horizontal distance away from the centre, corresponding to a position near the rigid core nanoparticle edge. The different response to brush deformation depending on the angle of probing is relevant to the interactions of brush-decorated macroscopic surfaces with submicrometer roughness and to the interactions of brush-decorated nanoparticles with ultrafine structures in their environments.

  • 14.
    Dunér, Gunnar
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Ramström, Olof
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Organic Chemistry.
    Claesson, Per M.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Dédinaité, Andra
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.
    Determination of grafting density of poly(acrylic acid) in a grafting: from approach using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipationManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 15.
    Dunér, Gunnar
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Ramström, Olof
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Organic Chemistry.
    Dédinaité, Andra
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Friction between Surfaces—Polyacrylic Acid Brush and Silica—Mediated by Calcium Ions2010In: Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, ISSN 0193-2691, E-ISSN 1532-2351, Vol. 31, p. 1285-1287Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    With this letter, we report how friction can be controlled by inducing physical bonds solely within a polyelectrolyte brush layer, while keeping repulsive interactions between the brush layer and the bare surface that slides above. Our results imply that the nature of the bare surface is of minor importance as long as the repulsive surface interaction is maintained.

  • 16.
    Dédinaité, Andra
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Olanya, Geoffrey
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Claesson, Per M.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Nystrom, Bo
    Kjoniksen, Anna-Lena
    Zhu, Kaizheng
    Friction in aqueous media tuned by temperature-responsive polymer layers2010In: SOFT MATTER, ISSN 1744-683X, Vol. 6, no 11, p. 2489-2498Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An atomic force microscope colloidal probe technique has been employed to probe normal and friction forces between silica surfaces coated with adsorbed layers of a diblock copolymer of the composition poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(48)-block-poly(3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethyla mmonium chloride)(20), abbreviated PNIPAAM(48)-b-PAMPTMA(+)(20). The interactions between the PNIPAAM(48)-b-PAMPTMA(+)(20)-coated surfaces across a 0.1 mM NaCl (pH 6) solution at 25 degrees C are purely repulsive, due to a combination of steric and electrostatic double-layer forces. However, when the temperature is increased to 35 degrees C, and subsequently to 45 degrees C, an attractive force develops at short separations due to the unfavourable PNIPAAM-water interaction at these temperatures. The temperature-dependent polymer-water interaction has implications for the friction force between the layers. At 25 degrees C a frictional force that increases linearly with increasing load is observed once the surfaces are brought into close contact. At higher temperatures significantly higher friction forces appear as a consequence of attractive segment-segment interactions. Further, a clearly expressed hysteresis between friction forces encountered on loading and unloading is detected. Our results demonstrate that both normal and friction forces between surfaces can be controlled by temperature changes when temperature-responsive polymers are employed, and friction forces can be adjusted as required from low to high.

  • 17. Hansson, P. M.
    et al.
    Swerin, A.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Claesson, Per Martin
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science. YKI, Institute for Surface Chemistry, Stockholm, Sweden .
    Schoelkopf, J.
    Gane, P. A. C.
    Effect of local curvature on the interaction between hydrophobic surfaces2010In: Nanotechnology 2010: Advanced Materials, CNTs, Particles, Films and Composites - Technical Proceedings of the 2010 NSTI Nanotechnology Conference and Expo, NSTI-Nanotech 2010: Volume 1, 2010, p. 61-64Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Surface structure, including roughness and chemical heterogeneities, is known to be of importance for the surface interaction forces observed between hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces. In this study, silica particles have been used to prepare structured particulated surfaces with a controlled roughness using Langmuir-Blodgett deposition or a drop coating technique. The surfaces were characterized by SEM and AFM. The AFM colloidal probe technique was employed for probing the interaction between a micro-size hydrophobic particle and hydrophobic surfaces with a sintered and silanized nano-sized silica particle monolayer. These measurements indicate that the adhesion force is increased by a decrease in particle size. Larger roughness gives larger crevices on the surface and more air/vapor accumulation but the capillary growth is impaired since the three-phase line (solid-liquid-air) has to move over a longer distance with an increase in the size of the surface features.

  • 18. Hansson, Petra M.
    et al.
    Claesson, Per M.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Swerin, Agne
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Briscoe, Wuge H.
    Schoelkopf, Joachim
    Gane, Patrick A. C.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Frictional forces between hydrophilic and hydrophobic particle coated nanostructured surfaces2013In: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP, ISSN 1463-9076, E-ISSN 1463-9084, Vol. 15, no 41, p. 17893-17902Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Friction forces have long been associated with the famous Amontons' rule that states that the friction force is linearly dependent on the applied normal load, with the proportionality constant being known as the friction coefficient. Amontons' rule is however purely phenomenological and does not in itself provide any information on why the friction coefficient is different for different material combinations. In this study, friction forces between a colloidal probe and nanostructured particle coated surfaces in an aqueous environment exhibiting different roughness length scales were measured by utilizing the atomic force microscope (AFM). The chemistry of the surfaces and the probe was varied between hydrophilic silica and hydrophobized silica. For hydrophilic silica surfaces, the friction coefficient was significantly higher for the particle coated surfaces than on the flat reference surface. All the particle coated surfaces exhibited similar friction coefficients, from which it may be concluded that the surface geometry, and not the roughness amplitude per se, influenced the measured friction. During measurements with hydrophobic surfaces, strong adhesive forces related to the formation of a bridging air cavity were evident from both normal force and friction force measurements. In contrast to the frictional forces between the hydrophilic surfaces, the friction coefficient for hydrophobic surfaces was found to depend on the surface structure and we believe that this dependence is related to the restricted movement of the three-phase line of the bridging air cavity. For measurements using a hydrophobic surface and a hydrophilic probe, the friction coefficient was significantly smaller compared to the two homogeneous systems. A layer of air or air bubbles on the hydrophobic surface working as a lubricating layer is a possible mechanism behind this observation.

  • 19.
    Hansson, Petra M
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Claesson, Per Martin
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Swerin, Agne
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Schoelkopf, Joachim
    Gane, Patrick A. C.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Frictional forces between hydrophilic and hydrophobic particle coated nanostructured surfacesManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 20.
    Hansson, Petra M.
    et al.
    YKI, Ytkemiska Institutet AB.
    Hormozan, Yashar
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Material Physics.
    Brandner, B. D.
    Linnros, Jan
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Material Physics.
    Claesson, Per Martin
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Swerin, Agne
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Schoelkopf, J.
    Gane, P. A. C.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Effect of surface depressions on wetting and interactions between hydrophobic pore array surfaces2012In: Langmuir, ISSN 0743-7463, E-ISSN 1520-5827, Vol. 28, no 30, p. 11121-11130Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The surface structure is known to significantly affect the long-range capillary forces between hydrophobic surfaces in aqueous solutions. It is, however, not clear how small depressions in the surface will affect the interaction. To clarify this, we have used the AFM colloidal probe technique to measure interactions between hydrophobic microstructured pore array surfaces and a hydrophobic colloidal probe. The pore array surfaces were designed to display two different pore spacings, 1.4 and 4.0 ÎŒm, each with four different pore depths ranging from 0.2 to 12.0 ÎŒm. Water contact angles measured on the pore array surfaces are lower than expected from the Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel models and not affected by the pore depth. This suggests that the position of the three-phase contact line, and not the interactions underneath the droplet, determines the contact angle. Confocal Raman microscopy was used to investigate whether water penetrates into the pores. This is of importance for capillary forces where both the movement of the three-phase contact line and the situation at the solid/liquid interface influence the stability of bridging cavities. By analyzing the shape of the force curves, we distinguish whether the cavity between the probe and the surfaces was formed on a flat part of the surface or in close proximity to a pore. The pore depth and pore spacing were both found to statistically influence the distance at which cavities form as surfaces approach each other and the distance at which cavities rupture during retraction.

  • 21.
    Hansson, Petra M.
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Hormozan, Yashar
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Material Physics.
    Brandner, Birgit D.
    Linnros, Jan
    KTH, School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Material Physics.
    Claesson, Per Martin
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Swerin, Agne
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Schoelkopf, Joachim
    Gane, Patrick A. C.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Hydrophobic pore array surfaces: Wetting and interaction forces in water/ethanol mixtures2013In: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, ISSN 0021-9797, E-ISSN 1095-7103, Vol. 396, p. 278-286Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Interactions between and wetting behavior of structured hydrophobic surfaces using different concentrations of water/ethanol mixtures have been investigated. Silica surfaces consisting of pore arrays with different pore spacings and pore depths were made hydrophobic by silanization. Their static and dynamic contact angles were found to be independent of the pore depth while fewer pores on the surface, i.e. a closer resemblance to a flat surface, gave a lower contact angle. As expected, a higher amount of ethanol facilitated wetting on all the surfaces tested. Confocal Raman microscopy measurements proved both water and ethanol to penetrate into the pores. AFM colloidal probe force measurements clearly showed that formation of air cavitation was hindered between the hydrophobic surfaces in presence of ethanol, and an increase in ethanol concentration was followed by a smaller jump-in distance and a weaker adhesion force. On separation, an immediate jump-out of contact occurred. The measured forces were interpreted as being due to capillary condensation of ethanol between the surfaces giving rise to very unstable cavities immediately rupturing on surface separation.

  • 22. Hansson, Petra M.
    et al.
    Skedung, Lisa
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Claesson, Per Martin
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Swerin, Agne
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Schoelkopf, Joachim
    Gane, Patrick A. C.
    Rutland, Mark W.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Robust Hydrophobic Surfaces Displaying Different Surface Roughness Scales While Maintaining the Same Wettability2011In: Langmuir, ISSN 0743-7463, E-ISSN 1520-5827, Vol. 27, no 13, p. 8153-8159Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A range of surfaces coated with spherical silica particles, covering the size range from nanometer to micrometer, have been produced using Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition. The particles were characterized both in suspension and in the Langmuir trough to optimize the surface preparation procedure. By limiting the particle aggregation and surface layer failures during the preparation steps, well-defined monolayers with a close-packed structure have been obtained for all particle sizes. Thus, this procedure led to structured surfaces with a characteristic variation in the amplitude and spatial roughness parameters. In order to obtain robust surfaces, a sintering protocol and an AFM-based wear test to determine the stability of the deposited surface layer were employed. Hydrophobization of the LB films followed by water contact angle measurements showed, for all tested particle sizes, the same increase in contact angle compared to the contact angle of a flat hydrophobic surface. This indicates nearly hexagonal packing and gives evidence for nearly, complete surface wetting of the surface features.

  • 23. Hansson, Petra M.
    et al.
    Swerin, Agne
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Schoelkopf, Joachim
    Gane, Patrick A. C.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Influence of Surface Topography on the Interactions between Nanostructured Hydrophobic Surfaces2012In: Langmuir, ISSN 0743-7463, E-ISSN 1520-5827, Vol. 28, no 21, p. 8026-8034Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Nanostructured particle coated surfaces, with hydrophobized particles arranged in close to hexagonal order and of specific diameters ranging from 30 nm up to 800 nm, were prepared by Langmuir-Blodgett deposition followed by silanization. These surfaces have been used to study interactions between hydrophobic surfaces and a hydrophobic probe using the AFM colloidal probe technique. The different particle coated surfaces exhibit similar water contact angles, independent of particle size, which facilitates studies of how the roughness length scale affects capillary forces (previously often referred to as "hydrophobic interactions") in aqueous solutions. For surfaces with smaller particles (diameter < 200 nm), an increase in roughness length scale is accompanied by a decrease in adhesion force and bubble rupture distance. It is suggested that this is caused by energy barriers that prevent the motion of the three-phase (vapor/liquid/solid) line over the surface features, which counteracts capillary growth. Some of the measured force curves display extremely long-range interaction behavior with rupture distances of several micrometers and capillary growth with an increase in volume during retraction. This is thought to be a consequence of nanobubbles resting on top of the surface features and an influx of air from the crevices between the particles on the surface.

  • 24.
    Heydari, Golrokh
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Järn, Mikael
    Tyrode, Eric
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Claesson, Per Martin
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Hydrophobic Surfaces: Topography Effects on Wetting by Supercooled Water and Freezing Delay2013In: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, ISSN 1932-7447, E-ISSN 1932-7455, Vol. 117, no 42, p. 21752-21762Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Hydrophobicity, and in particular superhydrophobicity, has been extensively considered to promote ice-phobicity. Dynamic contact angle measurements above 0 degrees C have been widely used to evaluate the water repellency. However, it is the wetting properties of supercooled water at subzero temperatures and the derived work of adhesion that are important for applications dealing with icing. In this work we address this issue by determining the temperature-dependent dynamic contact angle of microliter-sized water droplets on a smooth hydrophobic and a superhydrophobic surface with similar surface chemistry. The data highlight how the work of adhesion of water in the temperature interval from about 25 degrees C to below -10 degrees C is affected by surface topography. A marked decrease in contact angle on the superhydrophobic surface is observed with decreasing temperature, and we attribute this to condensation below the dew point. In contrast, no significant wetting transition is observed on the smooth hydrophobic surface. The freezing temperature and the freezing delay time were determined for water droplets resting on a range of surfaces with similar chemistry but different topography, including smooth and rough surfaces in either the Wenzel or the Cassie-Baxter state as characterized by water contact angle measurements at room temperature. We find that the water freezing delay time is not significantly affected by the surface topography and discuss this finding within the classical theory of heterogeneous nucleation.

  • 25.
    Jafarzadeh, Shadi
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Claesson, Per Martin
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Pan, Jinshan
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Direct measurement of colloidal interactions between polyaniline surfaces in a uv-curable coating formulation: The effect of surface hydrophilicity/ hydrophobicity and resin composition2014In: Langmuir, ISSN 0743-7463, E-ISSN 1520-5827, Vol. 30, no 4, p. 1045-1054Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The interactions between polyaniline particles and polyaniline surfaces in polyester acrylate resin mixed with 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate monomer have been investigated using contact angle measurements and the atomic force microscopy colloidal probe technique. Polyaniline with different characteristics (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) were synthesized directly on spherical polystyrene particles of 10 μm in diameter. Surface forces were measured between core/shell structured polystyrene/polyaniline particles (and a pure polystyrene particle as reference) mounted on an atomic force microscope cantilever and a pressed pellet of either hydrophilic or hydrophobic polyaniline powders, in resins of various polymer:monomer ratios. A short-range purely repulsive interaction was observed between hydrophilic polyaniline (doped with phosphoric acid) surfaces in polyester acrylate resin. In contrast, interactions between hydrophobic polyaniline (doped with n-decyl phosphonic acid) were dominated by attractive forces, suggesting less compatibility and higher tendency for aggregation of these particles in liquid polyester acrylate compared to hydrophilic polyaniline. Both observations are in agreement with the conclusions from the interfacial energy studies performed by contact angle measurements.

  • 26.
    Jafarzadeh, Shadi
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Ronnevall, Ted
    Adhikari, Arindam
    Sundell, Per-Erik
    Pan, Jinshan
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Claesson, Per Martin
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Toward Homogeneous Nanostructured Polyaniline/Resin Blends2011In: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, ISSN 1944-8244, Vol. 3, no 5, p. 1681-1691Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The high interest in applications of conducting polymers, especially polyaniline (PANI), makes it important to overcome limitations for effective usage due to poor processability and solubility. One promising approach is to make blends of PANT in polymeric resins. However, in this approach other problems related to the difficulty of achieving a homogeneous PANI dispersion arise. The present article is focused on this general problem, and we discuss how the synthesis method, choice of dopant and solvent as well as interfacial energies influence the dispersibility. For this purpose, different synthesis methods and dopants have been employed to prepare nanostructures of polyaniline. Dynamic light scattering analysis of dispersions of the synthesized particles in several solvents was employed in order to understand how the choice of solvent affects PANT aggregation. Further information on this subject was achieved by scanning electron microscopy studies of PANT powders dried from various solutions. On the basis of these results, acetone was found to be a suitable dispersion medium for PANI. The polymer matrix used to make the blends in this work is a UV-curing solvent-free resin. Therefore, there is no low molecular weight liquid in the system to facilitate the mixing process and promote formation of homogeneous dispersions. Thus, a good compatibility of the components becomes crucial. For this reason, surface tension and contact angle measurements were utilized for characterizing the surface energy of the PANI particles and the polyester acrylate (PEA) resin, and also for calculating the interfacial energy between these two components that revealed good compatibility within the PANI/PEA blend. A novel technique, based on centrifugal sedimentation analysis, was employed in order to determine the PANT particle size in PEA resin, and high dispersion stability of the PANI/PEA blends was suggested by evaluation of the sedimentation data.

  • 27.
    Liljeblad, Jonathan F. D.
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Tyrode, Eric
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science. Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
    Dublanchet, Ann-Claude
    L’Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
    Luengo, Gustavo
    L’Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
    Johnson, C. Magnus
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Rutland, Mark W
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Self-assembly of long chain fatty acids: effect of a methyl branch2014In: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP, ISSN 1463-9076, E-ISSN 1463-9084, Vol. 16, no 33, p. 17869-17882Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The morphology and molecular conformation of Langmuir Blodgett deposited and floating monolayers of a selection of straight chain (eicosanoic acid, EA), iso (19-methyl eicosanoic acid, 19-MEA), and anteiso (18-methyl eicosanoic acid, 18-MEA) fatty acids have been investigated by Vibrational Sum Frequency Spectroscopy (VSFS), AFM imaging, and the Langmuir trough. While the straight chain fatty acid forms smooth, featureless monolayers, all the branched chain fatty acids display 10-50 nm sized domains (larger for 19-MEA than the 18-MEA) with a homogeneous size distribution. A model is suggested to explain the domain formation and size in terms of the branched fatty acid packing properties and the formation of hemispherical caps at the liquid air interface. No difference between the chiral (S) form and the racemic mixture of the 18-MEA is observed with any of the utilized techniques. The aliphatic chains of the straight chain fatty acids appear to be oriented perpendicular to the sample surface, based on an orientational analysis of VSFS data and the odd/even effect. In addition, the selection of the subphase (neat water or CdCl2 containing water buffered to pH 6.0) used for the LB-deposition has a profound influence on the monolayer morphology, packing density, compressibility, and conformational order. Finally, the orientation of the 19-MEA dimethyl moiety is estimated, and a strategy for performing an orientational analysis to determine the complete molecular orientation of the aliphatic chains of 19-MEA and 18-MEA is outlined and discussed.

  • 28.
    Liu, Chao
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Claesson, Per Martin
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Tyrode, Eric
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Surface Forces and Friction between Silica and a Cross-Linked Nanohydrogel Layer of ChitosanManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 29.
    Liu, Chao
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Claesson, Per Martin
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Tyrode, Eric
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Surface grafted chitosan nanogels: Part I: Multilayer build-upManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 30.
    Liu, Chao
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Claesson, Per Martin
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Tyrode, Eric
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Surface grafted chitosan nanogels: Part II: Gel formation and characterizationManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 31.
    Liu, Chao
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Wang, Min
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    An, Junxue
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Dedinaite, Andra
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Hyaluronan and phospholipids in boundary lubrication2012In: Soft Matter, ISSN 1744-683X, E-ISSN 1744-6848, Vol. 8, no 40, p. 10241-10244Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Hyaluronan has been found to play an important role in boundary lubrication in joints, but model experiments have shown that free hyaluronan is reluctant to stay between surfaces. We show that hyaluronan, when assisted by a phospholipid bilayer, can act as a boundary lubricant, even at pressures well above those leading to breakdown of cartilage.

  • 32.
    Liu, Xiaoyan
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Dédinaité, Andra
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Rutland, Mark
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Visnevskij, C.
    Makuska, R.
    Claesson, Per Martin
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Electrostatically anchored branched brush layers2012In: Langmuir, ISSN 0743-7463, E-ISSN 1520-5827, Vol. 28, no 44, p. 15537-15547Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A novel type of block copolymer has been synthesized. It consists of a linear cationic block and an uncharged bottle-brush block. The nonionic bottle-brush block contains 45 units long poly(ethylene oxide) side chains. This polymer was synthesized with the intention of creating branched brush layers firmly physisorbed to negatively charged surfaces via the cationic block, mimicking the architecture (but not the chemistry) of bottle-brush molecules suggested to be present on the cartilage surface, and contributing to the efficient lubrication of synovial joints. The adsorption properties of the diblock copolymer as well as of the two blocks separately were studied on silica surfaces using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and optical reflectometry. The adsorption kinetics data highlight that the diblock copolymers initially adsorb preferentially parallel to the surface with both the cationic block and the uncharged bottle-brush block in contact with the surface. However, as the adsorption proceeds, a structural change occurs within the layer, and the PEO bottle-brush block extends toward solution, forming a surface-anchored branched brush layer. As the adsorption plateau is reached, the diblock copolymer layer is 46-48 nm thick, and the water content in the layer is above 90 wt %. The combination of strong electrostatic anchoring and highly hydrated branched brush structures provide strong steric repulsion, low friction forces, and high load bearing capacity. The strong electrostatic anchoring also provides high stability of preadsorbed layers under different ionic strength conditions.

  • 33.
    Liu, Xiaoyan
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Dédinaité, Andra
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Rutland, Mark
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Visnevskij, Ceslav
    Makuska, Ricardas
    Claesson, Per Martin
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Low friction and high load bearing capacity layers formed by cationic-block-non-ionic bottle-brush copolymers in aqueous media2013In: Soft Matter, ISSN 1744-683X, E-ISSN 1744-6848, Vol. 9, no 22, p. 5361-5371Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Efficient lubricants should be able to build surface layers that result in low friction and high load bearing capacity. In this work we show how this can be achieved in aqueous media by means of adsorption of a diblock copolymer consisting of a cationic anchor block without side chains and an uncharged and hydrophilic bottle-brush block that protrudes into solution. Surface and friction forces were measured between negatively charged silica surfaces coated with adsorbed layers of the cationic diblock copolymer, utilizing the atomic force microscope colloidal probe technique. The interactions between the surfaces coated with this copolymer in water are purely repulsive, due to a combination of steric and electrostatic double-layer forces, and no hysteresis is observed between forces measured on approach and separation. Friction forces between the diblock copolymer layers are characterized by a low friction coefficient, mu approximate to 0.03-0.04. The layers remain intact under high load and shear due to the strong electrostatic anchoring, and no destruction of the layer was noted even under the highest pressure employed (about 50 MPa). Addition of NaCl to a concentration of 155 mM weakens the anchoring of the copolymer to the substrate surface, and as a result the friction force increases.

  • 34.
    Lundin, Maria
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Nuclear Chemistry.
    Hedberg, Yolanda
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Jiang, Tao
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Herting, Gunilla
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Wang, Xuying
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Blomberg, Eva
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Odnevall Wallinder, Inger
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Adsorption and protein-induced metal release from chromium metal and stainless steel2012In: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, ISSN 0021-9797, E-ISSN 1095-7103, Vol. 366, no 1, p. 155-164Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A research effort is undertaken to understand the mechanism of metal release from, e.g., inhaled metal particles or metal implants in the presence of proteins. The effect of protein adsorption on the metal release process from oxidized chromium metal surfaces and stainless steel surfaces was therefore examined by quartz crystal microbalance with energy dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). Differently charged and sized proteins, relevant for the inhalation and dermal exposure route were chosen including human and bovine serum albumin (HSA, BSA), mucin (BSM), and lysozyme (LYS). The results show that all proteins have high affinities for chromium and stainless steel (AISI 316) when deposited from solutions at pH 4 and at pH 7.4 where the protein adsorbed amount was very similar. Adsorption of albumin and mucin was substantially higher at pH 4 compared to pH 7.4 with approximately monolayer coverage at pH 7.4, whereas lysozyme adsorbed in multilayers at both investigated pH. The protein-surface interaction was strong since proteins were irreversibly adsorbed with respect to rinsing. Due to the passive nature of chromium and stainless steel (AISI 316) surfaces, very low metal release concentrations from the QCM metal surfaces in the presence of proteins were obtained on the time scale of the adsorption experiment. Therefore, metal release studies from massive metal sheets in contact with protein solutions were carried out in parallel. The presence of proteins increased the extent of metals released for chromium metal and stainless steel grades of different microstructure and alloy content, all with passive chromium(III)-rich surface oxides, such as QCM (AISI 316), ferritic (AISI 430), austentic (AISI 304, 316L), and duplex (LDX 2205).

  • 35.
    Lundin, Maria
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Solaqa, Faten
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Macakova, Lubica
    Institute for Surface Chemistry, Sweden.
    Blomberg, Eva
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science. Institute for Surface Chemistry, Sweden.
    Layer-by-layer assemblies of chitosan and heparin: effect of solution ionic strength and pH2011In: Langmuir, ISSN 0743-7463, E-ISSN 1520-5827, Vol. 27, no 12, p. 7537-7548Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The growth of polysaccharide multilayers consisting of positively charged chitosan (CH) and negatively charged heparin (HEP) was monitored in situ by employing a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D) and dual-polarization interferometry (DPI). The main focus was on how the physicochemical properties of the solution affect the growth and structure of the resulting multilayer film These results showed that when increasing the ionic strength of the polysaccharide solutions at a fixed pH, both the "dry" (optical) (DPI) mass and wet (QCM) mass of the adsorbed multilayer film increased. The same effect was found when increasing the pH while keeping the ionic strength constant. Furthermore, the growth of multilayers showed an exponential-like behavior independent of the solution conditions that were used in this study. It was also established that chitosan was the predominant species present in the chitosan heparin multilayer film. We discuss the viscoelastic properties of the adsorbed layers and their variation during the multilayer buildup. Interestingly and contrary to common interpretation of the QCM-D results, we found that under one particular solution condition (pH 4.2 and 30 mM NaCl) the increase in the dissipation of oscillation energy from the adsorbed layer was a consequence of layer stiffening rather than indicating a more hydrated and viscous film. On the basis of the widely used Voigt viscoelastic model for an adsorbed layer, we show that it is the film viscosity and shear that define the layer viscoelasticity (structure) of the film and not the absolute value of energy dissipation, which in fact can be very misleading.

  • 36.
    Mizuno, Hiroyasu
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Jansson, Kjell
    Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University.
    Hedin, Niklas
    Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University.
    Soledad Fernández, M.
    Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and CIMAT, University of Chile.
    Arias, José Luis
    Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and CIMAT, University of Chile.
    Rutland, Mark
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Ranjith, Kristina Pai
    Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University.
    Bergström, Lennart
    Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University.
    Adhesive properties and sacrificial bonds in gastroliths of red-clawlobster measured by colloidal probe atomic force microscopyManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The adhesive properties of gastroliths of red claw lobsters (Cherax quadricarinatus) have been quantified using colloidal probe atomic force microscopy. Sequential detachment and large adhesion energies where observed between native gastrolith substrates and colloidal probes consisting of microparticles of heavily demineralized gastrolith that consists primarily of chitin and calcium carbonate hemispheres. The sequential detachment behavior was absent when the soluble proteins have been removed from gastrolith substrates and the adhesive energy is reduced by more than two orders of magnitude. The sacrificial bonds that provide the large adhesion energies were inferred to multifunctional gastrolith proteins that are able to bind to both chitin and calcium carbonate.

  • 37.
    Olanya, Geoffrey
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Varga, Imre
    Makuska, Ricardas
    Claesson, Per M.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Protein Interactions with Bottle-Brush Polymer Layers: Effect of Side Chain and Charge Density Ratio Probed by QCM-D and AFM2010In: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, ISSN 0021-9797, E-ISSN 1095-7103, Vol. 349, no 1, p. 265-274Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Silica surfaces were coated with a range of cationic bottle-brush polymers with 45 units long poly(ethylene oxide) side chains, and their efficiency in reducing protein adsorption was probed by QCM-D, reflectometry and AFM. Preadsorbed layers formed by bottle-brush polymers with different side chain to charge ratio was exposed to two proteins with different net charge, lysozyme and BSA. The reduction in protein adsorption was found to depend on both the type of protein and on the nature of the polyelectrolyte layer. The most pronounced reduction in protein adsorption was achieved when the fraction of charged backbone segments was in the range 0.25-0.5 equivalent to a fraction of poly(ethylene oxide) side chains of 0.75-0.5. It was concluded that these polymers have enough electrostatic attachment points to ensure a strong binding to the surface, and at the same time a sufficient amount of poly(ethylene oxide) side chains to counteract protein adsorption. In contrast, a layer formed by a highly charged polyelectrolyte without side chains was unable to resists protein adsorption. On such a layer the adsorption of negatively charged BSA was strongly enhanced, and positively charged lysozyme adsorbed to a similar extent as to bare silica. AFM colloidal probe force measurement between silica surfaces with preadsorbed layers of bottle-brush polymers were conducted before and after exposure to BSA and lysozyme to gain insight into how proteins were incorporated in the bottle-brush polymer layers.

  • 38.
    Pilkington, Georgia A.
    et al.
    School of Chemistry, University of Bristol.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Claesson, Per M.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Fuge, Gareth M.
    School of Chemistry, University of Bristol.
    Fox, Oliver J. L.
    School of Chemistry, University of Bristol.
    Ashfold, Michael N. R.
    School of Chemistry, University of Bristol.
    Leese, Hannah
    Dept of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, UK.
    Mattia, Davide
    Dept of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, UK.
    Briscoe, Wuge H.
    School of Chemistry, University of Bristol.
    Amontonian frictional behaviour of nanostructured surfaces2011In: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP, ISSN 1463-9076, E-ISSN 1463-9084, Vol. 13, p. 9318-9326Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    With nanotextured surfaces and interfaces increasingly being encountered in technological and biomedical applications, there is a need for a better understanding of frictional properties involving such surfaces. Here we report friction measurements of several nanostructured surfaces using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). These nanostructured surfaces provide well defined model systems on which we have tested the applicability of Amontons' laws of friction. Our results show that Amontonian behaviour is observed with each of the surfaces studied. However, no correlation has been found between measured friction and various surface roughness parameters such as average surface roughness (Ra) and root mean squared (rms) roughness. Instead, we propose that the friction coefficient may be decomposed into two contributions, i.e., μ = μ0 + μg, with the intrinsic friction coefficient μ0 accounting for the chemical nature of the surfaces and the geometric friction coefficient μg for the presence of nanotextures. We have found a possible correlation between μg and the average local slope of the surface nanotextures.

  • 39. Quignon, Benoit
    et al.
    Pilkington, Georgia A.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Claesson, Per M.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Ashfold, Michael N. R.
    Mattia, Davide
    Leese, Hannah
    Davis, Sean A.
    Briscoe, Wuge H.
    Sustained Frictional Instabilities on Nanodomed Surfaces: Stick Slip Amplitude Coefficient2013In: ACS Nano, ISSN 1936-0851, E-ISSN 1936-086X, Vol. 7, no 12, p. 10850-10862Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Understanding the frictional properties of nanostructured surfaces is important because of their increasing application in modem minlaturized devices. In this work, lateral force microscopy was used to study the frictional properties between AFM nanotip and surfaces bearing well-defined ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers. Our results show that the average lateral force varied linearly with applied load, as described by Amontons' first law of friction, although no direct correlation between the sample topographic properties and their measured friction coeffidents was identified. Furthermore, all the nanodomed textures exhibited pronounced osdllations in the shear traces, similar to the dassic stick slip behavior, under all the shear velocities and load regimes studied. That is, the nanotextured topography led to sustained frictional instabilities, effectively with no contact frictional sliding. The amplitude of the stick slip oscillations, ab was found to correlate with the topographic properties of the surfaces and scale linearly with the applied load. In line with the friction coefficient, we define the slope of this linear plot as the stick slip amplitude coeffident (SSAC). We suggest that such stick slip behaviors are characteristics of surfaces with nanotextures and that such local frictional instabilities have important implications to surface damage and wear. We thus propose that the shear characteristics of the nanodomed surfaces cannot be fully described by the framework of Amontons' laws of friction and that additional parameters (e.g., a, and SSAQ are required, when their friction, lubrication, and wear properties are important considerations in related nanodevices.

  • 40.
    Rutland, Mark W.
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science. SP Tech Res Inst, Sweden.
    Liljeblad, Jonathan D. F.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Tyrode, Eric
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Dublanchet, Ann-Claude
    Luengo, Gustavo
    Johnson, C. Magnus
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Long chained fatty acid monolayers: Influence of methyl branching2014In: Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, ISSN 0065-7727, Vol. 247, p. 61-COLL-Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 41.
    Sababi, Majid
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Kettle, John
    Rautkoski, Hille
    Claesson, Per Martin
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Structural and Nanomechanical Properties of Paperboard Coatings Studied by Peak Force Tapping Atomic Force Microscopy2012In: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, ISSN 1944-8244, E-ISSN 1944-8252, Vol. 4, no 10, p. 5534-5541Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Paper coating formulations containing starch, latex, and clay were applied to paperboard and have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy and Peak Force tapping atomic force microscopy. A special focus has been on the measurement of the variation of the surface topography and surface material properties with a nanometer scaled spatial resolution. The effects of coating composition and drying conditions were investigated. It is concluded that the air-coating interface of the coating is dominated by close-packed latex particles embedded in a starch matrix and that the spatial distribution of the different components in the coating can be identified due to their variation in material properties. Drying the coating at an elevated temperature compared to room temperature changes the surface morphology and the surface material properties due to partial film formation of latex However, it is evident that the chosen elevated drying temperature and exposure time is insufficient to ensure complete film formation of the latex which in an end application will be needed.

  • 42. Saigal, Trishna
    et al.
    Alvarez, Nicolas J.
    Dunér, Gunnar
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Anna, Shelley L.
    Walker, Lynn M.
    Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof
    Dedinaite, Andra
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Claesson, Per M.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Tilton, Robert D.
    Interfacial properties and applications of polymer-grafted nanoparticles2011In: Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, ISSN 0065-7727, Vol. 242, p. 34-COLL-Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 43.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Negative friction coefficients2013In: Nature Materials, ISSN 1476-1122, E-ISSN 1476-4660, Vol. 12, no 6, p. 468-468Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 44.
    Thormann, Esben
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    On understanding of the Hofmeister effect: how addition of salt alters the stability of temperature responsive polymers in aqueous solutions2012In: RSC Advances, ISSN 2046-2069, Vol. 2, no 22, p. 8297-8305Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the present study, differential scanning calorimetry was employed to investigate the temperature induced phase separation process of poly(propylene oxide) in a pure aqueous solution and in the presence of five different potassium salts at three different concentrations. The different salts affected the phase separation temperature in accordance with the Hofmeister series with the three salts, KF, KCl and KBr, inducing a clear salting-out effect, one salt, KSCN, inducing a clear salting-in effect and one borderline salt, KI, showing a salting-in or a salting-out effect depending on the salt concentration. It was further observed that the phase separation enthalpy was almost unaffected by the presence of KF, KCl, KBr and KI, while the presence of KSCN led to a significant decrease in this quantity. This suggests that KF, KCl, KBr and KI have a very moderate influence on the PPO hydration, while KSCN appears to decrease the hydrophobic hydration of the PPO chains. The order of how the salts affect the phase separation temperature is in agreement with data for the partition coefficients of the anions between bulk water and at the air-water interface, but only partially in agreement with data related to ion hydration and water structuring effects. These observations are discussed in relation to existing models of how the different nature of the ion and polymer hydration can lead to effective attractive and repulsive ion-polymer interactions depending of the exact chemistry of the ions and the polymer. It is suggested that the previous confusion about the Hofmeister effect is due to a misleading conceptual picture of how polymer hydration is affected by the presence of ions. It is concluded that the Hofmeister effects, in the present case, can be described by a balance between the effective interactions governed by the asymmetric hydration of ions and hydrophobic polymers.

  • 45.
    Thormann, Esben
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Bodvik, Rasmus
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Karlson, Leif
    Claesson, Per M.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Surface forces and friction between non-polar surfaces coated by temperature-responsive methylcellulose2014In: Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, ISSN 0927-7757, E-ISSN 1873-4359, Vol. 441, p. 701-708Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Methylcellulose is a heterogeneous polymer that exposes both methyl groups and -OH-groups to the solution, and the solvent quality of water for methylcellulose deceases with increasing temperature. In bulk solution this leads to aggregation into fibrils at high temperatures. In this report we address how temperature affects adsorbed layers of methylcellulose on hydrophobized silica surfaces in contact with an aqueous methylcellulose solution. The layers were imaged using PeakForce tapping mode atomic force microscopy, in order to determine how the additional adsorption that occurs with increasing temperature affects the layer structure. Surface force and friction measurements were carried out using the AFM colloidal probe method. The data demonstrate that the normal surface forces were rather insensitive to temperature, whereas the friction forces changed significantly with increasing temperature. At low loads the friction increases with increasing temperature, whereas at high loads the reverse is observed. These findings are discussed in terms of how the worsening of the solvent condition affects the aggregation state in the adsorbed layer, and the polymer-surface affinity.

  • 46.
    Thormann, Esben
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Claesson, Per M.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Mouritsen, Ole G.
    MEMPHYS, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark.
    Tuning structural forces between silica surfaces by temperature-induced micellization of responsive block copolymers2010In: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP, ISSN 1463-9076, E-ISSN 1463-9084, Vol. 12, no 36, p. 10730-10735Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study is to demonstrate a method to control interactions between two surfaces by the use of a responsive solution. This was done by performing AFM-based force measurements between two silica surfaces immersed in an aqueous solution of thermo-responsive Pluronics P85 block copolymers. For this system we demonstrate that one can switch between a situation where no long-range forces are acting between the surfaces to a situation where a long-range structural force, oscillating between attractive and repulsive force regimes, is controlling the surface interaction. This shift in behavior is caused by a long-range order introduced by temperature-induced micellization of the block copolymers and is thus simply achieved by changing the temperature from below to above the micellization temperature. We propose that the use of micelle-forming responsive block copolymers is a general method for reversibly controlling surface interactions by a temperature switch. Since the force control is achieved by changes occurring in bulk solution, the nature of the surfaces is expected to play only a relative minor role.

  • 47.
    Thormann, Esben
    et al.
    MEMPHYS, Physics Department, University of Southern Denmark.
    Evans, Drew R.
    Craig, Vincent S. J.
    Experimental studies of the dynamic mechanical response of a single polymer chain2006In: Macromolecules, ISSN 0024-9297, E-ISSN 1520-5835, Vol. 39, no 18, p. 6180-6185Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The high-frequency and low-amplitude dynamic mechanical response from a single poly(vinyl alcohol) chain was investigated. Modification of a commercial atomic force microscope enabled high-frequency and low-amplitude periodic deformations of polymer chains during extension to be performed. Such an experiment has previously been considered untenable due to hydrodynamic and viscous effects, but we introduce here a method to isolate the response of the polymer from the hydrodynamic response. For periodic deformations with frequencies of 400-2000 Hz and amplitudes of 0.55-16.9 nm, we find that the dynamic mechanical response from poly(vinyl alcohol) does not differ from its static response. This result is not unexpected as poly(vinyl alcohol) is a highly flexible polymer with intramolecular relaxation processes taking place on a short time scale. The choice of a polymer with a fast relaxation allows its static properties to be recovered from the dynamic measurements and enables the method suggested in this paper for decoupling the polymer response from the hydrodynamic response to be validated.

  • 48.
    Thormann, Esben
    et al.
    MEMPHYS, Physics Department, University of Southern Denmark.
    Hansen, Per Lyngs
    Simonsen, Adam Cohen
    Mouritsen, Ole G.
    Dynamic force spectroscopy on soft molecular systems: Improved analysis of unbinding spectra with varying linker compliance2006In: Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, ISSN 0927-7765, E-ISSN 1873-4367, Vol. 53, no 2, p. 149-156Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Dynamic force spectroscopy makes it possible to measure the breaking of single molecular bonds or the unfolding of single proteins subjected to a time-dependent pulling force. The force needed to break a single bond or to unfold a domain in a protein depends critically on the time dependence of the applied force. In this way the elastic response couples to the unbinding force. We have performed an experimental and theoretical examination of this coupling by studying the well-known biotin-streptavidin bond in systems incorporating two common types of linkers. In the first case biotin is linked by bovine serum albumin (BSA) and it is observed that this linker has a linear elastic response. More surprisingly we find that its force constant varies significantly between repeated force curves. It is demonstrated that by sorting the force curves according to the force constant of the linker we can improve the data analysis and obtain a better agreement between experimental data and theory. In the second case biotin is linked by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), which has a soft nonlinear elastic response. A numerical calculation of the unbinding statistics for the polymer system agrees quantitatively with experiments. It demonstrates a clear decrease in unbinding forces resulting from the polymer linker.

  • 49.
    Thormann, Esben
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Mizuno, Hiroyasu
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Jansson, Kjell
    Stockholm Univ, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Hedin, Niklas
    Stockholm Univ, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Soledad Fernandez, M.
    Univ Chile, Santiago, Chile.
    Luis Arias, Jose
    Univ Chile, Santiago, Chile.
    Rutland, Mark W.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Pai, Ranjith Krishna
    Stockholm Univ, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Bergström, Lennart
    Stockholm Univ, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Embedded proteins and sacrificial bonds provide the strong adhesive properties of gastroliths2012In: Nanoscale, ISSN 2040-3364, Vol. 4, no 13, p. 3910-3916Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The adhesive properties of gastroliths from a freshwater crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) were quantified by colloidal probe atomic force microscopy (AFM) between heavily demineralized gastrolith microparticles and gastrolith substrates of different composition. Combined AFM and transmission electron microscopy studies demonstrated that the sequential detachment and large adhesion energies that characterise the adhesive behaviour of a native gastrolith substrate are dominated by sacrificial bonds between chitin fibres and between chitin fibres and CaCO3. The sacrificial bonds were shown to be strongly related to the gastrolith proteins and when the majority of these proteins were removed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), the sequential detachment disappeared and the adhesive energy was reduced by more than two orders of magnitude.

  • 50.
    Thormann, Esben
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Pettersson, Torbjörn
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    Claesson, Per M.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
    How to measure forces with atomic force microscopy without significant influence from nonlinear optical lever sensitivity2009In: Review of Scientific Instruments, ISSN 0034-6748, E-ISSN 1089-7623, Vol. 80, no 9Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In an atomic force microscope (AFM), the force is normally sensed by measuring the deflection of a cantilever by an optical lever technique. Experimental results show a nonlinear relationship between the detected signal and the actual deflection of the cantilever, which is widely ignored in literature. In this study we have designed experiments to investigate different possible reasons for this nonlinearity and compared the experimental findings with calculations. It is commonly assumed that this nonlinearity only causes problems for extremely large cantilever deflections. However, our results show that the nonlinear detector response might influence many AFM studies where soft or short cantilevers are used. Based on our analysis we draw conclusions of the main reason for the nonlinearity and suggest a rule of thumb for which cantilevers one should use under different experimental conditions.

12 1 - 50 of 58
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