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  • 1.
    Akbarnejad, Shahin
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Kennedy, M. W.
    Aune, R. E.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Analysis on Experimental Investigation and Mathematical Modelling of Incompressible Flow through Ceramic Foam FiltersManuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 2.
    Akbarnejad, Shahin
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Jonsson, Lage Tord Ingemar
    Kennedy, Mark William
    Aune, Ragnhild Elizabeth
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Analysis on Experimental Investigation and Mathematical Modeling of Incompressible Flow Through Ceramic Foam Filters2016Ingår i: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science, ISSN 1073-5615, E-ISSN 1543-1916, Vol. 47, nr 4, s. 2229-2243Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents experimental results of pressure drop measurements on 30, 50, and 80 pores per inch (PPI) commercial alumina ceramic foam filters (CFF) and compares the obtained pressure drop profiles to numerically modeled values. In addition, it is aimed at investigating the adequacy of the mathematical correlations used in the analytical and the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. It is shown that the widely used correlations for predicting pressure drop in porous media continuously under-predict the experimentally obtained pressure drop profiles. For analytical predictions, the negative deviations from the experimentally obtained pressure drop using the unmodified Ergun and Dietrich equations could be as high as 95 and 74 pct, respectively. For the CFD predictions, the deviation to experimental results is in the range of 84.3 to 88.5 pct depending on filter PPI. Better results can be achieved by applying the Forchheimer second-order drag term instead of the Brinkman-Forchheimer drag term. Thus, the final deviation of the CFD model estimates lie in the range of 0.3 to 5.5 pct compared to the measured values.

  • 3.
    Akbarnejad, Shahin
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Saffari Pour, Mohsen
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Significance of Fluid Bypassing Effect on Darcy and Non-Darcy Permeability Parameters of Ceramic Foam FiltersManuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 4.
    Akbarnejad, Shahin
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Saffari Pour, Mohsen
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Jonsson, Lage Tord Ingemar
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Jönsson, Pӓr Göran
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Effect of Fluid Bypassing on the Experimentally Obtained Darcy and Non-Darcy Permeability Parameters of Ceramic Foam Filters2017Ingår i: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science, ISSN 1073-5615, E-ISSN 1543-1916, Vol. 48, nr 1, s. 197-207Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Ceramic foam filters (CFFs) are used to remove solid particles and inclusions from molten metal. In general, molten metal which is poured on the top of a CFF needs to reach a certain height to build the required pressure (metal head) to prime the filter. To estimate the required metal head, it is necessary to obtain permeability coefficients using permeametry experiments. It has been mentioned in the literature that to avoid fluid bypassing, during permeametry, samples need to be sealed. However, the effect of fluid bypassing on the experimentally obtained pressure gradients seems not to be explored. Therefore, in this research, the focus was on studying the effect of fluid bypassing on the experimentally obtained pressure gradients as well as the empirically obtained Darcy and non-Darcy permeability coefficients. Specifically, the aim of the research was to investigate the effect of fluid bypassing on the liquid permeability of 30, 50, and 80 pores per inch (PPI) commercial alumina CFFs. In addition, the experimental data were compared to the numerically modeled findings. Both studies showed that no sealing results in extremely poor estimates of the pressure gradients and Darcy and non-Darcy permeability coefficients for all studied filters. The average deviations between the pressure gradients of the sealed and unsealed 30, 50, and 80 PPI samples were calculated to be 57.2, 56.8, and 61.3 pct. The deviations between the Darcy coefficients of the sealed and unsealed 30, 50, and 80 PPI samples found to be 9, 20, and 31 pct. The deviations between the non-Darcy coefficients of the sealed and unsealed 30, 50, and 80 PPI samples were calculated to be 59, 58, and 63 pct.

  • 5.
    Akbarnejad, Shahin
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Sheng, Dong-yuan
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Processer.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Processer.
    A Computational Fluid Dynamics Study on Physical Refining of Steel Melts by Filtration2023Ingår i: Metals, ISSN 2075-4701, Vol. 13, nr 6, artikel-id 1022Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, a previous experimental investigation on physical refining of steel melts by filtration was numerically studied. To be specific, the filtration of non-metallic alumina inclusions, in the size range of 1-100 & mu;m, was stimulated from steel melt using a square-celled monolithic alumina filter. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies, including simulations of both fluid flow and particle tracing using the one-way coupling method, were conducted. The CFD predicted results for particles in the size range of & LE;5 & mu;m were compared to the published experimental data. The modeled filtration setup could capture 100% of the particles larger than 50 & mu;m. The percentage of the filtered particles decreased from 98% to 0% in the particle size range from 50 & mu;m to 1 & mu;m.

  • 6.
    Akbarnejad, Shahin
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Processer.
    Sheng, Dongyuan
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Processer.
    Jönsson, Pär Göran
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Processer.
    A Computational Fluid Dynamics Study on Physical Refining of Steel Melts by FiltrationManuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, a previous experimental investigation on physical refining of steel melts by filtration was numerically studied. To be specific, filtration of non-metallic alumina inclusions, in the size range of 1 to 100 [μm], from steel melt by using a square-celled monolithic alumina filter was simulated. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies, including simulations of both fluid flow and particle tracing using one-way coupling method, were conducted. The CFD predicted results for particles in the size range  5 [μm] were compared to the published experimental data. The modelled filtration setup could capture 100 % of the particles larger than 50 [μm]. The percentage of the filtered particles decreases from 98% to 0% in the particle size range of 50 [μm] to 1[μm].

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  • 7.
    Akbarnejad, Shahin
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Processer.
    Sheng, Dongyuan
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Processer.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Processer.
    Effect of Batch Dissimilarity on Permeability of Stacked Ceramic Foam Filters and Incompressible Fluid Flow: Experimental and Numerical Investigation2022Ingår i: Metals, ISSN 2075-4701, Vol. 12, nr 6, s. 1001-, artikel-id 1001Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Ceramic foam filters (CFFs) are used to remove inclusions and/or solid particles from molten metal. In general, the molten metal poured on the top of a CFF should reach a certain height to form the pressure (metal head) required to prime the filter. For estimating the required metal head and obtaining the permeability coefficients of the CFFs, permeability experiments are essential. Recently, electromagnetic priming and filtration of molten aluminum with low and high grades of CFF, i.e., 30, 50 and 80 pore per inch (PPI) CFFs, have been introduced. Since then, there has been interest in exploring the possibility of obtaining further inclusion entrapment and aluminum refinement by using electromagnetic force to prime and filter with stacked CFFs. The successful execution of such trials requires a profound understanding concerning the permeability parameters of the stacked filters. Such data were deemed not to exist prior to this study. As a result, this study presents experimental findings of permeability measurements for stacks of three 30, three 50 and three 80 PPI commercial alumina CFFs from different industrial batches and compares the findings to numerically modelled data as well as previous research works. Both experimental and numerical findings showed a good agreement with previous results. The deviation between the experimentally and numerically obtained data lies in the range of 0.4 to 6.3%.

  • 8.
    Alekseeva, Ekaterina
    et al.
    Peter Great St Petersburg Polytech Univ, Sci & Technol Complex New Technol & Mat, Inst Adv Engn Technol, Polytech Skaya 29, St Petersburg 194064, Russia..
    Karasev, Andrey
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Alkhimenko, Aleksey
    Peter Great St Petersburg Polytech Univ, Sci & Technol Complex New Technol & Mat, Inst Adv Engn Technol, Polytech Skaya 29, St Petersburg 194064, Russia..
    Effect of Inclusions on the Corrosion Properties of the Nickel-Based Alloys 718 and EP7182020Ingår i: Metals, ISSN 2075-4701, Vol. 10, nr 9, artikel-id 1177Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Inclusions in steels and alloys are known to lower the resistance to deformation, as well as to lower the mechanical, corrosion and other properties. Studies of inclusions in nickel-based alloys are important since these materials could suffer from corrosion degradation in harsh operational conditions. This, in fact, could lead to a pitting initiation around the inclusions. Two industrial Ni-based alloys (alloy 718 and EP718) were investigated to determine the harmful effects of different inclusions on the corrosion resistance of Ni-based alloys. Specifically, the inclusion characteristics (such as composition, morphology, size, number and location) were determined for inclusions collected on film filters after electrolytic extraction and dissolution of a metal matrix around different inclusions on surfaces of metal samples after electrolytic extraction (EE). It was found that both Ni-based alloys contain various inclusion types: carbides (large size NbTi-C and small multicomponent carbides), nitrides TiNb-N and sulphides (TiNb-S in EP718 alloy). The most harmful effects on the corrosion resistance of metal were detected around sulphides and small carbides containing Mo, W, Cr. Dissolution effects were also observed around large carbides and nitrides, especially around inclusions larger than 10 mu m. Moreover, the dissolution of a matrix around inclusions and clusters located on the grain boundaries were found to be 2.1-2.7 times larger compared to inclusions found inside of grains of the given alloy samples.

  • 9.
    Alevanau, Aliaksandr
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Kantarelis, Efthymios
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Energi- och ugnsteknik.
    Kuznechik, Olgerd
    Belarussian State University.
    Vyhoniailo, Oleksandr
    Mechanically assisted low temperature pyrolysis of hydrocarbons2014Ingår i: Proceedings of the XVII International Conference Foundations & Advances in Nonlinear Science, September 29 - October 3, Minsk 2014, 2014Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    We report experimental setups and conditions leading to pyrolysis (cracking) of such gaseous hydrocarbons as methane, mixed propane and butane, at the temper-atures of the heater below 200oC. The process was mechanically assisted by putting the substances being decomposed into a dynamic interaction with the tin and bismuth alloy. The alloy had periodically changing phase state thus creating fractal interfaces between its surface and the gases. Interaction of the gases with mechanically produced fractal surfaces of the alloy made possible gas decomposition even at lower temperatures of the heater (150oC). At this temperature the heater couldn't melt the alloy in the heated volume with the gas.

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  • 10. Alexis, J.
    et al.
    Ramirez, M.
    Trapaga, G.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Tidigare Institutioner (före 2005), Materialvetenskap.
    Modeling of a DC electric arc furnace - Heat transfer from the arc2000Ingår i: ISIJ International, ISSN 0915-1559, E-ISSN 1347-5460, Vol. 40, nr 11, s. 1089-1097Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A mathematical model describing heat and fluid flow in an electric are has been developed and used to predict heat transfer from the are to the steel bath in a DC Electric Are Furnace. The are model takes he separate contributions to the heat transfer from each involved mechanism into account, i.e. radiation, convection, condensation and energy transported by electrons. The model predicts heat transfer for different currents and are lengths. Model predictions show that are efficiency is higher for lower power input. The model also predicts shear stresses and current density distribution at the steel surface. This information can be used as boundary condition input to simulate the effect of heating with electrodes in a DC EAF on the heat and fluid flow in the steel bath.

  • 11.
    Alexis, Jonas
    et al.
    Swerea-Mefos.
    Jonsson, Lage
    KTH, Tidigare Institutioner (före 2005), Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Tidigare Institutioner (före 2005), Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Heat and fluid-flow models for stirring conditionsin ladle furnaces and their practical implications in secondary refiningoperations1997Ingår i: Clean Steel 5, Vol 1,  2-4 June 1997, Balatonszeplak,Hungary, Balatonszeplak, 1997, s. 49-58Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
  • 12.
    Alexis, Jonas
    et al.
    Swerea-Mefos.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Tidigare Institutioner (före 2005), Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage
    KTH, Tidigare Institutioner (före 2005), Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    A model of an induction-stirred ladle accounting for slag and surface deformation1999Ingår i: ISIJ International, ISSN 0915-1559, E-ISSN 1347-5460, Vol. 39, nr 8, s. 772-778Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
  • 13.
    Alexis, Jonas
    et al.
    Swerea-Mefos.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Tidigare Institutioner (före 2005), Metallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage
    Heating and electromagnetic stirring in a ladle furnace – a simulationmodel2000Ingår i: ISIJ International, ISSN 0915-1559, E-ISSN 1347-5460, Vol. 40, nr 11, s. 1098-1104Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A three-dimensional simulation model coupling heating and induction stirring in an ASEA-SKF ladle furnace was developed. Data of the heat transfer from the area to the steel bath were predicted in a separate model and included as boundary conditions in a ladle model. The are model considers the contributions of heat transferred by of each of the following mechanisms: radiation, convection, condensation and energy transported by electrons. Predictions were made to simulate the change of temperature distribution in the ladle during simultaneous heating with electrodes and stirring by induction. A first attempt was made to compare the predictions with measured temperatures from a 100 t ASEA-SKF ladle. The agreement was found to be fairly good when heat-flux data for a 25 cm are length were used as input to the ladle model. This indicates that the model can be used for more in-depth studies of the effects of heating for ladles that are inductively stirred.

  • 14. Almcrantz, M.
    et al.
    Andersson, Margareta A.T.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Determination of inclusion characteristics in the Asea-SKF process using the modified spark-induced OES technique as a complement in studying the influence of top slag composition2005Ingår i: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, E-ISSN 1869-344X, Vol. 76, nr 9, s. 624-634Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The spark-induced modified optical emission spectroscopy (OES) technique developed by Ovako Steel makes it possible to rapidly determine inclusion characteristics in steel samples. In earlier investigations using the modified spark-induced OES technique for steel samples taken from billets, predicted oxygen contents agreed well with results from conventional melt extraction analyses. In this investigation, samples taken during ladle treatment in an ASEA-SKF ladle furnace were analysed using the modified OES technique. When comparing the results with inclusion characteristics determined by conventional analysis, similar trends were found. Plant trials were also carried out where three different top slag compositions were used. The purpose was to evaluate if the modified OES technique can be used to study the effect of changes in the refining operation on inclusion characteristics. Results indicated that the modified OES technique could be used to determine the effect of a changed slag composition on the inclusion characteristics in the steel. Since the modified OES method provides rapid feedback of inclusion characteristics, it has the potential of being used for faster optimisation of ladle refining operations.

  • 15.
    Al-Saadi, Munir
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap. R&D Metallurgy, AB Sandvik Materials Technology, SE-811 81 Sandviken, Sweden.
    Hulme-Smith, Christopher
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Processer.
    Sandberg, Fredrik
    R&D Metallurgy, AB Sandvik Materials Technology, SE-811 81 Sandviken, Sweden.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Processer.
    Hot Deformation Behaviour and Processing Map of Cast Alloy 825Manuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Alloy 825 is a nickel-based alloy that is commonly used in applications where both high strength and corrosion resistance are required. Applications include tanks in the chemical, food and petrochemical industries and oil and gas pipelines. Components made from Alloy 825 are often manufactured using hot deformation. However, there is no systematic study to optimise the processing conditions reported in literature. In this study, a processing map for as-cast Alloy 825 is established to maximise the power dissipation efficiency of hot deformation and correlate the processing conditions to final materials properties. The hot deformation behaviour of equiaxed Alloy 825 is characterized on the basis of the dynamic materials model and compression data in the temperature range of 950 °C to 1250 °C at an interval of 50°C and strain rate range of 0.01 s-1 to 10 s-1 to a true strain of 0.7 using a Gleeble-3500 thermomechanical simulator. Flow stress is modelled by the constitutive equation based on a hyperbolic sine function. The deformed material is characterized using Vickers hardness, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, including electron backscattered diffraction. The true stress-true strain curves exhibit peak stresses followed by softening due to occurrence of dynamic recrystallization. The value of stress exponent in the hyperbolic sine-based constitutive equation, n=5.0. This suggests that the rate-limiting mechanism of deformation is climb (diffusion)-mediated dislocation glide. The activation energy for plastic flow in the temperature range tested is about 450 kJ mole-1, and the relationship between flow stress and temperature-compensated strain rate (via the Zener-Hollomon parameter) was found to be valid across this temperature range. The maximum power dissipation efficiency is over 35%. The highest efficiency is observed over temperature range of 1100 °C – 1250 °C and a strain rate of 0.01 s-1 – 0.1s-1. These are the optimum conditions for hot working. The optimum processing parameters for good strain hardening are obtained in the temperature range of between  950 °C  and  1100 °C with a strain rate between  0.3/s  and 10.0/s. 

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  • 16.
    Al-Saadi, Munir
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Hulme-Smith, Christopher
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Processer.
    Sandberg, Fredrik
    AB Sandvik Materials Technology.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Processer.
    Hot Deformation Behaviour and Processing Map of Cast Alloy 8252021Ingår i: Journal of materials engineering and performance (Print), ISSN 1059-9495, E-ISSN 1544-1024Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Alloy 825 is a nickel-based alloy that is commonly used in applications where both high strength and corrosion resistance are required, such as tanks in the chemical, food and petrochemical industries and oil and gas pipelines. Components made from Alloy 825 are often manufactured using hot deformation. However, there is no systematic study to optimise the processing conditions reported in literature. In this study, a processing map for as-cast Alloy 825 is established to maximise the power dissipation efficiency of hot deformation in the temperature range of 950 to 1250 °C at an interval of 50 °C and strain rate range of 0.01s−1 to 10.0s−1 to a true strain of 0.7 using a Gleeble-3500 thermomechanical simulator. The processing conditions are also correlated to the Vickers hardness of the final material, which is also characterised using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, including electron backscattered diffraction. The true stress-true strain curves exhibit peak stresses followed by softening due to occurrence of dynamic recrystallization. The activation energy for plastic flow in the temperature range tested is approximately 450 kJ mol−1, and the value of the stress exponent in the (hyperbolic sine-based) constitutive equation, n=5.0, suggests that the rate-limiting mechanism of deformation is dislocation climb. Increasing deformation temperature led to a lower Vickers hardness in the deformed material, due to increased dynamic recrystallization. Raising the strain rate led to an increase in Vickers hardness in the deformed material due to increased work hardening. The maximum power dissipation efficiency is over 35%, obtained for deformation in the temperature range 1100-1250 °C and a strain rate of 0.01s−1-0.1s−1. These are the optimum conditions for hot working.

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  • 17.
    Al-Saadi, Munir
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Materialens processteknologi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Materialens processteknologi.
    Sandberg, Fredrik
    Karasev, Andrey
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Jonsson, Stefan
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Microstructure characterisation in alloy 8252018Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
  • 18.
    Al-Saadi, Munir
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Materialens processteknologi.
    Karasev, Andrey
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Materialens processteknologi.
    Sandberg, Fredrik
    Comparative Study of Microstructures Evolution of Columnar and Equiaxed Grain Structurs in Alloy 825 after Hot Compression2018Ingår i: 3rd InternationalConference on Ingot Casting, Rolling and Forging, ICRF2018, in Stockholm, 16-19October, 2018, artikel-id 114Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
  • 19.
    Al-Saadi, Munir
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Processer. Sandvik Materials Technology AB.
    Mu, Wangzhong
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Strukturer.
    Hulme-Smith, Christopher
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Processer.
    Sandberg, Fredrik
    Sandvik Materials Technology AB.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Processer.
    Effect of Trace Magnesium Additions on the Dynamic Recrystallization in Cast Alloy 825 after One-Hit Hot-Deformation2021Ingår i: Metals, ISSN 2075-4701, Vol. 11, nr 1, artikel-id 36Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Alloy 825 is widely used in several industries, but its useful service life is limited by both mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The current work explores the effect of the addition of magnesium on the recrystallization and mechanical behavior of alloy 825 under hot compression. Compression tests were performed under conditions representative of typical forming processes: temperatures between 1100 and 1250 °C and at strain rates of 0.1–10 s−1 to a true strain of 0.7. Microstructural evolution was characterized by electron backscattered diffraction. Dynamic recrystallization was found to be more prevalent under all test conditions in samples containing magnesium, but not in all cases of conventional alloy 825. The texture direction ⟨101⟩ was the dominant orientation parallel to the longitudinal direction of casting (also the direction in which the samples were compressed) in samples that contained magnesium under all test conditions, but not in any sample that did not contain magnesium. For all deformation conditions, the peak stress was approximately 10% lower in material with the addition of magnesium. Furthermore, the differences in the peak strain between different temperatures are approximately 85% smaller if magnesium is present. The average activation energy for hot deformation was calculated to be 430 kJ mol−1 with the addition of magnesium and 450 kJ mol−1 without magnesium. The average size of dynamically recrystallized grains in both alloys showed a power law relation with the Zener–Hollomon parameter, DD~Zn, and the exponent of value, n, is found to be 0.12. These results can be used to design optimized compositions and thermomechanical treatments of alloy 825 to maximize the useful service life under current service conditions. No experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of such changes on the service life and such experiments should now be performed.

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  • 20.
    Al-Saadi, Munir
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap. R&D, AB Sandvik Materials Technology, SE-811 81 Sandviken.
    Sandberg, Fredrik
    R&D, AB Sandvik Materials Technology, SE-811 81 Sandviken.
    Hulme-Smith, Christopher
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Modelling of strengthening mechanisms in wrought nickel-based 825 alloy subjected to solution annealing2021Ingår i: Metals, ISSN 2075-4701, Vol. 11, nr 5, s. 771-20Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Wrought nickel‐based Alloy 825 is widely used in the oil and gas industries, attributed toits high strength at temperatures up to 540 °C. However, differences in mechanical properties arisein finished components due to variations in both grain size and dislocation density. Numerous ex‐perimental studies of the strengthening mechanisms have been reported and many models havebeen developed to predict strengthening under thermomechanical processing. However, there aredebates surrounding some fundamental issues in modeling and the interpretation of experimentalobservations. Therefore, it is important to understand the evolution of strain within the materialduring the hot‐forging process. In addition, there is a lack of research around the behavior duringhot deformation and subsequent stabilization of Alloy 825. This article investigates the origin of thisstrength and considers a variety of strengthening mechanisms, resulting in a quantitative predictionof the contribution of each mechanism. The alloy is processed with a total forging strain of 0.45, 0.65,or 0.9, and subsequent annealing at a temperature of 950 °C, reflecting commercial practice. Themicrostructure after annealing is similar to that before annealing, suggesting that static recovery isdominant at this temperature. The maximum yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were348 MPa and 618 MPa, respectively, obtained after forging to a true strain of 0.9, with a ductility of40%. The majority of strengthening was attributed to grain refinement, the dislocation densities thatarise due to the large forging strain deformation, and solid solution strengthening. Precipitatestrengthening was also quantified using the Brown and Ham modification of the Orowan bowingmodel. The results of yield strength calculations are in excellent agreement with experimental data,with less than 1% difference. The interfacial energy of Ti(C,N) in the face‐centered cubic matrix of. These results can bethe current alloy has been assessed for the first time, with a value of 0.8 mJm−2used by future researchers and industry to predict the strength of Alloy 825 and similar alloys, es‐pecially after hot‐forging.

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  • 21.
    Al-Saadi, Munir
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Materialens processteknologi. R&D, AB Sandvik Materials Technology, SE-811 81Sandviken, Sweden..
    Sandberg, Fredrik
    R&D, AB Sandvik Materials Technology, SE-811 81Sandviken, Sweden..
    Hulme-Smith, Christopher
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Materialens processteknologi.
    Karasev, Andrey
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Materialens processteknologi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Materialens processteknologi.
    A study of the static recrystallization behaviour of cast Alloy 825 after hot-compressions2019Ingår i: Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2019, Vol. 1270, artikel-id 012023Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The static recrystallization behaviour of a columnar and equiaxed Alloy 825 material was studied on a Gleeble-3800 thermo-simulator by single-hit compression experiments. Deformation temperatures of 1000-1200 °C, a strain of up to 0.8, a strain rate of 1s-1, and relaxation times of 30, 180, and 300 s were selected as the deformation conditions to investigate the effects of the deformation parameters on the SRX behaviour. Furthermore, the influences of the initial grain structures on the SRX behaviors were studied. The microstructural evolution was studied using optical microscopy and EBSD. The EBSD measurements showed a relaxation time of 95 % for fractional recrystallization grains, 𝑡95, in both structures, was less than 30 seconds at the deformation temperatures 1100 °C and 1200 °C. However, fewer than 95% of recrystallized grains recrystallized when the deformation temperature was lowered to 1000 °C. From the grain-boundary misorientation distribution in statically recrystallized samples, the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries decreased with an increasing deformation temperature from 1000 °C to 1200 °C for a given relaxation time. This was attributed to grain coarsening

  • 22.
    Al-Saadi, Munir
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap. R&D, AB Sandvik Materials Technology, SE-811 81Sandviken, Sweden..
    Sandberg, Fredrik
    R&D, AB Sandvik Materials Technology, SE-811 81Sandviken, Sweden..
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Processer.
    Hulme-Smith, Christopher
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Processer.
    Influence of Strain Magnitude on Microstructure, Texture and Mechanical Properties of Alloy 825 during hot-forgingManuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Alloy 825 is a nickel-base alloy that is common in applications with high stresses and corrosive environments. It is commonly processed by hot forging, but there are few data about how hot forging affects the microstructure, which is critical for both mechanical and corrosion performance. Here, the alloy was hot forged in a commercial thermomechanical process to three industrially-relevant strains and the microscture was examined using scanning electron microscopy and EBSD. The tensile properties were also measured after thermomechanical treatment. Dynamic recrystallization was prevalent during the process, so increasing the forging strain leads to smaller grains and also higher dislocation density. Data were combined to allow the 0.2% proof stress to be calculated as a function of forging strain. All forging strains were sufficient to meet the criteria of the relevant industrial standard for this material. The maximum yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were obtained after forging to a true strain of 0.9 were 413 MPa and 622 MPa, respecitvely, with a ductlity of 40%. This may be used to tailor thermomechanical treatments to achieve precise mechanical properties and serve as a basis for future studies into the corrosion performance of this alloy as a function of forging strain.

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  • 23.
    Andersson, Annika
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Andersson, Margareta A.T.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    A study of some elemental distributions between slag and hot metal during tapping of the blast furnace2004Ingår i: Steel research, ISSN 0177-4832, Vol. 75, nr 5, s. 294-301Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper investigates the distribution of elements between slag and hot metal from a blast furnace through calculation of distribution coefficients from actual production data. First, samples of slag and hot metal tapped from a commercial blast furnace were taken continually at 10-minute intervals for a production period of 68 hours. Distribution coefficients of manganese, silicon, sulphur and vanadium were then calculated from the results of the sample analyses. A major conclusion drawn from examination of the results was that the behaviour of the studied elements was as could be expected when approaching the equilibrium reactions from thermodynamic theory. The distributions of the elements in the slag-metal system showed clear tendencies which did not appear to be influenced by the operational conditions of the furnace. For example, for manganese, vanadium and sulphur, it was found that a higher basicity led to a decreased distribution coefficient L-Mn and L-V, but an increased L-S, which is according to theory. Another observed relationship was that slag basicity increased with an increased carbon content in the hot metal, which indicated that SiO2 was reduced to [Si] when the oxygen potential decreased. Furthermore, it was found that sulphur and silica behaviour likened that of acidic slag components, while the manganese oxide and vanadium oxide behaviour was similar to that of basic slag components.

  • 24. Andersson, Annika J.
    et al.
    Andersson, Margareta A. T.
    KTH, Tidigare Institutioner (före 2005), Materialvetenskap.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Tidigare Institutioner (före 2005), Materialvetenskap.
    Variation in hot metal and stag composition during tapping of blast furnace2004Ingår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking, ISSN 0301-9233, E-ISSN 1743-2812, Vol. 31, nr 3, s. 216-226Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    To determine the quality of the hot metal and the thermal conditions inside the blast furnace, the composition of the hot metal and slag must be known. Obtaining representative metal and slag samples during tapping is thus highly important to blast furnace operation. The study covered in the present report focused on hot metal and slag composition variation during tapping from a commercial blast furnace. From the results, optimal sampling time points for obtaining elemental concentrations that can be taken as representative for the whole tapping sequence were identified. It was furthermore concluded, that the reliability of hot metal composition data is significantly improved by averaging elemental concentrations determined from two samples, each taken at a particular time point. One sampling, however, was found to be adequate for slag. Results from the study also showed a fairly strong correlation between amounts of silicon and carbon, sulphur and carbon, and silicon and sulphur in the hot metal, while a weaker correlation between hot metal temperature and each of these elements was observed.

  • 25.
    Andersson, Margareta
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Appelberg, Jesper
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad materialfysik.
    Nakajima, Keiji
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Shibata, Hiroyuki
    Tohoku University, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials.
    Kitamura, Shinya
    Tohoku University, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials.
    Jonsson, Lage
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Some Aspects on Grain Refining Additions with Focus on Clogging during Casting2006Ingår i: ISIJ International, ISSN 0915-1559, E-ISSN 1347-5460, Vol. 46, nr 6, s. 814-823Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Some ideas of how to study optimum conditions for implementation of grain refining in liquid steel processing with focus on how to avoid clogging are discussed. It is assumed that the inclusions most beneficial for grain refining are known from studies by physical metallurgists. The challenge for a process metallurgist is how to provide a homogeneous distribution of grain refiners at the onset of solidification. Four different ways of providing information to succeed with this are discussed. Thermodynamic modeling can be used to predict what additions to make to create potential grain refiners, if relevant thermodynamic data is available. Mathematical fluid-flow modeling can be used to study where to add potential grain refiners. It is discussed that the tundish is the most appropriate reactor to add grain refiners, since enough time is given to a complete mixing of the grain refiner into the steel before the steel enters the mold. By using the scanning laser microscopy technique it is possible to study which potential grain refiners has the lowest attraction forces between each other. This is important in order to minimise growth of inclusions when they collide during transport in the tundish, which can lead to the formation of larger inclusions that do not serve as useful grain refiners. Finally, it is suggested that laboratory experiments are carried out in order to study the tendency for nozzle clogging, before the use of grain refiners is tested in industrial scale.

  • 26.
    Andersson, Margareta A.T.
    et al.
    KTH, Tidigare Institutioner (före 2005), Materialvetenskap.
    Berlin, D.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Tidigare Institutioner (före 2005), Materialvetenskap.
    Lownertz, M.
    The influence of different calcium-based additions on desulphurisation and inclusion characteristics2001Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of metallurgy, ISSN 0371-0459, E-ISSN 1600-0692, Vol. 30, nr 3, s. 127-135Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The size, distribution, and composition of inclusions during the desulphurisation and deoxidation steps were studied in laboratory experiments. 3 different calcium-based desulphurisation mixtures were used. The number of inclusions and composition of inclusions were then determined using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The results show that 2 of the 3 proposed desulphurisation mixtures managed to render lower and roughly equivalent inclusion counts. The results also show that the composition of the inclusions in all 3 samples varied from the beginning to the end of the desulphurisation process. A desulphurisation mixture consisting of Al, CaO, CaCO3 and CaSi produced the overall best results with respect to desulphurisation and inclusion characteristics.

  • 27.
    Andersson, Margareta A.T.
    et al.
    KTH, Tidigare Institutioner (före 2005), Materialvetenskap.
    Hallberg, Malin
    Jonsson, Lage
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Slag-metal reactions during ladle treatment with focus on desulphurisation2002Ingår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking, ISSN 0301-9233, E-ISSN 1743-2812, Vol. 29, nr 3, s. 224-232Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Within several cooperative projects, KTH (Royal Institute of Technology), Ovako Steel AB, and MEFOS have investigated the desulphurisation of bearing steel during vacuum degassing. The work includes thermodynamic calculations of the slag-metal equilibrium, CFD modelling of slag-metal reactions, and plant trials. Results from the various studies are presented and discussed in this paper. Models for predicting slag properties (sulphide capacity, viscosity, and oxide activities) in liquid slags as functions of slag composition and temperature have been used for the calculation of data which have been employed in static and dynamic modelling of sulphur refining. The results from static modelling show that the method allows fast and easy evaluation of the theoretical desulphurisation conditions during degassing at Ovako Steel AB, as well as theoretical determination of the parameters that have the greatest influence on the equilibrium sulphur distribution. The conclusion from dynamic modelling is that the vacuum degassing operation can be described dynamically with the present knowledge of sulphide capacity, sulphur distribution, viscosity, and oxide activities of ladle slags if this knowledge is combined with fluid flow modelling to derive the overall kinetics. The presented model approaches have been found useful in understanding the sulphur refining process at Ovako Steel AB. The dynamic modelling concept is also believed to have potential for dynamic descriptions of other slag-metal reactions in steelmaking.

  • 28.
    Andersson, Margareta
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Hallberg, Malin
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage
    KTH, Tidigare Institutioner (före 2005), Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Tidigare Institutioner (före 2005), Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Slag/metal reactionsduring ladle treatment with focus on desulphurisation2000Ingår i: 6thInternational Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts, 2000Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
  • 29.
    Andersson, Nils
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Fundamental decarburisation model of AOD process2013Ingår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking, ISSN 0301-9233, E-ISSN 1743-2812, Vol. 40, nr 5, s. 390-397Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A mathematical fluid flow model of gas injection in an argon–oxygen decarburisation (AOD) converter process has been coupled with a high temperature thermodynamic model. The current model is a further enhancement of an earlier developed three-dimensional, three-phase model, to also include some thermodynamics of the process. The model is based on fundamental transport equations and includes separate solutions for the steel, slag and the gas phases and their coupling by friction. The AOD model has been used to predict the first injection stage of decarburisation in an AOD converter. The predictions have been found to agree well with the corresponding results from an industrial process control model. One of the important observations from the simulations was that large concentration gradients of carbon exist in the AOD at an early stage and as the first injection step approaching its end the carbon gradients diminish. Also, the results show, in accordance with theory, that the local decarburisation rate is decreased at elevated pressures.

  • 30.
    Andersson, Nils
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Investigating the effectof slag on decarburization in an AOD converter using a fundamental model2013Ingår i: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, E-ISSN 1869-344X, Vol. 84, nr 2, s. 169-177Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A high-temperature thermodynamics model has been coupled with a fundamental mathematical model describing the fluid flow, where boundary conditions were chosen based on data for an industrial AOD converter. Using this model, the effect of both slag phases (a liquid part and a solid part) on the decarburization was studied. More specifically, the separation of chromium oxide to liquid slag as well as the effect of the amount of rigid top slag (solid)on the decarburization was investigated. The liquid slag was considered with respect to the uptake of chromium oxide, while the rigid top slag was only considered with respect to the increase of the metallostatic pressure in the steel melt. The results suggest that separation of chromium oxide to liquid slag results in a decreased decarburization rate. The same conclusion can be drawn with respect to the amount of solid top slag.

  • 31.
    Andersson, Nils
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Preliminary investigation of influence of temperature on decarburisation using fundamental AOD model2013Ingår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking, ISSN 0301-9233, E-ISSN 1743-2812, Vol. 40, nr 7, s. 551-558Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A high temperature thermodynamics model was earlier coupled with a fundamental mathematical model describing the fluid flow in an argon–oxygen decarburisation (AOD) converter and was initially validated for an idealised temperature description. More specifically, a linear average temperature relation was used such that the temperature would be isolated from other effects such as reactions and mixing. Thereafter, the effect of the starting temperature on the decarburisation was studied. The purpose is to provide some initial knowledge about how temperature affects the decarburisation in an AOD converter. The results suggest that the thermodynamic limit for carbon concentration after reaching the carbon removal efficiency (CRE) maxima is vertically translated downwards at higher temperatures. Furthermore, when plotting the mass ratio between CO and CO2, there is an indication of a point that may relate to a CRE maximum.

  • 32.
    Andersson, Nils Å. I.
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage T. I.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    A fundamental decarburization model of the AOD processIngår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking, ISSN 0301-9233, E-ISSN 1743-2812Artikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 33.
    Andersson, Nils Å. I.
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage T. I.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    An in-Depth Model-Based Analysis of Decarburization in the AOD Process2012Ingår i: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, E-ISSN 1869-344X, Vol. 83, nr 11, s. 1039-1052Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A previously reported flow and reaction model for an argon-oxygen decarburization converter was extended to also include a thermodynamic description. An in-depth study of the model results has been conducted to answer how concentrations of elements and species in the converter at different locations change with time. This may contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of the refining procedure in the argon-oxygen decarburization process. The refining procedure includes several step-wise changes of an injected gas composition to higher and higher inert gas ratio, called step changes. A step change leads to a decreased partial pressure of carbon monoxide and maintains the decarburization at a higher efficiency. The results shows early and late concentration profiles for the first injection step and suggests a way to determine when a step change should be made. Moreover, the step change could be determined by calculating the carbon concentration profiles and deciding when the carbon concentration gradients start to diminish.

  • 34.
    Andersson, Nils Å. I.
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage T. I.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Investigating the effect of slag on decarburization in an AOD coverter using a fundamental modelIngår i: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, E-ISSN 1869-344XArtikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 35.
    Andersson, Nils Å. I.
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Lage T. I.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Preliminary investigation of temperatur dependencies on decarburization in a fundamental AOD modelIngår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking, ISSN 0301-9233, E-ISSN 1743-2812Artikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 36.
    Appelberg, Jesper
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Nakajima, Keiji
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Shibata, H.
    Tilliander, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    In situ studies of misch-metal particle behavior on a molten stainless steel surface2008Ingår i: Materials Science & Engineering: A, ISSN 0921-5093, E-ISSN 1873-4936, Vol. 495, nr 1-2, s. 330-334Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The use of misch-metal is widely spread among the stainless steel producers. Casting problems like clogging are common when using these additions. Information about Ce-La-Al-O particles formed due to the addition of misch-metal in the ladle is scarce in the open literature. The aim of this study is to increase the knowledge of the particle behavior and the particle characteristics in two stainless steels resulting from the addition of misch-metal. The in situ particle behavior has been studied using a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope.

  • 37.
    Arzpeyma, Niloofar
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap. Kobolde & Partners AB, S-11860 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Alam, Moudud
    Dalarna Univ, Sch Informat & Engn, S-79188 Falun, Sweden..
    Gyllenram, Rutger
    Kobolde & Partners AB, S-11860 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Model Development to Study Uncertainties in Electric Arc Furnace Plants to Improve Their Economic and Environmental Performance2021Ingår i: Metals, ISSN 2075-4701, Vol. 11, nr 6, artikel-id 892Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A statistical model is developed in order to simulate the melt composition in electric arc furnaces (EAFs) with respect to uncertainties in (1) scrap composition, (2) scrap weighing and (3) element distribution factors. The tramp element Cu and alloying element Cr are taken into account. The model enables simulations of a charge program as well as backwards estimations of the element concentrations and their variance in scrap. In the backwards calculation, the maximum likelihood method is solved by considering three cases corresponding to the involved uncertainties. It is shown that the model can estimate standard deviations for elements so that the real values lie within the estimated 95% confidence interval. Moreover, the results of the model application in each target product show that the estimated scrap composition results in a melt composition, which is in good agreement with the measured one. The model can be applied to increase our understanding of scrap chemical composition and lower the charged material cost and carbon footprint of the products.

  • 38.
    Arzpeyma, Niloofar
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Materialens processteknologi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Materialens processteknologi.
    Mathematical Modeling of Postcombustion in an Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)2019Ingår i: Metals, ISSN 2075-4701, Vol. 9, nr 5, artikel-id 547Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Numerical modeling was used to study the capability of postcombustion in an electric arc furnace (EAF) equipped with virtual lance burners. The CO flow rate at the molten bath surface was estimated using the off-gas data obtained close to the outlet of an EAF. Then, the effect of the secondary oxygen flow rate on postcombustion was studied. The results show a CO flow rate of 0.6 kgs(-1) and 0.8 kgs(-1) for operation modes of burner and burner + lancing. Increase of the secondary oxygen flow rates of 60% and 70% result in 17% and 7% increase in the postcombustion ratio (PCR) for the burner and burner lancing modes, respectively.

  • 39.
    Arzpeyma, Niloofar
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Modeling of post combustion inside the off-gas duct system of the Ovako electric arc furnace2014Ingår i: CDF 2014: 10th International Conference on CFD in Oil & Gas, Metallurgical and Process Industries, SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway, 17-19 June 2014, Proceedings, 2014Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    In order to study the post combustion (PC) inside the duct system of an electric arc furnace (EAF), a three-dimensional computational fluid-dynamics (CFD) model was developed. The reactions between the off gas species (oxygen and hydrogen) and oxygen which leaked into the duct, through the air gap, was considered. The off-gas composition, the off –gas velocity and the outlet pressure were considered as parameters affecting the PC. The results showed that there was a considerable amount of the uncombusted CO to be captured. The highest CO concentration was found at the central part of the duct. The results also showed that a higher off-gas mass flow rate and a higher power of the outlet fan led to a higher combustion of CO and H2. An off-gas analysis probe was then installed after the air gap, where the tip of the probe was placed according to the predicted high CO concentration area found in the simulations. Thereafter, the measured off-gas composition was used to predict the off-gas composition at the outlet of the EAF.

  • 40.
    Arzpeyma, Niloofar
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap. Kobolde & Partners AB, Stockholm 11860, Sweden.
    Gyllenram, Rutger
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap. Kobolde & Partners AB, Stockholm 11860, Sweden.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Development of a Mass and Energy Balance Model and Its Application for HBI Charged EAFs2020Ingår i: Metals, ISSN 2075-4701, Vol. 10, nr 3, artikel-id 311Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A static mass and energy balance model combined with a MgO saturation slag model is developed for electric arc furnaces. The model parameters including distribution ratios and dust factors are calibrated for a specific furnace using experimental data. Afterward, the model is applied to study the effect of charging different amounts of hot briquetted iron (HBI) on energy consumption, charged slag former amount, and slag composition. The following results were obtained per each 1% increase of HBI additions: (i) a 0.16 Nm(3)/t decrease in the amount of injected oxygen for metal oxidation, (ii) a 1.29 kWh/t increase in the electricity consumption, and (iii) a 34 kg increase in the amount of the slag.

  • 41.
    Arzpeyma, Niloofar
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Widlund, Ola
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Mathematical Modeling of Scrap Melting in an EAF Using Electromagnetic Stirring2013Ingår i: ISIJ International, ISSN 0915-1559, E-ISSN 1347-5460, Vol. 53, nr 1, s. 48-55Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Numerical modeling has been used to investigate the influence of electromagnetic stirring on melting of a single piece of scrap in an eccentric bottom tapping (EBT) electric arc furnace (EAF). The heat transfer and fluid flow in the melt for both conditions with and without electromagnetic stirring were studied. The buoyancy and electromagnetic forces were considered as the source terms for momentum transfer in the studied conditions. The enthalpy-porosity technique was applied to track the phase change of a scrap piece defined in the EBT region of the furnace. Different scrap sizes, preheating temperatures, stirring directions and force magnitudes were considered, and the heat transfer coefficient was estimated from the heat transfer rate at the melt-scrap interface. The results showed that electromagnetic stirring led to a reduced melting time and an increased heat transfer coefficient by a factor of four. The results for Nusselt number versus Grashof number for natural convection and Reynolds number for electromagnetic stirring were compared with those obtained through correlations from previous studies.

  • 42.
    Aune, Ragnhild E.
    et al.
    Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol NTNU, Norway.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    The Seetharaman Seminar June 14-15, 2010 in Stockholm, Sweden: Materials Processing Towards Properties2010Ingår i: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, E-ISSN 1869-344X, Vol. 81, nr 10, s. 811-Artikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 43.
    Bai, Haitong
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jonsson, Par
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Effect of TurboSwirl Structure on an Uphill Teeming Ingot Casting Process2015Ingår i: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science, ISSN 1073-5615, E-ISSN 1543-1916, Vol. 46, nr 6, s. 2652-2665Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    To produce high-quality ingot cast steel with a better surface quality, it would be beneficial for the uphill teeming process if a much more stable flow pattern could be achieved in the runners. Several techniques have been utilized in the industry to try to obtain a stable flow of liquid steel, such as a swirling flow. Some research has indicated that a swirl blade inserted in the horizontal and vertical runners, or some other additional devices and physics could generate a swirling flow in order to give a lower hump height, avoid mold flux entrapment, and improve the quality of the ingot products, and a new swirling flow generation component, TurboSwirl, was introduced to improve the flow pattern. It has recently been demonstrated that the TurboSwirl method can effectively reduce the risk of mold flux entrapment, lower the maximum wall shear stress, and decrease velocity fluctuations. The TurboSwirl is built at the elbow of the runners as a connection between the horizontal and vertical runners. It is located near the mold and it generates a tangential flow that can be used with a divergent nozzle in order to decrease the axial velocity of the vertical flow into the mold. This stabilizes flow before the fluid enters the mold. However, high wall shear stresses develop at the walls due to the fierce rotation in the TurboSwirl. In order to achieve a calmer flow and to protect the refractory wall, some structural improvements have been made. It was found that by changing the flaring angle of the divergent nozzle, it was possible to lower the axial velocity and wall shear stress. Moreover, when the vertical runner and the divergent nozzle were not placed at the center of the TurboSwirl, quite different flow patterns could be obtained to meet to different requirements. In addition, the swirl numbers of all the cases mentioned above were calculated to ensure that the swirling flow was strong enough to generate a swirling flow of the liquid steel in the TurboSwirl.

  • 44.
    Bai, Haitong
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Materialens processteknologi.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Materialens processteknologi.
    Numerical study of an application of a divergent reverse TurboSwirl nozzle in the billet continuous casting process2019Ingår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking, ISSN 0301-9233, E-ISSN 1743-2812, Vol. 46, nr 2, s. 148-158Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The swirling flow has widely been investigated for liquid steel flowing in the continuous casting process. In this paper, a new design of the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) is applied by using a reverse TurboSwirl device with a divergent nozzle. This divergent reverse TurboSwirl nozzle (DRTSN) is shown to gain a more beneficial flow pattern compared to the straight nozzle. A stronger swirling flow can be obtained at the SEN outlet, which leads to a calmer flow field and an appropriately active meniscus flow that could improve the heat and mass transfer near the meniscus. The swirl number in the SEN is independent of the casting speed, while a lower casting speed yields a lower maximum wall shear stress. The DRTSN is connected to the tundish by an elbow and a horizontal runner. A longer horizontal runner supplies a more uniform velocity profile and a more symmetrical flow pattern.

  • 45.
    Bai, Haitong
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    The physical and mathematical modelling of swirling flow by turboswirl in an uphill teeming ingot casting process2015Ingår i: Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Science and Technology of Steelmaking, ICS 2015, Chinese Society for Metals , 2015, s. 473-476Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Ingot casting is widely used to produce some certain specialty steel grades. During the process of teeming the liquid steel from the ladle to the mould for a final solidification, the high velocity of the liquid steel can result in an uneven flow pattern either in the vertical and horizontal runners or in the mould. This can cause some serious problems, such as a high erosion of refractory walls or a mould flux entrapment. Here, some research indicate that a swirling flow is beneficial for making the flow pattern even and for reducing turbulence in the runners. Recently, a new swirling flow generation component, TurboSwirl, was applied to improve the flow pattern of the liquid steel as it flows into the mould so that a more stable flow could be obtained. The TurboSwirl is located on the intersection of the horizontal and vertical runners near the mould. It generates a tangential flow that can be used with an expanding nozzle with a flaring angle in order to decrease the vertical flow velocity. Moreover, a mathematical model has been developed to optimize the geometry of the physical model. The results shows that a much more beneficial flow pattern can be obtained by reducing the flaring angle or moving the vertical runner to an off-center position of the TurboSwirl, according to the numerical models. Therefore, a water modelling experiment was built, including the TurboSwirl, one mould and the runners. Tracers will be mixed into the water to detect the flow pattern and the velocity of the fluid would be recorded by a digital motion analysis recorder for later analysis. Firstly, different flaring angles of the expanding nozzle were simulated and compared. The results could supply a good support to the following water modelling experiments and to prove that the TurboSwirl setup produces a much calmer initial filling of the mould, compared to a conventional setup.

  • 46.
    Bai, Haitong
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    An Experimental and Numerical Study of Swirling Flow Generated by TurboSwirl in an Uphill Teeming Ingot Casting Process2016Ingår i: ISIJ International, ISSN 0915-1559, E-ISSN 1347-5460, Vol. 56, nr 8, s. 1404-1412Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A swirling flow has been demonstrated to be beneficial for making the flow pattern even and to reduce turbulence during filling in ingot casting. A new swirling flow generation device, TurboSwirl, was applied to improve the flow pattern of the liquid steel as it flows into the mold so that a more stable flow could be obtained. A water model was built including the TurboSwirl with different flaring angles of the divergent nozzle, according to a former numerical study indicating that a much more beneficial flow pattern could be obtained by reducing the flaring angle. To validate the mathematical model, the air-core vortex formed in the water model experiment was used, and the length of the vortex was measured and compared to the numerical predictions. Different turbulence models including the standard k-epsilon, realizable k-epsilon and Reynolds stress model were tested. It was found that only the Reynolds stress model could most accurately simulate the high swirling flow including a vortex. In addition, the radial velocity of the water around the vortex was measured by an ultrasonic velocity profiler (UVP). The experimental results revealed a high turbulence of the swirling flow and strong fluctuations of the vortex. The radial velocity of the water around the upper part of the vortex could be predicted well compared to the experimental results by the UVP measurements.

  • 47.
    Bai, Haitong
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Experimental Validation and Numerical Analysis of the Swirling Flow in a Submerged Entry Nozzle and Mold by using a Reverse TurboSwirl in a Billet Continuous Casting Process2016Ingår i: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, E-ISSN 1869-344XArtikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    As an alternative to some traditional methods to generate a swirling flow in the continuous casting process, the use of a new swirling flow generator, TurboSwirl, was studied. Specifically, a reversed TurboSwirl device was designed as part of a submerged entry nozzle (SEN) for a round billet continuous casting process. Mathematical modelling was used to investigate this new design and a water model experiment was carried out to validate the mathematical model. The predicted velocities by the turbulence models: realizable k-ε model, Reynold stress model (RSM) and detached eddy simulation (DES) were compared to the measured results from an ultrasound velocity profile (UVP) method. The DES model could give the best prediction inside the SEN and had a deviation less than 3.1% compared to the measured results. Moreover, based on the validated mathematical model and the new design of the SEN, the effect of the swirling flow generated by the reverse TurboSwirl on the flow field of the SEN and mold was compared to the design of the electromagnetic swirl flow generator (EMSFG). A very strong swirling flow in the SEN and a stable flow pattern in the mold could be obtained by the reverse TurboSwirl compared to the EMSFG. 

  • 48.
    Bai, Haitong
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Numerical Study of the Application for the Divergent Reverse TurboSwirl Nozzle in the Billet Continuous Casting ProcessManuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    The swirling flow is demanded from the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) to the mold for the continuous casting process. A new design of the SEN is applied by using the reverse TurboSwirl. The TurboSwirl has been proved that it can provide a more stable flow pattern of the liquid steel in the mold. It also can supply a strong enough swirling flow compared to other swirling flow generation methods. Furthermore, a divergent nozzle is added to replace the bottom part of the straight SEN. This new divergent reverse TurboSwirl nozzle (DRTSN) could gain a more beneficial flow pattern in the mold compared to the straight nozzle. The numerical results reveals that a stronger swirling flow can be gained at the SEN outlet with a calmer flow field and active meniscus flow. It is also found that the swirl intensity in the SEN is independent of the casting speed. Lower casting speed is more desired due to a lower maximum wall shear stress. The DRTSN is connected to the tundish by an elbow and a horizontal runner. Longer horizontal runner can supply a more uniform velocity profile and symmetrical flow pattern in the mold. 

  • 49.
    Bai, Haitong
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Ni, Peiyuan
    Northeastern Univ, Sch Met, Key Lab Ecol Met Multimet Intergrown Ores, Educ Minist, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, Peoples R China.;Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Mat & Mfg Sci, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan..
    Ersson, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap.
    Zhang, Tingan
    Northeastern Univ, Sch Met, Key Lab Ecol Met Multimet Intergrown Ores, Educ Minist, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, Peoples R China..
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Materialens processteknologi.
    Effect of swirling flow tundish submerged entry nozzle outlet design on multiphase flow and heat transfer in mould2019Ingår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking, ISSN 0301-9233, E-ISSN 1743-2812Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Effect of a swirling flow SEN (submerged entry nozzle) outlet design on the multiphase flow and heat transfer in a mould was investigated by using numerical simulation. It was found that different SEN outlet designs could form different flow patterns and temperature distributions on the upper of the mould. The enlarged outlet SEN design had an effect to decrease the horizontal velocity of liquid steel flowing out the SEN outlet, reducing the steel flow velocity towards the solidification front. Although a higher velocity was found near the slag/steel interface with the enlarged outlet SEN, but the turbulent kinetic energy was lower. The reason was that less circulation flows were formed in the region of the mould top. The weak horizontal flow towards the solidification front with the enlarged outlet SEN induced lower wall shear stresses, at the same time it also formed a lower temperature distribution near the solidified shell.

  • 50.
    Bi, Yanyan
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Karasev, Andrey
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Jönsson, Pär G.
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Tillämpad processmetallurgi.
    Investigations of inclusions in ferrochromium alloys2014Ingår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking, ISSN 0301-9233, E-ISSN 1743-2812, Vol. 41, nr 10, s. 756-762Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Ferrochromium alloys are commonly added during different stages of steelmaking processes according to the specific steel grade being produced. Depending upon the ferrochromium quality, the addition can also lead to a supply of deleterious inclusions to the liquid steel. Therefore, the number, size, morphology and composition of inclusions in LCFeCr and HCFeCr alloys were investigated. The alloy samples were first treated with electrolytic extraction, followed by filtration to gather the inclusions on a film filter. Thereafter, the characteristics of the inclusions and clusters were investigated in three dimensions by SEM in combination with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results show that the main inclusion types found in LCFeCr alloys are different to those found in HCFeCr alloys. More specifically, the inclusions in LCFeCr alloys were found to consist of Si-Cr-O and Cr-O oxides as well as intermetallic Cr-Fe inclusions. Moreover, the inclusions in HCFeCr alloys were found to consist of Cr-Mn-S, Cr-C-N, Si-Al-Ca-Mg-O and Ca-O-P inclusions. Overall, the inclusions can be divided into two categories depending on the melting point. Furthermore, the possible transformation of different inclusions after their addition to the liquid steel is discussed.

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