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  • 1.
    Johansson, Katarina
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    Fatty acid methyl esters as reactive diluents in solvent-borne thermally cured coil-coatings2006Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other scientific)
    Abstract [en]

    This work describes how a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) derived from a vegetable oil can be introduced as reactive diluent in a solvent-borne thermally cured coil-coating system. The evaluated reactive diluent, rape seed methyl ester (RME), has been evaluated both in a fully formulated clear coat system and via model studies.

    A reactive diluent is a compound that acts as a solvent in the liquid paint, lowering the viscosity, and chemically reacts into the final film during cure. Introduction of a reactive diluent derived from vegetable oil give a more environmental compliant coating since a renewable material is incorporated in the coating and the amount of traditional solvent can be decreased. These positive environmental factors have increased the industrial interest.

    The fully formulated clear coat studies describes how addition of reactive diluent affects rheological properties of the wet paint, film formation, incorporation, and final film properties in a hydroxyl-functional polyester/melamine coil-coating system. The coating were cured under industrial coil-coating cure conditions and analyzed with Raman, carbon-14 dating, extraction, dynamic mechanical analysis, and visually observed. Viscosity measurement of the wet paint show that RME works as a diluent. RME increase the mobility in the system enhancing the film formation process and occurrence of defect-free films. The incorporation of RME could not be confirmed by Raman analysis. However, carbon-14 dating did indicate the presence of RME that could not be extracted from the films. The appearance and mechanical properties of the films were also significantly affected by addition of RME. Dynamic mechanical analysis of the free standing films showed that the final film properties were affected by oven temperature, choice of co-solvent, and flash-off period.

    Model studies were performed to further clarify how RME chemically can react through transesterification with the hydroxyl-groups of the polyester. RME and its two main components methyl oleate and methyl linoleate were reacted with primary alcohols with and without tertiary hydrogen both under low temperature (110, 130, 150, 170°C) and industrial cure conditions. The transesterification reaction was monitored with 1H-NMR and real time IR. Evaporation and side reactions, e.g. oxidation, are competing factors with the transesterification reaction. The fatty acid structure affects the conversion as a higher amount of unsaturations triggers higher degree of oxidation. The study also showed that reaction time and temperature affects the transesterification conversion, degree of side reactions, and catalyst choice.

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  • 2.
    Johansson, Katarina
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    Thermally cured coil-coatings utilizing novel resins and fatty acid methyl esters as reactive diluents2008Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other scientific)
    Abstract [en]

    Solvent-borne thermally cured coil-coating resins contain large amounts of volatile organic solvents in order to obtain suitable flow for film application. This work describes how the expensive and environmental hazardous volatile organic solvent content of a solvent-borne thermally cured polyester/melamine coil-coating system can be reduced by introduction of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) as reactive diluents and modification of the polyester binder resin. The evaluated reactive diluents, two rape seed methyl esters (RMEs), two linseed oil methyl esters (LMEs), and a tall oil methyl ester (TOME) have been evaluated both in a fully formulated clear-coat system and via model studies.

    Viscosity measurements of wet paint mixtures showed that formulations with hyperbranched polyester binder hold lower viscosity than conventional polyester binder resins and that FAME works as a diluent. Fully formulated clear-coats were cured under simulated industrial coil-coating cure conditions and in a convection oven at lower temperatures respectively. FAME increases the mobility of the system enhancing the film formation process. Free-standing clear-coat films were analyzed with Raman, carbon-14 dating, extraction, dynamic mechanical analysis, and visual observation. Incorporation of FAME could not be confirmed by Raman analysis. However, carbon-14 dating indicated the presence of FAME that could not be extracted from the films. The mechanical properties of the films were also affected by the addition of FAMEs, oven temperature, choice of co-solvent, and flash-off period. Conventional film characterization tests on substrate supported coatings indicated that binder resin structure and cure conditions affect the final film properties.

    Model studies were performed to clarify how FAME can chemically react through transesterification with the hydroxyl-groups of the polyester. The transesterification reaction between different FAMEs and primary alcohols with and without tertiary hydrogen was monitored with 1H-NMR and real time IR. Evaporation and side reactions, e.g. alkene reactions, are competing factors to the transesterification reaction. The study showed that fatty acid structure, reaction time, and temperature affect the transesterification conversion, degree of side reactions, and choice of catalyst.

    A pigmented fully formulated polyester/melamine formulation with a reactive diluent was cured at full scale in an industrial coil-coating production facility. Evaluation of the final film properties showed that the coating fulfills the specification of conventional polyester/melamine coil-coating systems.

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  • 3.
    Johansson, Katarina
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    Bergman, Tina
    SSAB Tunnplåt AB.
    Johansson, Mats K. G.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    Hyperbranched Aliphatic Polyesters and Reactive Diluents in Thermally Cured Coil Coatings2009In: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, ISSN 1944-8244, Vol. 1, no 1, p. 211-217Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Two hydroxy-functional hyperbranched aliphatic polyesters based on 2,2-dimethylolpropionic acid (bis-MPA) and a partially aromatic conventional polyester have been studied as thermoset resins for solvent-borne thermally cured polyester crosslinked with melamine coatings for precoated sheet metal, i.e., coil coatings. The hyperbranched polyesters differ with respect to the ratio of the end groups, being either hydroxyls or alkyl esters. The rheological properties of formulations with different polyester resin composition and reactive diluent, Le., rape seed methyl ester, content have been evaluated with viscosity measurements. Films cured either under industrial cure conditions to obtain a peak metal temperature of 232-241 degrees C or at a lower temperature, i.e., 130 degrees C, on untreated or organic primer-coated hot-dipped-galvanized steel substrates have been prepared. The film properties have been evaluated with differential scanning calorimetry and conventional film characterization techniques, i.e., adhesion, impact, Erichsen cupping, pencil hardness, microhardness, and scratch and chemical resistance tests. Formulations possessing high drying ability with maintained suitable film application viscosity were obtained using a hyperbranched polyester resin and a reactive diluent. It is proposed that a solvent-free polyester/melamine formulation with sufficient film properties to withstand the rough forming procedures associated with coil coatings can be obtained by further modification of the resin and greater amounts of reactive diluent.

  • 4.
    Johansson, Katarina
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    Bergman, Tina
    SSAB Tunnplåt AB.
    Johansson, Mats K. G.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    Hyperbranched Aliphatic Polyesters as Thermoset Resins for Thermally Cured Coil-CoatingsManuscript (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Two hydroxy-functional hyperbranched aliphatic polyesters based on 2,2-dimethylol propionic acid (bis-MPA) and a partially aromatic conventional polyester have been studied as thermoset resins for solvent-borne thermally cured polyester cross-linked with melamine coatings for pre-coated sheet metal, i.e. coil-coatings. The hyperbranched polyesters differ with respect to ratio of the end-groups being either hydroxyls or alkyl esters. The rheological properties of formulations with different polyester resin composition and reactive diluent, i.e. rape seed methyl ester (RME), content have been evaluated with viscosity measurements. Films cured either under industrial cure conditions to obtain a peak metal temperature (PMT) of 232-241°C or at a lower temperature, i.e. 130°C, on untreated or organic primer coated hot dipped galvanized (HDG) steel substrates have been prepared. The film properties have been evaluated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and conventional film characterization techniques i.e. adhesion, impact, Erichsen cupping, pencil hardness, micro hardness, scratch and chemical resistance tests. Formulations possessing high drying ability with maintained suitable film application viscosity were obtained using a hyperbranched polyester resin and a reactive diluent. It is proposed that a solvent-free polyester/melamine formulation with sufficient film properties to withstand the rough forming procedures associated with coil-coatings can be obtained by further modification of the resin and greater amounts of reactive diluent.

  • 5.
    Johansson, Katarina
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    Johansson, Mats K. G.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    A Model Study on Fatty Acid Methyl Esters as Reactive Diluents in Thermally Cured Coil Coating Systems2006In: Progress in organic coatings, ISSN 0300-9440, E-ISSN 1873-331X, Vol. 55, no 4, p. 382-387Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A model study on the transesterification reaction between fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), e.g. methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, rape seed methyl ester and different alcohols in thin films have been performed. The purpose was to evaluate the possibility to use fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) as reactive diluent in thermally cured coil-coating paints. A reactive diluent must be compatible, act as a diluent, react into the film without affecting the end properties. The transesterification between the methyl ester and hydroxyl functional model compounds was monitored by 1H-NMR and real time IR. The effects addressed in the present study were compatibility, temperature, catalyst, alcohol structure, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) structure. Competing factors with the transesterification reaction were shown to be evaporation and side reactions i.e. oxidation. The structure of the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) affects the conversion as a higher amount of unsaturations triggers the competing side reaction oxidation. The reaction time and temperature affects both the degree of transesterification conversion, degree of side reactions and the catalyst choice. The present study has shown that a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) fulfils the reactivity part for a reactive diluent in a thermally cured coating system.

  • 6.
    Johansson, Katarina
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    Johansson, Mats K. G.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    Fatty Acid Methyl Ester as Reactive Diluent in Thermally Cured Solvent-Borne Coil-Coatings: The Effect of Fatty Acid Pattern on the Curing Performance and Final Properties2008In: Progress in organic coatings, ISSN 0300-9440, E-ISSN 1873-331X, Vol. 63, no 2, p. 155-159Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Four different fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs): rape seedmethyl ester (RME), tall oil methyl ester (TOME), and two types of linseed oilmethyl ester (Linutin) have been studied as reactive diluents in thermally cured solvent-borne coil-coatings. The purpose was to evaluate the effect of fatty acid methyl ester structure on the curing performance and final properties of the coating. The permanent incorporation of the reactive diluent via transesterification reaction has been followed with 1H NMR analysis of model systems. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measurements, of free-standing films, showthat the glass transition temperature (Tg) decreases upon addition of the reactive diluent. Both the amount of incorporated reactive diluent and the final film properties are affected by the number and placement of alkene-bonds in the FAME.

  • 7.
    Johansson, Katarina
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    Johansson, Mats K. G.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    Fatty Acid Methyl Esters as Reactive Diluents in Coil-Coatings2007In: Polymer preprints, ISSN 0551-4657, Vol. 48, no 2, p. 857-858Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 8.
    Johansson, Katarina
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    Johansson, Mats K. G.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    The Effect of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters on the Curing Performance and Final Properties of Thermally Cured Solvent-Borne Coil Coatings2007In: Progress in organic coatings, ISSN 0300-9440, E-ISSN 1873-331X, Vol. 59, no 2, p. 146-151Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The solvent content of a thermally cured coil-coating paint may be reduced by introducing a reactive diluent derived from a vegetable oil and thereby producing a coating partly based on a renewable resource. A reactive diluent acts as a solvent in the liquid paint, lowering the viscosity, and is then incorporated into the film during cure. In the present study, rape seed methyl ester (RME) has been evaluated as reactive diluent in a thermally cured hydroxyl-functional polyester/melamine system. RME has suitable diluting properties and functionality to be incorporated into the dry coating. Dynamic mechanical analysis of free standing films shows that the final film properties are affected by presence of reactive diluent, oven temperature, choice of co-solvent, and flash-off period.

  • 9.
    Ohlsson, Katarina
    et al.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    Bergman, Tina
    Sundell, Per-Erik
    Deltin, Tomas
    Tran, Irina
    Svensson, Martin
    Johansson, Mats
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
    Novel coil coating systems using fatty acid based reactive diluents2012In: Progress in organic coatings, ISSN 0300-9440, E-ISSN 1873-331X, Vol. 73, no 4, p. 291-293Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Limitation of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions has lead to the development of new coil coating systems with reduced solvent content. Reactive diluents derived from vegetable oils have been used to substitute up to 40% of the white spirit. The use of vegetable oil derivatives further reduces the handling of solvents improving the workplace environment and safety, enhances the film properties, and introduces a renewable resource in the final coating. The concept can be described as a melamine crosslinkable alkyd which is formed in parallel to the crosslinking process.

1 - 9 of 9
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