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  • 1.
    Gallego-Marcos, Ignacio
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Thermal Stratification and Mixing in a Nordic BWR Pressure Suppression PoolIn: Annals of Nuclear Energy, ISSN 0306-4549, E-ISSN 1873-2100Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The pressure suppression pool of a Nordic Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) serves as a heat sink to condense steam from the primary coolant system in normal operation and accident conditions. Thermal stratification can develop in the pool when buoyancy forces overcome the momentum created by the steam injection. In this case, hot condensate forms a hot layer at the top of the pool, reducing the pool cooling and condensation capacity compared to mixed conditions. The Effective Heat Source and Effective Momentum Source (EHS/EMS) models were previously proposed to model the large-scale pool behavior during a steam injection. In this work, we use CFD code of ANSYS Fluent with the EHS/EMS models to simulate the transient behavior of a Nordic BWR pool during a steam injection through spargers. First, a validation against a Nordic BWR pool test is presented. Prediction of the pool behavior for other possible injection scenarios show that stratification can occur at prototypic steam injection conditions, and that the hot layer temperature above the injection point can be non-uniform. In cases with significant steam condensation inside the sparger pipes, the 95 oC pool temperature limit for the Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) pumps was reached ~7 h after the beginning of the blowdown.

  • 2.
    Gallego-Marcos, Ignacio
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    Kudinov, Pavel
    Thermal Stratification and Mixing in a Nordic BWR Pressure Suppression PoolManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The pressure suppression pool of a Nordic Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) serves as a heat sink to condense steam from the primary coolant system in normal operation and accident conditions. Thermal stratification can develop in the pool when buoyancy forces overcome the momentum created by the steam injection. In this case, hot condensate forms a hot layer at the top of the pool, reducing the pool cooling and condensation capacity compared to mixed conditions. The Effective Heat Source and Effective Momentum Source (EHS/EMS) models were previously proposed to model the large-scale pool behavior during a steam injection. In this work, we use CFD code of ANSYS Fluent with the EHS/EMS models to simulate the transient behavior of a Nordic BWR pool during a steam injection through spargers. First, a validation against a Nordic BWR pool test is presented. Prediction of the pool behavior for other possible injection scenarios show that stratification can occur at prototypic steam injection conditions, and that the hot layer temperature above the injection point can be non-uniform. In cases with significant steam condensation inside the sparger pipes, the 95 oC pool temperature limit for the Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) pumps was reached ~7 h after the beginning of the blowdown.

  • 3.
    Gallego-Marcos, Ignacio
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Thermal stratification and mixing in a Nordic BWR pressure suppression pool2019In: Annals of Nuclear Energy, ISSN 0306-4549, E-ISSN 1873-2100, Vol. 132, p. 442-450Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The pressure suppression pool of a Nordic Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) serves as a heat sink to condense steam from the primary coolant system in normal operation and accident conditions. Thermal stratification can develop in the pool when buoyancy forces overcome the momentum created by the steam injection. In this case, hot condensate forms a hot layer at the top of the pool, reducing the pool cooling and condensation capacity compared to mixed conditions. The Effective Heat Source and Effective Momentum Source (EHS/EMS) models were previously proposed to model the large-scale pool behavior during a steam injection. In this work, we use CFD code of ANSYS Fluent with the EHS/EMS models to simulate the transient behavior of a Nordic BWR pool during a steam injection through spargers. First, a validation against a Nordic BWR pool test with complete mixing is presented. Prediction of the pool behavior for other possible injection scenarios show that stratification can occur at prototypic steam injection conditions, and that the hot layer temperature above the injection point can be non-uniform. In cases with significant steam condensation inside the sparger pipes, the 95 degrees C pool temperature limit for the Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) pumps was reached similar to 7 h after the beginning of the blowdown.

  • 4.
    Galushin, Sergey
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Analysis of the effect of vessel failure and melt release on risk of containment failure due to ex-vessel steam explosion in nordic boiling water reactor using roaam1 framework2020In: Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science, ISSN 2332-8983, E-ISSN 2332-8975, Vol. 6, no 4, article id 041113Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Nordic boiling water reactor (BWR) design employs ex-vessel debris coolability in a deep pool of water as a severe accident management (SAM) strategy. Depending on melt release conditions from the vessel and core-melt coolant interactions, containment integrity can be threatened by: (i) formation of noncoolable debris bed or (ii) energetic steam explosion. Melt is released from the vessel affect ex-vessel phenomena and is recognized as the major source of uncertainty. The risk-oriented accident analysis methodology (ROAAM ) is used for quantification of the risk of containment failure in Nordic BWR where melt ejection mode surrogate model (MEM SM) provides initial conditions for the analysis of debris agglomeration and ex-vessel steam explosion which determine the respective loads on the containment. Melt ejection SM is based on the system analysis code methods for estimation of leakages and consequences of releases (computer code) (MELCOR). Modeling of vessel failure and melt release from the vessel in MELCOR is based on parametric models, allowing a user to select different assumptions that effectively control lower head (LH) behavior and melt release. The work addresses the effect of epistemic uncertain parameters and modeling assumptions in MEM SM on the containment loads due to ex-vessel steam explosion in Nordic BWR. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis performed to identify the most influential parameters and uncertainty in the risk of containment failure due to ex-vessel steam explosion. The results of the analysis provide valuable insights regarding the effect of MELCOR models, modeling parameters, and sensitivity coefficients on melt release conditions and predictions of ex-vessel steam explosion loads on the containment structures.

  • 5.
    Galushin, Sergey
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Implementation of framework for assessment of severe accident management effectiveness in Nordic BWR2020In: Reliability Engineering & System Safety, ISSN 0951-8320, E-ISSN 1879-0836, Vol. 203, article id 107049Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Nordic Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) design employs ex-vessel debris coolability in a deep pool of water as a severe accident management (SAM) strategy. Depending on melt release conditions from the vessel and core-melt coolant interactions, containment integrity can be threatened by (i) formation of non-coolable debris bed, or (ii) energetic steam explosion. In order to assess the effectiveness of SAM the Risk Oriented Accident Analysis Methodology framework (ROAAM +) has been developed. The framework is further extension of the approach originally developed and applied by Prof. Theofanous and co-workers. This paper presents the implementation of ROAAM + probabilistic framework for uncertainty quantification and risk analysis. We further apply ROAAM + to the analysis of steam explosion risk in Nordic BWR assuming different state-of knowledge situations and different containment fragilities. We employ an iterative processes of knowledge refinement using risk analysis as a guiding tool in identification of the major sources of uncertainty. We estimate failure domains and discuss ROAAM + results in terms of possibility vs necessity of containment failure.

  • 6.
    Galushin, Sergey
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Implementation of Probabilistic Framework of Risk Analysis Framework for Assessment of Severe Accident Management Effectiveness in Nordic BWRManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 7.
    Galushin, Sergey
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Quantification of the uncertainty due to state-of-knowledge using ROAAM+ framework for Nordic BWRs2019In: PSA 2019 - International Topical Meeting on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Analysis, American Nuclear Society , 2019, p. 834-840Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Risk Oriented Accident Analysis Methodology (ROAAM+) framework for Nordic BWR is a further development of ROAAM ideas, where development and application of the framework are based on iterative processes of refinement of knowledge, and where risk analysis is used as a guiding tool in the identification of the major sources of uncertainty. ROAAM+ framework employs extended treatment of safety goals, where both “possibility” and “necessity” of containment failure are considered in the analysis. One of the most important features of the ROAAM+ treatment is risk quantification in different “state-of-knowledge” situations, e.g. where complete, partial or no probabilistic knowledge available. To assess the importance of the missing information, i.e. when no probabilistic knowledge is available, distributions of epistemic modelling parameters are considered as uncertain and sampling in the space of possible probability distributions of these parameters is performed. The main goal of this work is to demonstrate an approach for risk quantification in different state-of-knowledge situations and evaluate the effect of the selection of the distribution families and parameters characterizing distributions on risk analysis results.

  • 8.
    Galushin, Sergey
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Risk analysis framework for severe accident mitigation strategy in nordic BWR: An approach to communication and decision making2017In: International Topical Meeting on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Analysis, PSA 2017, American Nuclear Society , 2017, p. 587-594Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Severe accident management (SAM) in Nordic boiling water reactors (BWRs) employ ex-vessel debris cooling in a deep water pool. The success of the strategy requires (i) formation of a coolable porous debris bed; (ii) no energetic steam explosion that can threaten containment integrity. Both scenario (aleatory) and modeling (epistemic) uncertainties are important in the assessment of the failure risks. A consistent approach is necessary for the decision making on whether the strategy is sufficiently effective, or a modification of the SAM is necessary. Risk Oriented Accident Analysis Methodology (ROAAM+) is a tool for assessment of failure probability to enable robust decision making, insensitive to remaining uncertainty. Conditional containment failure probability is considered in this work as an indicator of severe accident management effectiveness for Nordic BWR. The ultimate goal of ROAAM+ application for Nordic BWR is to provide a scrutable background in order to achieve convergence of experts' opinions in decision making. The question is: if containment failure can be demonstrated as physically unreasonable, given severe accident management strategy and state-of-the-art knowledge? If inherent safety margins are large, then the answer to the question is positive and can be demonstrated through risk assessment with consistent conservative treatment of uncertainties and by improving, when necessary, knowledge and data. Otherwise, the risk management should be applied in order to increase margins and achieve the safety goal through modifications of the SAM (e.g. safety design, SAMGs, etc.). The challenge for a decision maker is to distinguish when collecting more knowledge and reduction of uncertainty in risk assessment or application of risk management with SAM modifications would be the most effective and efficient approach. In this work we demonstrate a conceptual approach for communication of ROAAM+ framework analysis results and provide an example of a decision support model. The results of the risk analysis are used in order to provide necessary insights on the conditions when suggested changes in the safety design are justified.

  • 9.
    Galushin, Sergey
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Surrogate Model Development for Prediction of Vessel Failure Mode and Melt Release Conditions in Nordic BWR based on MELCOR code2019In: International Conference on Nuclear Engineering, Proceedings, ICONE, Volume 2019-May, ASME Press, 2019Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Effectiveness of severe accident management strategy in Nordic BWR reactors depends on melt release conditions from the vessel, that recognized as the major source of uncertainty in the risk of containment failure in Nordic BWRs. The Risk Oriented Accident Analysis Methodology (ROAAM+) is used for quantification of the risk of containment failure in Nordic BWR, which relies on extensive use of computationally efficient surrogate models (SMs) for sensitivity and uncertainty analyses in risk quantification. The surrogate models provide computationally efficient approximations for the most important parameters of the computationally expensive full models. In the ROAAM+ framework the melt ejection surrogate model (MEM SM) provides initial conditions for the analysis of debris agglomeration and ex-vessel steam explosion which determine respective loads on the containment. This paper demonstrates an approach to the development and application of the melt ejection surrogate model based on the MELCOR code results. The post-processing of the MELCOR code results was performed in order to establish a connection between different stages of severe accident progression in ROAAM+ framework for Nordic BWRs.

  • 10.
    Galushin, Sergey
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    The effect of vessel failure and melt release on risk of containment failure due to ex-vessel steam explosion in Nordic BWR2019In: International Conference on Nuclear Engineering, Proceedings, ICONE, 2019Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Effectiveness of the severe accident management strategy in Nordic BWR reactors depends on melt release conditions from the vessel, that recognized as the major source of uncertainty in quantification of the risk of containment failure in Nordic BWRs in the ROAAM+ Framework. The Risk Oriented Accident Analysis Methodology (ROAAM+) is used for quantification of the risk of containment failure in Nordic BWR where Melt Ejection Surrogate Model (MEM SM) provides initial conditions for the analysis of debris agglomeration and ex-vessel steam explosion which determine the respective loads on the containment. Melt Ejection SM is based on the MELCOR code. Modelling of vessel failure and melt release from the vessel in MELCOR code is based on parametric models, allowing a user to select different assumptions and control lower head behavior and melt release. The goal of this work is to evaluate the effect of epistemic uncertain parameters and modelling assumptions in MEM SM on the containment loads due to ex-vessel steam explosion in Nordic BWR.

  • 11.
    Galushin, Sergey
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering. employer.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Risk Analysis Framework for Decision Support for Severe Accident Mitigation Strategy in Nordic BWR2018In: PSAM 2018 - Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, 2018Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Severe accident management (SAM) in Nordic boiling water reactors (BWRs) employ ex-vessel debris cooling in a deep water pool. The success of the strategy requires formation of a coolable porous debris bed; no energetic steam explosion that can threaten containment integrity. Both scenario (aleatory) and modeling (epistemic) uncertainties are important in the assessment of the failure risks. A consistent approach is necessary for the decision making on whether the strategy is sufficiently effective, or modification of the SAM is necessary. Risk Oriented Accident Analysis Methodology (ROAAM+) is a tool for assessment of failure probability to enable robust decision making, insensitive to remaining uncertainty. The challenge for a decision maker is to distinguish the cases when collecting more knowledge and reduction of uncertainty in risk assessment, or modification of risk management strategy would be the most adequate approach given the safety goals and criteria. When either decision is made, ROAAM+ can provide data for selection of the most efficient implementation of the decision by selecting research priorities or modifying design elements that contribute most to the risk. In this work we discuss different approaches for communication of ROAAM+ framework analysis results and decision support. We focus on connection and integration of ROAAM+ results into risk-informed decision making models used in nuclear industry. The results of risk analysis are used in order to provide necessary insights on conditions when suggested changes in the safety design can be justified, taking into account different aspects of risk.

  • 12.
    Galushin, Sergey
    et al.
    Vysus Group, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Marklund, Anders Riber
    Vysus Group, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Olsson, Anders
    Vysus Group, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Bäckström, Ola
    Lloyd's Register, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Treatment of Phenomenological Uncertainties in Level 2 PSA for Nordic BWR Using Risk Oriented Accident Analysis Methodology2022In: Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, PSAM 2022, International Association for Probablistic Safety Assessment and Management (IAPSAM) , 2022Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A comprehensive and robust assessment of phenomenological uncertainties is a challenge for the current real-life PSA L2 applications, since such uncertainty is majorly driven by physical phenomena and timing of events. Typically, the static PSA models are built on a pre-determined set of scenario parameters to describe the accident progression sequence and use a limited number of simulations in the underlying deterministic analysis to evaluate the consequences. The Risk Oriented Accident Analysis Methodology (ROAAM+) has been developed to enable consistent and comprehensive treatment of both epistemic and aleatory sources of uncertainty in risk quantification. The framework is comprised of a set of deterministic models that simulate different stages of the accident progression, and a probabilistic platform that performs quantification of the uncertainty in conditional containment failure probability. This information is used for enhanced modeling in the PSA-L2 for improved definition of sequences, where information from the ROAAM is used to refine PSA model resolution regarding risk important accident scenario parameters, that can be modelled within the PSA. This work presents an example of application of the dynamic approach in a large-scale PSA model and demonstrate the integration of the ROAAM+ results in the PSA model.

  • 13.
    Galushin, Sergey
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Ranlöf, L.
    Bäckström, O.
    Adolfsson, Y.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Marklund, A. R.
    Joint application of risk oriented accident analysis methodology and PSA level 2 to severe accident issues in Nordic BWR2018In: PSAM 2018 - Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, International Association for Probablistic Safety Assessment and Management (IAPSAM) , 2018Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A comprehensive and robust assessment of severe accident management effectiveness in preventing unacceptable releases is a challenge for a today’s real life PSA. This is mainly due to the fact that major uncertainty is determined by the physical phenomena and timing of the events. The static PSA is built on choosing scenario parameters to describe the accident progression sequence and typically uses a limited number of simulations in the underlying deterministic analysis. Risk Oriented Accident Analysis Methodology framework (ROAAM+) is being developed in order to enable consistent and comprehensive treatment of both epistemic and aleatory uncertainties. The framework is based on a set of deterministic models that describe different stages of the accident progression. The results are presented in terms of distributions of conditional containment failure probabilities for given combinations of the scenario parameters. This information is used for enhanced modeling in the PSA-L2. Specifically, it includes improved definitions of the sequences determined by the physical phenomena rather than stochastic failures of the equipment, improved knowledge of timing in sequences and estimation of probabilities determined by the uncertainties in the phenomena. In this work we present an example of application of the dynamic approach in a large scale PSA model and show that the integration of the ROAAM+ results and the PSA model can potentially lead to a considerable change in PSA Level 2 analysis results. 

  • 14.
    Galusin, Sergey
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Villanueva, Walter
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Development of Core Relocation Surrogate Model for Prediction of Debris Properties in Lower Plenum of a Nordic BWR2016In: NUTHOS-11: The 11th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics, Operation and Safety, Gyeongju, Korea, October 9-13, 2016. Paper N11P1234, NUTHOS-11 , 2016, article id N11P1234Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Severe accident management (SAM) in Nordic Boiling Water Reactors (BWR) employs ex-vessel core debris coolability. Core melt is poured into a deep pool of water and is expected to fragment, quench, and form a coolable debris bed. Success of the strategy is contingent upon the melt release mode from the vessel, which determine conditions for (i) the debris bed coolability, (ii) steam explosion that present credible threats to containment integrity. The characteristics of melt release are determined by the in-vessel accident scenarios and phenomena subject to aleatory and epistemic uncertainties respectively. A consistent treatment of these uncertainties requires Integrated Deterministic Probabilistic Safety Analysis (IDPSA). We employ the concepts and approaches described in Risk Oriented Accident Analysis Methodology (ROAAM) for development of a probabilistic framework (ROAAM+) that is based on extensive uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in risk quantification. Direct application of such fine-resolution models for extensive sensitivity and uncertainty analysis is often unaffordable. We use “surrogate models” (SMs) that provide computationally efficient approximations for the FMs. In this work we demonstrate an approach to the development of Core relocation SM based on the MELCOR code as the full model (FM). We discuss the development of the database of the FM solutions, data mining and post-processing of the results for SM development. Extensive sensitivity and uncertainty analysis is carried out using the FM and implications of the analysis are discussed in detail. We demonstrate how the connection between different stages of severe accident progression is made in ROAAM+ framework for Nordic BWRs.

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  • 15. Geffray, C.
    et al.
    Gerschenfeld, A.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Mickus, Ignas
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Jeltsov, Marti
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kööp, Kaspar
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States.
    Pointer, D.
    Verification and validation and uncertainty quantification2018In: Thermal Hydraulics Aspects of Liquid Metal Cooled Nuclear Reactors, Elsevier , 2018, p. 383-405Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this chapter, an overview of the verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification process is offered. First, the context of the dialog with the safety authorities is explained, and the need for a thorough code validation procedure able to meet the regulatory safety requirements is highlighted. Then, the concept of code verification is introduced, and the main steps are described. The validation process is depicted next. Emphasis is made upon the identification of the physical phenomena of interest and upon the choice of adequate computational tools to capture them. The targeted validity domain of these computational tools and its dependence on available and accurate experimental data are detailed with respect to the issue of scaling. Finally, an overview of selected techniques for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis is provided. 

  • 16.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), Moskovskii pr. 26, St. Petersburg, 198013 Russia.
    Design of the measurement cell and method of measurement of electro-physical properties in Galahov furnace2006In: Collected papers of Russian Scientific and Technical conference “Electrothermy – 2006”, 2006, p. 110-121Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 17.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    CEA, DEN, STRI, LMA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
    KROTOS image analysis for water-corium interactions (KIWI)2011Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 18.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    CEA, DEN, STRI, LMA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
    Modeling of fragmentation in Fuel Coolant Interaction: review and relevant phenomena2009Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 19.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    CEA, DEN, STRI, LMA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
    Thermophysical properties measurements by gas-film levitation at high temperatures2008Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 20.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    CEA, DEN, STRI, LMA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
    Thermophysical properties measurements by gas-film levitation (VITI - 2000K)2007Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 21.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    CEA, DEN, STRI, LMA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
    VITI project status: Aerostatic levitation2007Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 22.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Basso, Simone
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Galushin, Sergey
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Development of Texas-V code surrogate model for assessment of steam explosion impact in Nordic BWR2015In: International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics 2015, American Nuclear Society, 2015, Vol. 9, p. 7222-7235Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Severe accident mitigation strategies in Nordic boiling water reactors (BWRs) employ core melt cooling in a deep pool of water under the reactor pressure vessel. Corium melt released from the vessel is expected to fragment, solidify and form a porous debris bed coolable by natural circulation. However, steam explosion can occur upon melt release threatening containment integrity and potentially leading to large early release of radioactive products to the environment. Significant aleatory and epistemic uncertainties exist in accident scenarios, melt release conditions, and modeling of steam explosion phenomena. Assessment of the risk of ex-vessel steam explosion requires application of the Integrated Deterministic Probabilistic Safety Analysis (IDPSA). IDPSA is a computationally demanding task which makes unfeasible direct application of Fuel-Coolant Interaction codes. The goal of the current work is to develop a Surrogate Model (SM) of the Texas-V code and demonstrate its application to the analysis of explosion impact in the Nordic BWR. The SM should be computationally affordable for IDPSA analysis. We focus on prediction of the steam explosion loads in a reference Nordic BWR design assuming a scenario of coherent corium jet release into a deep water pool. We start with the review of the Texas-V sub-models in order to identify a list of parameters to be considered in implementation of the SM. We demonstrate that Texas-V exhibits chaotic response in terms of the explosion impulse as a function of the triggering time and introduce a statistical representation of the explosion impulse for given melt release conditions and arbitrary triggering time. We demonstrate that characteristics of the distribution are well-posed. We then separate out the essential portion of modelling uncertainty by identification of the most influential uncertain parameters using sensitivity analysis. Both aleatory uncertainty in characteristics of melt release scenarios and water pool conditions, and epistemic uncertainty in FCI modeling are considered. Ranges of the uncertain parameters are selected based on the available information about prototypic severe accident conditions in a Nordic BWR. A database of Texas-V solutions is generated and used for the development of the SM. Performance, predictive capability and application of the SM to risk analysis are discussed in detail.

  • 23.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Basso, Simone
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Development of a surrogate model for analysis of ex-vessel steam explosion in Nordic type BWRs2016In: NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN, ISSN 0029-5493, Vol. 310, p. 311-327Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Severe accident mitigation strategy adopted in Nordic type Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) employs ex vessel core melt cooling in a deep pool of water below reactor vessel. Energetic fuel coolant interaction (steam explosion) can occur during molten core release into water. Dynamic loads can threaten containment integrity increasing the risk of fission products release to the environment. Comprehensive uncertainty analysis is necessary in order to assess the risks. Computational costs of the existing fuel coolant interaction (FCI) codes is often prohibitive for addressing the uncertainties, including the effect of stochastic triggering time. This paper discusses development of a computationally efficient surrogate model (SM) for prediction of statistical characteristics of steam explosion impulses in Nordic BWRs. The TEXAS-V code was used as the Full Model (FM) for the calculation of explosion impulses. The surrogate model was developed using artificial neural networks' (ANNs) and the database of FM solutions. Statistical analysis was employed in order to treat chaotic response of steam explosion impulse to variations in the triggering time. Details of the FM and SM implementation and their verification are discussed in the paper.

  • 24.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Basso, Simone
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Bechta, Sevostian
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Sensitivity Study of Steam Explosion Characteristics to Uncertain Input Parameters Using TEXAS-V Code2014In: NUTHOS10, Paper-1293, Okinawa, Japan, 2014, Atomic Energy Society of Japan , 2014Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Release of core melt from failed reactor vessel into a pool of water is adopted in several existing designs of light water reactors (LWRs) as an element of severe accident mitigation strategy. Corium melt is expected to fragment, solidify and form a debris bed coolable by natural circulation. However, steam explosion can occur upon melt release threatening containment integrity and potentially leading to large early release of radioactive products to the environment. There are many factors and parameters that could be considered for prediction of the fuel-coolant interaction (FCI) energetics, but it is not clear which of them are the most influential and should be addressed in risk analysis. The goal of this work is to assess importance of different uncertain input parameters used in FCI code TEXAS-V for prediction of the steam explosion energetics. Both aleatory uncertainty in characteristics of melt release scenarios and water pool conditions, and epistemic uncertainty in modeling are considered. Ranges of the uncertain parameters are selected based on the available information about prototypic severe accident conditions in a reference design of a Nordic BWR. Sensitivity analysis with Morris method is implemented using coupled TEXAS-V and DAKOTA codes. In total 12 input parameters were studied and 2 melt release scenarios were considered. Each scenario is based on 60,000 of TEXAS-V runs. Sensitivity study identified the most influential input parameters, and those which have no statistically significant effect on the explosion energetics. Details of approach to robust usage of TEXAS-V input, statistical enveloping of TEXAS-V output and interpretation of the results are discussed in the paper. We also provide probability density function (PDF) of steam explosion impulse estimated using TEXAS-V for reference Nordic BWR. It can be used for assessment of the uncertainty ranges of steam explosion loads for given ranges of input parameters.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 25.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Galushin, Sergey
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Basso, Simone
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Failure domain analysis and uncertainty quantification using surrogate models for steam explosion in a nordic type BWR2017In: 17th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics, NURETH 2017, Association for Computing Machinery, Inc , 2017Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sever accident mitigation strategy adopted in Nordic Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) employs a deep water pool below the reactor vessel in order to fragment and quench core melt and provide long term cooling of the debris. One of the risk factors associated with this accident management strategy is early failure of the containment due to steam explosion. Assessment of the risk is subject to significant epistemic and aleatory uncertainties in (i) modelling of steam explosion and (ii) scenarios of melt release from the vessel and water pool conditions. High computational efficiency of the models is required for such assessment. A surrogate model (SM) approach has been previously developed using artificial neural network and the database of Texas-V code solutions for steam explosion loads in the Nordic type BWRs. In this paper we extend our surrogate model to allow analysis of steam explosion in relatively shallow water pools (>2 m), address effects of melt emissivity and resolve more accurately variation of pressure in the drywell. We provide detailed comparison of metallic vs oxidic melt release scenarios, incorporate uncertainty of the SM into modelling and analyze the sensitivity of our results to SM uncertainty. We estimate risks of containment failure with non-reinforced and reinforced hatch door and demonstrate the effect of the surrogate model uncertainty on the results. We analyze the results and develop a simplified approach for decision making considering predicted failure probabilities, expected costs and scenario frequencies. 

  • 26.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Galushin, Sergey
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Failure domain analysis and uncertainty quantification using surrogate models for steam explosion in a Nordic type BWR2019In: Nuclear Engineering and Design, ISSN 0029-5493, E-ISSN 1872-759X, Vol. 343, p. 63-75Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sever accident mitigation strategy adopted in Nordic Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) employs a deep water pool below the reactor vessel to fragment and quench core melt and provide long term cooling of the debris. One of the risks associated with this strategy is early containment failure due to ex-vessel steam explosion. Assessment of the risk of steam explosion is subject to significant (i) epistemic uncertainties in modelling and (ii) aleatory uncertainties in scenarios of melt release. For quantification of the uncertainties and the risk a full model (FM) based on TEXAS-V code and a computationally efficient surrogate model (SM) have been previously developed. FM is used to provide a database of solutions that is used for development of a SM, while SM is used in extensive sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. In this work, we compare the risk of containment failure with non-reinforced and reinforced hatch door for metallic and oxidic melt release scenarios. We quantify the error of SM in the approximation of the FM and assess the effect of the approximation uncertainty on risk assessment. We analyze the results and suggest a simplified approach for decision making considering predicted failure probabilities, expected costs, and scenario frequencies.

  • 27.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Galushin, Sergey
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Risk of containment failure due to ex-vessel steam explosion for Nordic BWRs2019In: 18th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics, NURETH 2019, American Nuclear Society , 2019, p. 4032-4038Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In case of a severe accident in a Light Water Reactor (LWR) degraded core relocates into the lower head of the reactor pressure vessel. Under thermal and mechanical loads from the core debris the vessel can fail releasing hot debris into the containment. In some designs of LWRs the severe accident mitigation strategy aims to prevent early containment failure by providing a pool of water below the reactor vessel. The melt is expected to form a coolable debris configuration preventing or delaying release of radioactive materials to the environment. One of the risk factors associated with melt-water interaction is containment failure due to ex-vessel steam explosion. Energetics of the steam explosion is contingent upon characteristics of melt release, pool and containment geometry. A general purpose full and surrogate models for estimation of the steam explosion loads in various conditions prototypic to boiling and pressurized water reactors have been proposed. In this paper, we rely on our recent results in model validation to develop a new surrogate model for the estimation of the steam explosion loads in LWRs using less conservative assumptions. We sample model output using Risk Oriented Accident Analysis Methodology code (ROAAM+) and provide estimates for the risk of containment failure for Nordic BWR given different accident scenarios. We plot Failure Domain maps and discuss implication of the steam explosion for different designs (fragility levels) and severe accident management strategies (pool depths). Importantly, we analyze the effect of the reduced model conservatism on the results of the risk analysis and discuss its implications to the decision making.

  • 28.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Jeltsov, Marti
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kööp, Kaspar
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Karbojian, Aram
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Villanueva, Walter
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    The TALL-3D facility design and commissioning tests for validation of coupled STH and CFD codes2015In: Nuclear Engineering and Design, ISSN 0029-5493, E-ISSN 1872-759X, Vol. 290, p. 144-153Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Application of coupled CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and STH (System Thermal Hydraulics) codes is a prerequisite for computationally affordable and sufficiently accurate prediction of thermal-hydraulics of complex systems. Coupled STH and CFD codes require validation for understanding and quantification of the sources of uncertainties in the code prediction. TALL-3D is a liquid Lead Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) loop developed according to the requirements for the experimental data for validation of coupled STH and CFD codes. The goals of the facility design are to provide (i) mutual feedback between natural circulation in the loop and complex 3D mixing and stratification phenomena in the pool-type test section, (ii) a possibility to validate standalone STH and CFD codes for each subsection of the facility, and (iii) sufficient number of experimental data to separate the process of input model calibration and code validation. Description of the facility design and its main components, approach to estimation of experimental uncertainty and calibration of model input parameters that are not directly measured in the experiment are discussed in the paper. First experimental data from the forced to natural circulation transient is also provided in the paper.

  • 29.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Jeltsov, Marti
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kööp, Kaspar
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Karbojian, Aram
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Villanueva, Walter
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Walter
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Design and Commissioning Tests of the TALL-3D Experimental Facility for Validation of Coupled STH and CFD Codes2014Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Application of coupled CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and STH (System Thermal Hydraulics) codes is a prerequisite for computationally affordable and sufficiently accurate prediction of thermal-hydraulics of complex systems. Coupled STH and CFD codes require validation for understanding and quantification of the sources of uncertainties in the code prediction. TALL-3D is a liquid Lead Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) loop developed according to the requirements for the experimental data for validation of coupled STH and CFD codes. The goals of the facility design are to provide (i) mutual feedback between natural circulation in the loop and complex 3D mixing and stratification phenomena in the pool-type test section, (ii) a possibility to validate standalone STH and CFD codes for each subsection of the facility, (iii) sufficient number of experimental data to separate the process of input model calibration and code validation. Description of the facility design and its main components, approach to estimation of experimental uncertainty and calibration of model input parameters that are not directly measured in the experiment are discussed in the paper. First experimental data from the forced to natural circulation transient is also provided in the paper.

  • 30.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Konovalenko, Alexander
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Karbojian, Aram
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinova, Valtyna
    Bechta, Sevostian
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Insight into steam explosion in stratified melt-coolant configuration2013In: 15th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics, 2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Release of core melt from failed reactor vessel into a pool of water is adopted in several existing designs of light water reactors (LWRs) as an element of severe accident  mitigation  strategy.  When  vessel  breach  is  large  and  water  pool  is shallow,  released  corium  melt  can  reach  containment  floor  in  liquid  form  and spread under water creating a stratified configuration of melt covered by coolant. Steam  explosion  in  such  stratified  configuration  was  long  believed  as  of secondary importance for reactor safety because it was assumed that considerable mass of melt cannot be premixed with the coolant. In this work we revisit these assumptions  using  recent  experimental  observations  from  the  stratified  steam explosion tests  in  PULiMS  facility.  We  demonstrate  that  (i)  considerable  melt-coolant premixing layer can be formed in the stratified configuration with high temperature  melts,  (ii)  mechanism  responsible  for  the  premixing  is  apparently more  efficient  than  previously  assumed  Rayleigh-Taylor  or  Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities.  We  also  provide  data  on  measured  and  estimated  impulses, energetics  of  steam  explosion,  and  resulting  thermal  to  mechanical  energy conversion ratios. 

    Download full text (pdf)
    NURETH15-599.pdf
  • 31.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Validation of a full model for the analysis of ex-vessel steam explosion in LWRs2019In: 18th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics, NURETH 2019, 2019, p. 4568-4574Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In a Light Water Reactor (LWR) severe accident, the reactor core can be melted and released from the reactor vessel at ~3000K. In most of reactor designs ex-vessel severe accident mitigation strategy employs a pool of water underneath the reactor vessel. If water pool is deep enough, the melt is expected to be fragmented and quenched and form a coolable debris bed preventing further accident progression. However, there is a possibility that upon contact with volatile coolant thermal energy stored in the hot melt will be converted into mechanical energy of rapidly expanding steam in the process of so called “steam explosion”. Energetics of the steam explosion is contingent upon conditions of melt release, pool characteristics and containment geometry. Containment failure due to the ex-vessel steam explosion can be a factor of risk for the “wet cavity” strategy if fragility limits are close to the expected loads. In order to assess the risk, we develop so called full model (based on TEXAS-V code) for the estimation of the steam explosion loads. To ensure model applicability to a wide range of LWR designs, a number of modifications have been introduced in comparison to previous works. A large database of Full Model solutions is used then for the development of a Surrogate Model based on the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to enable extensive sensitivity analysis and uncertainty quantification. The uncertainty in the SM approximation of the FM is considered explicitly in the assessment of failure probability. In this work, we demonstrate an approach to the validation of the Full Model against previous steam explosion experiments using a statistical approach in which a joint distribution of the experimental data is compared to a database of explosion distributions obtained using the full model.

  • 32.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Mickus, Ignas
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    Experimental activities report on TALL-3D2015Report (Other academic)
  • 33.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety. Royal Inst Technol, Div Nucl Engn, Roslagstullsbacken 21, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Papukchiev, A.
    Liu, C.
    Geffray, C.
    Polidori, M.
    Koop, Björn
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Nanostructure Physics.
    Jeltsov, Marti
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    TALL-3D open and blind benchmark on natural circulation instability2020In: Nuclear Engineering and Design, ISSN 0029-5493, E-ISSN 1872-759X, Vol. 358, article id 110386Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 34.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    et al.
    CEA, DEN, STRI, LMA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
    Piluso, Pascal
    CEA, DEN, STRI, LMA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, Franc.
    Recent progress in the gas-film levitation as a method for thermophysical properties measurements: application to ZrO2-Al2O3system2011In: High Temperatures-High Pressures, ISSN 0018-1544, E-ISSN 1472-3441, Vol. 40, no 2, p. 127-149Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The gas-film levitation is a technique commonly used for contactless processing and thermophysical properties measurements of oxide and metallic glass-forming melts at elevated temperatures (up to 1650ºC). For the first time, the method has been successfully applied for the levitation of oxide and metallic non-glass forming melts in the temperature range of 1700ºC – 2500ºC. Several subjects are discussed in the paper: (1) the applicability of the gas-film levitation for the sustentation of different materials, (2) methodology of data analysis, (3) uncertainty of thermophysical properties measurements and (4) related theoretical modeling. Finally we provide the results of thermophysical properties measurements of ZrO2 – Al2O3 melts of different compositions within the temperature interval from 1700 to 2350ºC.

  • 35.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    et al.
    CEA, DEN, STRI, LMA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
    PILUSO, Pascal
    CEA, DEN, STRI, LMA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
    FOUQUART, Pascal
    CEA, DEN, STRI, LMA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
    BULLADO, Yves
    CEA, DEN, STRI, LMA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
    COMPAGNON, Frédéric
    CEA, DEN, STRI, LMA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
    Corregio, P.
    Eck, D.
    Payan, E.
    KROTOS KS-4 test data report2010Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 36.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    et al.
    CEA, DEN, STRI, LMA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
    PILUSO, Pascal
    CEA, DEN, STRI, LMA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
    FOUQUART, Pascal
    CEA, DEN, STRI, LMA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
    Cassiault-Louis, N.
    BULLADO, Yves
    CEA, DEN, STRI, LMA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
    COMPAGNON, Frédéric
    CEA, DEN, STRI, LMA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
    Corregio, P.
    Eck, D.
    Payan, E.
    KROTOS KS-3 test data report2011Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 37.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    et al.
    St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), Moskovskii pr. 26, St. Petersburg, 198013 Russia.
    Udalov, Yu. P.
    St. Petersburg State Technological Institute (Technical University), Moskovskii pr. 26, St. Petersburg, 198013 Russia.
    Structural premises of liquation in oxide melts2004In: Collected papers of Russian Scientific and Technical conference “Electrothermy – 2004”, 2004, p. 321-329Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 38.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    et al.
    St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), Moskovskii pr. 26, St. Petersburg, 198013 Russia.
    Udalov, Yu. P.
    St. Petersburg State Technological Institute (Technical University), Moskovskii pr. 26, St. Petersburg, 198013 Russia.
    PILUSO, Pascal
    CEA, DEN, STRI, LMA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, Franc.
    Thermophysical properties measurements of melts by gas-film levitation2008In: Collected papers of Russian Scientific and Technical conference “Electrothermy – 2008”, 2008, p. 108-117Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 39.
    Hernandez, Cuauhtemoc Reale
    et al.
    McMaster Univ, Hamilton, ON, Canada..
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Wallenius, Janne
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Luxat, John
    McMaster Univ, Hamilton, ON, Canada..
    Development of a CFD-based model to simulate loss of flow transients in a small lead-cooled reactor2022In: Nuclear Engineering and Design, ISSN 0029-5493, E-ISSN 1872-759X, Vol. 392, p. 111773-, article id 111773Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    With the deployment of advanced and small modular reactors (SMRs), it is important to develop the tools to assess their safety. This work presents the different components of a CFD based model for simulating transients in a pool-type small lead cooled reactor. The model encompasses the entire primary circuit with a simplification of the fuel channels, pumps and steam generators. Those parts are modelled through heat and momentum sources (or sinks), similar to the porous medium used in other studies. The CFD solver is coupled with a finite volume solver for fuel pin temperature and a point kinetics solver for neutronics. Free surface is modelled in CFD with multiphase volume of fluid method. The set of methods that is used in this work constitute a novelty for modelling lead cooled reactors. The goal is to have a model that is relatively simple to implement in order to study the effect of some parameters on reactor transients like an unprotected loss of flow. The focus of this study is to describe in detail every individual component of the model, namely the fuel channels, fuel pin temperature, neutronics, coupling strategy, pump and steam generators. In addition, CFD simulations are compared against experimental data from the TALL-3D facility. The purpose of this comparison is to verify that the models and parameters of the CFD software (STAR-CCM+) are capable of reproducing a flow of heavy metal. A future publication will provide the simulation results of an integrated model with all the components.

  • 40.
    Jeltsov, Marti
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Validation of Star-CCM+ for liquid metal thermal-hydraulics using TALL-3D experiment2018In: Nuclear Engineering and Design, ISSN 0029-5493, E-ISSN 1872-759XArticle in journal (Refereed)
  • 41.
    Jeltsov, Marti
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Validation of Star-CCM plus for liquid metal thermal-hydraulics using TALL-3D experiment2019In: Nuclear Engineering and Design, ISSN 0029-5493, E-ISSN 1872-759X, Vol. 341, p. 306-325Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) provides means for high-fidelity 3D thermal-hydraulics analysis of Generation IV pool-type nuclear reactors. However, to be used in the decision making process a proof of code adequacy for intended application is required. This paper describes the Verification, Validation and Uncertainty Quantification (VVUQ) of a commercial CFD code Star-CCM + for forced, natural and mixed convection regimes in lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) coolant pool flows. Code qualification is carried out according to an iterative VVUQ process aiming to reduce user effects. Validation data is produced in TALL-3D experimental facility - a 7 m high LBE loop featuring a 3D pool-type test section. Accurate prediction of mutual interaction between thermal stratification and mixing in the pool and the loop dynamics requires 3D analysis, especially during natural circulation. Solution verification is used to reduce the numerical uncertainty during code validation activities. Sensitivity Analysis (SA) is used to identify the effect of the most influential uncertain input parameters (UIPs) on numerical results. Two new visualization methods are proposed to enhance interpretation of the SA results. Dedicated experiments are performed according to the SA results to reduce the uncertainties in the most important UIPs. Automated calibration method for large CFD models is tested and demonstrated in combination with manual calibration using detailed temperature profile measurements in the pool. Calibration reveals the deficiencies in the modeling of heat losses owing to the presence of thermal bridges and other local effects in thermal insulation that are not explicitly modeled. It is demonstrated that Star-CCM + is able to predict thermal stratification and mixing phenomena in the pool type geometries. The results are supported by an Uncertainty Analysis (UA).

  • 42.
    Jeltsov, Marti
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kööp, Kaspar
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Karbojian, Aram
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Villanueva, Walter
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Development of multi-scale simulation methodology for analysis of heavy liquid metal thermal hydraulics with coupled STH and CFD codes2012In: Proceedings of The 9th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Thermal-Hydraulics, Operation and Safety (NUTHOS-9), 2012Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 43.
    Jeltsov, Marti
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kööp, Kaspar
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Karbojian, Aram
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Villanueva, Walter
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Development of TALL-3D Facility Design for Validation of Coupled STH and CFD Codes2012In: Proceedings of The 9th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Thermal-Hydraulics, Operation and Safety (NUTHOS-9), 2012Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 44.
    Jeltsov, Marti
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kööp, Kaspar
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Pre-test analysis of an LBE solidification experiment in TALL-3D2018In: Nuclear Engineering and Design, ISSN 0029-5493, E-ISSN 1872-759X, Vol. 339, p. 21-38Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Coolant solidification is a phenomenon of potential safety importance for Liquid Metal Cooled Fast Reactors (LMFRs). Coolant solidification can affect local flow, heat transfer and lead to partial or complete blockage of the coolant flow paths jeopardizing decay heat removal function. It is also possible that reduced flow circulation may increase coolant temperature, counteract solidification and prevent complete blockage of the flow. Complex interactions between local physical phenomena of solidification and system scale natural circulation make modelling of solidification uncertain. Development and validation of adequate models requires validation grade experimental data. In this work we discuss results of analysis carried out in support of experiment development, specifically, design of a solidification test section and a test matrix for TALL-3D experimental facility (lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) thermal-hydraulic loop). The aim of the analysis is experimental design that satisfies requirements stemming from the process of model qualification. We focus on two aspects: (i) design of solidification test section (STS) for investigation of solidification phenomena in lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE), and (ii) effect of the STS pool on the system scale behavior of the TALL-3D facility. Selection of the STS characteristics and experimental test matrix is supported using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) and system thermal-hydraulic (STH) codes. 

  • 45.
    Jeltsov, Marti
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Kööp, Kaspar
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Pre-test analysis of an LBE solidification experiment in TALL-3DIn: Nuclear Engineering and Design, ISSN 0029-5493, E-ISSN 1872-759XArticle in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents the process of development of a solidification test section design for TALL-3D experimental facility (lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) thermal-hydraulic loop of prototypic height). Coolant solidification is a phenomenon of potential safety importance for liquid metal cooled fast reactors (LMFRs). Solidification, e.g. in case of excessive performance of the passive decay heat removal systems, can affect local heat transfer and even lead to partial or complete blockage of the coolant flow paths. This might lead to failure of decay heat removal function. In case of reduced flow circulation, the temperature of the coolant will increase, which might prevent complete blockage of the flow. Prediction of possible outcomes of such scenarios with complex interactions between local physical phenomena of solidification and system scale natural circulation behavior is subject to modelling (epistemic) uncertainty. Development and validation of adequate models requires validation grade experimental data. In this work we discuss results of analysis carried out in support experiment development. The aim of the experimental design is to satisfy requirements stemming from the process of qualification of the model that can be used for addressing the safety-related concerns. In this work we focus on two aspects: (i) design of solidification test section (STS) for investigation of local solidification phenomena of lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE), and (ii) effect of the STS on the system scale behavior of the experimental facility. We discuss selection of the STS characteristics and experimental test matrix using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) and system thermal-hydraulic (STH) codes.

  • 46.
    Jeltsov, Marti
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kööp, Kaspar
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Villanueva, Walter
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Validation of a CFD Code Star-CCM+ for Liquid Lead-Bismuth Eutectic Thermal-Hydraulics Using TALL-3D Experiment2014Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The engineering design, performance analysis and safety assessment of Generation IV heavy liquid metal cooled nuclear reactors calls for advanced and qualified numerical tools. These tools need to be qualified before used in decision making process. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes provide detailed means for thermal-hydraulics analysis of pool-type nuclear reactors. This paper describes modeling of a forced to natural flow experiment in TALL-3D experimental facility using a commercial CFD code Star-CCM+. TALL-3D facility is 7 meters high LBE loop with two parallel hot legs and a cold leg. One of the hot legs accommodates the 3D test section, a cylindrical pool where the multi-dimensional flow conditions vary between thermal mixing and stratification depending on the mass flow rate and the power of the heater surrounding the pool. The pool outlet temperature which affects the natural convection flow rates in the system is governed by the flow structure in the pool. Therefore, in order to predict the dynamics of the TALL-3D facility it is crucial to resolve the flow inside the 3D test section. Specifically designed measurement instrumentation set-up provides steady state and transient data for calibration and validation of numerical models. The validity of the CFD model is assessed by comparing the computational results to experimental results.

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  • 47.
    Konovalenko, Alexander
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Sköld, Per
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Bechta, Sevostian
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Controllable Generation of a Submillimeter Single Bubble in Molten Metal Using a Low-Pressure Macrosized Cavity2017In: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science, ISSN 1073-5615, E-ISSN 1543-1916, Vol. 48, no 2, p. 1064-1072Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We develop a method for generation of a single gas bubble in a pool of molten metal. The method can be useful for applications and research studies where a controllable generation of a single submillimeter bubble in opaque hot liquid is required. The method resolves difficulties with bubble detachment from the orifice, wettability issues, capillary channel and orifice surfaces degradation due to contact with corrosive hot liquid, etc. The macrosized, 5- to 50-mm(3) cavity is drilled in the solid part of the pool. Flushing the cavity with gas, vacuuming it to low pressure, as well as sealing and consequent remelting cause cavity implosion due to a few orders in magnitude pressure difference between the cavity and the molten pool. We experimentally demonstrate a controllable production of single bubbles ranging from a few milliliters down to submillimeter size. The uncertainties in size and bubble release timing are estimated and compared with experimental observations for bubbles ranging within 0.16 to 4 mm in equivalent-volume sphere diameter. Our results are obtained in heavy liquid metals such as Wood's and Lead-Bismuth eutectics at 353 K to 423 K (80 A degrees C to 150 A degrees C).

  • 48.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Galushin, Sergey
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Yakush, Sergey
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Basso, Simone
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Konovalenko, Alexander
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Davydov, Mikhail
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Application of integrated deterministic-probabilistic safety analysis to assessment of severe accident management effectiveness in Nordic BWRs2016In: 17th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics, NURETH 2017, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The goal of this work is to assess effectiveness of severe accident management strategy in Nordic type boiling water reactors (BWRs). Corium melt released into a deep pool of water below reactor vessel is expected to be fragmented to form a porous debris bed coolable by natural circulation of coolant. However, there is a risk that energetic steam explosion or non-coolable debris can threaten containment integrity. Both stochastic accident scenario (aleatory) and modeling (epistemic) uncertainties contribute to the risk assessment. Namely, the effects of melt release characteristics (jet diameter, melt composition, superheat), water pool conditions (i.e. depth and subcooling) at the time of the release, and modeling assumptions have to be quantified in a consistent manner. In order to address the uncertainty, we develop a Risk Oriented Accident Analysis framework (ROAAM+) where all stages of the accident progression are simulated using a set of models coupled through initial and boundary conditions. The analysis starts from plant damage states determined in PSA Level-1 and follows time dependent accident scenarios of core degradation, vessel failure, melt release, steam explosion and debris bed formation and coolability. In order to achieve computational efficiency sufficient for extensive sensitivity, uncertainty, and risk analysis the surrogate modeling approach is used. In the development of simplified but computationally efficient surrogate models (SM), we employ databases of solutions obtained by detailed but computationally expensive full models (FM). The process includes iterative refining of the framework, full and surrogate models in order to achieve completeness, consistency, and transparency in the review of the analysis results. In the paper we present results of the analysis aimed at quantification of uncertainty in the conditional containment failure probability. Specifically, we carry out sensitivity analysis using standalone and coupled models in order to identify the most influential scenario and modeling parameters for each sub-model. We assess the impact of the parameters on the prediction of the “load”, “capacity” and also failure probability. Then we quantify the effect of the most influential parameters on the failure probability. The results are presented using the failure domain approach and second order probability analysis, considering the uncertainty in distributions of the input parameters.

  • 49.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Galushin, Sergey
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Yakush, Sergey E.
    I nstitute for Problems in Mechanics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ave. Vernadskogo 101 Bldg 1, Moscow, 119526, Russian Federation.
    Development of risk oriented accident analysis methodology (ROAAM+) for assessment of ex-vessel severe accident management effectiveness2019In: 18th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics, NURETH 2019, 2019, p. 2519-2535Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work we present results of development and application of Risk Oriented Accident Analysis framework (ROAAM+) to assessment of effectiveness of ex-vessel severe accident management strategy. In case of a core melt accident in Nordic type boiling water reactor (BWR) corium is released into a deep pool of water below reactor vessel to form a porous bed of debris. Energetic steam explosion or formation of non-coolable debris can threaten containment integrity. Both stochastic (aleatory) accident scenario and modeling (epistemic) uncertainties contribute to uncertainty. ROAAM+ framework is developed to simulate the whole accident progression The analysis starts from plant damage states determined in PSA Level-1 and continues with analysis of core degradation, vessel failure, melt release, steam explosion and debris bed formation and coolability. In order to achieve computational efficiency sufficient for extensive sensitivity, uncertainty, and risk analysis the surrogate modeling approach is used. In the paper we present results of the analysis aimed at quantification of uncertainty in the conditional containment failure probability. Specifically, we carry out sensitivity analysis using standalone and coupled models in order to identify the most influential scenario and modeling parameters for each sub-model. We assess the impact of the parameters on the prediction of the “load”, “capacity” and also failure probability. Then we quantify the effect of the most influential parameters on the failure probability. The results are presented using the failure domain approach and second order probability analysis, considering the uncertainty in distributions of the input parameters.

  • 50.
    Kudinov, Pavel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety. AlbaNova University Center.
    Galushin, Sergey
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety. AlbaNova University Center.
    Yakush, Sergey
    Villanueva, Walter
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety. AlbaNova University Center.
    Phung, Viet-Anh
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Grishchenko, Dmitry
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
    Dinh, Nam
    A framework for assessment of severe accident management effectiveness in Nordic BWR plants2014In: PSAM 2014 - Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, 2014Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the case of severe accident in Nordic boiling water reactors (BWR), core melt is poured into a deep pool of water located under the reactor. The severe accident management (SAM) strategy involves complex and coupled physical phenomena of melt-coolant-structure interactions sensitive to the transient accident scenarios. Success of the strategy is contingent upon melt release conditions from the vessel which determine (i) if corium debris bed is coolable, and (ii) potential for energetic steam explosion. The goal of this work is to develop a risk-oriented accident analysis framework for quantifying conditional threats to containment integrity for a Nordic-type BWR. The focus is on the process of refining the treatment and components of the framework to achieve (i) completeness, (ii) consistency, and (iii) transparency in the review of the analysis and its results. A two-level coarse-fine iterative refinement process is proposed. First, fine-resolution but computationally expensive methods are used in order to develop computationally efficient surrogate models. Second, coupled modular framework is developed connecting initial plant damage states with respective containment failure modes. Systematic statistical analysis is carried out to identify the needs for refinement of detailed methods, surrogate models, data and structure of the framework to reduce the uncertainty, and increase confidence and transparency in the risk assessment results.

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