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  • 1.
    Chubarova, Elena
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Lindblom, Magnus
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Reinspach, Julia
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Birch, Jens
    Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Platinum zone plates for hard X-ray applications2011Inngår i: Microelectronic Engineering, ISSN 0167-9317, E-ISSN 1873-5568, Vol. 88, nr 10, s. 3123-3126Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We describe the fabrication and evaluation of platinum zone plates for 5–12 kV X-ray imaging and focusing. These nano-scale circular periodic structures are fabricated by filling an e-beam generated mold with Pt in an electroplating process. The plating recipe is described. The resulting zone plates, having outer zone widths of 100 and 50 nm, show good uniformity and high aspect ratio. Their diffraction efficiencies are 50–70% of the theoretical, as measured at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Platinum shows promise to become an attractive alternative to present hard X-ray zone plate materials due to its nano-structuring properties and the potential for zone-plate operation at higher temperatures.

  • 2.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Bertilson, Michael C.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Chubarova, Elena
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hemberg, Oscar
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hofsten, Olov Von
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Lindblom, Magnus
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Lundström, Ulf
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Otendal, Mikael
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Reinspach, Julia
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Skoglund, Peter
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Takman, Per
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Tuohimaa, Tomi
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Laboratory X-ray micro- and nano-imaging2009Inngår i: Frontiers in Optics (FiO) 2009, Optical Society of America, 2009Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We summarize recent progress in laboratory x-ray imaging systems based on compact high-brightness liquid-jet sources, including <25 nm soft x-ray zone-plate microscopy and <10 μm (lens-free) hard x-ray phase-contrast imaging.

  • 3.
    Holmberg, Anders
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Reinspach, Julia
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Lindblom, Magnus
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Chubarova, Elena
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Bertilson, Michael
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    von Hofsten, Olov
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Selin, Mårten
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Larsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Skoglund Lindberg, Peter
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Lundstrom, Ulf
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Takman, Per
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Towards 10-nm Soft X-Ray Zone Plate Fabrication2011Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper the latest efforts to improve our nanofabrication process for soft x‐ray zone plates is presented. The resolving power, which is proportional to the smallest outermost zone width of the zone plate, is increased by introducing cold development of the electron beam resist that is used for the patterning. With this process we have fabricated Ni zone plates with 13‐nm outermost zone and shown potential for making 11‐nm half‐pitch lines in the electron beam resist. Maintaining the diffraction efficiency of the zone plate is a great concern when the outermost zone width is decreased. To resolve this problem we have developed the so‐called Ni‐Ge zone plate in which the zone plate is build up by Ni and Ge, resulting in an increase of the diffraction efficiency. In a proof‐of‐principle experiment with 25‐nm Ni‐Ge zone plates, we have shown a doubling of the diffraction efficiency. When combined with cold development, the Ni‐Ge process has been shown to work down to 16‐nm half‐pitch. It is plausible that further refinement of the process will make it possible to go to 10‐nm outermost zone widths.

  • 4. Hoppe, R.
    et al.
    Meier, V.
    Patommel, J.
    Seiboth, F.
    Lee, H. J.
    Nagler, B.
    Galtier, E. C.
    Arnold, B.
    Zastrau, U.
    Hastings, J.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Uhlén, Fredrik
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Schroer, C. G.
    Schropp, A.
    Full characterization of a focused wavefield with sub 100 nm resolution2013Inngår i: Advances In X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers II: Instrumentation, SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering, 2013, s. 87780G-Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    A hard x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) provides an x-ray source with an extraordinary high peak-brilliance, a time structure with extremely short pulses and with a large degree of coherence, opening the door to new scientific fields. Many XFEL experiments require the x-ray beam to be focused to nanometer dimensions or, at least, benefit from such a focused beam. A detailed knowledge about the illuminating beam helps to interpret the measurements or is even inevitable to make full use of the focused beam. In this paper we report on focusing an XFEL beam to a transverse size of 125nm and how we applied ptychographic imaging to measure the complex wavefield in the focal plane in terms of phase and amplitude. Propagating the wavefield back and forth we are able to reconstruct the full caustic of the beam, revealing aberrations of the nano-focusing optic. By this method we not only obtain the averaged illumination but also the wavefield of individual XFEL pulses.

  • 5.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Zone Plates for Hard X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers2013Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Hard x-ray free-electron lasers are novel sources of coherent x-rays with unprecedented brightness and very short pulses. The radiation from these sources enables a wide range of new experiments that were not possible with previous x-ray sources. Many of these experiments require the possibility to focus the intense x-ray beam onto small samples. This Thesis investigates the possibility to use diffractive zone plate optics to focus the radiation from hard x-ray free-electron lasers.

    The challenge for any optical element at free-electron laser sources is that the intensity in a single short pulses is high enough to potentially damage the optics. This is especially troublesome for zone plates, which are typically made of high Z elements that absorb a large part of the incident radiation. The first part of the Thesis is dedicated to simulations, where the temperature behavior of zone plates exposed to hard x-ray free-electron laser radiation is investigated. It is found that the temperature increase in a single pulse is several hundred Kelvin but still below the melting point of classical zone plate materials, such as gold, tungsten, and iridium.

    Even though the temperature increases are not high enough to melt a zone plate it is possible that stresses and strains caused by thermal expansion can damage the zone plate. This is first investigated in an experiment where tungsten gratings on diamond substrates are heated to high temperatures by a pulsed visible laser. It is found that the gratings are not damaged by the expected temperature fluctuations at free-electron lasers. Finally, a set of tungsten zone plates are tested at the Linac Coherent Light Source where they are exposed to a large number of pulses at varying fluence levels in a prefocused beam. Damage is only observed at fluence levels above those typically found in an unfocused x-ray free-electron laser beam. At higher fluences an alternative is to use a diamond zone plate, which has significantly less absorption and should be able to survive much higher fluence. Damage in diamond structures is investigated during the same experiment, but due to a remaining tungsten etch mask on top of the diamond the results are difficult to interpret.

    Additionally, we also demonstrate how the classical Ronchi test can be used to measure aberrations in focusing optics at an x-ray free-electron laser in a single pulse.

    The main result of this Thesis is that tungsten zone plates on diamond substrates can be used at hard x-ray free-electron laser sources.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 6.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Anders, Holmberg
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Sinn, H.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Computer simulation of heat transfer in zone plate optics exposed to X-ray FEL radiation2011Inngår i: Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering, ISSN 0277-786X, E-ISSN 1996-756X, Vol. 8077Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Zone plates are circular diffraction gratings that can provide diffraction-limited nano-focusing of x-ray radiation. When designing zone plates for X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) sources special attention has to be made concerning the high intensity of the sources. Absorption of x-rays in the zone material can lead to significant temperature increases in a single pulse and potentially destroy the zone plate. The zone plate might also be damaged as a result of temperature build up and/or temperature fluctuations on longer time scales. In this work we simulate the heat transfer in a zone plate on a substrate as it is exposed to XFEL radiation. This is done in a Finite Element Method model where each new x-ray pulse is treated as an instantaneous heat source and the temperature evolution between pulses is calculated by solving the heat equation. We use this model to simulate different zone plate and substrate designs and source parameters. Results for both the 8 keV source at LCLS and the 12.4 keV source at the European XFEL are presented. We simulate zone plates made of high Z metals such as gold, tungsten and iridium as well as zone plates made of low Z materials such as diamond. In the case of metal zone plates we investigate the influence of substrate material by comparing silicon and diamond substrates. We also study the effect of different cooling temperatures and cooling schemes. The results give valuable indications on the temperature behavior to expect and can serve as a basis for future experimental investigations of zone plates exposed to XFEL radiation.

  • 7.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Sinn, H.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Simulation of heat transfer in zone plate optics irradiated by X-ray free electron laser radiation2010Inngår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, ISSN 0168-9002, E-ISSN 1872-9576, Vol. 621, nr 1-3, s. 620-626Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Zone plates are high quality optics that have the potential to provide diffraction-limited nano-focusing of hard X-ray free electron laser radiation. The present publication investigates theoretically the temperature behavior of metal zone plates on a diamond substrate irradiated by 0.1 nm X-rays from the European X-ray Free Electron Laser. The heat transfer in the optic is simulated by solving the transient heat equation with the finite element method. Two different zone plate designs are considered, one small zone plate placed in the direct beam and one larger zone plate after the monochromator. The main result is that for all investigated cases the maximum temperature in the metal zone plate layer is at least a factor 2 below the melting point of the respective material, proving the efficiency of the proposed cooling scheme. However, zone plates in the direct beam experience large and rapid temperature fluctuations of several hundred Kelvin that might prove fatal to the optic. The situation is different for optics behind the monochromator with fluctuations in the 20 K range and maximum temperatures well below room temperature. The simulation results give valuable indications on the temperature behavior to be expected and are a basis for future experimental heat transfer and mechanical stability investigations of fabricated nanostructures.

  • 8.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Sinn, H.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Zone Plates for Hard X-Ray FEL Radiation2011Inngår i: 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON X-RAY MICROSCOPY / [ed] McNulty, I; Eyberger, C; Lai, B, American Institute of Physics (AIP), 2011, Vol. 1365, s. 120-123Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigated theoretically the use of zone plates for the focusing of the European X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL). In a finite-element simulation the heat load on zone plates placed in the high intensity x-ray beam was simulated for four different zone plate materials: gold, iridium, tungsten, and CVD diamond. The main result of the calculations is that all zone plates remain below the melting temperature throughout a full XFEL pulse train of 3000 pulses. However, if the zone plate is placed in the direct beam it will experience large and rapid temperature fluctuations on the order of 300 K. The situation is relaxed if the optic is placed behind a monochromator and the fluctuations are reduced to around 20 K. Besides heat load, the maximization of the total efficiency of the complete optical system is an important issue. We calculated the efficiency of different zone plates and monochromator systems and found that the final beam size of the XFEL in combination with its monochromaticity will be important parameters.

  • 9.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Uhlén, Fredrik
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Schropp, A.
    Patommel, J.
    Hoppe, R.
    Seiboth, F.
    Meier, V.
    Schroer, C. G.
    Galtier, E.
    Nagler, B.
    Lee, H. J.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Ronchi test for characterization of nanofocusing optics at a hard x-ray free-electron laser2012Inngår i: Optics Letters, ISSN 0146-9592, E-ISSN 1539-4794, Vol. 37, nr 24, s. 5046-5048Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We demonstrate the use of the classical Ronchi test to characterize aberrations in focusing optics at a hard x-ray free-electron laser. A grating is placed close to the focus and the interference between the different orders after the grating is observed in the far field. Any aberrations in the beam or the optics will distort the interference fringes. The methodis simple to implement and can provide single-shot information about the focusing quality. We used the Ronchi test to measure the aberrations in a nanofocusing Fresnel zone plate at the Linac Coherent Light Source at 8.194 keV.

  • 10.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Uhlén, Fredrik
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Reinspach, Julia
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Sinn, H.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Thermal stability of tungsten zone plates for focusing hard x-ray free-electron laser radiation2012Inngår i: New Journal of Physics, E-ISSN 1367-2630, Vol. 14, s. 043010-Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Diffractive Fresnel zone plates made of tungsten show great promise for focusing hard x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) radiation to very small spot sizes. However, they have to withstand the high-intensity pulses of the beam without being damaged. This might be problematic since each XFEL pulse will create a significant temperature increase in the zone plate nanostructures and it is therefore crucial that the optics are thermally stable, even for a large number of pulses. Here we have studied the thermal stability of tungsten zone-platelike nanostructures on diamond substrates using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser which creates temperature profiles similar to those expected from XFEL pulses. We found that the structures remained intact up to a laser fluence of 100 mJ cm(-2), corresponding to a 6 keV x-ray fluence of 590 mJ cm-2, which is above typical fluence levels in an unfocused XFEL beam. We have also performed an initial damage experiment at the LCLS hard XFEL facility at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, where a tungsten zone plate on a diamond substrate was exposed to 105 pulses of 6 keV x-rays with a pulse fluence of 350 mJ cm-2 without any damage occurring.

  • 11. Schroer, Christian G
    et al.
    Brack, Florian-Emanuel
    Brendler, Roman
    Hönig, Susanne
    Hoppe, Robert
    Patommel, Jens
    Ritter, Stephan
    Scholz, Maria
    Schropp, Andreas
    Seiboth, Frank
    Nilsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Rahomäki, Jussi
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Uhlén, Fredrik
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Reinhardt, Juliane
    Falkenberg, Gerald
    Hard x-ray nanofocusing with refractive x-ray optics: full beam characterization by ptychographic imaging2013Inngår i: Proceedings of SPIE, 2013, s. 884807-Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Hard x-ray scanning microscopy relies on small and intensive nanobeams. Refractive x-ray lenses are well suited to generate hard x-ray beams with lateral dimensions of 100 nm and below. The diffraction limited beam size of refractive x-ray lenses mainly depends on the focal length and the attenuation inside the lens material. The numerical aperture of refractive lenses scales with the inverse square root of the focal length until it reaches the critical angle of total reflection. We have used nanofocusing refractive x-ray lenses made of silicon to focus hard x-rays at 8 and 20 keV to (sub-)100 nm dimensions. Using ptychographic scanning coherent diffraction imaging we have characterized these nanobeams with high accuracy and sensitivity, measuring the full complex wave field in the focus. This gives access to the full caustic and aberrations of the x-ray optics. 

  • 12. Schropp, Andreas
    et al.
    Hoppe, Robert
    Meier, Vivienne
    Patommel, Jens
    Seiboth, Frank
    Lee, Hae Ja
    Nagler, Bob
    Galtier, Eric C.
    Arnold, Brice
    Zastrau, Ulf
    Hastings, Jerome B.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Uhlén, Fredrik
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Schroer, Christian G.
    Full spatial characterization of a nanofocused x-ray free-electron laser beam by ptychographic imaging2013Inngår i: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 3, s. 1633-Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The emergence of hard X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) enables new insights into many fields of science. These new sources provide short, highly intense, and coherent X-ray pulses. In a variety of scientific applications these pulses need to be strongly focused. In this article, we demonstrate focusing of hard X-ray FEL pulses to 125 nmusing refractive x-ray optics. For a quantitative analysis of most experiments, the wave field or at least the intensity distribution illuminating the sample is needed. We report on the full characterization of a nanofocused XFEL beam by ptychographic imaging, giving access to the complex wave field in the nanofocus. From these data, we obtain the full caustic of the beam, identify the aberrations of the optic, and determine the wave field for individual pulses. This information is for example crucial for high-resolution imaging, creating matter in extreme conditions, and nonlinear x-ray optics.

  • 13. Seiboth, F.
    et al.
    Schropp, A.
    Hoppe, R.
    Meier, V.
    Patommel, J.
    Lee, H. J.
    Nagler, B.
    Galtier, E. C.
    Arnold, B.
    Zastrau, U.
    Hastings, J. B.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Uhlén, Fredrik
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Schroer, C. G.
    Focusing XFEL SASE pulses by rotationally parabolic refractive x-ray lenses2014Inngår i: Journal of Physics, Conference Series, ISSN 1742-6588, E-ISSN 1742-6596, Vol. 499, nr 1, s. 012004-Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Using rotationally parabolic refractive x-ray lenses made of beryllium, we focus hard x-ray free-electron laser pulses of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) down to a spot size in the 100 nm range. We demonstrated efficient nanofocusing and characterized the nanofocused wave field by ptychographic imaging [A. Schropp, et al., Sci. Rep. 3, 1633 (2013)] in the case of monochromatic LCLS pulses produced by a crystal monochromator that decreases the LCLS bandwidth down to ΔE/E 1.4 · 10-4. The full spectrum of LCLS pulses generated by self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), however, fluctuates and has a typical bandwidth of a few per mille (ΔE/E 2 · 10-3). Due to the dispersion in the lens material, a polychromatic nanobeam generated by refractive x-ray lenses is affected by chromatic aberration. After reviewing the chromaticity of refractive x-ray lenses, we discuss the influence of increased bandwidth on the quality of a nanofocused SASE pulse.

  • 14.
    Selin, Mårten
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Bertilson, Michael
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    von Hofsten, Olov
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    DiffractX: A Simulation Toolbox for Diffractive X-ray Optics2011Inngår i: 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON X-RAY MICROSCOPY / [ed] McNulty, I; Eyberger, C; Lai, B, American Institute of Physics (AIP), 2011, Vol. 1365, s. 341-344Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    X-ray wavefront propagation is a powerful technique when simulating the performance of x-ray optical components. Using various numerical methods, interesting parameters such as focusing capability and efficiency can be investigated. Here we present the toolbox DiffractX, implemented in MATLAB. It contains many different wave propagation methods for the simulation of diffractive x-ray optics, including Fresnel propagation, the finite difference method (FDM), the thin object approximation, the rigorous coupled wave theory (RCWT), and the finite element method (FEM). All tools are accessed through a graphical interface, making the design of simulations fast and intuitive, even for users with little or no programming experience. The tools have been utilized to characterize realistic as well as idealized optical components. This will aid further developments of diffractive x-ray optics.

  • 15.
    Uhlén, Fredrik
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Lindqvist, Sandra
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Reinspach, Julia
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    New diamond nanofabrication process for hard x-ray zone plates2011Inngår i: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, ISSN 1071-1023, E-ISSN 1520-8567, Vol. 29, nr 6, s. 06FG03-1-06FG03-4Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The authors report on a new tungsten-hardmask-based diamond dry-etch process for fabricating diamond zone plate lenses with a high aspect ratio. The tungsten hardmask is structured by electron-beam lithography, together with Cl2/O2 and SF6/O2 reactive ion etching in a trilayer resist-chromium-tungsten stack. The underlying diamond is then etched in an O2 plasma. The authors demonstrate excellent-quality diamond gratings with half-pitch down to 80 nm and a height of 2.6 μm, as well as zone plates with a 75 μm diameter and 100 nm outermost zone width. The diffraction efficiency of the zone plates is measured to 14.5% at an 8 keV x-ray energy, and the imaging properties were investigated in a scanning microscope arrangement showing sub-100-nm resolution. The imaging and thermal properties of these lenses make them suitable for use with high-brightness x-ray free-electron laser sources.

  • 16.
    Uhlén, Fredrik
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Schroer, C. G.
    Seiboth, F.
    Patommel, J.
    Meier, V.
    Hoppe, R.
    Schropp, A.
    Lee, H. J.
    Nagler, B.
    Galtier, E.
    Krzywinski, J.
    Sinn, H.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Damage investigation on tungsten and diamond diffractive optics at a hard x-ray free-electron laser2013Inngår i: Optics Express, E-ISSN 1094-4087, Vol. 21, nr 7, s. 8051-8061Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Focusing hard x-ray free-electron laser radiation with extremely high fluence sets stringent demands on the x-ray optics. Any material placed in an intense x-ray beam is at risk of being damaged. Therefore, it is crucial to find the damage thresholds for focusing optics. In this paper we report experimental results of exposing tungsten and diamond diffractive optics to a prefocused 8.2 keV free-electron laser beam in order to find damage threshold fluence levels. Tungsten nanostructures were damaged at fluence levels above 500 mJ/cm(2). The damage was of mechanical character, caused by thermal stress variations. Diamond nanostructures were affected at a fluence of 59 000 mJ/cm(2). For fluence levels above this, a significant graphitization process was initiated. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and mu-Raman analysis were used to analyze exposed nanostructures.

  • 17.
    Uhlén, Fredrik
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Rahomäki, Jussi
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Belova, Liubov
    KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), Materialvetenskap, Teknisk materialfysik.
    Schroer, Christian G.
    Seiboth, Frank
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Nanofabrication of tungsten zone plates with integrated platinum central stop for hard X-ray applications2014Inngår i: Microelectronic Engineering, ISSN 0167-9317, E-ISSN 1873-5568, Vol. 116, s. 40-43Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a nanofabrication process for producing tungsten zone plates used in hard X-ray applications including a method of integrating a high-energy absorbing central stop with the optic. Tungsten zone plates are structured with electron-beam lithography and subsequent reactive ion etching. The central stop originates from a platinum wire. It is cut to dimension by focused ion beam etching, and afterwards attached to the zone plate center using ion beam induced deposition of platinum. A zone plate with integrated central stop will simplify alignment in hard X-ray scanning microscope arrangements where the 0th order light must be eliminated. The focusing performance of the zone plate device was investigated by scanning coherent diffraction imaging (ptychography) at 8 keV photon energy. We could demonstrate a diffraction-limited focus size of 53 nm diameter full-width-at-half-maximum. Tungsten zone plates with integrated central stops show promising results for use in hard X-ray microscopes at high-brightness facilities.

  • 18.
    Uhlén, Fredrik
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Rahomäki, Jussi
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Seiboth, Frank
    Sanz, Claude
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Wagner, Ulrich
    Rau, Christoph
    Schroer, Christian G.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Ronchi test for characterization of X-ray nanofocusing optics and beamlines2014Inngår i: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, ISSN 0909-0495, E-ISSN 1600-5775, Vol. 21, s. 1105-1109Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    A Ronchi interferometer for hard X-rays is reported in order to characterize the performance of the nanofocusing optics as well as the beamline stability. Characteristic interference fringes yield qualitative data on present aberrations in the optics. Moreover, the visibility of the fringes on the detector gives information on the degree of spatial coherence in the beamline. This enables the possibility to detect sources of instabilities in the beamline like vibrations of components or temperature drift. Examples are shown for two different nanofocusing hard X-ray optics: a compound refractive lens and a zone plate.

  • 19.
    Vogt, Ulrich
    et al.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Reinspach, Julia
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Uhlén, Fredrik
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Hertz, Hans M.
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Holmberg, Anders
    KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Tillämpad fysik, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik.
    Diffractive optics for laboratory sources to free electron lasers2013Inngår i: 11th International Conference On X-Ray Microscopy (XRM2012), Institute of Physics (IOP), 2013, Vol. 463, nr 1, s. 012001-Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In this contribution we present our recent results in the field of diffractive optics for both soft and hard x-ray radiation, and for laboratory sources to x-ray free electron lasers (XFEL). We developed a laboratory soft x-ray microscope that uses in-house produced zone plate optics as high-resolution objectives. We continuously try to improve these optics, both in terms of efficiency and resolution. Our latest development is the manufacturing of tungsten soft x-ray zone plates with outermost zone widths of 12 nm and 90 nm high structures. For hard x-rays, we investigated the possibility to use metal zone plates on a diamond substrate for nano-focusing of the European X-ray Free Electron Laser. The simulations show that the heat conduction is efficient enough to keep a zone plate well below melting temperature. However, metal zone plates will experience large and rapid temperature fluctuations of several hundred Kelvin that might prove fatal. To test this, we manufactured tungsten on diamond prototype zone plates and exposed them to radiation from the LCLS XFEL. Results show that metal zone plates can survive the XFEL beam.

1 - 19 of 19
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