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  • 1.
    Eric, Linvill
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation.
    Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis Data of Sheets Made from Wood-Based Cellulose Fibers Partially Converted to Dialcohol Cellulose2017Data set
    Abstract [en]

    This data article contains the dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) results for sheets made from cellulose fibers partially converted to dialcohol cellulose. See Larsson and Wågberg [1] for a description and characterization of the material as well as how the material is produced. See also Linvill et al. [2] for tensile testing and 3-D forming of the material. The DMTA tests were conducted at four different relative humidity levels: 0, 50, 60, and 70 % RH, and the temperature was swept between 10 and 113 °C. The DMTA results enable the understanding of the elastic, viscoelastic, and viscoplastic mechanical properties of this material at a wide range of temperature and relative humidity combinations.

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    data set
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    DMTA_SupportingInformation.xlsx
  • 2.
    Larsson, Per A.
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation.
    Linvill, Eric
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation.
    Lo Re, Giada
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation.
    Östlund, Sören
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation.
    Wågberg, Lars
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology.
    Ductile and thermoplastic cellulose with novel application and design opportunities2018In: Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, ISSN 0065-7727, Vol. 255Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 3.
    Linvill, Eric
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation.
    3-D Forming of Paper Materials2017Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Paper materials have a long history of use as a packaging material, although traditional paper-based packaging is limited in its shape, complexity, and design. In order to better understand the deformation and failure mechanisms during 3-D forming, two experimental studies of paper materials have been conducted. Furthermore, constitutive modeling combined with explicit finite element modeling have been validated against numerous experimental setups and utilized to develop further understanding of 3-D forming processes.

    Two experimental studies were necessary to further investigate and model the 3-D formability of paper materials. The combined effect of moisture and temperature on the uniaxial mechanical properties of paper was investigated, providing new insights into how moisture and temperature affect both the elastic and plastic properties of paper materials. Furthermore, the in-plane, biaxial yield and failure surfaces were experimentally investigated in both stress and strain space, which gave an operating window for 3-D forming processes as well as input parameters for the constitutive models.

    The constitutive modeling of paper materials and explicit finite element modeling were directed towards two 3-D forming processes: deep drawing and hydroforming. The constitutive models were calibrated and validated against simple (typically uniaxial) mechanical tests, and the explicit finite element models (which utilize the developed constitutive models) were validated against 3-D forming experiments. Hand-made papers with fibers partially oxidized to dialcohol cellulose, which has greater extensibility than typical paper materials, was furthermore characterized, modeled, and 3-D formed as a demonstration of the potential of modified paper fiber products for 3-D forming applications.

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    3-D Forming of Paper Materials
  • 4.
    Linvill, Eric
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.).
    Box Compression Strength: A Crippling Approach2015In: Packaging technology & science, ISSN 0894-3214, E-ISSN 1099-1522, Vol. 28, no 12, p. 1027-1037Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A crippling analysis method has been utilized to estimate the compression strength paperboard boxes. Crippling analysis is typically utilized in the aerospace industry to predict the compressive failure strength of thin, slender structures with complex cross-sectional geometry. This type of analysis is investigated, because crippling is a simple, predictive method that can provide very good estimates of the compressive failure strength of thin, slender structures. This preliminary study investigates the possibility of applying crippling analysis to estimate paperboard box compression strength by comparing experimental and theoretical results for box compression tests of milk and cigarette boxes in various loading scenarios and with various materials. This preliminary study shows that the crippling method provides results which are almost as accurate as pre-existing methods, although significant work remains to verify the validity and applicability of the crippling approach for paper-based boxes.

  • 5.
    Linvill, Eric
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.), Solid Mechanics (Div.). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation. KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Centres, Biofibre Materials Centre, BiMaC.
    Development of Finite Element Models for 3-D Forming Processes of Paper and Paperboard2015Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Paper materials have a long history of use in packaging products, although traditional paper-based packaging is limited in its shape and design. In order to enable more advanced paper-based packaging, various 3-D forming processes for paper materials have been studied. Since 3-D forming processes typically include the application of moisture and/or temperature, the effects of moisture and temperature on the mechanical response of paper have also been investigated.

    In Paper A, an experimental study of the combined effects of moisture and temperature on the uniaxial mechanical properties of paper was conducted. These experiments provided new insights into how moisture and temperature affect both the elastic and plastic properties of paper materials. These experiments also provided the framework from which the effects of moisture and temperature were modelled in Paper C.

    In Paper B, an explicit finite element model of the paperboard deep-drawing process was developed. An orthotropic material model with in-plane quadrant hardening was developed and verified for paper. The simulation results matched the trends from experimental deep-drawing up to when micro-scale wrinkling occured. Since most experimental failures occur prior to wrinkling, this model provided quantitative understanding of failure in the paperboard deep-drawing process.

    In Paper C, an explicit finite element model of paper hydroforming, utilizing the same material model for paper materials as in Paper B, was developed and verified. The simulation results matched well with experimental results, and a parametric study with the finite element model produced quantitative understanding of the hydroforming process for paper materials. Additionally, drying was identified as an important phenomenon for determining the extent of formability of paper materials.

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    Thesis
  • 6.
    Linvill, Eric
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation.
    Larsson, Per A.
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation.
    Östlund, Sören
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation.
    Advanced three-dimensional paper structures: Mechanical characterization and forming of sheets made from modified cellulose fibers2017In: Materials & design, ISSN 0264-1275, E-ISSN 1873-4197, Vol. 128, p. 231-240Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cellulose partially converted to dialcohol cellulose has been identified as a potential breakthrough material for the production of bio-based, complex, double-curved surfaces due to its extensive strain-at-break characteristics (reaching as great as 80% in tensile loading). Tensile testing of handsheets made from modified cellulose fibers was conducted from 50 to 90% relative humidity (RH) and from 23 to 150 °C. Strain-at-break of the handsheets ranged from 35 to 80% over this humidity and temperature range, which is significantly greater than typical cellulose-based materials. The combined effect of moisture and temperature was further investigated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, which was utilized to determine the glass-transition temperature of the handsheets as a function of relative humidity. Based on the tensile test results and verified by the three-dimensional (3-D) forming and simulation, a forming limit diagram (strain-based failure surface which describes and illustrates the formability of the material) for the handsheets was generated. This forming limit illustrates significant extent to which this bio-based material can be 3-D formed into advanced structures. Furthermore, temperature was identified as the best, quickest, and most controllable method of improving extensibility of this material during 3-D forming.

  • 7.
    Linvill, Eric
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation. KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Centres, Biofibre Materials Centre, BiMaC.
    Larsson, Per
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology. TU Dresden, Fakultät Maschinenwissen, Institut für Verarbeitungsmaschinen und Mobile Arbeitsmaschinen .
    Östlund, Sören
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.).
    Advanced Three-Dimensional Paper Structures: Mechanical Characterization and Forming of Sheets Made from Modied Cellulose Fibers2017Report (Other academic)
  • 8.
    Linvill, Eric
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation.
    Larsson, Per
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation.
    Östlund, Sören
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.), Solid Mechanics (Div.). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation.
    Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis Data of Sheets Made from Wood-Based Cellulose Fibers Partially Converted to Dialcohol Cellulose2017In: Data in Brief, ISSN 2352-3409, Vol. 14, p. 504-506Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This data article contains the dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) results for sheets made from cellulose fibers partially converted to dialcohol cellulose as presented in “Advanced Three-Dimensional Paper Structures: Mechanical Characterization and Forming of Sheets Made from Modified Cellulose Fibers” by Linvill et al. [1]. See Larsson and Wågberg [2] for a description and characterization of the material as well as how the material is produced. The DMTA tests were conducted at four different relative humidity levels: 0, 50, 60, and 70% RH, and the temperature was swept between 10 and 113 °C. The DMTA results enable the understanding of the elastic, viscoelastic, and viscoplastic mechanical properties of this material at a wide range of temperature and relative humidity combinations.

  • 9.
    Linvill, Eric
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation. KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Centres, Biofibre Materials Centre, BiMaC.
    Wallmeier, Malte
    TU Dresden, Fakultät Maschinenwissen, Institut für Verarbeitungsmaschinen und Mobile Arbeitsmaschinen .
    Östlund, Sören
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.).
    A Constitutive Model for Paperboard Including Wrinkle Prediction and Post-Wrinkle Behavior Applied to Deep Drawing2017Report (Other academic)
  • 10.
    Linvill, Eric
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.).
    Wallmeier, Malte
    Östlund, Sören
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.).
    A constitutive model for paperboard including wrinkle prediction and post-wrinkle behavior applied to deep drawing2017In: International Journal of Solids and Structures, ISSN 0020-7683, E-ISSN 1879-2146, Vol. 117, p. 143-158Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A simple, one-dimensional model for perfectly plastic hinges, utilizing a hinge yield strength, was applied to wrinkled paperboard and validated. The hinge model was incorporated into a three-dimensional constitutive model of paperboard including wrinkle initiation, wrinkle compression, as well as tensile reloading of wrinkled paperboard. The constitutive model enables the explicit finite element simulation of the deep drawing of a non-creased paperboard blank, including spring-back after the forming process. The results of the simulated deep-drawing process were validated against experimental deep-drawn paperboard cups, and parametric studies were conducted to investigate the effects of process and material parameters on three different quality measures (spring-back magnitude, asymmetry, and punch force). In addition to aiding the development of the simulation of paperboard deep drawing, the hinge yield strength was also found to be the only studied material property which could simultaneously improve all three quality measures.

  • 11.
    Linvill, Eric
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.).
    Östlund, Sören
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation.
    Biaxial (In-Plane) Failure and Yield of Paperboard2016In: / [ed] Samuel Schabel, 2016Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Understanding the biaxial (in-plane) failure behavior of paperboard is crucial to understand the limits of 3-D forming of paper materials, because the biaxial strain failure limit determines the extent to which paperboard can be formed in different conditions.

    A traditional cruciform biaxial specimen has been redesigned and modified with the help of laser engraving. By the use of laser engraving, 90 % of the effective thickness of the specimen in the center of the cruciform was removed, thus making the cruciform specimen more likely to fail in the center than at the edges. A variety of strain ratios were utilized to test the specimens with a biaxial testing machine, and the strain field was measured utilizing digital image correlation.

    The results of the biaxial testing were analyzed in order to determine both the strain-based yield and failure surfaces. Additionally, the stresses in the center of the specimen were estimated based on the forces measured during the test. Based on these estimated stresses, stress-based yield and failure surfaces were also constructed. Furthermore, various models for the strain- and stress-based yield surfaces were applied to the data and compared.

  • 12.
    Linvill, Eric
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.), Solid Mechanics (Div.). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation.
    Östlund, Sören
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.), Solid Mechanics (Div.). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation.
    Biaxial In-Plane Yield and Failure of Paperboard2016In: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, ISSN 0283-2631, E-ISSN 2000-0669, Vol. 31, no 4, p. 659-667Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Paperboard is oftentimes subjected to biaxial in-plane stress and strain states, although very few experimental studies of the biaxial in-plane yield and failure of paperboard have been conducted. A new biaxial testing method to determine the in-plane stress- and strain-based yield and failure surface of paperboard was proposed and implemented. The method utilized cruciform specimens containing a reduced-thickness region (prepared by laser engraver) to increase probability of failure in that region, and digital image correlation was utilized to measure strain. The obtained stress-based failure surface was similar to previously reported results in the literature, but the obtained strain-based failure surface differed from the one previously reported strain-based failure surface. The obtained yield and failure surfaces had similar shape, providing confidence in both results due to the related deformation and failure mechanisms in paperboard. Furthermore, the overall shape of the stress- and strain-based yield surfaces was unaffected by the definition of the yield point. The obtained strain-based failure surface revealed the forming limits and therefore strengths and limitations of various 3-D forming methods for paperboard.

  • 13.
    Linvill, Eric
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.).
    Östlund, Sören
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation.
    Explicit Finite Element Simulation of 3D Forming Processes for Paperboard2015Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 14.
    Linvill, Eric
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation. KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Centres, Biofibre Materials Centre, BiMaC.
    Östlund, Sören
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.).
    Parametric Study of Hydroforming of Paper Materials using the Explicit Finite Element Method with a Moisture-and Temperature-Dependent Constitutive Model2015Report (Other academic)
  • 15.
    Linvill, Eric
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation. KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Centres, Biofibre Materials Centre, BiMaC.
    Östlund, Sören
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.).
    Parametric Study of Hydroforming of Paper Materials Using the Explicit Finite Element Method with a Moisture-dependent and Temperature-dependent Constitutive Model2016In: Packaging technology & science, ISSN 0894-3214, E-ISSN 1099-1522, Vol. 29, no 3, p. 145-160Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A moisture-dependent and temperature-dependent constitutive model for paper materials was proposed and implemented into a finite element model of the paper hydroforming process. Experimental hydroforming was conducted at temperatures of 23°C and 110 °C and moisture contents of 6.9 and 10.6 (respectively corresponding to 50 and 80% relative humidity). The proposed model, which also included the effects of drying, captured the extent of forming of all experimental results within reasonable accuracy. For the moisture content and temperature conditions in this study, the phenomenon of drying was found to be the reason why the application of temperature had a much greater effect on the degree of forming than hydroforming at various moisture contents. A simulation-based parametric study was conducted in order to identify the importance of various process and material parameters. This parametric study confirmed many previous empirical findings and was capable of quantifying the extent to which these process and material parameters affect the three-dimensional formability of paper. The coefficient of friction was identified as one of the most important factors when determining the extent of forming.

  • 16.
    Linvill, Eric
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation. KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Centres, Biofibre Materials Centre, BiMaC.
    Östlund, Sören
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.).
    The Combined Effects of Moisture and Temperature on the Mechanical Response of Paper2014In: Experimental mechanics, ISSN 0014-4851, E-ISSN 1741-2765, Vol. 54, no 8, p. 1329-1341Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To model advanced 3-D forming strategies for paper materials, the effects of environmental conditions on the mechanical behavior must be quantitatively and qualitatively understood. A tensile test method has been created, verified, and implemented to test paper at various moisture content and temperature levels. Testing results for one type of paper for moisture contents from 6.9 to 13.8 percent and temperatures from 23 to 168 degrees Celsius are presented and discussed. Coupled moisture and temperature effects have been discovered for maximum stress. Uncoupled effects have been discovered for elastic modulus, tangent modulus, hardening modulus, strain at break, tensile energy absorption (TEA), and approximate plastic strain. A hyperbolic tangent function is also utilized which captures the entire one-dimensional stress-strain response of paper. The effects of moisture and temperature on the three coefficients in the hyperbolic tangent function may be assumed to be uncoupled, which may simplify the development of moisture- and temperature-dependent constitutive models. All parameters were affected by both moisture and temperature with the exception of TEA, which was found to only be significantly dependent on temperature.

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    CombinedEffectsMoistureTemperature
  • 17. Wallmeier, Malte
    et al.
    Linvill, Eric
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation. KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Centres, Biofibre Materials Centre, BiMaC.
    Hauptmann, Marek
    Majschak, Jens-Peter
    Östlund, Sören
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.). KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Centres, Biofibre Materials Centre, BiMaC. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation.
    Explicit FEM analysis of the deep drawing of paperboard2015In: Mechanics of materials, ISSN 0167-6636, E-ISSN 1872-7743, Vol. 89, p. 202-215, article id 2441Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An explicit finite element model of the deep-drawing of paperboard has been developed utilizing a custom yet simple material model which describes the anisotropy and plasticity of paperboard. The model was verified with a variety of tests and was then utilized to compare the punch force that was measured during the deep-drawing experiments to the punch force that was calculated during the deep-drawing simulations. All material parameters were calibrated based on individual experiments; thus, no parameter fitting was utilized to match the experimental deep-drawing results. The model was found to predict the experimental results with reasonable accuracy up to the point when wrinkling began to dominate the material response. Since most failures during paperboard deep-drawing occur before wrinkling begins to play a major role, this model can probably be utilized to study and predict the failure of deep-drawn paperboard cups. The overall trends and the effects of major process parameters are predicted by the model. The process parameters that were varied and compared for both experiments and simulations were: blankholder force, die temperature, and thickness. The model was utilized to discover that friction of the blankholder and die have significant effects on the punch force and thus the stress, implying that low-friction dies and blankholders can considerably reduce the failure probability and thus also improve the quality of deep-drawn paperboard cups.

  • 18.
    Östlund, Sören
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center BiMaC Innovation.
    Linvill, Eric
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.).
    Wallmeier, M
    Continuum Modeling of Wrinkles and Explicit FEM Modeling of Paperboard Deep-Drawing2016In: 2016 Progress in Paper Physics Seminars / [ed] Samuel Schabel, 2016Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Deep drawing of paperboard requires the creation of wrinkles for successful forming of a paperboard cup. A phenomenological model for the mechanical response of wrinkles is proposed and based on the assumption that the wrinkles have a mechanical response equivalent to that of a plastic hinge (i.e. the internal moment in the hinge is held constant during deformation). This 1-D model has been verified with two experiments.

                Furthermore, this phenomenological model has been expanded into a 3-D continuum constitutive model, which considers the initiation and propagation of wrinkles, large deformations due to wrinkle formation and wrinkle compression, and permanent deformations. This 3-D continuum model has been compared to and verified against experimental deep-drawing results. Experiments and simulations have been compared in terms of springback, wrinkle propagation, and punch force. Additionally, the model provided insight into the deep-drawing process by establishing better understanding of the initiation of wrinkling.

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